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Drawing For Civil Engineering - Module 1 - (Jan A Van Der Westhuizen - 2nd)

The document is a guide on drawing for civil engineering, focusing on reinforced concrete and structural steelwork. It covers the fundamentals of detailing and the importance of clear communication through engineering drawings. The book is designed for students and professionals in civil engineering, providing practical information and examples to enhance understanding of the subject.

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William Naude
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54 views46 pages

Drawing For Civil Engineering - Module 1 - (Jan A Van Der Westhuizen - 2nd)

The document is a guide on drawing for civil engineering, focusing on reinforced concrete and structural steelwork. It covers the fundamentals of detailing and the importance of clear communication through engineering drawings. The book is designed for students and professionals in civil engineering, providing practical information and examples to enhance understanding of the subject.

Uploaded by

William Naude
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Drawing or Co Engrg Pst pled 2000 Sood 2012 erinted 2015 Reprinted 2015 Reprinted 2016 | Rept 2017 Reet 2013 (wie) eet 2019 ee) Revised een 2020 Repent 2021 thee) pent 2022 Jute and orp Py Lt Fsbo, Sune Baking 21 reer Stet, Carron. 7708 evan casa ‘fond Company (Py) i, 2012 sw 97s 0702188712 ‘Thisbok is coneghed under the Bre Convener othe Copyright Ac 98 (1978, na part tisbok may be epadaceor trina am ry sy reas eluding phtoapye rerio ay oration steed ee ‘sem. whut pemision wring mn the pbs Project managed: Cain Fler Bit Linete Downs We Protea Simone van dor Merwe Indexing eoie tre ‘Typeset Wouter Ringers Corer design: Mars Rowe Pre: De lene ‘Thcauoes andthe pobicher hae made every iro obtain penton for scloowicde te use of copyright ster Show an intingement a cpm ene ‘ecred plas contact the publi, ands rt wile made tore om reresin the eset fare one elon, Contents oouie [REINFORCED CONCRETE. . Require for deog rine concrete ag Mote tenmes ne Inedscion ad sanded lennon LLL Retreed cone LLL" Simple teen aera 122 column, 123 Site 1.3, Cera pip oda shales or bending ei) 1'5 ‘Typeset dawingrant enced ones 6, Samary Seva Feandatontand akin 21 laoductontofoundatons 22 Typeset tse BET Spreading 25 eration totems. 2 Metodo detaing seas 25, Adler lok tots sla 252 tena ong, 26 Summary Sohedexanpe, swig 2 fewwty 22 ‘Siteriation Beam onda, 32. Datlag beans. 33. teducton os 54 Dealing tor ss 35 Apwaccal pps 26 Sinamay Soheexamots eat ‘ey 32 sey 33 ey 38 Drawing for CW Englneering co w twat remot om le MODULE2 STRUCTURAL STELWORK. Regret srctural el devings Module cuteness = 3 tame eeceosectseees a ia sf cas een ones nes S51 lnnolocten. 52. Sundar se ab 33 atalocnectoen So Oackmesk = 55 Dimensonimg of ic Si Simba. 32 Hold down ois Dios S38 Weld connect oneness SAL Dpesol wel. S43. Soero nelin nn 5.9. Sammars Aw 51 = ‘Stern asec connections 02 Com fad Typeset clumasen nnn 622 thepitsyten. £23 Cohan phe, 63 Saamery srt oo 1 Seas 2 my cd 4 TA Nothing ease aa 71.2 tecmisecomects a8 Activity 7.2 7 : _ - 128, ‘eu 72 ———— 133 feu 73 ~ Go. Stlertiates mn ewe cone nnn cn AL Beams 13 B> Segoe yen 12 3S em ae a MODULE SURVEVISG.. 4 Wyrot connecting beast eames Aas = 2 Scevaluati| ae 91 lotrodacton tora. TE 9.3. ate sider own one 83 ferme 35 Raat sms oo S531" Atta rs dpi pate 532 lle nn ao Aetviy 31 7 fet 32 == = fay 3 aay 8 amigas Ssreratatn, es z Induction to surveying drawing br cenpnering, wags Made outcomes i 10 tedaton oun [Unc Poni of trates on ae plan 101 tnraducton, 102Grdin esto 10, Pltingepothe een. Tost Dein centr 10.82 Contour vlc, Tek} ontour charters 10.44 Phys ature. = 103 Conventional eyo 105 Stepby sept roving gis cao 105.1 Neco ar pa. 10332 Onentaton he a and ping gies 1053 Poetng soe " 106 summary Solvent 1 Inte nnn Scene 12 Catena a 13 Thera bal agra i) —— Drawing for Cl Bgineering 1132 Preparation 1133 balling wad svikoge. eerecereceereerr 91 1134 Prpertsol he 131 sng tance ie 12 Solved examples 7 zea a9 fay 4004 # Concretecute strength: 20 MPa base and columa} ag enforcement: 12 at 200 centres each way fama starterbars:4 V1.2; and inks: RS a 150 cetres, QL, vssanermatnty oe nt tang he Sutin Mam conjunction with ig 2. | +} ssexons ees ' Day bo Cat ag Fist draw i scale the eonerete out pl ew and seston ofthe base. (the plan indicate he B, layer as shown: one bars drawn nfl wth two shoe ines to show the extét of the, lyer We daw a mension line arose the et of bars, carrying hte description, enforced concrete