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Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing

Oscar Castillo
Luis T. Aguilar

Type-2 Fuzzy
Logic in Control
of Nonsmooth
Systems
Theoretical Concepts and Applications
Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing

Volume 373

Series editor
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The series “Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing” contains publications on
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/2941

Oscar Castillo Luis T. Aguilar
•

Type-2 Fuzzy Logic

in Control of Nonsmooth
Systems
Theoretical Concepts and Applications

123
Oscar Castillo Luis T. Aguilar
Division of Graduate Studies Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo
and Research de Tecnología Digital
Tijuana Institute of Technology Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico

ISSN 1434-9922 ISSN 1860-0808 (electronic)

Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-03133-6 ISBN 978-3-030-03134-3 (eBook)
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Preface

Fuzzy logic control approach has been an active research and application area since
the 60s of the past century. This approach has been well understood when dealing
with dynamic models described by linear or continuously differentiable nonlinear
time-invariant or time-variant differential equations. This book presents the syn-
thesis and analysis of fuzzy controllers and its application to a class of mechanical
systems. The purpose of this monograph goes beyond on addressing type-1 fuzzy
logic controllers, since the core material about synthesis and Lyapunov analysis of
type-2 fuzzy logic controllers and its application to systems governed by differential
equations with discontinuous right-hand side or with non-differentiable terms, also
known as nonsmooth systems, constitute the main topic of this book.
Fuzzy Logic Systems are comprised of rules. Quite often, the knowledge that is
used to build these rules is uncertain. Such uncertainty leads to rules whose ante-
cedents or consequents are uncertain, which translates into uncertain antecedent or
consequent membership functions [1]. Type-1 fuzzy systems, whose membership
functions are type-1 fuzzy sets, are unable to directly handle such uncertainties. We
describe in this chapter, type-2 fuzzy systems in which the antecedent or conse-
quent membership functions are type-2 fuzzy sets. Such sets are fuzzy sets whose
membership grades themselves are type-1 fuzzy sets; they are very useful in cir-
cumstances where it is difficult to determine an exact membership function for a
fuzzy set.
The original fuzzy logic, founded by Lotfi Zadeh, has been around for more than
30 years, and yet it is unable to handle uncertainties [2]. That the original fuzzy
logic (type-1 fuzzy logic) cannot do this sounds paradoxical because the word
“fuzzy” has the connotation of uncertainty. The expanded fuzzy logic (type-2 fuzzy
logic) is able to handle uncertainties because it can model and minimize their
effects.
The concept of a type-2 fuzzy set, was introduced by Zadeh [3] as an extension
of the concept of an ordinary fuzzy set (henceforth called a “type-1 fuzzy set”).
A type-2 fuzzy set is characterized by a fuzzy membership function, i.e., the
membership grade for each element of this set is a fuzzy set in [0, 1], unlike a
type-1 set where a membership grade is a crisp number in [0, 1]. Such sets can be

v
vi Preface

used in situations where there is uncertainty about the membership grades them-
selves, e.g., uncertainty in the shape of the membership function or some of its
parameters. Consider the transition from ordinary sets to fuzzy sets. When we
cannot determine the membership of an element in a set as 0 or 1, we use fuzzy sets
of type-1. Similarly, when the situation is so fuzzy that we have trouble determining
the membership grade even as a crisp number in [0, 1], we use fuzzy sets of type-2.
Together with fuzzy logic, in this book, we present genetic algorithms, which is
a basic search methodology that can be used for modeling and simulation of
complex non-inear dynamical systems. Since these techniques can be considered as
general purpose optimization methodologies, we can use them to find the mathe-
matical model which minimizes the fitting errors for a specific problem. On the
other hand, we can also use this technique for simulation if we exploit their efficient
search capabilities to find the appropriate parameter values for a specific mathe-
matical model. We can use a genetic algorithm to optimize the number of rules or
the membership functions of a fuzzy system for a specific problem. These are two
important applications of genetic algorithms, which will be used in later chapters to
design intelligent systems for controlling real-world dynamical systems.
Why nonsmooth systems? Mechanical systems are typically affected by external
forces such as friction, dead-zone, and backlash which adversely affect the per-
formance of the plant. Those kinds of disturbances are known as hard or nonsmooth
nonlinearities because their models are accurately described by non-differentiable or
discontinuous functions. Coulomb friction modeled by a signum function is an
example of discontinuity. Mechanical systems composed of interacting rigid bodies
belong to this class of systems [4] (e.g., biped robots). Instant impacts [5] are also
nonlinear phenomena which belong to the class of nonsmooth systems.
This book is a research monograph that summarizes the investigation we made
since the middle of the past decade on type-2 fuzzy logic and the control of
nonsmooth mechanical systems. The theoretical results are illustrated by simulation
and experiments made for the control of servomotors with dead-zone and Coulomb
friction, the control of wheeled mobile robots, and a biped robot. The closed-loop
systems are analyzed in the framework of smooth and nonsmooth Lyapunov
functions.
Stability is one of the more important aspects of the traditional knowledge of
automatic control. Type-2 fuzzy logic is an emerging and promising area for
achieving intelligent control (in this case, fuzzy control). In this book, we refer the
fuzzy Lyapunov synthesis as proposed by Margaliot and Langholz [6]. Stability has
been one of the central issues concerning fuzzy control since Mamdani’s pioneer
works [7, 8]. Most of the critical comments to fuzzy control are due to the lack of a
general method for its stability analysis which this book covers.
This book first introduces a background of type-1 and type-1 fuzzy logic sys-
tems. Part II is devoted to genetic algorithms used for modeling and simulation of
complex nonlinear systems. Part III includes the synthesis and analysis of fuzzy
logic control to a servomotor with friction up to biped robots. This monograph is
addressed to engineers, researchers, and practitioners interested in both the fuzzy
logic control approach and the stabilization of electromechanical systems.
Preface vii

This work took advantage of the collaborative research developed with Nohé
Cazárez and Selene Cárdenas.
The work was partially supported by CONACYT under grant 285279.

Tijuana, Mexico Oscar Castillo

Luis T. Aguilar

References

1. Karnik, N., Mendel, J.: An introduction to type-2 fuzzy logic systems. Tech. Rep., University
of Southern California (1998)
2. Mendel, J.: Uncertain Rule-Based Fuzzy Logic Systems: Introduction and New Directions.
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, (2001)
3. Zadeh, L.: The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning—I.
Info. Sci. 8(3), 199–249 (1975)
4. Brogliato, B.: Nonsmooth Mechanics. Springer, London (1999)
5. Yang, T.: Impulsive Control Theory. Springer, London (2000)
6. Margaliot, M., Langholz, G.: New Approaches to Fuzzy Modeling and Control: Design and
Analysis. World Scientific, Singapore (2000)
7. Mamdani, E.: Advances in the linguistic synthesis of fuzzy controllers. J. Man. Mach. Stud. 8,
669–678 (1976)
8. Mamdani, E., Assilian, S.: An experiment in linguistic synthesis with fuzzy logic controller.
J. Man. Mach. Stud. 7(1), 1–13 (1975)
Contents

Part I Introduction
1 Background on Type-1 and Type-2 Fuzzy Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1 Type-2 Fuzzy Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Operations of Type-2 Fuzzy Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Type-2 Fuzzy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.1 Singleton Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.2 Non-singleton Fuzzy Logic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.3 Sugeno Type-2 Fuzzy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Part II Genetic Algorithms

2 Genetic Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Genetic Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2 Modifications to Genetic Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.1 Chromosome Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.2 Objective Functions and Fitness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.3 Selection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.4 Genetic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.5 Parallel Genetic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3 Applications of Genetic Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Part III Applications

3 Fuzzy Lyapunov Synthesis for Nonsmooth Mechanical Systems . . . . 43
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 Fuzzy Logic Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

ix
x Contents

3.2.1 Type-1 Fuzzy Logic Control . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 44

3.2.2 Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 45
3.3 Systematic and Practical Design of the Stable Fuzzy
Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.5 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4 Fuzzy Control for Systems with Dead-Zone and Backlash . . . . . . . . 55
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 Dynamic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2.1 The Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3 Fuzzy Sets and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.3.1 Type-1 Fuzzy Sets and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.3.2 Type-2 Fuzzy Sets and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.4 Design of the Fuzzy Logic Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.5 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.6 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5 Fuzzy Control Synthesis for Systems with Discontinuous
Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.3 Tools for Stability Analysis of Nonsmooth Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.4 Fuzzy Logic Control Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.4.1 Fuzzy Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.4.2 Fuzzy Logic Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.5 Stability Analysis for the DC Motor with Backlash
and Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.5.1 Comparison Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6 Fuzzy Control for Wheeled Mobile Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.2 Dynamic Model and Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.3 Fuzzy Control Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.3.1 Control of the Kinematic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.3.2 Type-1 Velocity Fuzzy Control Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.3.3 Type-2 Velocity Fuzzy Control Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.4 Numerical Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Contents xi

7 Fuzzy Control for Biped Robots Under Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7.2 Biped Robot Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7.2.1 Dynamic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.2.2 Impact Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
7.3 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.4 Optimization Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.4.1 Individual Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.4.2 Objective Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.4.3 Genetic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
 Part I
Introduction

