Hajiali et al.

AMB Express (2022) 12:145

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-022-01490-y

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access

Biomimetic synthesis of iron oxide

nanoparticles from Bacillus megaterium to be
used in hyperthermia therapy
Sajedeh Hajiali1, Sara Daneshjou2*   and Somayeh Daneshjoo3*

Abstract
The suitable structural characteristics of magnetic nanoparticles have resulted in their widespread use in magnetic
hyperthermia therapy. Moreover, they are considered a proper and operational choice for pharmaceutical nanocar-
riers. Using the biomimetic method, we were able to produce iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles from the bacterial
source of PTCC1250, Bacillus megaterium, for therangostic diagnosis systems and targeted drug delivery. Some of the
benefits of this method include mitigated environmental and biological dangers, low toxicity, high biocompatibility,
cheap and short-term mass production possibilities in each synthesis round compared to other biological sources,
simple equipment required for the synthesis; and the possibility of industrial-scale production. Bacillus megaterium is
a magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) that has a magnetosome organelle capable of orienting based on external magnetic
fields, caused by the mineralization of magnetic nanocrystals. Utilizing this capability and adding an iron nitrate solu-
tion to the bacterial suspension, we synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles. The extent of synthesis was measured using
UV–visible spectrophotometry. The morphology was evaluated using FESEM. The crystallized structure was charac-
terized using RAMAN and XRD. The size and distribution of the nanoparticles were assessed using DLS. The surface
charge of the nanoparticles was measured using zeta potential. The synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles was con-
firmed using FT-IR, and the magnetic property was measured using VSM. This study is continued to identify industrial
and clinical applications.

Keypoints

• Synthesis of iron nanoparticles for simultaneous diagnostic and therapeutic applications

• Production of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by magnetotactic bacteria with uniform size
• Using the synthesis pattern in Bacillus megatrium to produce nano-field iron oxide

Keywords: Bacillus megaterium, Iron oxide, Nano-biomimetic, Hyperthermia

Introduction
The production and synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles
*Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] in recent years due to their widespread applications have
2
Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat led to the focus of researchers all around the world on
Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3
the design of suitable synthesis pathways to reach bet-
Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences
and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,
ter performance and a higher level of applicability. Vari-
Iran ous issues, including inherent magnetic properties, the
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article size and shape of the nanoparticles, stability in aquatic

© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which
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Hajiali et al. AMB Express (2022) 12:145 Page 2 of 11

