Prof Ed
Child and Adolescent Learners & Learning Principle
Human Development (Growth and Change)
Basic in Human Development Teratology and Hazards
- Socio (emotional process) 1. Teratogens- birth defects
Feelings, inter and intrapersonal - Drugs, environment, maternal factors,
- Cognitive (mind and knowledge) paternal factors
- Biological (genes, physical) 2. Child Nutrition
3. Exceptional Development
Learning- new (change that comes from
experience) Development Task theory (Robert Havighurst)
Development- complexity increases in - Suggests that individual’s progress
function in skills through life stages marked by specific
- Growth (quantifiable change) tasks that must be mastered for healthy
- Maturation (immeasurable “internal development.
repening”)
Cephalocaudal- head – to- toe
Traditional Approach- change from birth to an Proximodistal- centered- outward
adolescence
- Lifespan Brain- complex
- Lifelong - 86 billion neuron at birth
- Plastic (potential for change- molded) - 1300 g to 1400 g- average weigh
- Multidimensional (different aspects) - 25%
- Gradual - 75% water
- Contextual (changing depending on - No pain receptor
environment) Synaptogenesis- increase connections
- Involves growth, maintenance, and between areas in brain
regulation Myelination- forming myelanin sheet
disconnections
8 stages and characteristics of Development Plasticity- new connections/ rewire
(John Santrock) Pruning- degradation
1. Pre-natal period- growth
2. Infancy- extreme dependence and Fine motor- small muscles
psychological act Gross motor- large
3. Early childhood- (3-5 years old)
preschool, more hours to play- learning Elements of Motor Development
4. Middle and late Childhood- (6-12 years Coordination- simultaneously movement
old) 3 r’s Speed- rate of performance
5. Adolescence- (13-18 years old) physical Force- power
change, puberty, self- identity Static balance- ability to hold our body
6. Early Adulthood- (19-29) career building, Dynamic balance- balance motion
intimate relationship Agility- quick movement
7. Middle Adulthood- (30-60) years old,
social responsibility Self- Concept- Carl Rogers
8. Late Adulthood- (65 and above) - How we perceive ourselves
decreasing strength and health - Ideal self (future self)
- Self- Image (present self)
Prenatal period - Self- Esteem- importance to yourself
1. Germinal- 2 weeks union egg and
sperm (fertilization) (zygote) Sex- biological
Zygote divides (blastocysts) Gender- sexual influenced identity
2. Embryonic- 2 month organ development Chromosome- determiner
- Endoderm- inner layer, digestive and - XY- male
respiratory system - XX- female
- Mesoderm- middle layer, circulatory, Hormones- balancer
bones, muscles, and reproductive - Testosterone- male
system - Female (estrogen- feminine look;
- Ectoderm- (organogenesis-process of progesterone- fertility hormone)
organ formation) nervous system and - Male: Spermatogenesis- spermarche-
sensory androphase
3. Pre-term - Female: oogenesis- menarche-
4. Post-term menopause
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Prof Ed
Child and Adolescent Learners & Learning Principle
- Symbolic functioning
- Animism (giving life to things)
Gender Identity- an individual personal sense - Egocentrism
- Cisgender (straight) - Centration- lack of sense of values
- Genderqueer (does not identify if the - Irreversibility- lack of logical thinking
pronoun is he/ she, bisexual) - Transductive reasoning- associating two
- Transgender man- feeling female to man events
- Transgender woman- feeling man to 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years
female old)
Sexual Orientation - Logical thinking
1. Heterosexual- opposite gender - Decentring- consider the prespective of
2. Homosexual- same gender others
3. Asexual- no attraction - Conservation- know the value
4. Bisexual- both gender - Reversibility- logical thinking
5. Pansexual- any - Seriation- order/ rank
6. Sapiosexual- intelligence - Classification- group/ category
4. Formal Operational Stage (12- Up)
Stereotyping- role about every person of a - Abstract thinking
particular group - Higher order thinking skills
- Scientific reasoning
Issues on Human Development
1. Nature (heredity) Nurture (environment) Psychosocial Development Theory (Erik
2. Continuity (gradual change) Erickson)
discontinuity (distinct change) - Epigenetic principle