dings, we call this thecllng up bars Take noethe lle cle ate intersetion f the ae bar awn fll ond the dmenson line. This cle indicate the brs that we are calling Up, ‘Therefore in our Bi layer we have 10 bigh tensile bars. each 12: tn ameter. wih e bar mark (eference) of O1. The bars ate spaced a 200m, ante to centre, and ate postone at the Bottom of thet, wth the He layer of steel. We calculate dhe amber of bars shown in Pla 2. rom Fig 2.9 you can oe thal the numberof bars = number of spaces +2 theme = 10,2 Teter, use 10 bars thats. the spacing betwen bas wile slightly ‘ger than 200 mn, ) ‘Todetermine the length of one bar. we use shape cade 35. The cutting length sven ty th formula: A Jn Soe SANS 2822001), = 1950-2150), 1850) Therefore cating length = 1 850+ 2(130)(ncanbe foundin SANS 210mm emeibero round up within SDtim (se Definition 3.3 in ANS 282:2004). ‘hrefre lng of bar =2150enm ‘Total length = numberof bass % number of bars length per bar ~10% 2130 Macy =0.885g/m tral length im tees © 0.888 « 21.5 19,092 The mas imam rend of the ste ables for ound bars seeTubl 1.1 on page 1.) ‘On the section, inlets the B layer shown, Remember a call phe br ark By orem nnn an tm nn toner sisplacement of the B Iyer, andl therfore placed perpendculr tothe 8, Inger You wil nolie that we use the same Bar mark for thls yer A wre "hse done n accordance withthe instuctlons In Example 21 9 se bor tnarkonce only ona bending scl. Prom our example wesc that we hare ti squace base, theeetore the breadth equal to the with. We ee alo using thesame shape coe: theretore the calling leat ofthe brs forthe Bayer i upthe bars forthe , layer: the only change that we nake Ist the focatlon of tears and instead of wing 8, we wrt, ‘On the section, indicate the layer a shown, Remember t call up the bar es look atthe colama starr Bars (bar mack 02). n ode to calculate the ‘ting length of these bars. eater t Took athe section since you wl be ‘ble see the true shape of the ba in Secton) Weuuse shape code 37 (ace Append ges 22610253) Cotting length ese by the formula A= bra AeBe F(36)-12 (ered = diameter of bar: and = 36 SANS 282:2008) ‘Tocaleulate dimension A, use Tale 1 on page 30 rea off the Bond eng \rclanity on bond length. eter to etl on Fig 2.8 on page 25): 1 Stel ype high eld deformed ce i Ci ner f Concrete cass (20.0) and f Diameter of bar 12) According to Table 110m page 3 the minimum bond length = 530m, ‘Therefore, dimession A = bond length - dmenslon 1 530-(hae depth cover~damter deter) 30 (40050-1212) Q igkensentenee ce emten, ‘Sloman sur that he Asn tha bar Oe nt twa baa ‘Baimenson =x + compression lap ‘Weuse Table 1.1 on page Ho read of the compresin lap f Stelter: 1 ‘Stet aviation fcompreson) 1 Column concrete strength (20 Pe) 1 or dameter(12)and 1 Compession lp = 290m "Therefore Bdkmension = x + compresion ap hee 390 716mm [We use 720mm, that, round yp tothe ‘Therefore, cating ensth = A+B 6—12 now rio= is=12 (nthe section. indicate the coms starter barsas shown, Retenbe call up the ba ark as shown in Fig2 0 pose 25 Fest, we have ocaleulste how many straps we need ‘We normaly poston the fst stieup in the centre of the base. andthe lst sirup aporocimately 201mm fon the top ofthe column starter bars BY 21298 10 stn eee a ow? hr stance = compression ap ~20 + ase depth) 390" 20+ 200, uber of stupa = number of spaces +1 sabe 4.72 Therefore, we use ve sieupe.) Note the way we cal up the sirup in section. By overseen ‘ating length = 24 + 28+ 29-8 34 (Por a, see SANS 282:2008) Since we hove «square clam, the A dimension» B dimension NSB column sae ~2eolumn oer = 240" 250), 20mm 21220) + 20220) + 20100) 2822 348 S06 (We make the cating enh = 950.) With all our dtaing and eaesatons completed, we must not forget to schedule our bars onthe bending sche. Your bening schedule ho Tok far mark OU: Remember toa the 10 bars fromthe Blazer the 10 bars fromm the Blige thence the 20 bars a scheduled) tion, this changes the otal length rom 21 500mm as ealeolsted ¢ 43000mm os schedule, “betousy hintoences the man (kas wel EXAMPLE2.2 Combined footing sea scale 120, Draw the reaforcement layout and complete the bending schedule using the flowing formation: Column se: 500 x 250; Coneetecovern base 6 f Concetcovero sera: 30 ond Coneetecubescrngih: 25 Pa (base) and 30 Paola The bat in question has rectangle shape Therefore, the cua lng for the B oer wl llr eon thatthe B, esr therefe, the be mark wl be Aileen The sorter bare orally Beso the main ste and are peste He the fet eer: that at thet of the base, with the anger basing down, Perpenculaly ons ther hat ont thes lye). With the deta ston to Faomple 2.1 on pug 24 oa should be potion