environments, non-toxicity of the surface coating, and between the shell and core phases, resulting in changes
the surface charge of the nanoparticles, must be consid- in the specific absorption rate, the occurrence of reversed
ered when synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles. To do magnetic states affecting inter-particle interactions,
so, selecting a suitable synthesis method is essential for and finally an increase in the conversion rate of energy
reaching the desired size and shape, suitable colloidal sta- into heat (Soleymani et al. 2020). Moreover, the single-
bility, and proper surface coating of the magnetic nano- vase hydrothermal method has been used for producing
particles (McGuire et al. 2016). In this context, methods iron oxide nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid to
based on natural inspirations have resulted in producing create environmental compatibility and the identifier
materials with unique characteristics. As a bonus, such ligand for breast cancer cells. Due to its narrow surface
methods do not suffer from the disadvantages plaguing charge distribution and colloidal stability under physi-
physicochemical methods, including high production ological conditions, environmental compatibility, and
costs, accumulation of toxic reagents, and constraints the property of targeting cancer cells, this product has
related to using such nanoparticles in biological appli- several theranostic and biomedical applications (Dutta
cations. Consequently, the synthesis of nanoparticles et al. 2020). Using iron oxide nanoparticles with a surface
using biological and nature-inspired methods can help charge of − 31 mV with a high loading tendency toward
improve our capability for producing desired nanoparti- the hydrophobic anti-breast cancer drug, curcumin, and
cles for medicinal and pharmaceutical purposes (Wang the pH-response method, researchers have been able to
and Wang 2014; Rajakumar et al. 2021; Turakhia et al. study and develop applications for stabilized micelles of
2019; Saif et al. 2016). Examples of such studies can be iron oxide nanoparticles for hyperthermia and to deliver
seen in the green synthesis of iron from sources such as the hydrophobic anti-cancer drugs (Andrade et al. 2020).
Indian lilac (Azadirachta indica), ginger roots, rambutan So far, there have been many studies on iron oxide-based
skin, bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants for the cheap and magnetic nanoparticles and their clinical applications. In
low-energy production of metal nanoparticles that are addition, various attempts have been made to develop
environmentally friendly (Zambri et al. 2019; Yuvakku- artificial and green synthesis pathways, resulting in dif-
mar and Hong 2014; Arakha et al. 2015; Xie et al. 2009; ferent anisotropic shapes of magnetite ­(Fe3O4) nanopar-
Xiao et al. 2020). Among the various methods proposed ticles and other ferrites (FeO) and the spherical shapes
for nanoparticle biosynthesis, the use of bacteria is of synthesized using common methods. It has been shown
particular importance (Hedayatnasab et al. 2020; Konishi that controlling the shape of nanoparticles can improve
2004). Some of the benefits of such a production method magnetic behavior, biological activity and various prop-
include an abundant and easily-available source that pro- erties such as surface and magnetic resonance imaging
vides quick returns, the high volume of nanoparticles (MRI) and make them an excellent choice for medical
produced in each round of synthesis, and compatibility applications (Yew et al. 2020). As a result, this study is
with the environment. Metal nanoparticles have attracted done to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles using Bacil-
much attention due to their unique optical character- lus megaterium to obtain a biological nanocarrier with
istics, catalytic properties, and electrical and magnetic desirable magnetic properties and higher compatibility
applications (Ankamwar et al. 2005). The use of iron than other biological models synthesized for use in novel
oxide nanoparticles in pharmaceutical and drug-related therapeutic applications including hyperthermia in the
research is based on their suitable magnetic properties, simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as
low toxicity, high compatibility, and easier synthesis com- cancer.
pared to other nanoparticles (Colombo et al. 2012). Using
microorganisms for synthesizing nanoparticles is gain-
ing more popularity as an alternative to industrial meth- Materials and methods
ods to improve the characteristics of the synthesized Materials and preparing the culture medium
nanoparticles. Magnetic hyperthermia therapy for can- and the bacteria
cer treatment is becoming more common as a suitable This study used the nutrient broth microbial culture
alternative to chemotherapy and radiotherapy due to its media (LB Broth, Merck KGaA, Germany). Moreover,
high targeting ability and low systemic toxicity (Simeo- the standard bacterial strain produced in the Center for
nidis et al. 2020). Furthermore, using iron oxide magnetic the Collection of Industrial and Infectious Fungi and
nanoparticles in shell-core structures to improve the Bacteria of the Iranian Organization for Scientific and
hyperthermia process for the diagnosis and/or treatment Industrial Research was utilized (Bacillus megaterium
of diseases such as cancer has boosted the efficiency of PTCC1250). In addition, iron (II) sulfate salt (Merck
hyperthermia through manipulating the interactions KGaA, Germany) was used for preparing the saline
solution.
Hajiali et al. AMB Express (2022) 12:145 Page 3 of 11

Synthesizing the iron nanoparticles using Bacillus 4000 ­cm–1. Then, the vibration peak was compared to the
megaterium standard peak for the vibration of FeO to analyze the syn-
To synthesize the iron nanoparticles from the biological thesis qualitatively.
source, Bacillus megaterium, the bacteria were cultured
in the Nutrient Broth medium, followed by incubation at Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential
37 ℃. After ensuring the growth of the bacteria, the bac- measurement
terial suspension was mixed with the solution of iron sul- Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the size of the parti-
fate at a concentration of 0.1 M with a ratio of 1:1, and cles were assessed by measuring the Brownian motion of
the synthesis was performed at room temperature. the particles or the movement of the nanoparticles pre-
sent in the suspension using a Zetasizer Zeta-DLS device
UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis) (Malvern, UK). Moreover, the analysis of the zeta poten-
The suspension containing the bacteria and the magnetic tial of the nanoparticles was performed by the device as a
iron nanoparticles, after filtration, underwent UV–vis- measure for determining the stability of the sample while
ible spectrophotometry. The absorption spectra of the determining the size of the nanoparticles.
synthesized nanoparticles were assessed using a spec-
trophotometric device (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, Raman spectroscopy
USA) in the wavelength range of 200–700 nm at different Raman spectroscopy was performed on the liquid sam-
timeframes. ples using an XloRA Plus device (Horiba, Japan).

Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM)

Imaging using field‑emission scanning electron
Powdered samples were analyzed at room temperature
microscopy (FESEM)
using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) manu-
A sufficient suspension containing the nanoparticles after
factured by Daghigh Kavir Engineering Company (Iran).
filtration was transferred to a microscope slide using
Furthermore, the values of magnetic parameters, includ-
a capillary tube. After drying, the nanoparticles were
imaged using the Sigma VP FESEM device (Zeiss, Ger- ing saturated magnetism, remaining magnetism, and
coercive force were measured.
many), and size measurements were performed at 100
and 200 nm scales.
Results
After adding the salt solution to the bacterial suspen-
Energy‑dispersive X‑ray spectroscopy (EDS) sion, a color shift from light yellow to orange and gray-
Along with looking at the sample’s image and morphol- ish-green over time was observed (Fig. 1a–c). Since a
ogy, the sample’s two-dimensional element map was color shift is the first factor for confirming the synthesis
obtained using EDS as a secondary technique qualita- of nanoparticles at the macroscopic scale, after observ-
tively and quantitatively for the spatial distribution of the ing this color shift, we performed more detailed analyses
elements at the surface of the sample. using spectrophotometry (Kebede et al. 2011; Koutzarova
et al. 2006).
X‑ray diffraction (XRD) UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis) was per-
To perform XRD analysis, the solution containing the formed at a 200–700 nm wavelength on the suspension
synthesized nanoparticles was centrifuged three times at containing nanoparticles, distilled water, and 0.1 mM
12,000 rpm for 20 min at 24 ℃. The upper solution was solution of iron nitrate as the first control or the Nutri-
then discarded, while the resulting residue was placed ent Broth culture medium and salt as the second con-
in an oven at 50 ℃ for 24 h to dry up. Finally, the dried trol, respectively. A peak in the wavelength range of
powder of iron nanoparticles was assessed using an X 250–320 nm corresponding to the first control, a peak
Pert Pro XRD device (Panalytical) to evaluate the crystal in the wavelength range of 340–370 nm related to the
structure of the nanoparticles. second control, and a peak in the wavelength range of
370–450 nm associated with the bacterial suspension and
Fourier‑transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) the salt solution belonging to the iron oxide nanoparti-
After manufacturing caviar tablets using a capillary tube, cles (IONPs) were observed. As can be seen in Fig. 1d,
a sufficient volume of the filtered sample suspension was compared to the first control (distilled water and salt),
transferred onto the tablets. After drying up, infrared the location of the peak is shifted toward longer wave-
spectroscopy was performed using a Nicolet IR100 FT-IR lengths (i.e., redshift), while compared to the second con-
(Thermo Scientific) with the wavelength range of 300 to trol (culture medium and salt). We observed both a shift
in the location of the peak toward a shorter wavelength
Hajiali et al. AMB Express (2022) 12:145 Page 4 of 11

(a) (b) (c)

(d)
Fig. 1 a Bacterial suspension, b bacterial suspension and the salt solution at the onset, c the bacterial suspension and the salt solution after 20 min,
d UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis)