Fuzzy logic control approach has been an active research and application area
since the 60th of the last century. There exist many contributions dealing with
plants described by linear differential equations as DC motors, ideal actuators, local
stabilization of pendulums, to mention a few. A lot of scientific research results
also appears dealing with continuously differentiable nonlinear time-invariant or
time-variant differential equations as position regulation or the motion control of
robot manipulators. However, most of the mechanical systems are typically affected
by external forces like friction, dead-zone, and backlash which adversely affects
the performance of the plant. Those kinds of external disturbances are known as
nonsmooth nonlinearities because non-differentiable or discontinuous functions
accurately describe their respective model. Coulomb friction modeled by a signum
function is an example of nonsmooth nonlinearity because it is discontinuous at the
origin.
Stability is one of the more important aspects of the traditional knowledge of
automatic control. Type-2 fuzzy logic is an emerging and promising area for achiev-
ing intelligent control (in this case, fuzzy control). In this work, we use the fuzzy
Lyapunov synthesis as proposed by Margaliot and Langholz [1].
Stability has been one of the central issues concerning fuzzy control since Mam-
dani’s pioneer works [2, 3]. Most of the critical comments to fuzzy control are due
to the lack of a general method for its stability analysis.
However, as Zadeh often pointed out, fuzzy control has been accepted by the fact
that it is task-oriented control, while conventional control is characterized as set-
point-oriented control, and hence do not need a mathematical analysis of stability.
Sugeno also highlighted that, in general, in most industrial applications, the control
stability is not fully guaranteed and the reliability of a control hardware system is
considered to be more important than the stability [4].
Despite of the success of fuzzy control, does not mean that we do not need a
stability theory to formalize the results. Perhaps the main drawback of the lack of
stability analysis would be the fact that we cannot take a model-based approach to
fuzzy control design. In classic control theory, a feedback controller is designed that
the closed-loop system becomes asymptotically stable. This approach, of course,
restricts us to set-point oriented control, but stability theory will certainly give us
more comprehensive of the future development of fuzzy control.
2 Part I: Introduction

Part I outlines the fundamentals of type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic.

We describe in Chap. 1 a new area in fuzzy logic, which is called type-2 fuzzy
logic. A type-2 fuzzy set is a set in which we also have uncertainty about the member-
ship function. Of course, type-2 fuzzy systems consist of fuzzy if–then rules, which
contain type-2 fuzzy sets. We can also say that type-2 fuzzy logic is a generaliza-
tion of conventional fuzzy logic (type-1) in the sense that uncertainty is not only
limited to the linguistic variables but also is present in the definition of the member-
ship functions. We shall first introduce the basic concepts of type-2 fuzzy sets, and
type-2 fuzzy reasoning. Then we will introduce and compare the different types of
fuzzy inference systems that have been employed in various applications. We will
also consider briefly type-2 fuzzy logic systems and the comparison to type-1 fuzzy
systems.
Chapter 2 introduces the basic concepts and notation of genetic algorithms and
simulated annealing, which are two basic search methodologies that can be used for
modeling and simulation of complex non-linear dynamical systems. Since both tech-
niques can be considered as general purpose optimization methodologies, we can use
them to find the mathematical model which minimizes the fitting errors for a specific
problem. On the other hand, we can also use any of these techniques for simulation if
we exploit their efficient search capabilities to find the appropriate parameter values
for a specific mathematical model. We also describe in this chapter the application of
genetic algorithms to the problem of finding the best neural network or fuzzy system
for a specific problem. We can use a genetic algorithm to optimize the weights or the
architecture of a neural network in a particular application. Alternatively, we can use
a genetic algorithm to optimize the number of rules or the membership functions of
a fuzzy system for a specific problem. These are two crucial applications of genetic
algorithms, which will be used in later chapters to design intelligent systems for
controlling real-world dynamical systems.
In Part III, we illustrate the capabilities of the type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic
controllers to stabilize several plants mainly affected by Coulomb friction, dead-zone,
as well as backlash. Nonsmooth equations typically represent these phenomena.
In Chap. 3, we present a hybrid architecture, which combines type-1 or type-2
fuzzy logic system and genetic algorithms for the optimization of the parameters
of the membership functions of fuzzy logic systems to solve the output regulation
problem of a servomechanism with nonlinear backlash. In this approach, the fuzzy
rule base is designed by experts of this problem. The proposed method is far from
trivial because of non-minimum phase properties of the system. Simulation results
illustrate the effectiveness of the optimized closed-loop system.
In Chap. 4, the fuzzy Lyapunov synthesis is extended to the design of type-1
and type-2 fuzzy logic controllers for mechanical systems affected by nonsmooth
nonlinearities as dead-zone and backlash. We propose, as a case of study, the output
regulation problem for a servomechanism with nonlinear backlash. The critical issue
is to design a feedback controller to obtain the closed-loop system in which all
trajectories are bounded, and the load of the driver is regulated to a desired position
while also attenuating the influence of external disturbances. In contrast to typical
solutions where position information of motor and load is necessary for solving
Part I: Introduction 3

the stabilization problem, here the servomotor position is the only measurement
available for feedback corresponding to the realistic case. The proposed extension
is still far from trivial because of the non-minimum-phase properties of the system.
Performance issues of the type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic regulators that were designed
are illustrated in experimental studies.
The objective of Chap. 5 is to present a non-based Lyapunov function Mamdani-
type fuzzy control design for a DC-motor with Coulomb friction and backlash. To
conclude asymptotic stability, the comparison principle complemented with Lya-
punov stability analysis is used. The fuzzy controller is developed to asymptotically
track the desired load position taking the motor measurements for feedback.
In Chap. 6 we focused on the control of wheeled mobile robot subject to bounded
disturbances. A tracking controller for the mobile robot was developed by considering
its kinematic model and Euler-Lagrange dynamics. Type-2 fuzzy logic is proposed
to synthesize the controller for the overall system via backstepping methodology
which is claimed to be a robust tool for related applications. A systematic procedure
to satisfy required time responses for stabilization of the kinematic model is made
through genetic algorithm approach. Simulation results are presented confirming the
performance of the tracking controller.
Chapter 7 presents the design of walking motions of a biped robot by an intelli-
gent computational method. The proposed method finds the parameters of the out-
put functions that produce such motion in the closed-loop system which fulfill the
requirements of stability and minimal energy control by formulating a constrained
optimization problem. A set of parameters which produces periodic motions with
low energy control magnitudes and its closed-loop system trajectories are shown
through a numerical study case of a 3-DOF biped robot.

References
1. Margaliot, M., Langholz, G.: New Approaches to Fuzzy Modeling and Control: Design and
Analysis. World Scientific, Singapore (2000)
2. Mamdani, E.: Advances in the linguistic synthesis of fuzzy controllers. J. Man. Mach. Stds. 8,
669–678 (1976)
3. Mamdani, E., Assilian, S.: An experiment in linguistic synthesis with fuzzy logic controller. J.
Man. Mach. Stds. 7(1), 1–13 (1975)
4. Sugeno, M.: On stability of fuzzy systems expressed by fuzzy rules with singleton consequents.
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 7(2), 201–224 (1999)
Chapter 1
Background on Type-1 and Type-2 Fuzzy
Logic

We describe in this chapter a relatively new area in fuzzy logic, which is called
type-2 fuzzy logic. A type-2 fuzzy set is a set in which we also have uncertainty
about the membership function. Of course, type-2 fuzzy systems consist of fuzzy
if–then rules, which contain type-2 fuzzy sets. We can say that type-2 fuzzy logic
is a generalization of conventional fuzzy logic (type-1) in the sense that uncertainty
is not only limited to the linguistic variables but also is present in the definition of
the membership functions.
Fuzzy Logic Systems are comprised of rules. Quite often, the knowledge that
is used to build these rules is uncertain. Such uncertainty leads to rules whose
antecedents or consequents are uncertain, which translates into uncertain antecedent
or consequent membership functions [1]. Type-1 fuzzy systems, whose membership
functions are type-1 fuzzy sets, are unable to handle such uncertainties directly. We
describe in this chapter, type-2 fuzzy systems, in which the antecedent or consequent
membership functions are type-2 fuzzy sets. Such sets are fuzzy sets whose member-
ship grades themselves are type-1 fuzzy sets; they are instrumental in circumstances
where it is difficult to determine an exact membership function for a fuzzy set.
The original fuzzy logic, founded by Lotfi Zadeh, has been around for more than
30 years, and yet it is unable to handle uncertainties [2]. That the original fuzzy logic
(type-1 fuzzy logic) cannot do this sounds paradoxical because the word “fuzzy” has
the connotation of uncertainty. The expanded fuzzy logic (type-2 fuzzy logic) is able
to handle uncertainties because it can model and minimize their effects.
In what follows, we shall first introduce the basic concepts of type-2 fuzzy sets
and type-2 fuzzy reasoning. Then we will present and compare the different types of
fuzzy inference systems that have been employed in various applications. We will
also consider briefly type-2 fuzzy logic systems and the comparison to type-1 fuzzy
systems.

