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Global Librarianship 1st Edition Martin A. Kesselman
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Martin A. Kesselman, Irwin Weintraub
ISBN(s): 9781420030631, 1420030639
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.76 MB
Year: 2004
Language: english
Kesselman_FM 6/21/04 1:41 PM Page A

Global
Librarianship
Kesselman_FM 6/21/04 1:41 PM Page B

BOOKS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

A Series of Monographs and Textbooks

FOUNDING EDITOR

Allen Kent
School of Library and Information Science
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

1. Classified Library of Congress Subject Headings: Volume 1, Classified

List, edited by James G. Williams, Martha L. Manheimer, and Jay E. Daily
2. Classified Library of Congress Subject Headings: Volume 2, Alphabetic
List, edited by James G. Williams, Martha L. Manheimer, and Jay E. Daily
3. Organizing Nonprint Materials, Jay E. Daily
4. Computer-Based Chemical Information, edited by Edward McC. Arnett
and Allen Kent
5. Style Manual: A Guide for the Preparation of Reports and Dissertations,
Martha L. Manheimer
6. The Anatomy of Censorship, Jay E. Daily
7. Information Science: Search for Identity, edited by Anthony Debons
8. Resource Sharing in Libraries: Why • How • When • Next Action Steps,
edited by Allen Kent
9. Reading the Russian Language: A Guide for Librarians and Other
Professionals, Rosalind Kent
10. Statewide Computing Systems: Coordinating Academic Computer
Planning, edited by Charles Mosmann
11. Using the Chemical Literature: A Practical Guide, Henry M. Woodburn
12. Cataloging and Classification: A Workbook, Martha L. Manheimer
13. Multi-media Indexes, Lists, and Review Sources: A Bibliographic Guide,
Thomas L. Hart, Mary Alice Hunt, and Blanche Woolls
14. Document Retrieval Systems: Factors Affecting Search Time, K. Leon
Montgomery
15. Library Automation Systems, Stephen R. Salmon
16. Black Literature Resources: Analysis and Organization, Doris H. Clack
Kesselman_FM 6/21/04 1:41 PM Page C

17. Copyright Information Technology – Public Policy: Part I, Copyright Public

Policies; Part II, Public Policies Information Technology, Nicholas Henry
18. Crisis in Copyright, William Z. Nasri
19. Mental Health Information Systems: Design and Implementation, David
J. Kupfer, Michael S. Levine, and John A. Nelson
20. Handbook of Library Regulations, Marcy Murphy and Claude J. Johns, Jr.
21. Library Resource Sharing, Allen Kent and Thomas J. Galvin
22. Computers in Newspaper Publishing: User-Oriented Systems, Dineh
Moghdam
23. The On-Line Revolution in Libraries, edited by Allen Kent and Thomas
J. Galvin
24. The Library as a Learning Service Center, Patrick R. Penland and
Aleyamma Mathai
25. Using the Mathematical Literature: A Practical Guide, Barbara Kirsch
Schaefer
26. Use of Library Materials: The University of Pittsburgh Study, Allen Kent et
al.
27. The Structure and Governance of Library Networks, edited by Allen
Kent and Thomas J. Galvin
28. The Development of Library Collections of Sound Recordings, Frank W.
Hoffmann
29. Furnishing the Library Interior, William S. Pierce
30. Cataloging and Classification: A Workbook, Second Edition, Revised
and Expanded, Martha L. Manheimer
31. Handbook of Computer-Aided Composition, Arthus H. Phillips
32. OCLC: Its Governance, Function, Financing, and Technology, Albert F.
Maruskin
33. Scientific and Technical Information Resources, Krishna Subramanyam
34. An Author Index to Library of Congress Classification, Class P,
Subclasses PN, PR, PS, PZ, General Literature, English and American
Literature, Fiction in English, and Juvenile Belles Lettres, Alan M.
Greenberg
35. Using the Biological Literature: A Practical Guide, Elisabeth B. Davis
36. An Introduction to Automated Literature Searching, Elizabeth P. Hartner
37. The Retrieval of Information in the Humanities and the Social Sciences:
Problems as Aids to Learning, edited by Thomas P. Slavens
38. The Information Professional: Survey of an Emerging Field, Anthony
Debons, Donald W. King, Una Mansfield, and Donald L. Shirey
Kesselman_FM 6/21/04 1:41 PM Page D