t raw te reifrceent layout and pece x bending sch, Let expan hes of the RS cl A you cane fom Fig 2.10 npg 31 dhe steeups shape cde 60) ld he olan, Starter bars poston However welncude clipe shape ce 85) free sabe the two-coluan starter bars poston midway on ether sd ofthe lnge se of theclumn. The numberof cps equal tothe mmber fraps BD wren nt ‘The cttng length of he cps is given bythe frm fe be s7e # D--br-2.574 where (= 2idameterof ep + diameter of column starter 28 chexetore. ke A ‘Now yon check SANS 282:2004, you wll noice that C must be gear than ec equal to 3r# 2, Lats check whether tis isin ct 2+ r= 216) + 2015) Note that our calculated ¢ values es than 2r + 2r Therefor, ne make our C= bf [or 70x we oan of othe next 10m B= coum wid = 2Column ever) 250"200) \Wecanae he A dimension equal theCdimeeson, We maketheD dimension oper he length of 3B 6 65,3 70 rounded tothe next 10mm) ‘Therefore the cating length = 70+ 190 + 0,57(70) + 70-i116)~2.57(8) * (Wegeacuting length of 350mm) fer marc03: A mension = 250 opens te closed A nercon's fina 8, unc aes manta B cane to cen eo, ‘Tocomplet Example 2.2,you must. raw the complet concrete dawang 1 dru the side elevation of the enforcing drawing: nd a ‘(Answers not included) The sractare of a new bung has 20 similar reinforced conte ‘umnsan bate, Thest of atl! bases | $00 1 900 x 451mm thick end these ‘he columa is central postioned on the base ‘Blinding concrete 7m thick specied Below eac base because of These rae sgh ange od at each en nde concrete ine There are 4% Y16 cok triers and 4 Y16 barsin cock column, ‘The lnk are RIO bars at 200mm centres,‘ conctte cone the irks) 40ram_ tse 75m Keker Cae Table Tl on pe 3 to {ermine thebond adap ents Note that nour exampes wed ot make ute of sche Hoeven {his ctinty your bond engl wll nade te kicker The concrete ce strengths 30 MPs, Use scale of 1:20, folly dmensoned concrete drawings 1 separate fly tae, reinforcing drawings ana 1 abendingscheduleforthe total steltobe ordered for althe columns {nd beseson the jo. check you deawings and schedule (Anewersnotincladed) Prepare aly dimensioned concrete working deawing or arelaorced concrete column and bse othe folowing specication lind concrete layers 75mm tice f The columns central postiond oa the base end the longer ieof the columns poral tothe longer scot the base and fs es SOmm Kiker Prepare fly eserbad eoforcing drawing forthe above column ad tse, honing allthe sel reinering othe following spect fase sted Secondary steel Y10 at 150 ee 1= These bars all hae ight-angle bends at cach end, asin Fig 2-11 Lememneecemeereronea] f= Coton starters 6 ¥16; Column tee 6 16 1 Laks atiraps RB a 200 cf, Provide RS clips s wel (oecree cover Base 75 od Prepare a bending schedule for he columns and ve bases ‘eck your srawnge and oneal Q 1 Whats the function o footing and 2. When considering a foundation ad the ground pressure which experiences, wher woul you promde enon stl 2. Wht te of tel woul! normaly be provided a colar 4 Name the typeof footings thet ae generally ia ue. 5. What do you understand by aa kicker: asa bar and SULE-EVALUATION ANSWERS. 1. a Footings have to carry the vertical load tht i general Being transite throug cok ont a base, Columns ave to cary the load re he rot, dough he las sn tears well sth oad ofthe columns above the looting, 2. You would provide tension steel the atom of «Base 3. Compression sel would normally e provid na colum, 4 Mata typesotlotingy: sored pile Other tps of footings lated combined: wall ft: antierer ‘In onder to locate the lamer end of the farver, is sel to construct ery shot lng af column (about 75mm), owe fs Meker (se hg 1- Tb on page 11 Since 1 necesary to te the column to the base with reinforcement, starter bas should projet far enough above the Surface forthe lngitudial column bars to be ed them bya process known a lpping ee Fig 1.10 on page 10), inks are sere of transverse bors whieh compensate for the tween o the concrete ace Fig 110.0 pe 10) Drei Ch Eng at ELEnreIrerirs Introduction to beams Innit, beams werementiond relly to show ho they appari dhe sequence of bulling suture, But now (and Interim Module 2) we willok at beams mote closely Beams are structural elements, designed to carey external loads. Reams experience bending moments shee forces an tron moments along the length, These were ll dice in Theo of Sructans Beams canbe smpiysapportd (as Pip 3.2. pe 37 show) Bed or The structural engineer wil consider bending, tension, shear end torsion. and will chock whether the Been i bl to transi force, ‘acy where sce ace o be Inped, without causing itera ‘The shape of a beam can be square, rectangular Hanged or tex Where beams are cared eter a eres of supports they aze called a 32 lus explain the Bening moment of continuous beam This should sound familiar because jou have calculated the pont of conta evar fn Theory of Strutares A saple beam ben under Jo, and 8 ‘maximum positive Bending moment evi atte centre of the beh (Gee Fig 1.260 page 37, enson therefore occurs in the baton of team. Incontincour beams the a the centre the ban coupled withthe hog et the internal support, eesuling in negtie beni ‘moment. «point of contra flexure o flection osc. which the being moment ster Detailing beams simple tgp of beam Is usually rectangular a crosseton. 