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 5

O. Castillo and L. T. Aguilar, Type-2 Fuzzy Logic in Control of Nonsmooth
Systems, Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing 373,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03134-3_1
6 1 Background on Type-1 and Type-2 Fuzzy Logic

1.1 Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

The concept of a type-2 fuzzy set was introduced by Zadeh [3] as an extension of the
concept of an ordinary fuzzy set (henceforth called a “type-1 fuzzy set”). A fuzzy
membership function characterizes a type-2 fuzzy set, i.e., the membership grade for
each element of this set is a fuzzy set in [0, 1], unlike a type-1 set where a membership
grade is a crisp number in [0, 1]. Such sets can be used in situations where there is
uncertainty about the membership grades themselves, e.g., uncertainty in the shape
of the membership function or in some of its parameters. Consider the transition
from ordinary sets to fuzzy sets. When we cannot determine the membership of an
element in a set as 0 or 1, we use fuzzy sets of type-1. Similarly, when the situation
is so fuzzy that we have trouble determining the membership grade even as a crisp
number in [0, 1], we use fuzzy sets of type-2.
This does not mean that we need to have extremely fuzzy situations to use type-2
fuzzy sets. There are many real-world problems where we cannot determine the exact
form of the membership functions, e.g., in time series prediction because of noise in
the data. Another way of viewing this is to consider type-1 fuzzy sets as a first-order
approximation to the uncertainty in the real world. Then type-2 fuzzy sets can be
regarded as a second order approximation. Of course, it is possible to consider fuzzy
sets of higher types, but the complexity of the fuzzy system increases very rapidly.
For this reason, we will only consider very briefly type-2 fuzzy sets. Let us consider
some simple examples of type-2 fuzzy sets.

Example 1.1 Consider the case of a fuzzy set characterized by a Gaussian member-
ship function with mean m and a standard deviation that can take values in [σ1 , σ2 ],
that is,
μ(x) = exp{−[(x − m)/σ ]2 /2}, σ ∈ [σ1 , σ2 ]. (1.1)

Corresponding to each value of σ , we will get a different membership curve (see

Fig. 1.1). So, the membership grade of any particular x (except x = m) can take any
of a number of possible values depending upon the value of σ , i.e., the membership
grade is not a crisp number, it is a fuzzy set. Figure 1.1 shows the domain of the fuzzy
set associated with x = 0.7; however, the membership function associated with this
fuzzy set is not shown in the figure.

Example 1.2 Consider a fuzzy set with a Gaussian membership function having a
fixed standard deviation σ , but an uncertain mean, taking values in [m 1 , m 2 ], that is,

μ(x) = exp{−[(x − m)/σ ]2 /2}, m ∈ [m 1 , m 2 ]. (1.2)

Again, μ(x) is a fuzzy set. Figure 1.2 shows an example of such a set.

Example 1.3 Consider a type-1 fuzzy set characterized by a Gaussian membership

function (mean M and standard deviation x), which gives one crisp membership
m(x) for each input x ∈ X , where
1.1 Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 7

Gaussian type−2
1

0.9

0.8

0.7
Membership grades

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Fig. 1.1 A type-2 fuzzy set representing a type-1 fuzzy set with uncertain standard deviation

Gaussian type−2
1
Membership grades

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Fig. 1.2 A type-2 fuzzy set representing a type-1 fuzzy set with uncertain mean. The mean is
uncertain in the interval [0.4, 0.6]

m(x) = exp{−[(x − M)/σx ]2 /2}. (1.3)

This is shown in Fig. 1.3. Now, imagine that this membership of x is a fuzzy set. Let
us call the domain elements of this set “primary memberships” of x (denoted by μ1 )
and membership grades of these primary memberships “secondary memberships”
of x [denoted by μ2 (x, μ1 )]. So, for a fixed x, we get a type-1 fuzzy set whose
domain elements are primary memberships of x and whose corresponding mem-
bership grades are secondary memberships of x. If we assume that the secondary
memberships follow a Gaussian with mean m(x) and standard deviation σm , as in
Fig. 1.3, we can describe the secondary membership function for each x as

μ2 (x, μ1 ) = exp{−[(μ1 − m(x))/σm ]2 /2}. (1.4)

where μ1 ∈ [0, 1] and m is as in Eq. (1.3).

8 1 Background on Type-1 and Type-2 Fuzzy Logic

0.9

0.8
Membership Grades
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 M
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 x1 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x

Fig. 1.3 A type-2 fuzzy set in which the membership grade of every domain point is a Gaussian
type-1 set

We can formally define these two kinds of type-2 sets as follows.

Definition 1.1 (Gaussian type-2) A Gaussian type-2 fuzzy set is one in which the
membership grade of every domain point is a Gaussian type-1 set contained in
[0, 1].
Example 1.3 provides an example of a Gaussian type-2 fuzzy set. Another way
of viewing type-2 membership functions is in a three-dimensional fashion, in which
we can better appreciate the idea of type-2 fuzziness. Figure 1.4 illustrates a three-
dimensional view of a type-2 Gaussian membership function.
Definition 1.2 (Interval type-2) An interval type-2 fuzzy set is one in which the
membership grade of every domain point is a crisp set whose domain is some interval
contained in [0, 1].
Example 1.1 shows an example of an interval type-2 fuzzy set.
We will give some useful definitions on type-2 fuzzy sets in the following lines.
Definition 1.3 (Footprint of uncertainty) Uncertainty in the primary memberships
of a type-2 fuzzy set, Ã, consists of a bounded region that we call the “footprint
of uncertainty” (FOU). Mathematically, it is the union of all primary membership
functions [2].
Figure 1.5 illustrates the footprint of uncertainty for a type-2 Gaussian mem-
bership function. This footprint of uncertainty can be obtained by projecting in two
dimensions the three-dimensional view of the type-2 Gaussian membership function.
Definition 1.4 (Upper and lower membership functions) An “upper membership
function” and a “lower membership functions” are two type-1 membership functions
that are bounds of the FOU of a type-2 fuzzy set Ã. The upper membership function
is associated with the upper bound of FOU( Ã). The lower membership function is
associated with the lower bound of FOU( Ã).
1.1 Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 9

Type-2 fuzzy set in 3D

1
Axis z

0.5
0
1

0.8
10
0.6
8
Axis y 0.4 6
4
0.2 Axis x
2
0 0

Fig. 1.4 Three-dimensional view of a type-2 membership function

Footprint of uncertainty (FOU)

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fig. 1.5 Footprint of uncertainty of a sample type-2 Gaussian membership function

10 1 Background on Type-1 and Type-2 Fuzzy Logic

We illustrate the concept of upper and lower membership functions as well as the
footprint of uncertainty in the following example.
Example 1.4 (Gaussian primary MF with uncertain standard deviation) For the
Gaussian primary membership function with the uncertain standard deviation
(Fig. 1.1), the upper membership function is

upper(FOU( Ã)) = N (m, σ2 ; x), (1.5)

and the lower membership function is

lower(FOU( Ã)) = N (m, σ1 ; x). (1.6)

We will describe the operations and properties of type-2 fuzzy sets in the following
section.

1.2 Operations of Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

In this section we describe the set-theoretic operations of type-2 fuzzy sets. We are
interested in the case of type-2 fuzzy sets, Ãi for i = 1, . . . , r , whose secondary
membership functions are type-1 fuzzy sets. To compute the union, intersection,
and complement of type-2 fuzzy sets, we need to extend the binary operations of
minimum (or product) and maximum, and the unary operation of negation, from
crisp numbers to type-1 fuzzy sets, because at each x, μ Ãi (x, u) is a function (unlike
the type-1 case, where μ Ãi (x) is a crisp number). The basic concept for computing
the union, intersection, and complement of type-2 fuzzy sets is Zadeh’s extension
principle [3].
Consider two type-2 fuzzy sets Ã1 and Ã2 where

Ã1 = μ Ã1 (x)/x (1.7)
x

and 
Ã2 = μ Ã2 (x)/x. (1.8)
x

In this section, we also focus our attention on set-theoretic operations for such general
type-2 fuzzy sets.
Definition 1.5 (Union of type-2 fuzzy sets) The union of Ã1 and Ã2 is another type-2
fuzzy set, just as the union of type-1 fuzzy sets A1 and A2 is another type-1 fuzzy
set. More formally, we have the following expression
 
Ã1 Ã2 = μ Ã1  Ã2 (x)/x. (1.9)
x∈X
1.2 Operations of Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 11

Type-2 Gaussians MFs

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fig. 1.6 Two sample type-2 Gaussian membership functions

We can explain Eq. (1.9) through the “join” operation [2]. The join between two
secondary membership functions must be performed between every possible pair of
primary memberships. If more than one combination of pairs gives the same point,
then in the join we keep the one with maximum membership grade. We will consider
a simple example to illustrate the union operation. In Fig. 1.6 we plot two type-2
Gaussian membership functions, and the union is shown in Fig. 1.7.
Definition 1.6 (Intersection of type-2 fuzzy sets) The intersection of Ã1 and Ã2 is
another type-2 fuzzy set, just as the intersection of type-1 fuzzy sets A1 and A2 is
another type-1 fuzzy set. More formally, we have the following expression
 
Ã1 Ã2 = μ Ã1  Ã2 (x)/x. (1.10)
x∈X

We illustrate the intersection of two type-2 Gaussian membership functions in

Fig. 1.8.
We can explain Eq. (1.10) by the “meet” operation [2]. The meet between two
secondary membership functions must be performed between every possible pair of
primary memberships. If more than one combination of pairs gives the same point,
then in the meet we keep the one with maximum membership grade.
Definition 1.7 (Complement of a type-2 fuzzy set) The complement of set à is
another type-2 fuzzy set, just as the complement of type-1 fuzzy set A is another
type-1 fuzzy set. More formally we have
12 1 Background on Type-1 and Type-2 Fuzzy Logic

Union of two interval type-2 fuzzy sets

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fig. 1.7 Union of the two Gaussian membership functions

Intersection of two Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fig. 1.8 Intersection of the two Gaussian membership functions

1.2 Operations of Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 13

à = μ Ã1 (x)/x (1.11)
x

where the prime denotes complement in the above equation. In this equation μ Ã1 is
a secondary membership function, i.e., at each value of x μ Ã1 is a function (unlike
the type-1 case where, at each value of x, μ Ã1 is a point value).