and an increase in the height of the peak (i.e., hypsoch- qualitatively and quantitatively measured using Field-
romic shift). This indicates the establishment of a strong Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM),
electrostatic attraction and a shift toward shorter wave- indicating the presence of Fe and O elements (Fig. 2b,
lengths caused by the solvent effect, i.e., replacement, c). Moreover, according to the obtained results, the Fe
which confirms the synthesis of the iron oxide nanoparti- element was present at low energy states and energy
cles (Russ 2013; Chen et al. 2015). Moreover, we observed levels closer to the nucleus (Fe L α ) with a high con-
an increase in the height of the peak over time; but this centration. At the same time, it was present with a
trend did not change significantly after a week. low concentration at energy levels further from the
Imaging using Field-Emission Scanning Electron nucleus at high energy states ( Feκβ ). It should be noted
Microscopy (FESEM) at the scale of 100 nm indicated that during the electron bombardment of the sample,
several particles in the range of 20–30 nm (Fig. 2a). the migration of the atoms from higher energy levels
Along with observing the image and morphology of toward lower energy levels to reach a stable state will
the sample using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy result in emitted photons. Therefore, the results of EDS
(EDS), the elemental combination of the sample was indicated that the sample contained regular varieties
Hajiali et al. AMB Express (2022) 12:145 Page 5 of 11

Fig. 2 a Imaging using Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), b, c element mapping using EDS

of iron oxide (DeGaetano et al. 1992; Wang et al. 2021; Jeevanandam 2013; Rajiv et al. 2017; Demirezen et al.
Hashimoto et al. 2007; Mishra et al. 2014; Hashimoto 2019a, b; Fu 2015; Lim et al. 2013).
et al. 2007; Devi et al. 2019a, b; Jagathesan and Rajiv Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was utilized as a non-
2018; Groiss et al. 2017; Devi et al. 2019a, b). destructive method for determining the size of the
Performing X-ray diffraction (XRD) on the sam- particles. The light scattered by the particles in the sus-
ple and matching the result with the standard diffrac- pension changes over time in a reversed relation with
tion sample of iron oxide-based on the source code of the particle diameter. The scattered light frequency
01-073-0603 indicated the presence of sample 29, con- by the fluid sample indicated the size of the particles
firming the synthesis of iron nanoparticles. The peak in the range of 600–900 nm (Fig. 4a). This increase in
observed for the sample at the 2 ­ θ location was 35.2 diameter is higher than the size of the individual par-
with a height of 1.5 (Fig. 3a, b). Moreover, the results ticles observed in the image by the electron micro-
obtained from evaluating the crystallites and determin- scope. This may be due to the polydispersity of the
ing the phase and network parameters for the sample particles in the sample and/or the hydrodynamic radius
are presented in Table 1 (Saqib et al. 2019; Sharma and of the particles (Yang et al. 2014; Williams et al. 2006;
Hajiali et al. AMB Express (2022) 12:145 Page 6 of 11

Fig. 3 a, b X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for the suspension containing iron oxide, c Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), d Raman
spectroscopy

Kanagasubbulakshmi and Kadirvelu 2017; Cho et al. (Fig. 3c) (Lim et al. 2013; Kanagasubbulakshmi and
2012; Wang et al. 2013). Kadirvelu 2017).
The electrical surface charge of the nanoparticles was Raman spectroscopy, a molecular spectroscopy tech-
measured using the DLS device, indicating that the par- nique, has many similarities to infrared spectroscopy. It
ticles have colloidal stability with a zeta potential of should be noted that the bonds with stronger peaks in
1.55 mV (Fig. 4b) (Berg et al. 2009; Bhattacharjee 2016; the infrared spectrum will have weaker peaks in Raman
Arsalani et al. 2018; Malard et al. 2009; Talari et al. spectroscopy. As a consequence, when evaluating the
2015). electronegativity of the bonds, the electron cloud was
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was concentrated on the more electronegative atom. There-
performed on the samples, and the analysis of the data fore, when the Raman light hits, there is no observable
based on the FTIR spectrum indicates that region 545 polarization, resulting in a weak peak in Raman. In addi-
is related to Fe O and region 3470 is associated with tion, since our nanoparticles have been synthesized from
the tensile vibration of the OH group present in Fe O a biological source using a water solvent and Raman
spectra do not interfere with water, the intensity of the
Hajiali et al. AMB Express (2022) 12:145 Page 7 of 11