1 @ rod idee to make the beams dh the same ar the with of the foluras that suppot them. The depth of beams aly Ices the "icknes ofthe or slab. Owing to the nator of ts bending. the most simple beam has tens reinforcement in the bottom, well ak Getic eaforcement resist shearing force seross the depth ofthe eam ass shown in Pig 3.4 on page 39 ‘Twosmlerdameterbaryare povided inthe top of aca, even if they ate na ele for srengt I ou td a teup orliak (shige ‘ode 72) you need teat two bars to hang the cups ont, Hanger rks in beams L Tune OTA am NraRRATION SA neomaTON Links in rectangular beams Links in L-Beams Links in T-Beams heoncenent Double system of links sug. tie une waineacoveur— ewntbaonen ars ts nominal eelaorcment and they enable dhe formation of & "ld cage, which wll ot calls when the conert place In most fases eam exten over several spans ae as previously metioned ‘we cal hese continuous beam’, We have elie mentioned that auch teams, inadltion tothe bottom areas betwen support, the tenle aon alto eces atthe top over the internal sports ee Fig 3.3 on se 4, er rig ‘Sorowees ocomauaur Fig. 5 shows enforcing fr a concrete beam hit scontinuous ares sevetalapane The upp gram shows, neraggersted frm, the shape tata by e continuous beam unde unto aang the broken tines the centre ine ofthe beam. The ower diagram hws the reagent show on twolevelsnFi 3.8 todemonstrate the way in whieh someat the bottom seo dscontined inthe ones nea he cola, Beams ‘ce detailed in elevation, wih sullen croe scons to ustrate the postions of al the loa bars and the ehape of the rraps ot ‘barmarks are repeat nthe crose section. ig 6 on pope 41 shows the tall of typical beam that i continuous oter te bays. You wil se that no atlempt i made to raw the elevation to scale, because this would produce along: hin ‘ertion. Therefore, we exaggerate the depth enough to mike the ‘soseaelons are alo den to larger scale. Although there are ‘everalbarein the topand the baton of team, only one ne dawn he ‘eration meats to represet them. fa bar des not ru he fl length, tks maleate fevenremites, with he bar mark ten alongside Tos teks do not eat that the barf bon. Pig 37 shows his ae Let us consier the supports of «beam Or the spport there ar two layers of brs in the top af «Beam, to cater forthe high tense aces In that aren The retaom fortis aso to leave wap in te eof the bem onset a poker rater to compact the coaceete. The bury. which ae marke 7 may be In contact ith the bare marked a ‘ert pal inthis cose vertical gp has oe mata etwecn two sts of bas. o space brs are ied, se shown In Fig 8. These Spacer bars must be sede, Another cast conde one in which her are many bars bea, The problem that one srrup may not be enough. and therfore tale straps shouldbe edn ae Pig 3-9 Masta ow erp sre commonly arranged in bears J (115 7 a wep ems) and fb) show normal lose stcups() belng used the top ofthe beam sin compeesson to provide lateral resent oll the top ‘ars. oem cshaws open serps because the dor lb elforcement wllprvidethe closing ste. Farm (ds wide beam in whichslisent ‘bam where nominal, Iacerinorsement of the sider of the beam sles the sreups when the caress placed and prevent cracking ‘of te ben adn ‘The shape ad ste the stirrups maybe the sme but the spacing may var to sl the change In agate ofthe shearing forces elon the ben These are gener newer the supports sa the straps are lose tageher there: The syste of lain showa in Fig 3.8 08 pe shearing forces inthe beam. In such cascs bent-up bars are ascd, as Stow Fig 3.10.0 page Starecine Sense See Same Sts of terminating bars that are no longer required for tentle purpose, te bar can be ben up (or down) hrowgh an ale of 50 ‘hit they pase tog te area where he seri orees area ee rele andinso doing lp oes te ores. (The shearing frees are Stee rate where heres change eum tension to campeon Introduction to slabs Shs are divided nto two categories, namely suspended slabs and supported sabe. Somended alate may further be diided Into Two coupe, Suspended