39. Classified Library of Congress Subject Headings, Second Edition: Part

A, Classified List; Part B, Alphabetic List, edited by James G. Williams,
Martha L. Manheimer, and Jay E. Daily
40. Information Technology: Critical Choices for Library Decision-Makers,
edited by Allen Kent and Thomas J. Galvin
41. Structure and Subject Interaction: Toward a Sociology of Knowledge in
the Social Sciences, Stephen Bulick
42. World Librarianship: A Comparative Study, Richard Krzys and Gaston
Litton
43. Guide to the Successful Thesis and Dissertation: Conception to
Publication: A Handbook for Students and Faculty, James E. Mauch and
Jack W. Birch
44. Physical Disability: An Annotated Literature Guide, edited by Phyllis C.
Self
45. Effective Online Searching: A Basic Text, Christine L. Borgman, Dineh
Moghdam, and Patti K. Corbett
46. Easy Access to DIALOG, ORBIT, and BRS, Patricia J. Klingensmith and
Elizabeth E. Duncan
47. Subject and Information Analysis, edited by Eleanor D. Dym
48. Organizing Nonprint Materials: Second Edition, Jay E. Daily
49. An Introduction to Information Science, Roger R. Flynn
50. Designing Instruction for Library Users: A Practical Guide, Marilla D.
Svinicki and Barbara A. Schwartz
51. Guide to the Successful Thesis and Dissertation: Conception to
Publication: A Handbook for Students and Faculty, Second Edition,
James E. Mauch and Jack W. Birch
52. The Retrieval of Information in the Humanities and the Social Sciences:
Problems as Aids to Learning, Second Edition, edited by Thomas P.
Slavens
53. Manheimer’s Cataloging and Classification: A Workbook, Third Edition,
Revised and Expanded, Jerry D. Saye
54. Electronic Printing and Publishing: The Document Processing
Revolution, Michael B. Spring
55. Guide to the Successful Thesis and Dissertation: A Handbook for
Students and Faculty, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, James E.
Mauch and Jack W. Birch
56. Library Information Technology and Networks, Audrey N. Grosch
Kesselman_FM 6/21/04 1:41 PM Page E

57. Using the Biological Literature: A Practical Guide, Second Edition,

Revised and Expanded, Elisabeth B. Davis and Diane Schmidt
58. Guide to the Successful Thesis and Dissertation: A Handbook for
Students and Faculty, Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded, James E.
Mauch and Jack W. Birch
59. Manheimer’s Cataloging and Classification: Fourth Edition, Revised and
Expanded, Jerry D. Saye
60. Using the Biological Literature: A Practical Guide, Third Edition, Revised
and Expanded, Diane Schmidt, Elisabeth B. Davis, and Pamela F. Jacobs
61. Using the Agricultural, Environmental, and Food Literature, edited by
Barbara S. Hutchinson and Antoinette Paris Greider
62. Guide to the Successful Thesis and Dissertation: A Handbook for
Students and Faculty, Fifth Edition, James E. Mauch and Namgi Park
63. Becoming a Digital Library, edited by Susan J. Bames
64. Using the Financial and Business Literature, Thomas P. Slavens
65. Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Sourcebook for Educators,
Students, and Librarians, edited by Edward A. Fox, Shahrooz Feizabadi,
Joseph M. Moxley, and Christian R. Weisser
66. Using the Mathematics Literature, edited by Kristine K. Fowler
67. Global Librarianship, edited by Martin Alan Kesselman and Irwin Weintraub

ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION

Kesselman_FM 6/21/04 1:41 PM Page i

Global
Librarianship
edited by
Martin Alan Kesselman
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Irwin Weintraub
Brooklyn College Library
New York, New York, U.S.A.

Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York • Basel

Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neither the
author(s) nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable
for any loss, damage, or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by
this book. The material contained herein is not intended to provide specific advice or
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

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ISBN: 0-8247-0978-0

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Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
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Current printing (last digit):

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 To librarians around the globe who work tirelessly to fill
the information needs of a world in pursuit of knowledge.
I.W., M.A.K.

To my partner, David Stahler, my best friend, Lois Trapasso,

and my mom, Rose Kesselman
M.A.K.
Foreword

Librarians have opportunities, responsibilities, and challenges to be global as we

promote understanding among diverse cultures and provide collections and
services that help people develop a deeper appreciation of intercultural exchange
and global opportunities. Books like this one provide valuable insights into how
our profession is becoming more global while maintaining our core values.
Authors from Canada, England, Italy, Kenya, South Africa, Sweden, Switzer-
land, and the United States address a broad range of topics that illustrate why
librarianship is a global profession.
Several of the chapters provide broad introductions to the topic of global
librarianship and set the stage for more country-specific and issue-specific
discussions. Beginning a discussion on any topic with a historical review is
always useful and Glynn’s chapter on historical perspectives on global
librarianship provides a good introduction and a broad overview with useful
endnotes for further reading. Wedgeworth’s discussion of library organizations
provides a look at intergovernmental library organizations, associations, service
organizations, and funding agencies working in the global setting.
Today, libraries offer access to worldwide information resources and local
accessibility. Several chapters provide good directions for libraries as
multicultural institutions that connect even the smallest and most remote com-
munities to global resources. Kesselman’s discussion of library collaborations
helps us think about the future and how international collaborations can make all
our libraries stronger. Globalization and its impact on those who select foreign
materials are described by Niessen. The challenges and opportunities of digital
resource selection and creating a global education information network are
described by Libutti.
Information is one of the most powerful tools available to people around
the world for solving problems. Increasingly, many issues are global in scope,
and coping with global issues is easier with up-to-date and accurate information.

v
vi Foreword

Rader’s chapter on preparing library users for global information use is a good
introduction to what we must do in the future to train for effective and efficient
information handling. Distance education and the challenges of user education in
the online environment are described by Kunneke. At the other end of the tech-
nology spectrum, Ruheni and Tate’s discussion of libraries in rural development
highlights some of the innovative programs serving rural communities in various
parts of the world.
McAdam’s discussion of libraries in Switzerland provides an example of
the development of libraries in one country. Thomas’s overview of the
development of public libraries in Sweden discusses issues that are similar in
many countries. Castagnoli’s discussion of the role of information specialists in a
global company provides a good example of the role innovative information
services can play in the global multinational corporation.
Librarians must help shape the global information infrastructure by being
certain that issues of information equity, funding, and related issues are
addressed. New communications technologies can help bridge the geographical,
social, and economic gaps that currently exist in the availability of and access to
information. The digital divide and strategies for providing access to information
and communications technologies are covered by Ashcroft and Watts. The
challenges and opportunities of developing the global digital library are described
by Gartner. Issues of copyright, fair and equitable access to information, and the
rights of creators are addressed by Scott. Standards for organizing and providing
access to global information are necessary and Hopkinson provides an in-depth
discussion of the topic. Intellectual freedom and strategies to discuss this
challenging global issue, which is central to our profession, with colleagues
worldwide are described by Choldin.
Weintraub’s bibliography provides good ideas for additional reading and
information on global librarianship with coverage of articles, monographs,
conferences and symposia, theses and dissertations, periodicals with global
coverage, where to find information on global librarianship, and organizations
and agencies promoting global librarianship.
As librarians, there is still much we can do to become more global. We can
participate in partnerships and exchanges of staff and materials with libraries in
other countries as we share skills, ideas, and experiences. We can become more
active in international professional associations and in the development of
international standards and practices and broaden our contacts internationally.
We must advocate funding and other support needed to keep information free and
open in the twenty-first century. This book is another important addition to the
Foreword vii

literature of international librarianship and a way to learn, grow, and broaden our
horizons and better serve those who use libraries as global citizens.