Example 1.5 (Type-2 fuzzy set operations) In this example we illustrate the union,
intersection and complement operations for two type-2 fuzzy sets Ã1 and Ã2 , and for
a particular element x for which the secondary membership functions in these two
sets are μ Ã1 (x) = 0.5/0.1 + 0.8/0.2 and μ Ã2 (x) = 0.4/0.5 + 0.9/0.9. Using the
operations the minimum t-norm and the maximum t-conorm, we have the following
results:

μ Ã ∪ Ã (x) = μ Ã (x) ∪ μ Ã (x) = (0.5/0.1 + 0.8/0.2) ∪ (0.4/0.5 + 0.9/0.9)

1 2 1 2
= (0.5 ∧ 0.4)/(0.1 ∨ 0.5) + (0.5 ∧ 0.9)/(0.1 ∨ 0.9)
+ (0.8 ∧ 0.4)/(0.2 ∨ 0.5) + (0.8 ∧ 0.9)/(0.2 ∨ 0.9)
= 0.4/0.5 + 0.5/0.9 + 0.4/0.5 + 0.8/0.9
= max{0.4, 0.4}/0.5 + max{0.5, 0.8}/0.9
= 0.4/0.5 + 0.8/0.9

μ Ã ∩ Ã (x) = μ Ã (x) ∩ μ Ã (x) = (0.5/0.1 + 0.8/0.2) ∩ (0.4/0.5 + 0.9/0.9)

1 2 1 1
= (0.5 ∧ 0.4)/(0.1 ∧ 0.5) + (0.5 ∧ 0.9)/(0.1 ∧ 0.9)
+ (0.8 ∧ 0.4)/(0.2 ∧ 0.5) + (0.8 ∧ 0.9)/(0.2 ∧ 0.9)
= 0.4/0.1 + 0.5/0.1 + 0.4/0.2 + 0.8/0.2
= max{0.4, 0.5}/0.1 + max{0.4, 0.8}/0.2
= 0.5/0.1 + 0.8/0.2

μ Ã 1 (x) = 0.5/(1 − 0.1) + 0.8/(1 − 0.2) = 0.5/0.9 + 0.8/0.8.

1.3 Type-2 Fuzzy Systems

The basics of fuzzy logic do not change from type-1 to type-2 fuzzy sets, and in
general, will not change for any type-n [1]. A higher-type number indicates a higher
“degree of fuzziness.” Since a higher type changes the nature of the membership
functions, the operations that depend on the membership functions change; however,
the basic principles of fuzzy logic are independent of the nature of membership
functions and hence, do not change. Rules of inference like Generalized Modus
Ponens or Generalized Modus Tollens continue to apply.
The structure of the type-2 fuzzy rules is the same as for the type-1 case because the
distinction between type-2 and type-1 is associated with the nature of the membership
14 1 Background on Type-1 and Type-2 Fuzzy Logic

functions. Hence, the only difference is that now some or all the sets involved in the
rules are of type-2. In a type-1 fuzzy system, where the output sets are type-1 fuzzy
sets, we perform defuzzification to get a number, which is in some sense a crisp
(type-0) representative of the combined output sets. In the type-2 case, the output sets
are type-2; so we have to use extended versions of type-1 defuzzification methods.
Since type-1 defuzzification gives a crisp number at the output of the fuzzy system,
the extended defuzzification operation in the type-2 case gives a type-1 fuzzy set
at the output. Since this operation takes us from the type-2 output sets of the fuzzy
system to a type-1 set, we can call this operation “type reduction” and call the type-1
fuzzy set so obtained a “type-reduced set”. The type-reduced fuzzy set may then
be defuzzified to obtain a single crisp number; however, in many applications, the
type-reduced set may be more important than a single crisp number.
Type-2 sets can be used to convey the uncertainties in the membership functions
of type-1 fuzzy sets, due to the dependence of the membership functions on available
linguistic and numerical information. Linguistic information (e.g. rules from experts),
in general, does not give any information about the shapes of the membership func-
tions. When membership functions are determined or tuned based on numerical
data, the uncertainty in the numerical data, e.g., noise, translates into uncertainty in
the membership functions. In all such cases, any avail-able information about the
linguistic/numerical uncertainty can be incorporated in the type-2 framework.
However, even with all of the advantages that fuzzy type-2 systems have, the
literature on the applications of type-2 sets is scarce. Some examples are Yager [4]
for decision making and Wagenknecht and Hartmann [5] for solving fuzzy relational
equations. We think that more applications of type-2 fuzzy systems will come in the
near future as the area matures and the theoretical results become more understand-
able for the general public in the fuzzy arena.

1.3.1 Singleton Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems

This section discusses the structure of a singleton type-2 fuzzy logic systems (FLS),
which is a system that accounts for uncertainties about the antecedents or consequents
in rules but does not explicitly account for input measurement uncertainties. More
complicated (but, more versatile) non-singleton type-2 FLSs, which account for both
types of uncertainties, are discussed later.
The basics of fuzzy logic do not change from type-1 to type-2 fuzzy sets, and
in general, will not change for type-n. A higher type number just indicates a higher
degree of fuzziness. Since a higher type changes the nature of the membership func-
tions, the operations that depend on the membership functions change, however, the
basic principles of fuzzy logic are independent of the nature of membership func-
tions and hence do not change. Rules of inference, like Generalized Modus Ponens,
continue to apply.
A general type-2 FLS is shown in Fig. 1.9. As discussed before a type-2 FLS
is very similar to type-1 FLS, the major structural difference being that the output
1.3 Type-2 Fuzzy Systems 15

Output processing
Crisp
output
RULES DEFUZZYFIER y

x Crisp
FUZZYFIER TYPE-REDUCER
Input
Type-reduced
set (type-1)

Fuzzy Fuzzy
INFERENCE
input Sets output Sets

Fig. 1.9 Type-2 fuzzy logic systems

processing in type-2 FLS block replaces the deffuzifier block of a type-1 FLS. This
block consists of type-reduction followed by defuzzification.
During our development of a type-2 FLS, we assume that all the antecedent and
consequent sets in rules are type-2. However, this need not necessarily be the case
in practice. All results remain valid as long as long as just one set is type-2. This
means that an FLS is type-2 as long as any one of its antecedent or consequent sets
is type-2.
In the type-1 case, we generally have fuzzy if–then rules of the form

R l : IF x1 is Al1 and . . . x p is Alp , THEN y is Y l , l = 1, . . . , M. (1.12)

As mentioned earlier, the distinction between type-1 and type-2 is associated with
the nature of the membership functions, which is not essential when forming the
rules. The structure of the rules remains the same in the type-2 case, but now some
or all of the sets involved are type-2.
Consider a type-2 FLS having r inputs x1 ∈ X 1 , . . . , xr ∈ X r and one output
y ∈ Y . As in the type-1 case, we can assume that there are M rules; but, in the type-2
case the lth rule has the form

R l : IF x1 is Ãl1 and . . . x p is Ãlp , THEN y is Y l , l = 1, . . . , M. (1.13)