slabs can ether be sported on edges of beams $d walls or they ean be supported ection columns without beams {which re Known st lb. Sport sabe maybe 12 One-way stebs These re sas spportd on two sds, with main elaercementin one dlzecton only Fig 5-12 shows that the main enforcement i provided along the shorter span, Inondr to debate the lad. stron sel Is mecesay, and Is plced on the lange sie. For lrteation, sce Fess. 12 Two-ray slabs ‘These are labs supported on for sides and eiforced a two dictions ‘The pencil vals ofthe Bending moments determine the ae sd numberof reinorement basin each directa. A ypc lsout or & Smpysupooredtwo-aray ahs shown inl 14.0n page 4 al t od PLAN SECTION 1-1 SECTION 2-2 34 Detailing floor stabs oor lbs are designed dire fom beans The simples or sa Spans none diction. ands supped by beams wal slong oppoie ‘les. lteratve Noor dab can be made to span in feo ects at igh angles ad ae supported by beams om al sds As eto previous. therelsalsoa typeof Noe that sno bens but wich ac a alate that supported on columns lone Onl in ery snl strtres, Suh as paras re lbs simply supported jus eine 09 suppres Into construction the origi el hese ot seen er seeralstppors and continaoas ame Sniartoa beam the ens ones tthe boom o hela in the middle ofthe spun ane the op "oe libs ae deta inp, with sulcint etn to sow the poston of all enforcement Deseitions of hare ate given fll fn the plan ew, and oly the be marks are repeated in the secon. I pose dimensions tos the postions ofthe eaeo bars ae ei {hsecton rather thanontheplan eso sir bars souldbe lett tone barn kn fll wrt abort Kies oma he etree os th ‘mension ine aeass these of brs carrying ther desertion, Whee {us oe staggered, or when llernate hare are reverse Icom practice to show apa of tggeed or allernate brs a flo the pan ‘Nosttempt should be mat onde the bent shape of the bars thepln- Thiam bedanc inthe seta thin lb, ere ma baer toensure that standard hocks and bends canbe acommodsted without ‘edu the cover, Scondary or data steel aleys provided in Sb Thissprsads any point lod dewnyronerthe pray nr ofr id mat wach peeves ars rom Bing plac by the wet ‘concrete The lowe ner of relnlorement ie supprtd on pacers of thlknes appre to the cover required. Bu the upper layer rogies chatstosuportit Chae nay before otf reinfreement ong cade S9}to support the uper lager Cade 9 equa dimensional ketchta be drawn exerci to Fo the ending schedule Carefl couse ‘must he pen othe charac abe 3.1 on page #8). ty iy ary not only the weight ofthe upper ste. but ao the weight of men nd equipment, Where lab as exes. ber eens are sometimes xed othe topes aso determine the pelo ecncet Dring ht aig wt om = amas eam reinforcement shown in boken ines nthe ton tense that eonideraton pte cos poston elt othe slab ste The upper rfrcomeat ithe sb usualy pases over the Beam tel. ein 0 otag mus reduce the concrete cove ules he beam set eke ow ‘novgh If theslabis hel enfrosd eangowconpcnted drawing the upper and lower layers maybe shows oa separate plan views Rear to Pig 15 for mote on tlnoreing for v one concrete lb. The ‘facing sla tothatof a coninaou bea excep tha traps re ‘ot usally eed inthe sla, ad dng temperate brs must be ‘el inthe perpedlclar dieton. The sab sno slo the ers ‘athe, concrete around the top of beam sport of both the Beam and the A conerete eam ins sun considered to be alge ‘member, with portion of the abating together wt he stem of the eam roulinginagrenersracturaleficeny ard reed beam eh eco snags tare A ati cr rare ord a 836 nanos serene nam rit rg Mote tot 38 A practical approach In reinforced concrete construction, evry Hoot genealy has a ‘eam arrangement and cones of xed or continuous one way ‘or two-way slabs that are supported by mala and secondary beans Fig 3.160n poe 51 shows such an arrangenest. ‘The usual arrangement of slab-ara beam hor of ab supported om cross o secondary beams tt are pc othe lager sie Wie the main reforcement beng parle tothe shorter side The Secondary beamsis tun are support onc beans hat exten rome Column column. ven though beat-tcsurn comectonsfa ote thestope ot his book Fig 3.17 on pugs 520 Shox been inserted ole Youundertand the concep of merging the eam andthe clan Column/beam. junctions are ually hilly congested with ‘reinforcement (as i $17 sows), but the cl shape the sane tbove ond low the juncton,dtaling and castration problems are {ae suaighiorward Colum tenorsement shoud continue through ‘he Bens without being cranked. and therefore tr semble to ate tnluamnsandteansofthesame wd Ith column segue to fet bor change pln shape between one sre an he next. sinxsemet Imht be posse tof nd there might be