Barbara J. Ford
Director and Distinguished Professor
Mortenson Center for International Library Programs
University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champaign
American Library Association, Past President (1997–1998)
Preface

Librarianship is a profession that has existed for centuries, beginning in ancient

times when written records and images documenting human existence were
carved in stone. As the volume of records increased and the formats for recording
knowledge expanded, librarians were needed to organize the records and manage
the retrieval and dissemination of that knowledge. Although we have come a long
way since the era of stone carvings, information dissemination and retrieval is
still the raison d’être of librarians around the world. A unique aspect of the role of
librarians is their endurance and the constant striving to meet the extraordinary
information needs of a growing and changing multicultural world and evolving
digital environment.
An international network of national, public, academic, special, and private
libraries serves users extensively with an array of print, audio, and video and a
host of technological innovations designed to bring information to the people of
the world rapidly and effectively. Some offer well-established and effective
information services with cooperative links to libraries around the world. Others
are endeavoring, despite economic and cultural restraints, to include library
development and expansion in their national plans. The advent of computers and
the Internet and the ability to transmit information across borders changed the
face of libraries and expanded the role of librarians and information
professionals. Innovations such as interlibrary loan, cooperative catalogs, full
text databases, digital scanning, and other audio and video enhancements have
made information easier to find and more accessible to those who seek it.
Cooperation and networking greatly enhanced information retrieval and
dissemination and facilitated the concept of “libraries without walls” in which
location or distance is no longer an obstacle to acquiring information. In the
future, any individual will have the opportunity to sit at a computer at virtually
any location and access library resources and a voluminous amount of
information in a matter of minutes. Computers changed the way librarians do

ix
x Preface

their jobs and how they interact with those who seek their services. Modern
librarianship is a multifaceted service profession requiring skills that were not
even envisioned before the application of computer technology.
Numerous books have been published in the last two decades that offered
readers many opportunities to learn about the world’s libraries. One of those
works was World Librarianship, by Richard Krzys and Gaston Litton, published
in 1983 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. This book gave readers a broad perspective on the
origins, history, training, education, and development of librarianship as a
profession. Other authors confined their coverage to comparison of libraries in
specific countries or regions or to particular aspects of international librarianship,
such as education and training.
Why is it important for libraries and librarians to think globally? First,
information is becoming more internationalized and globally interdependent.
Global information allows us to learn more about our world. Changes in one part
of the world, be they health, environmental, socioeconomic, or political, have
repercussions throughout our planet. Second, by observing how libraries in other
countries serve their patrons, librarians gain new insights into solving the
problems that face their libraries and enhancing cooperation and dialogue
among colleagues. Third, in the evolving digital environment, we are seeing the
rapid transformation of the library from a building to a gateway with access to
worldwide information.
Global Librarianship provides a new approach to informing readers about
the convergence of old ways and new ideas in libraries around the world and its
impact on the future of the profession. Chapters were written by a wide range of
international experts in all areas of information work. Topics include the role of
libraries and library organizations with literacy and information access; global
challenges such as language, access to resources, the digital divide, and
intellectual freedom; the growing importance of international standards and
guidelines; cooperation among libraries that crosses traditional international
boundaries; and the emerging digital library. The role of libraries as international
providers of information for research, for corporate information, and as
sociopolitical entities is covered in detail.
In the new millennium, as we enter an era of global librarianship, it should
no longer matter where in the world the information is housed or where the
librarian or user is physically situated. In the global networked environment,
unique databases and other information resources can be made available to the
scholarly and business community worldwide. The networked environment lends
itself to cooperation and the sharing of ideas and solutions to problems common
to libraries no matter where they are located. We invite the readers of this book to
Preface xi

share our excitement and wonder about the global impact libraries make in each
of our lives.