This rule represents a type-2 fuzzy relation between the input space X 1 × · · · × X r ,
and the output space, Y , of the type-2 fuzzy system.
In a type-1 FLS, the inference engine combines rules and gives a mapping from
input type-1 fuzzy sets to output type-1 fuzzy sets. The t-norm combines multiple
antecedents in rules. The membership grades in the input sets are combined with
those in the output sets using composition. Multiple rules may be combined using
the t-conorm or during defuzzification by weighted summation. In the type-2 case,
the inference process is very similar. The inference engine combines rules and gives a
mapping from input type-2 fuzzy sets to output type-2 fuzzy sets. To do this one needs
16 1 Background on Type-1 and Type-2 Fuzzy Logic

to compute unions and intersections of type-2 fuzzy sets, as well as compositions of

type-2 relations.
In the type-2 fuzzy system (Fig. 1.9), as in the type-1 fuzzy system, crisp inputs
are first fuzzified into fuzzy input sets that then activate the inference block, which
in the present case is associated with type-2 fuzzy sets. In this section, we describe
singleton fuzzification and the effect of such fuzzification on the inference engine.
The “fuzzifier” maps a crisp point x = (x1 , . . . , xr )T ∈ X 1 × X 2 × · · · × X r ∈ X
into a type-2 fuzzy set à x in X .
The type-2 output of the inference engine, shown in Fig. 1.9, must be processed
next by the output processor, the first operation of which is type-reduction. Type-
reduction methods include [2]: centroid, center-of-sums, height, modified height,
and center-of-sets. Let us assume that we perform centroid type-reduction. Then
each element of the type-reduced set is the centroid of some embedded type-1 set
for the output type-2 set of the FLS. Each of these embedded sets can be thought of
as an output set of an associated type-1 FLS, and, correspondingly, the type-2 FLS
can be viewed of as a collection of many different type-1 FLSs. Each type-1 FLS
is embedded in the type-2 FLS; hence, the type-reduced set is a collection of the
outputs of all of the embedded type-1 FLSs (see Fig. 1.10). The type-reduced set lets
us represent the output of the type-2 FLS as a fuzzy set rather than as a crisp number,
which is something that cannot be done with a type-1 fuzzy system.
Referring to Fig. 1.10, when the antecedent and consequent membership func-
tions of the type-2 FLS have continuous domains, the number of embedded sets
is uncountable. Figure 1.10 shows a situation in which we have assumed that the
membership functions have discrete (or discretized) domains. The memberships in
the type-reduced set, μY (yi ), represent the level of uncertainty associated with each
embedded type-1 FLS. A crisp output can be obtained by aggregating the outputs of
all embedded type-1 FLSs by, e.g., finding the centroid of the type-reduced set.

Embedded type-1 y1
Y ( y1 )
FLS #1

Crisp
Embedded type-1 y2 output
Y ( y2 ) Aggregator
FLS #2
x y ( x)