ark of poorly compacted Concrete ina ete part of the structure. This pralem can often Be ‘eased by having enough bear depth as ig 3178 shows). @ Saath yr duct {4 rne200ed ey FEF coum 0 nee +f ar a 348 Gaiman etna My —~___ AL TLFhp KTR gr FY TVD KZ \ ‘Summary ‘Beams archorhontal members of a bulldig, designed ocr exter loads, tending moments sher forces and sometimes osion momen Beams may be square. rectangular Hanged or te, and they cat ‘imply support, xed or continaous, Due tothe nature ofits bending {he simple beam has tele reinforcement it the baton and I retlorcement to rest shearing foros across the dep of the eae ‘This type of beam usualy ectangula Ines ion ands dep ‘sual inluds the tor slab The lor slab x what you soe when walking onthe rst lor or any ove shove ground level Dependiag om the pe of ab i ol ‘upported by beams. Tere are thee general arrangement: 1. One-nay spanning labs These span between fine f supporting beans endo walls, which are usualy parallel 2. Two-way spanning abe: Thee ae supported on » rectangular dof bean. columns at beam interseions the sytem 3. a slabs These ate carved dey on columns with no beer This sjsem con accommodate ieegular column layouts more uly Perietr columns aten ned tbe ware closely spaced then lntenal ones prota enough sles nuppot the ending SOLVED EXAMPLES. EXAMPLE 3.1 Dealing Hesms Fig 3.18 on puge 55 showsa reinforced concrete lor lgou fora double storey banding Yow ae required to dtall an rhode: the 230 x 450 simply supported beum on gid line A: end & the 230 x 550 continuous Beamon gid ine 3. = HES nye nie ut He af ie ee a! We 2 gli WIE yt hie Lan 8 LNenswanc.seut 8b Ng 3.19 on page $6 shows the rinforcement ot designed by the engineer. Gover lab = 200mm: and beame= 0:0, Ar ark 02 cate he A dimension asfolows tesion lp +265 column width bes over petermine he tension lap, we we Table T-1Table DA SABS.0144%1995), |cs| _— | pam, ——eainiann gira ftsice atte 1.10 pope 3 makes no provson fr 25 MPa cone. 50 we eer sppen i ni erpolate between 20 MPa and 30 ia, eso ze eosion lp for 20 MP concrete, br diameter 16 Beton bean eso inp for 10 MP concrete, br diameter 16 (earset] Mate Aen ar Tiseies ean oo ube Eaymiteaiecsrer, Tis 10 ome ere tig ear oetc a oo 10 chi mull of 50) © arenark 03 Nu might wonder why we lap the ste inthe compression arc snc ts not tcl design ster Have you wondered what woul happen dhe eam were cost slightly longer ‘amis design length? In this eas, ontop sts i we ad tale fom cover to {over tats thout x compresson ap inthe centre f the Beaen woul eset Ina eeduction the concrete cover Thi atv ously dangerows Faa2t Song renee agin Length of be mark 1 = 4800 ~ 210.08 © lenge) 001 = 210,08 > 4800) (found upto the nearest 50.) (Secesarg thang lhe bar the son Zoe ‘exe ta ge he stat raion poston ta arate 0 (2082600) 25 ‘10 8 290% ——+] Length of barmark 03 = A+ a shape cade 34) ‘A span} + (clam wid) “beam cover compression lap) (4800) + (250) 30 +475) unr ering Mote Unt somber to use Table 11 to interpolate the compression lay for 8 016 ound tx mltipieof 10, therefore. A= 2730 Aen 23730150 2880 Therefore, we use a length of 2900, The extra 20 mm wl be taken up by bend, hat the dimension. We normaly positon ours 50mm fo theface ofthe eaiamn, Remember that we ty Yo stay clear ofthe clan ste ators 0,08 1, 0.15 Land 0.25 Late used to determine the extensons of Uhermain stein the tension sos O gene = ormark 08 Tocalculate the numberof reyps ruled we ned to determine the dsance tha stretches rr the centre ine ofthe Hit strap to the ante line of te lastrrp. We then divide tisdstance by 250 wo ge us the number of spaces Finally weaddone bartothe numberof spaces to gine ute curber of straps @ Bel rere oreen mean tana luv asses how wet these factorsto determine the lengths four ste 1 armark 0s ‘Cuaing length = 6000 (0.08 x 6000)~ (0.18 x 6000) 1520 (ememer to rouad up a maple of $0.) ‘Hersore,eutng length = 4650 Distance ftom centre line of fist stierup to cen ine of last tery 0 ~colunin width LON 10( bar diameter) 4460 Noo erage = B84 (Therefore we use 19 taps.) Q igure aera Sceif you cn clelate the cating length af tester. Pa car ‘= Barmark 06 Uieuse shape coe 34 A= column with beam cover + 365 + tension lap are 2 Soe we arecontinuiag onthe same bending schdul, we cannot start detalling hecontnuous team naming the Get areca up askar mark Howe "he mark ofthe at bar that we cal up wl ontnne from the mark ofthe a bar from Prt Tf thi example thatthe snp supported beam) Therlos ‘our fst bar that we call upon he continuous been wil be bar mark 5. Before westart dealing and sched our continuous beam et lok | the bending moment diagram in Fig 