Martin Alan Kesselman

Irwin Weintraub
Contents

Foreword Barbara Ford v

Preface ix
Contributors xv

Roots of Global Librarianship

1. Historical Perspectives on Global Librarianship 1
Tom Glynn
2. International Library Organizations 19
Robert Wedgeworth

Libraries in a Global Perspective

3. The Role of Libraries in Rural Development 33
Daniel Ruheni and Thelma Tate
4. Can You Say Swiss Without a Smile? Multicultural Approaches
to Library Services in a Multilingual Context 45
Daisy McAdam
5. Public Libraries in Developed Countries: A Success Story from
Scandinavia 67
Barbro Thomas
6. Library Services in Multinational Corporations 79
Maria Novella Castagnoli
7. Library Collaborations 89
Martin Alan Kesselman
xiii
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
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hundred miles. bar'o-gram (bar'6-gram), n. [Gr. /3dpos weight + -
gram.] Meteor. A tracing usually made by the barograph, showing
variations of atmospheric pressure. bar'o-graph (-graf), n. [Gr.
/Sdpos weight + -graph.] A self-registering barometer. — bar'o-
graph/ic (-graf'ik), a. ba-rom'e-ter (bd-rom'e-ter), n. [Gr. /Sdpos
weight + -meter.] An instrument for determining the weight or
pressure of the atmosphere, and hence for predicting changes of
weather, ascertaining heights, etc. bar'o-met'ric (bar'o-met'rik) la. Of,
pert, to, or made by, bar'o-met'ri-cal (-met'rT-kal)J the barometer.
ba-rom'e-try (bd:rom'e-tri), n. The art or process of making
barometrical measurements. bar'on (bar'im), n. [OF., fr. LL. baro
man.] 1. Eng. Hist. A tenant holding directly from the lord
paramount (in England the king) by honorable service. 2. a In Great
Britain, a nobleman of the lowest rank ; also, the grade or rank itself,
b A nobleman of corresponding rank in any of various other
countries. 3. Cookery. Two loins or sirloins not cut apart at the
backbone ; as, a baron of beef. bar'on-age (-aj), n. The whole body
of barons or peers ; the dignity or rank of a baron. bar'on-ess (-es),
n._ A baron's wife; also, a lady who holds the baronial title in her
own right. bar'on-et (-et), n. A dignity or degree of honor next below
a baron and above a knight; a holder of this dignity. British baronets
are commoners, with hereditary title of Sir. bar'on-et-age (-aj), n. 1.
State or rank of baronet. 2. Baronets collectively. [baronet. I bar'on-
et-cy (-si), n.; pi. -ctes. Rank or patent of a| ba-rong' (ba-rong'), n.
[Native name.] A kind of knife or sword with thick back and thin
edge, used by the Moros. ba-ro'ni-al (bd-ro'm-al), a. Pertaining to or
befitting a baron or a barony. bar'0-ny (bar'6-nt), n.; _ Barong and
Sheath. pi. -NiEs(-nTz). The fee, domain, dignity, or rank of a baron.
ba-roque' (bd-rok'), a. [F.] 1. Grotesque; in corrupt taste. Specif. :
Arch, a Of, pertaining to, or designating, a style of decoration
characteristic of the decline in the Renaissance style, b Rococo. 2.
Irregular in form; — said esp. of a pearl. — n. Baroque work or
style. bar'o-SCOpe (bar'6-skop),_n. [Gr. /3dpos weight + -scope.] 1.
Any instrument showing the changes in the weight of the
atmosphere. 2. Physics. An apparatus for showing that objects in air
lose weight equal to that of the air displaced by them.- — bar'o-
SCOp'ic (-skop'ik), a. ba-rouche' (bd-roosh'), n. [Through G., It., &
LL., fr. L. birotus two-wheeled; bi- = bis twice + rota wheel.] A four-
wheeled carriage with a seat in front for the driver, two double seats
inside facing each other, and a folding top. barque (bark), bar 'quen-
tine (bar'ken-ten). Vars. of bark, BARKENTINE. bar 'rack (bar'dk), n.