Embedded type-1 y
Y (y )
FLS #α

Fig. 1.10 A type-2 FLS viewed as a collection of embedded type-1 FLSs

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 TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO. 397 bany
county, New York, and came from there to Bloomfield, Trumbull
county, Ohio, in June, 183 1, where he now resides. He married,
October, 1842, Mary, the eldest daughter of Ephraim and Mary
Huntington Brown, of Bloomfield, who was born May 28, 181 2. He
has spent some thirty years of his life as clerk and proprietor in
mercantile pursuits. On the breaking out of the civil war he was
commissioned by President Lincoln captam and assistant
quartermaster of United States volunteers, and brevetted major and
lieutenant-colonel: served on the staff of General G. M. Dodge until
the taking of Atlanta, was then ordered to Newbein, North Carolina,
as acting chief quartermaster of the district of North Carolina,
remaining there until the close of the war. In 1S69 he was elected a
member of the House in the State Legislature, and re elected in
1871. Their children are Mary Huntington, Elizabeth Brown, Virginia
Passarant, died February 187 1; George Clary, resides in
Washington, D. C; Francis Joseph, resides in Cleveland, Ohio; Julia
King, and Anna Margaret. William C. Savage, a well known merchant
of Bloomfield, was born in Middletown, Connecticut, April 25, 1S23.
His father, Amasa Savage, was also a native of Connecticut. He was
a ship carpenter by trade and followed this occupation many years,
and was master-builder of many a craft upon the lakes after his
coming to Ohio in 1831. He settled in Ashtabula county and lived
there until his death, which occurred in 1855. The "fated schooner"
Washington was probably the last he had charge of building, ini838
or 1839. There were fourteen children in his family, eight girls and
six boys, twelve of whom lived to maturity. Mrs. Savage died in
1865. Her maiden name was Sarah K. Hatch, of Weathersfield
township, Connecticut. She was a devoted member of the
Congregational church, as also was Mr. Savage in his latter days.
William C. Savage, the subject of this sketch, came to Bloomfield in
1843. He has been engaged m mercantile business all his life. He
was married in 1849 to Miss Martha L. Wright, daughter of Paul
Wright, of North Hampton, Massacliusetts. They have had but one
child ; this died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. Savage are members of the
Congregational church and are sincere Christians. Mr. Savage is a
deacon of the church. Politically he is a firm Republican and has held
several of the township offices; has been town clerk, also was justice
of the peace several terms and finally refused a re-election, thus
showing the high esteem in which he is held by his fellow
townsmen. He was also postmaster several terms. Aithur V. Crouch
was born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, August 2, 1827,
oldest son of George and Mary Crouch. George Crouch, born in
Washington county, Pennsylvania, in 1804, was a resident of
Trumbull county some ten years. He married, in 1826, Mary,
daughter of Arthur Van Wye, who was a pioneer in Weathersfield,
where he settled about 1802. He was a soldier from Trumbull county
in the War of i8i2. Mrs. Crouch was born in Weathersfield in 1806
and died in 1848. A. V. Crouch in earlier years followed school-
teaching some eight or ten years. Was a resident of Pittsburg some
time where he was deputy county treasurer in 1S58. From 1859 to
1874 he was connected with the Pittsburg Plow works, removing to
Greene, Trumbull county, Ohio, in 1863, and conducting a branch
business there, at the same time being engaged in farming and
dairying. In April, 1 88 1, he removed to Bloomfield, where he still
resides. In 1858 he married Jennie F. McVey, who died in 1862. In
1864 he married Mrs. Mary F. Lewis, daughter of Captain Archibald
Green, of Bloomfield, where she was born in 1842, and has si.x
children, as follows: Martin L., Mary F., Florence M., Arthur V., Jr.,
Archibald G., and John B. Mr. Crouch was elected county
commissioner for Trumbull county in 1878, and re-elected in 1881.
Alex. Wright was born in Ireland December 25, 1805, and came to
America in 1819 in company with his mother. His father died before
their coming to this country. Mr. Alex. Wright and mother came to
Ohio and settled in Liberty township, Trumbull county, where he
lived till he moved to Bloomfield township about 1853. His mother
lived with her son John till her death in i845.*^There were six
children in her family — Nancy, Margaret, Jane, Mary A., John, and
Alex. All are deceased. Mr. Alex. Wright located in Bloomfield
township, about one mile north of the center. Farming was his chief
occupation. He was married March 20, 1850, to! Miss Eliza Gilmore,
daughter of James Gil 
 39S TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO. more,
of Portage county. She was born October 6, 1S26, Mr. Wright died
January 12, 1878. Mr. Wright was a member of the Methodist
church. Mrs. Wright is also a member. PoHtically Mr. Wright was a
firm Democrat. He was highly esteemed by all. L. Wellington Mears
was born February 8, 181 7, in Poultney, Vermont. His father,
Joseph, was a'so a native of Vermont. The family is of English
descent. Mr. L. W. Mears came to Ohio in 1832, in company with his
mother, and located in Hubbard township, Trumbull county. He
remained in Hubbard several years, then went to Sharon,
Pennsylvania, where he was engaged in the mercantile business
about eight years. He was married in 1841, March 24th, to Miss
Amanda Flower, daughter of Horace Flower, of Bloorafield township.
They have had five children, three of whom are living — Byron,
Albert, William, Horace, and Ida; i\lbei t and Horace are -deceased.
Mr. and Mrs. Mears came to Ohio in 1848, and settled at first in
Mesopotamia, and lived there about three years, then came to
Bloomfield, where he has since resided. Mr. Mears is at the present
time traveling in the West for a hardware house of Chicago. Mrs.
Mears is a member of the Congregational church. In political matters
he is a Republican. Biographical Sketches, EPHRAIM BROWN. It is
impossible within the limits of a short sketch to give an adequate
idea of the character, or to detail particular events in the life of
Ephraim Brown. His father, whose name was also Ephraim, resided
at Westmoreland, New Hampshire, and was much esteemed for his
many excellent qualities. His mother was Hannah Howe, a woman of
deep religious feeling. The family consisted of ten children, of whom
i'-phraim, born October 27, 1775, was the oldest. Mr. Brown owned a
small farm and by adding to its productions the fruits of occasional
labor in some mechanical pursuit, his large family was comfortably
supported until he lost all his property by going security for a friend,
a loss from which he never recovered. It thus happened that the
eldest son, at an early age, became the main support of a large
family. This misfortune of his father offered him a field for the
exercise of that indomitable perseverance which was so conspicuous
an element of his character. At this formative period of his life the
engrossing labor which circumstances threw upon him was not
allowed to interfere with his intellectual culture. He read the best
books obtainable, and sought the society of the best people in his
neighborhood and wherever business called him. It is inferred from
letters still in existence that he soon became a young man of some
mark, for his advice was sought by elders, and his judgment
received with much deference. Considerable of his correspondence
at this early period related to moral, religious, and political subjects.
He shows in these letters habits of earnest and honest thought,
always ready to listen to argument, and when convinced of error
always ready to renounce it. For example, when a young man he
joined the Masonic fraternity, but years afterwards, when a young
man sought his advice on the subject of joining he expressed the
opinion that with advanced civilization the need of such societies
was past. Being a man of broad and tender sympathies Mr. Brown
very early in life conceived a bitter hatred of the system of slavery,
then fast growing into a [jolitical power, which sixty years it required
the whole energy of the nation to suppress. In a letter written in
1807 to a Southern relative, who had located in the South and was
endeavoring to persuade him to follow by arguing the superior
facilities for making money in that section, Mr. Brown questioned the
method by which wealth might be acquired so rapidly by "commerce
in human flesh," and added, "I have been taught from my cradle to
despise slavery, and will never forget to teach my children, if any I
should have, the same lesson." The same letter contains sentiments
thirty years afterwards given public utterance by William Lloyd
Garrison and other distinguished abolitionists. Mr Brown inherited
from his mother deep religious feeling, which was strengthened by
analytic habits of thought and extensive reading. But he
distinguished between real piety and the mere semblance of religion,
and his whole life
 TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO. was
characterized by a high moral tone. His denunciation of evil was
always vigorous and sometimes alarming to the more conservative
and temporizing souls about him. His love of freedom and habits of
thought prevented him from being closely associated with societies
of any kind, though as an individual he was always industrious and
kind. As early as 1803 Mr. Brown became engaged in mercantile
pursuits in connection with Thomas K. Green, of Putney, Vermont,
who had charge of the business at that place, and Mr. Brown
managed the'branch at Westmoreland, and continued in business
until his removal to Ohio in 1815. In the meantime he had
represented his town in the Legislature several times. He was
married on November 9, 1806, to Mary Buchanan, eldest daughter
of Gordon and Temperance (Huntington) Buchanan. She was born'at
Windham, Connecticut, August 29, 1787; while yet a child her father
and mother removed to Waljjole. New Hampshire. She was a woman
of talent, which she cultivated during her whole life. She taught
school before her marriage; her attainments were therefore of a
solid character. In the year 1814 Mr. Brown formed a partnership
with his uncle, Thomas Howe, and purchased of Peter C. Brooks, of
Boston, township seven, range four, of the Western Reserve, since
known as Bloomfield, to which place he removed his family in the
summer of 1815. The journev was accomplished in six weeks and
the family reached its future home July 16, some preparations
having been previously made for its comfort and support. The two
partners, Messrs. Brown & Howe, were in business temperament
and character the antipodes of each other. The former was
energetic, pushing, and fearless; the latter slow, hesitating and
doubting. It is not strange that two such men should soon dissolve
business relations. Mr. Howe after a short time retiied from the
partnership, and Mr. Brown as sumed the burden of the debt, which
in a few years, by the most scrupulous economy, unresting industry,
and fortunate thriftiness was fully discharged. A few years after Mr.
Brown's settlement in Bloomfield (in 1819) the Ashtabula cS:
Trumbull Turnpike company was formed and chartered under the
laws of Ohio. Mr. Brown took an active part in pushing this
enterprise, which at that time looked like an
enormousj^undertaking, to a successful completion. For many years
he maintained a ceaseless care for the interests of the company and
the preservation of the road. The post-otifice at Bloomfield was
secured through his influence. Within seven years after the first
settlement of Bloomfield daily four-horse mailcoaches passed
through the place on their route between the lake and the Ohio river.
Land rapidly advanced in value, and the more thrifty settlers were
soon able to improve their homes. Mr. Brown was several times a
member of the General Assembly, and always gave his potent
influence to measures looking toward material improvement and
educational advancement. His love of freedom was active, and
influenced his whole conduct. The effort of a prominent religious
sect in 1S22 to dominate in politics, was condemned and resisted as
strongly as the effort of the slave power to rule iiyeT country in after
years. In his younger years^ he was a Jeffersonian Republican, and
an [avowed abolitionist always. He always offered_assistance and
protection to fugitive slaves, as is shown by instances elsewhere
narrated. The tide of colonel was conferred upon Mr. Brown in New
Hampshire, not, however, on account of any military service. He was
captain of a company of militia, and promoted Governor's aid with
the rank of colonel. It has been said of Mr. Brown that he never
sought or desired fame, but in a certain sense he won what was
better than fame — the perfect respect and confidence of all who
were capable of appreciating such a character. An intimate friend at
the time of his death said in a letter, "In his social relations he was
distinguished for his kindness, benevolence, and hospitality ; in his
business transactions for prudence, promptness, and integrity.
Throughout a long and active life he eminently sustained the
character of a patriot, philanthropist, and an honest man." He died
of paralysis after a short illness, April 17, 1845, being in the
seventieth year of his age. Mrs. Brown was a woman of great