323 2st, ast, Bi meters tenor 1545 We ound all ending dimensions toa multiple of 10.) therefore, A= 1350 Cutting length = At Therefoe, we wseacuting length of 1750. (Theestea 30m willbe taken up Iytherightanglod bend.) 22310 "herefore cutting length aarti e329 terra rome 350 f= Barmnark 08 tension lap * 125 423030 fac mark 09 ating length = 2 tension ap) +785 + 230-4 335 530 Therefore, we ue acutng length of 2550) ‘= barmark 10 Cat length = (0,25 x 000) +225 % 3000), f= barmark 11 Weuse shape code 34 000 + (eo width) beam over =(0,25% 3000) + tension ap [Note tha the desgner decides whether dis barf required or nol. the bar s ele, the A dimension gover bythe dengn eran as enon te ean “Therefore, belore we con calculate the A dimension, we mist fst sult O.1b=0.1 6000 an s50=45 x 20 We therefore use the preter value thas 90, ring ning Therefore, A= 900 column width — beam cower ‘You shoud beable wo caleulate the cutting ength on your own, se Barack 13 ‘Are you ready for chllenge? Soe if you cn clelate the length ofthe bat ‘Complete te example by dln the flowing 1. Draw a section taken through the beam, Remember to indicate on 0 tlevation where your section stake, Insert all bat marks on your on Complete the bending schedule by completing the column for mass EXAMPLE 3.2 Detaiting Foor Slabs ‘slab measuring 6m 3m tsimpl supported on two ees by 230mm brie tral het fe onesvayeponing sib). The slab s 200mm thick and Feinorced athe bottom a follows f Short span (nin stel) YL? (shape cose 38) at 125mm centres that t= Teng san lstrbtion sel) —Y10 (shape code 20) at 250 mm centres tha {is paral to ong span Cones cover mut: nd 1 Coneretesrengih is 30MPa Use a scle of 1:20 to deta n plan and secton the reinforcement layout a prepare the bending shod Solution (Reed in conjunction with Fig 3.240n page 65.) yb Cr ke simply-supportbeans, webasetherenfrsement design onthe asin bendingimoment. which occurs at mid-spun. Therefore. the main ren of sel coneentated inthe azes bordered by 0.08, rom the centre of thee 90 {0.08 rom the centre of the right support, ecause the bending momen tends towards sero ar we more towards the sopports, tiseconomica a edd ‘he amoant of reiforcement eo SO% ofthe man ea of tel requis hen the iden a reverse each bar ‘Cen you see that we have mei tel (ha the straight part of he shat ade 3 bac) unig every 125m centre to centre, and the Ushaped pl Funaing every 250 centres that dle the main sel cents) Tse wh ‘wemean when we tlk about reducing the amount of reaforcement a 50% the man sel. We use straight bars as dstation ste, Because we haven supports along the short span. Theor. not necessary to bend the en pint the sib. You shouldbe tn poston to ealealte the nme o ragiired in both direction, since we have been throug ese clelations Q ‘treason ABS adn, ge te toner he dmenn ‘rennet be eunded cow toa deans desi y Sem Let us look at the calculation ofthe lengths, ‘A= 3000 230-105 ~ 30 22635 (ese 2640) ‘Tre dmoreion the span = 3000 coun wit n= 100 Note man chor war we can aooommoane hs mers wt Sonam ottnosa tome sas esse 200-80 See, Therefore, wecan usen = 120. Cutting length = A's f40- 190 (at we round this up to 2800, we crease then dimension by 30mm, which ot prmseibe, Therelae, weather increase the A dimension by 30 mm, fe tar mark 02 Cutiog ength = 6000 = 5940 (UF we round this ength upto 5950, we wil once again reducing the cover. Mhesfuontstoround down wo 5900.) Again, te mporant to carey oat tis ck instead of ast priorming the calulations mechanically. Think about ‘what you are doing and wy Your bending schaulethl lok flows 30-30 aaa T=] eT [= TC ‘ou ca nih of the Bending schedule by completing the ast’ column, FNAMPLE Aslab measuring 6m % 5 mis simply sported on four ses by 230mm bck walls that isa two-way spanning slab). The sab 200mm thick adi ‘enforced the bottom a fallow fF Short span ~¥12 lhape code 34) at 125m cents (hat spall to f Concretecoveris 30mm nd Y10 (shape code 34) ot 0 mm cents (has parallel ooo {se sale of 1-20 to deta in plan and section the reinforcement layout end repate the bendlag schedule Solution ead in conetion with Fig 3.25.) ‘ou can Bosh of the bending schedule by completing the mas’ column, EXAMPLES ig 3.26 shows lab simpy supported on two ses by 230mm % SOO dzep‘eelored concrete beams This mean tht tl one spansing sla The sab and beams are monolthi este ual). The beams ace ture fapported at their ends by four 230mm * 250mm enforced calm. The Slabs 170mm thick ands reafrced atthe bottom a fllom f Shor! span ain steel) — Y12 (shape code 20) ot 220mm centes (that parallel to short sant 1 Short sa apoig ont the main tes) ss Provide Y10 lace bars (al err to as lacing bar 1 Long spun stebuton sel) 10 shape code 20) at 280mm centes(ehat f= Concrete covers 25rm sab) and 30m (bear: and 1 Concrete streng is 30 MPa sab 12 shape code 38) at 440mm {Use a seal of 1:20 to det in plan and secon) the reefocement layout and Solution (Heed is conjunction withthe version of Fig 3.27 whlch a been deen to scl and can e ound i the pocket a he beck of his book. The version of. Fig. 5.27 which cen be found os page 72 is not dawn to sale and ntended for quick reference al) Ue us alcas the ference between this sb (supported by beams) and the sib in Example 3.1 (eupported by walls. We deign the sab supported Iw walls to counteract shear and bending. However the slab support by ‘eume i designed to counteract sear and being aswel as trson, Since is east es part of the Beams. tere teeny fo the sab to twist a the Intersection, To counters the torsion we ca provide reinforcement shown ‘the intersection of the Beam and slab af Fg 3.16 ot page 51- However, to the renorcemment desig ear we can an lp bar (hape ene 38) Sircty onto every sscndeoan steel This bar thats shape cde 38) wil seve "hal purpose. wll eounterat the tendency or the it atthe beh sll Intersection and simultaneously reduce the amount of reinforcement eauired 10 50% ae the ending moment tends to ra moving toward the supports. ‘You wll notice tha nthe plan view; we have drawn the boe math 02 We would seit a section. strata the plan view we acevo se hs = straight ine To seit the stesier when ending the plan, me dr the bar ‘shove, to distinguish fom astaighe be let ws go through the calculations together 1 arash 01 Welthese bars fom the ron covert the slab othe ack one of the bes, therfore: the number reguited ey aaa dame 3000 ~ 2230) 2Joet rom the inside ae ofthe Bea) 3000 — 60 ~210,082770) + beam wth) = 2540 2(105) (Note: 105 roused dawn fem 106.6) These bars ap onto every second 01" bar Therefore, we use 12 bers hl the umber of “01 ars jou rlr to Table 5 of SANS 82 yu will atic that UMerearetwo sketches for shape code 38, We ll use the secondsetch wit the ‘dimension lapping ont our ma br, the dimeson bending up ita the sum and the C dimension posianed a the to of the Beam intersection, ‘ou lb abl to ee this ery lees in the section tension lap + 105 + 230 beam cover sla thickness 2a cover 170-50 120) {calculate the € dimension, we use che sme factors we used in dhe example of he contin ent har mark 1), Next, we aula 45% dlameter of bar = 45% 12 ‘Were the pester value, wich e540, Therefore C = 230. S40~—eam cover The cutting length of barmark 02" A +B + C—e—24 830+ 120+ 740-3622) (630 (We round up 1050), = 1650 f= armark 03 These are yous dsbution brs You wll aie thatthe fst br starts 50mm twa tothe inside face ofthe et ear. The lat bar ene SO am way om {he inside face of the ight beam. The reason for thi two, Fit the lab wth starts at the Inside face of the let beam and ends atthe inside ace ofthe fleht beam. So the lab dimension ie 2 40 % SOU ln addition, we already hve relnorcementin the beans amber of bars = 10 cutting lenuth 5000 2sis ener) 4950) ing ars \Werasualy use thre arson ether end of the slabs intercon Can you soe tha the length ofthese ars wil be the some asthe 03" bar! We ean ve thesame a mrk because the shape cde also the same, We must nt forget. toad he otal wumber a0 bur tothe total numberof lacing bars when we complete the tenng schedule. You might wonder why we draw the lac bars sr dated ines nthe pan view This Indleae tha thes bars occur ia the topo the shit ELetEEs Te SERRE INAMPLE 5 ig 5.28 shows slab simply supported on our sides by 240 mm % 500m tn Beams are monolith cast ast) The beams aren urn supported t Thsirende by four 230mm % 230mm relforced columns, The slab e170 mm Mick nis enforced atthe btm a follows {2 Sort span (main sel} Y12 (shape code 20) at 220mm centres tha poral to short span: ‘© Store span lapping o tothe main steel) — 12 (shape code 38) at 440mm ss rovide Y10 lacs bar (also elered to as cing bar Tong span -¥10 (shape code 20) a 280mm contre that paral to long, YI (ehape cae 38 lpping.on to every second ¥10 (shape code 20) ba Pride Y10lce bars {Concrete cine 25 nm lab) and 30mm (beam ed 1 Concrete strength 30 MP (lb) Une scale of 1:20 to dealin plan and section) the eaforcemat layout and espace the bending schedule, Setution Inhis example yo hive the slab supported in bth recon hs bending sear ind torsion ect bth erections Terre the reinfncement dei oamely sel signe os nthe short span of Example 3.4) wil apy in both dretons. Veloe you lok atthe solute (gen tn Fg 3.29 end the bending schedule 1a

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