Table 1 Network parameters for the sample Demirezen et al. 2019a, b; Bachheti et al. 2019; Zolfigol
Crystallographic parameters
and Yarie 2015; Salehiabar et al. 2018).
The magnetic behavior of the manufactured nanopar-
Crystal system Hexagonal ticle sample and the powder-like control was measured
Space group R-3c using VSM and by drawing the residual curve (Fig. 5).
Space group number 167 The results indicate that the manufactured sample has
a (A) 5.0342 ferromagnetic behaviors with very low values of coercive
b (A) 5.0342 force. Table 3 shows the values for magnetic parameters
c (A) 13.7483 such as saturation magnetism, residual magnetism, and
Alpha 90.0000 coercive force. The reduction in the saturation mag-
Beta 90.0000 netism can be due to surface effects such as spin cant-
Gamma 120.0000 ing, the partial oxidation of the surface of the particles,
Calculated density (g/cm3) 5.27 shifting away from the stoichiometric state, and most
Volume of cell (106 ­pm3) 301.75 importantly, the presence of the phases of impurity and
z 6.00 the non-magnetic particles of these phases, affecting the
RIR 0.06 value of this parameter (Yarie et al. 2016; Venkateswarlu
et al. 2014; Elhamifar et al. 2018; Pérez-Beltrán et al.
2021).
observed peak is not related to the water molecules, and
the least amount of polarizability reflects the vibrations. Discussion
Hence, based on the considerations mentioned above, As noted earlier, metal nanoparticles are produced
the results obtained from Raman spectroscopy, presented using various chemical and physical methods that
in Table 2 and Fig. 3d, indicate the presence of iron oxide impact their size, catalytic properties, and surface
NPs in the range (Slavov et al. 2010; Soler et al. 2012; Li characteristics. Among various methods and sources
et al. 2012; Yuvakkumar et al. 2014; Cheera et al. 2016; used for the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles, using

Fig. 4 a Size distribution graph for the iron oxide nanoparticles, b Zeta potential diagram and the charge distribution of iron oxide particles

Table 2 The conditions and data for performing the Raman analysis
Date 14.06.2021 1 Acq. time (s) 8 Accumulations 1 Laser 785 nm_Edge

Spectro ­(cm-1) Hole (µm) 500 Slit (µm) 100 Grating 1200 (750 nm)
Filter 100% Objective x10_VIS ICS correction Off Range ­(cm-1)
Date 14.06.2021 1 Acq. time (s) 8 Accumulations 1 Laser 785 nm_Edge
Spectro ­(cm-1) Hole (µm) 500 Slit (µm) 100 Grating 1200 (750 nm)
Filter 100% Objective x10_VIS ICS correction Off Range ­(cm-1)
Hajiali et al. AMB Express (2022) 12:145 Page 8 of 11

nanoparticles, we compared the results for our samples

0.5
to the results obtained from the analyses of the con-
0.4 trols selected for the current study as well as the results
Magnetization (emu/g)