excellence as wife, mother, neighbor, and friend. A life of well
directed study gave her broad culture ; a knowledge of the world
widened her sympathies, and tenderness of feeling made her
charitable. In her family she was gentle, loving, and interesting. In
the social circle her influence was
 400 TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.
elevating and refining. Her death occurred January 26, 1862. The
family consisted of nine children : .'\iexander, born in 1807, lives in
Bloomfield; George W., born in 1810, engaged in business in
Pittsburg and died in Bloomfield in 1841 ; Mary, born in 1 81 2,
married to Joseph K. Wing and resides in Bloomfield; Charles, born
in 1814, died in South Carolina in 1880; Elizabeth, born in 18 16,
resides in Bloomfield; James Monroe, born in 1818, died 1867 in
Massillon; Marvin Huntington, born in 1820, resides in Painesville,
Ohio; Fayette, born in 1823, resides in Cleveland, Ohio; Anne
Frances, born in 1826, resides in Bloomfield. HENRY CROWELL.
Henry Crowell was born in Grafton, Vermont, in the year 1802. His
father, Mayhew Crowell, emigrated from Cape Cod, Massachusetts,
residing in Grafton for a term of years and finally removed with his
family to Bloomfield, Trumbull county, Ohio. His maternal relative,
Mahitable Crowell, was the sister of Major Howe, formerly of
Bloomfield, and cousin of Ephraim Brown, Esq., of the same
township. The subject of this biographical sketch removed with his
parents from his Vermont home to Bloomfield in the year 1815. The
journey was accomplished by means of o.x teams and was
necessarily slow and tedious, si.x weeks being consumed before
they reached its termination, a distance which can now be overcome
in less than twenty-four hours. For miles in many places they had to
cut their way through dense forests, where the settler's axe had
never before swung, bridging streams and camping out nights. This
journey proved no pleasure excursion. Few m these days of good
roads and easy locomotion can api^reciate the trials, privations, and
suffering incident to pioneer life iVi those times when these little
bands, severing the ties of old associations, poor in purse but strong
in will, went forth in the early twilight of our Nation's history sowing
the seeds of empire and breaking the way for future generations in
the great West. Arriving at Bloomfield, which at that time was a
dense wilderness broken here and there only by small clearings, few
and far between, his father located a tract of land, a portion of
which he ultimately sold to his son Henry, who, with characteristic
industry, proceeded to clear and prepare it for cultivation, erecting a
dwelling thereon. In the year 1832 he was united in marriage with
Miss Almena Saunders, the result of which union was five sons and
two daughters; five of these seven children are still living. In the
year 1865 he removed to Cleveland, Ohio. Here he afterwards
resided until his death, which occurred September 20, 1881, in the
eightieth year of his age, he being the last member of a family of
twelve. His temperate, orderly life, combined with habits of well
regulated industry, prolonged his years far beyond the average span
of existence. He was a man of sterling integrity, most eminently just
in all his dealings, never having a quarrel or case of litigation in the
entire course of his life. So sweetly ordered were all his ways that in
the beaten path of his daily walk and conversation he never made
an enemy or lost a friend. Peaceful, quiet, and unostentatious ;
firmly grounded in his religious convictions, beneath a calm exterior
flowed the tides of kindly thought and feeling with scarce a surface
ripple, but strong, resistless, pure, and holy. He lived a noble
example of the possibilities of a religious culture which rounds into
symmetrical beauty the best types of an exalted Christian manhood.
CHAPTER XI. JOHNSTON TOWNSHIP. The name of this townshii)
w^as doubtless derived from the original proprietor of the land,
Captain James Johnston, of Salisbury, Connecticut, father of the late
Edward Walter Johnston. The township is in number six of the
second range. It was surveyed by Nathan Moore and his assistant in
the year 1802. It was then an unbroken wilderness uninhabited by
any save the savage or wild beast of the forest. The first settler was
a family by the name of Bradley, consisting of himself. Captain
Bradley, his wife, Asenath, and their three sons, Thaddeus, Moore
Bird, and Ariel. They bid adieu to their native
 TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIKS, OHIO. town,
Salisbury, Connecticut, on the 7th of June, 1803, and performed a
journey of five or six weeks and six or seven hundred miles,
reaching Canfield, this State, before they made a stop. Mr. James
Bradley at that time was a man not far from fifty years of age, and
his sons were young men just in the strength of early manhood. Mr.
Bradley and family remained at Canfield a few days to visit friends of
former ac(juaintancesliip, after which they resumed their journey by
marked trees and bridle paths, making their way from one clearing
to another, which however, were few and far between. After a few
days they came to the last opening, about five miles distant frcjm
the locality selected for a home in the new township. The whole
region at that time for a space of ten miles square around this spot
selected for spending the remainder of their days, was an unbroken
wilderness, uninhabited. Their neighbors were a family by the name
of Barnes between this and Vienna, one family in the southwest part
of Bazetta, between this and Warren, on what was known as the
Quinby farm, a few families in Vienna, a few in Gustavus, and a few
in Kinsman. They camped the first night in the township by a little
stream, taking rest preparatory to the work of penetrating the
unbroken forest still further on the morrow. Captain Bradley and his
family settled on a lot a little west of the center, but he subsequently
removed to a farm in the west part of the township, where he lived
about fourteen years, and died respected at the age of sixty-two. His
widow lived fifteen years longer and died a venerable matron of
four-score years, June 15, 1832. From the time she left the family of
Mr. Barnes, in P'owler, and came into this township, it was a year
and some months before she saw again the face of a white female.
Of the sons of Captain Bradley, Thaddeus, the eldest, spent much
time from home aiding the family by such employment as he could
find in Ravenna or the neighboring settlements in merchandising or
teaching till he at length returned and settled in the west part of the
township, where he died in October, 1865, at the old homestead
which was afterwards owned by James D. Bradley, his oldest son.
About six hundred acres of land was inherited by his three children
and a granddaughter. Moore Bird, the second son, after laboring a
few years in clearing away the forest, turned his attention to the
study of medicine. He was the first medical student under the
instruction of Dr. Peter Allen, and after studying and reading with
him for a time he practiced his profession in Mansfield and
eventually settled in Pennsylvania, where he died, leaving a widow.
Ariel, the youngest son, engaged in the more rugged employment of
clearing the farm. He was the hero of the axe, who felled the first
tree previously noted. But his strong constitution gave way under toil
and disease and subsequently he too studied medicine, with his
brother, and practiced as a physician. Late in life he married Miss
Laura L. Barstow, who still lives, the widow of the first physician of
the township. The next arrivals were two young men, who were
carpenters, without families. One was a mill-wright. They set
themselves to work to look up a suitable location for a mill seat, and
fixed upon a site in the northeastern part of the township. Those
young men were Jared Hill and James Skinner. They came in July.
1804, and staid until winter, raised their saw-mill, then left until the
next season. They went to Canfield, married, and soon after came
back with their wives. When they moved in they came up through
the first range, through Vernon, and cat a path a mile and a half to
make an opening to get their teams through to their new abode in
the wilderness. There they remained, and as the men were
mechanics, their wives were sometimes left alone from Monday
morning until Saturday night, their nearest neighbors being a camp
of Indians a half mile down the stream from the'mill. In about a year
and a half after their settlement Messrs. Hill & Skinner had their
sawmill in use to the very great accommodation of the settlement.
They soon added a grist-mill which further accommodated the
inhabitants. Before the erection of this mill their nearest place for
grinding was at Orangeville, Pennsylvania. Of these families Miss
Sallie Hill died July I, 1822, aged forty years, and Jared Hill, Esq.,
died July 6, 1839, aged sixty-five years. A few weeks after Hill and
Skinner first came, in September, 1804, came a Mr. Jaqua with his
family, which consisted of himself and wife and
 TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO. five
children, two sons and three daughters. This family settled near the
cross roads east of the center. In this family was the first marriage in
the townshi]). Solomon Brainard was married to Charity Jaqua. The
exact date is not known, but it was'in less than two years after the
family came as it was before June, 1806. Mr. Jaqua was the first
magistrate chosen in the township. His two sons died in a time of
sickness which will be noted in the proper place. The family removed
to Pennsylvania, where they lived the remainder of their days. Of the
family of Solomon and Charity Brainard, the second son, John
Brainard, after laboring for a time as a clothier and also as an
engraver, occupied the chair of a professor in the homeopathic
college in Cleveland. In the spring of 1805 David Hine and a Mr.
Hanchet, single men, came and put up a shanty where Mr. Henry K.
Hulse afterwards lived, west of the center, but they did not remain.
Probably the next family which came in was that of Mr. Zebulon
Walker. He came in the late part of the summer or in the fall of
1805. His family consisted of a wife and several children. He first
settled near Mr. Jaqua, on the northeast corner of the cross-roads.
He built a small house and made a little improvement, which he
subsequently exchanged for a lot towards the north part of the
township, to which he removed and afterwards left town. As near as
can be ascertained the first white child born in the township was a
child of Mr. Walker. Most, or all of those mentioned in the above,
were from Litchfield, Connecticut. November 2, 1805, brought in
quite an addition to the settlement: Four families came from Warren,
Connecticut. Daniel Hine, Jr.; Erastus Carter, Howard Fuller, and
Benjamin Andrews. There were also some young men who came
with them, among whom were Augustus Adams, Josiah Finney, and
a Mr. Breman. This company were three days coming from
Youngstown. Mr. Carter settled near where Mr. Dunbar's tavern
afterwards stood, and the others in different parts of the township.
They engaged immediately in [)utting up their cabins for .shelter for
their families for the coming winter. While in the midst of their work
in rolling u]) their logs for Mr. Fuller's house, Mr. Hine had his leg
broken below the knee, which laid him up for most of the winter.
When Mr. Hine first came he stored his goods in the shanty built by
his brother and Mr. Hanchet, and it was there he was cared for until
he recovered from his injury. Mr. Carter did not unload his goods
until he had rolled up a house for hnnself. About one year after Mr.
Carter came into the township he lost his infant child. It was buried
in what is i now the graveyard for the township, and was the first
grave made in the ground, and this was probably the first death
which occurred among the early settlers. Mr. Hine dug the grave. In
June, 1S06, the next year, added another company to the
settlement. Daniel Hine, Sr., David Webb, AVilliam McKey, and Morris
Smith arrived with their families. This company suffered from
sickness on the road. Mrs. McKey was so unwell that she was
obliged to stop at the house of Isaac Woodford, in Vienna, where
they had serious sickness, the complaint being dysentery. Daniel
Hine settled on the place afterwards owned by William Boor, but
later, in a few years, left for Canfield, where he removed his family.
David Webb settled on or near the place where his late widow, Sarah
Webb, lived and died, afterwards occupied by Mr. Hale. Mr. McKey
settled where his son Henry McKey afterwards lived. These families
furnished a large accession to the number of young people in the
township. Mr. Hine had two sons and three daughters. Mr. Webb had
five sons and two daughters, and Mr. McKey had three children.
Daniel Abell, subsequently Major Abell, another single man, came in
June, 1806. Nathan Webb, the eldest son of David Webb, a clothier*
by trade, soon turned his attention to secure a site for his business.
He first attempted to build a little below the mill of Messrs. Hill &
Skinner. After he had spent one season in building a dam the result
of his labor was swept away by a freshet, and he subsequently
secured the privilege of the water-power at the mill of Hill & Skinner.
He returned to Connecticut and married Miss Anna Gregory, from
Milton, with whom he settled on the place which for many years he
afterwards occupied. His wife was a professor of religion before she