3. Stability (consistent) change Four Condition
(modification) 1. Grown
2. In sequence
Development theories 3. In time
4. Together in community
Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)
- Tripartite (Id, Ego, Superego) Maladaptation- too much positive
Psychosexual Development Theory Malignancy- too much negative
1. Oral- (birth- 1 year old) 1. Infancy (trust vs mistrust)
- Mouth, nail-biting and expulsive - Shapes their view in the world
2. Anal- (1-3 years old) 2. Early Childhood (Autonomy vs Shame
- Bowel control, retentive and Doubt)
3. Phallic- (3-6 years old) - 1- 3 years old
- Genital, Oedipus complex- boy, electra 3. Pre- School (Initiative vs Guilt)
complex- girl) - 3- 5 years old
4. Latency- (6- puberty) 4. School Age (industry vs. Inferiority)
- Friends/ socialization - 6- 11 years old
- Inability to form relationship 5. Adolescence (identity vs Role confusion
5. Genital (puberty- death) 6. Early Adulthood (Intimacy vs. Isolation)
- Maturing sexual 7. Middle Adulthood (Generativity vs
Stagnation
Erogenous zone- measurable part 8. Late Adulthood (Integrity vs Despair)
Fixation- problem
Moral Development Theory (Laureen Kohlberg)
Process of Adaptation- Jean Piaget
Schema- prior knowledge Level I: Pre- conventional
Assimilation- new knowledge Stage 1- Punishment Avoidance
Accommodation- modifying of schema Stage 2- Mutual Benefit
because of new knowledge Level II: Conventional
Equilibrium- balance state of mind Stage 3- Social Approach
Stage 4- Law and order
Cognitive Development Theory Level II: Post- conventional
1. Sensorimotor Stage- sense and Stage 5- Social Contact
movement in learning Stage 6- Universal ethical principal
- Object permanence
2. Pre- operational Stage (2-7 years old)
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Prof Ed
Child and Adolescent Learners & Learning Principle
Socio Cultural Development Theory (Lev LAD- Language Acquisition Device (Noam
Vygotsky) Chomsky)
- Mental capacity which an infant acquire
Bioecological Development Theory (Urie and produce language
Bronfenbrenner) Step-by step:
1. Imitation
Stages of Bioecological Development 2. Repetition
1. Microsystem 3. Memorization
what it is: Your immediate environment. 4. Controlled drilling
Examples: Family, school, friends, 5. Reinforcement
teachers.
Simple idea: These are the people and Attachment Theory (John Bowlby)
places you interact with every day. 4 stages of attachment
1. Pre- attachment (no attachment)
2. Mesosystem 2. Indiscriminate (preference)
What it is: The connection between 3. Discriminate (show strong attachment)
different microsystems. 4. Multiple (growing other bonds)
Examples: How your parents interact
with your teachers or how your friends Stages of Play (Mildred Newhall)
affect your school performance. 1. Unoccupied- direct attention to whatever
Simple idea: It’s about how your close interesting
environments work together. 2. Solitary Play- Solo, playing alone
3. Associative Play- sharing toys
3. Exosystem 4. Onlooker- watching them play but you
What it is: Things that affect you are not playing
indirectly. 5. Parallel play- play beside someone and
Examples: Your parent’s job, school not with them
policies, or local government decisions. 6. Cooperative playing- playing together by
Simple idea: These are things you don’t agreed rules
interact with directly but still affect your
life. Caregiving/ parenting styles (Dianne Baumrind)
Authoritative- high support and high
4. Macrosystem demand
What it is: The larger cultural or societal Authoritarian- high demand, low support)
influences. Permissive- low demand, high support
Examples: Laws, culture, religion, or (spoil the kid)
social values. Neglecting- low demand, low support
Simple idea: These are the big-picture
rules and beliefs in your society. Information Processing Theory (Robert Seigler)
5. Chronosystem Complexity and Attention span- adult
What it is: The effect of time and life
events on development. Emotional quotient (Daniel Godeman)
Examples: Moving to a new place, the
pandemic, a parent's divorce, or growing
up during a war.
Simple idea: How changes over time (in
your life or society) influence you.
Stages of Language Acquisition (Robert
Sternberg)
1. Cooing- pre-talking
2. Babbling- 6-8 months
3. One word utterances
4. Two word utterances
5. Telegraphic Speech
6. Basic adult sentences