0.3
of previous studies. We made sure of the synthesis of
iron oxide nanoparticles through these comparisons.
0.2 The synthesized nanoparticles have a close hexago-
0.1 nal pack (HCP) structure. In this structure, the atoms
of one of the alternating layers are localized to the gap
0
-20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
between the atoms of previous layers, similar to an
-0.1 FCC structure. However, instead of a cubic structure,
the structure is hexagonal. This is why the synthesized
-0.2
iron oxide shows rhombohedric grid characteristics,
-0.3 on the one hand, similar to a type of iron oxide called
-0.4
hematite ( Fe2 O3 ) i.e., a brown to gray color, and on the
other hand, it has a spherical shape with hexagonal grid
-0.5 characteristics as reported in the FESEM imaging. One
Applied Field (Oe)
reason for this phenomenon can be the difference in
Fig. 5 The VSM spectrum diagram
the grid parameter in different directions in the HCP
structure. Another reason, according to the studies
performed by Barlow (1883–1897), spherical particles
Table 3 Values for magnetic parameters, including saturation are localized by maintaining the distance of twice the
magnetism, residual magnetism, and coercive force radius between the two centers of the spheres, except
Sample Hc (Oe) Ms (emu/g) Mr (emu/g) for a distance jump with a value of r in the direction
of the X-axis. In other words, the center of the sphere
Control 25.21 0.11 0.0006
in the lower row is along the X-axis at the connection
Fe ‌O 185.25 0.34 0.021
between the two spheres of the upper row. This causes
the spheres in the new row to be closer to the spheres
of the first row until all the spheres of the new row are
bacteria as a source for producing metal NPs is espe- in the location of the connection between the spheres
cially significant. The current study uses distilled water in the upper row. Since the new spheres are in contact
as a non-polar solvent to avoid changes in the sample’s with the two spheres, their centers create an equilateral
polarity and a solvent without phase interference in all triangle with the centers of the surrounding spheres.
samples to dilute the samples in an attempt to increase The sides of this triangle have a length of2r . The con-
the light passing through the sample. According to the figuration of these equilateral triangles results in the
Beer-Lambert law, the degree of light passing through dense hexagonal structure of the synthesized iron oxide
a sample is expressed in percentage. Since the absorb- nanoparticles with the minimum possible distance.
ance and passage of the light both lack a physical unit, Consequently, the synthesized nanoparticles have a
we expressed light absorption as values in the wave- structure comparable to that of metals with a good den-
length using the unit of nanometers while considering sity number (the ratio of c to a). Moreover, the crystal
light absorption as a significant reduction in the pass- structure of metals has different levels of stability at dif-
ing spectrum, indicating the presence of the specific ferent temperatures, which affects the characteristics of
material. Furthermore, since the height of the absorp- the synthesized metal nanoparticles and their applica-
tion peaks is directly related to the concentration of the tions. A week after the synthesis, we did not observe
material, the height of the absorption peak relative to any changes in the grid characteristics of the nanopar-
the concentration of the sample indicated the accuracy ticles, ensuring us that the produced nanoparticles are
of the nanoparticle synthesis. In addition, since the iron appropriate for pharmaceutical and industrial appli-
oxide nanoparticles had been synthesized in an aque- cations. As noted earlier, according to the results of
ous environment, all analyses were performed on the FESEM imaging, the synthesized nanoparticles have a
colloidal solution of nanoparticles to ensure the accu- small size and an acceptable homogeneity based on the
racy of synthesis before investing the costs required for value of the PDI measure. Furthermore, the large size of
purification. Since the shift in the location of the peaks the NPs relative to conventional chemotherapy agents
depends on factors such as the intensity of the laser or drugs based on biological macromolecules allows
shined on the sample and/or the size of the produced combining them with several supportive components,
Hajiali et al. AMB Express (2022) 12:145 Page 9 of 11

active pharmaceutical compounds, and/or surface cor- Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published
rection. In addition, the smart selection of these com- article [and its supplementary information files].
ponents, depending on the application considered for
the NPs synthesized in the current study, can signifi- Declarations
cantly impact the resonance stability of the particles
and facilitate their targeting and stimulus-based acti- Ethics approval and consent to participate
“This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals
vation. The zeta potential analysis is used to determine performed by any of the authors”.
the degree of repulsion/attraction or the electrostatic
charges between the particles and a measure of stabil- Consent for publication
Not applicable.
ity in colloidal systems (Arias et al. 2018; Gentili 2020;
Vangijzegem et al. 2019; Silva et al. 2019). The obtained Competing interests
results show the desired level of surface charge for the Not applicable.
synthesized NPs and the paramagnetic property of Author details
these nanoparticles. Therefore, these NPs can be a good 1
Department of Nanobiomimetic, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technol-
candidate for designing Janus particles as pharmaceu- ogy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2 Depart-
ment of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares
tical nanocarriers capable of carrying hydrophilic and University, Tehran, Iran. 3 Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty
hydrophobic drugs and a good candidate for diagnosis of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad
purposes using the hyperthermia method. The solu- University, Tehran, Iran.
bility of these NPs in water can be considered a great Received: 28 October 2022 Accepted: 3 November 2022
solution for a group of anticancer medications with a
low level of solubility in water. In addition, they can be
placed inside the structure of Janus particles to create a
structure with two functional parts, where one part is References
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