left Connecticut, and did much to advance the cause of ChrisA maker
of clotli, formerly used.
 TRUMBULl. AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO. 403 tianity
in the new seltlemenl. Mr. David Webb was found dead in his bed on
the morning o^ March the 22d, 1827. He was seventy-one years old.
His widow, Sarah Webb, was also found dead in bed on the morning
of October 6, 1852. She was ninety-two years old. Mrs. Laura Hine,
wife of David Hine, Jr., died September 15, 185 1, aged twenty-one
yearsShe was honored in the memory of all who knew her. Mr.
Augustus Adams, who came in November, 1805, settled on the lot
afterwards occupied by Frederick Stevens. He married one of the
daughters of David Hire, Sr. Mr. Ahell commenced the improvement
where Ebcnezer Jackson afterwards lived, but went back and was
married to Miss Root, and when he returned he settled on he place
afterwards owned by Mr. Bennett. About the time that Mr. Abell
commenced his improvement on the west street the son of Captain
Bradley commenced the improvement which they subsequently
occupied near Mr_ Abell. The improvement first commenced by Mr.
Abell was' afterwards occupied by Mr. Spencer, and still further north
on the place occupied by a Mr. Dickerson, Mr. Consider Faunce
settled. He remained there till his death, which ooccurred April i,
1819, at the age of sixty-nine. His widow lived to an advanced age,
much esteemed as a mother in Israel, and died at the house of her
son, Joseph Barstow, March 19, 1848, aged ninety-eight years.
About this time also we find the family of Mr. Lilly settled at the
center, on the place afterwards owned by Rev. O. S. Eells; also a son
of his and a Mr. Hunt settled at the south ]).irt of the township on
the center line, Mr. Hunt nearly opposite where Mr. E. Allen's barn
stood and where the old mill was in use for a long time. Mr. Lilly was
farther south. In the fall of 1810 the widow Anna Jackson came in
and settled first with her two sons, John and William, on the place, a
long time afterwards owned by Mr. Amzi Webb; John was married
and William was single at that time. They subsequently removed to
the south part of the township, purchased the improvements made
by Mr Hunt and Mr. Lilly, and after about five or six years their older
brother, Ebenezer, came, and settled where his widow fitly years
afterwards was living. Mrs. Anna Jackson died June 22, 1818, aged
fifty-eight years. Mr. John Jackson moved east of the center. About
the same time, 1810, Mr. Amasa Hamlin settled in the west part of
the township on the farm afterwards owned by Mr. Greer, formerly
by Mr. Joseph Barstow. Mr. Hamlin afterwards left. .SICKNESS. In the
winter and spring of 1811 the settlement was visited with distressing
sickness. It prevailed so extensively that the well were not enough in
numbers to take care of the sick. While many recovered there were
four young persons who died. Jesse Perry was tlie first. His parents
lived somewhere near the center, but as he was not in a situation to
be taken care of there he was removed to the house of David Webb,
where he died. The disease, typhus fever, prevailed in the family of
Mr. Webb, and their daughter, Debby Webb, died May 2, 181 1, aged
eighteen years. Two sons of Mr. Jaqua died also about the same
time, of the same disease, and also a young man, William Adams,
who died of consumption. It has been stated that Mr. Adams was the
first adult who died in the township. He died at the house of his
brother, Augustus Adams. Also the wife of William Key died not far
from this time. Her health was poor when she came into the county,
and while here was always a feeble woman. These funerals were
solemn and sad gatherings in the wilderness for the little community
with scarcely enough to assist at the necessary preparations.
Sometimes they had the aid of Mr. Crosby, a local Methodist
preacher from Vernon, to conduct religious services. Sometimes
some of the settlers offered a prayer, and sometimes the dead were
taken up in silence and borne away to the grave. The first of the
settlers who aided in a religious service at funerals was Mr. Hamlin.
Said one of the witnesses on one of these occasions : " Although I
had no particular interest in religious subjects at that time, I did feel
thankful that we had some one among us who could pray at a
funeral." E.\RLV RELIGIOUS MEETINGS. The first attempt to hold
anything of the character of the social religious meetings on
 404 TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO. the
Sabbath was not until some time after the arrival of the company in
June, 1806. As we have remarked, there were a number of young
people in the company, some of them singers, and nearly all
accustomed to attend meetings on the Sabbath before they came
West. Although not professors of religion, and none of them feeling
qualified by religious experience to conduct the devotional exercises
of religious worship, yet they agreed to meet on the Sabbath and
join m the exercises. Mr. Daniel Mine, Jr., invited them to meet at his
house the first Sabbath of their meetings. Dr. Wright, of Vernon, was
providentially visiting the sick in the place, and learning of the
meeting he attended and assisted by leading the congregation in
prayer, in connection with their reading and singing. As there was,
however, no one among them of sufficient confidence and Christian
experience to lead the devotional exercises of public worship, after a
few times these meetings were suspended, and no more regularly
religious meetings were held on the Sabbath, till after the arrival of
Mr. Hamlin, and as far as can be learned, not till after the season of
sickness. Mr. Hamlin was a Methodist of very respectable
qualifications, and consistent religious character, of a liberal mind
and disposed to seek and promote religious society. After becoming
acquainted with the community and asceriaining the willingness and
desire to have meetings for worship on the Sabbath, he invited the
people to meet together, and met with them. By his influence and
aid the meetings were conducted by prayer, singing, and reading
discourses, and by such free conference as the members present
were disposed to engage in. This was the beginning of the
permanent establishment of public worship on the Sabbath in this
place. It is believed that from this time it has been habitually
maintained. There was at that time no ecclesiastical organization,
but all met together simply for worship. The preacheis of all
denominations, either residing on the border or traveling through as
missionaries, occasionally spent a Sabbath or calltd at other times
and gave them a sermon. Among the early preachers who visited
them was Mr. Crosby from Vernon, already mentioned; Father
Badger from Gustavus, and Mr. Robbins, a Congregational
missionary from Xernon ; Mr. Dai row from Vienna, a Presbyterian;
also Mr. Sheldon from Fowler, and Elder Rigdon, a Baptist missionary,
and later, Mr. Simon Woodruff", and Mr. William Hanford,
missionaries from the Connecticut Missionary society. During the
occasional visits'and the labors of these men there was an
interesting revival of religion, in which some of the leading heads of
families were hopefully converted to Christ, and who have since
been pillars in the difTerent churches here. Mr. Crosby, after a few
visits finding a number of the Methodist denomination, suggested to
them that if they would request it of the conference they would
probably send a circuit preacher, who would gather a class and make
a regular preaching station at this place. It was accordingly done
abt)Ut the year 1812. FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Rev.
James McMahan is remembered as among the first'circuit'preachers,
and he was on the circuit in 1813. It was then known as the
Mahoning circuit, belonging to this conference, which was set off in
181 2 from the Baliiniore conference. This was then a frontier circuit,
extending north into .Ashtabula, and west into Cuyahoga and
Portage counties. The preachers sometimes got swamped between
their appointments. One of them, somewhere in the valley of the
Mosquito creek, was compelled to seek a dry spot in the midst of the
wide waters and swamp for the night. The meeting for forming the
class was held at the house of Mr. Lilley, nearly across the street
from the house now used. Among the male members were Mr.
Hamlin, Mr. Spencer, and probably Mr. Dickinson, and soon after Mr.
Judson Tyrrel. The wives of most of these were with their husbands.
Other names were also associated, but the early records were lost
and they can not be ascertained. The Presbyterian or Congregational
church was organized October 16, 1814, under tiie labors of Rev.
William Hanford, a missionary of the Connecticut Missionary society.
It consisted at first of six members — Solomon Brainard and his
wife, Nathan Webb and wife, and Amzi Webb and wife. The church
was organized in a log schooi-hnuse, the first one built in the place.
It
 TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO. 405 stood
on the south side of the street and nearly opposite the east school-
house. Rev. Osias S. Eells was installed pastor of the Congregational
church October 10, 1827. At the time he came they met in a hewed-
log school-house, standing on the northwest corner at the center. At
that time a frame meeting-house was in course of erection on the
southeast corner, where Andrews & Finney's store afterwards was
built. Although the house above mentioned was the first school-
house, a school was commenced before that house was built. The
first school was taught by Miss Elizabeth Hine, daughter of Daniel
Hine, Sr., who afterwards became Mrs. Thaddeus Bradley. It is said
that it did not begin until after the removal of Mr. Hine to Canfield,
and that she was sent for to come back and teach the school. It was
taught in the house built by Mr. Zebulon Walker on the corner
opposite the house of Mr. Wilbur. The log school-house was built in
18 — and the next school-house was a hewed-log house and was
built where the house and store of John Jackson, Esq., stood
afterwards. This second school-house was built for the double
purpose of school and church, and had a stand arranged for the
minister's use. This settlement, together with all the other new
settlements, experienced some alarm from the war on the frontier at
that time. War was declared January 19, 181 2, and forces were
raised by draft for the defense of the frontier. The militia mustered at
that time under Colonel Hayes, of Hartford. At first both Mr. Hill and
Skinner were drafted, but Mr. Skinner did not go on account of some
lameness. About two months after the first draft a rumor was set
afloat that the enemy were landing at Cleveland, and all the enrolled
men were called out to go immediately. At that time nearly all the
ablebodied men in the settlement left. Mr. Daniel Hine was never
enrolled in the militia on account of his broken limb. He, together
with some old men past the age of service, were about all who were
left behind. The alarm proving to be false, most of the men went no
farther than Austinburg or Harpersfield, from whence they returned,
but some of them went out to Erie county, to Camp Avery, near
where Milan now stands, and were in the service about six months.
Before this time Mr. Judson Tyrrell had come and settled in the
township, and was among the men who remained in the service.
Subsequently his brother, Sherman Tyrrell, came and settled near.
The Dickenson family also were in the township. So also were the
Halsteads, and many others whose history we are not able to get in
full. Some families were brought in later by relatives or interests
already here. A son and daughter of Captain Johnston, from whom
the township was named, came in. Colonel Walter Johnston in 1828
settled first where Dr. Moore Bradley afterwards lived, but who
subsequently left it for his brother-in-law, Captain Ebenezer Mix, who
came in later, and Colonel Johnston moved into the house of his son,
Herman Johnston. Captain Mix died November 21, 1839, aged
sixtythree years. His wife, Sally Mix, died July 27, 1846, aged fifty-six
years. Colonel Johnston died December 2, 1849, aged sixty-eight
years. Mr. George Root, a brother of Mr. Abell, came into the country
early and took up a lot of land, and returned, but did not come to
take up his residence until eighteen years afterward. In the interval
another brother came to make a permanent home. LATER
SETTLEMENTS. About 1830, through the aid of Mr. John Boone,
afterwards of Mecca, a very respectable emigration of Protestant
Irish commenced a settlement in the northwest corner of the
township, and though Mr. Boone himself resided in Youngstown he
came, after a short time, and occupied a farm in the northwest
corner of the township, and as the settlement increased they
became organized into schools and a Methodist society, and
afterwards secured for themselves a good substantial house of
worship. The settlement embraced parts of Gustavus, Greene, and
Mecca. Mrs. Rosier, on the north line of the township, was there
before the settlers came from Ireland. In the southeast corner of the
ownship commenced a settlement in 1840. Messrs. Thomas Tudhope
and Alexander Curry were the first persons of the company who
came. The first family from Scotland was that ofMr. Robert Hamilton.
They were afflicted in crossing the ocean by the loss of a son, whose
mortal remains were consigned to the deep.
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