[From F., fr. It., fr. LL. barra bar.] [Usually in pi.] 1. Mil. A building or
set of buildings for lodging soldiers, esp. in garrison. 2. A plain and
large building; a row of workmen's houses joined together. bar'ra-
cu'da (bar'd-koo'dd), n. [Native name.] Any of a genus (Sphyrxna) of
pikelike m a rine fishes. The< great barracuda (S. barracuda) of the
West Indies, Florida, etc., is often six feet or more long, and as
dangerous as a shark. bar'rage (bar'aj), n. [ F. ] Engin. A bar or
obstruction placed in a watercourse, as to increase the depth of
water. bar'ra-mun'di (bar'd-mun'de), n. Also bar'ra-mun'da (-dd).
[Native name.] = ceratodus. bar'ra-tor (bar'd-ter), n. Also bar'ra-ter.
[OF. barateor deceiver, fr. barater to deceive.] One guilty of barratry.
bar'ra-trous (-trus), a. Law. Tainted with or constituting barratry. —
bar'ra-trous-ly, adv. bar'ra-try (-trf), n. 1. The purchase or sale of
office or preferment in church or state. 2. Maritime Law. A fraudulent
breach of duty on the part of a master of a ship to the injury of the
owner of the ship or cargo. 3. Law. Practice of exciting and
encouraging lawsuits or quarrels. Great Barracuda. H K K = ch in G.
ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in
Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this
work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined
with. = equals. M
 BARREL 86 BASE HIT bar'rel (-el), n. [F. baril.1 1. A round
bulging vessel or cask, of greater length than breadth, and having
fiat ends or heads. 2. The quantity constituting a full barrel. In the
United States, the barrel for liquids is, usually, 313^ gallons; for
flour, it is 196 lbs. Abbr., bbl.; pi. bbls. 3. A drum or cylinder or
similarly round part, hollow or solid ; as : a The case holding the
mainspring of a watch or clock. ' b The metal tube of a gun. C The
cylinder in which a piston travels, d The body of a windlass or a
capstan, e Mach. % A tumbling barrel, or rumble. — v. t. ; -reled (-
eld) or -relled ; -rel-ing or -rel-ling. To put or pack in a barrel or
barrels. barrel organ. An instrument for producing music by the
action of a revolving cylinder studded with pegs upon a series of
valves admitting air from a bellows to pipes. bar'ren (bar'en), a. [OF.
brehaing, fem. brehaigne, baraigne.~\ 1. Incapable of producing
offspring ; sterile ; — of females. 2. Of plants, not fruitful. 3. Not
producing vegetation, or useful vegetation ; sterile ; as, barren land.
4. Unproductive ; unprofitable ; empty ; as, barren reveries. 5.
Mentally dull ; stupid ; as, a barren mind. — n. 1. A tract of barren
land. 2. In pi. Level, more or less wooded tracts of land, commonly
characterized by a light sandy soil and a distinctive biota; as, pine
barrens, oak barrens, etc. U. S. — bar'ren-ly, adv. — bar'ren-ness, n.
bar'ret (bar'et), n. [F. barrette, fr. It. berretta.} A kind of small cap ;
esp., a biretta. bar'ret-ter (bar'et-er; ba-ret'er), n. [Coined fr. OF.
barcter to exchange. CLbarter.] Wireless Teleg. Athermal cymoscope
which operates by increased resistance when subjected to the
influence of electric waves. bar'll-cade' (bar'i-kad'), n. [F., fr. It. or
Sp. ; orig., a barring up with casks.] 1. Mil. A fortification, as in a
street, hastily made of anything that will obstruct progress. 2. Any
barrier obstructing passage. — v. t.; -cad'ed (-kad'ed) ; -cad'ing. To
fortify or close with a barricade or barricades ; obstruct. bar'ri-ca'do
(-ka'do), n.; pi. -does (-doz). A barricade. — v. t.; -doed (-dod), -do-
ing. To barricade. bar'ri-er (bar'i-er), n. [F. barriere, fr. barre bar.] 1.
An obstacle to stop an enemy, as a fence or stockade or a fortified
frontier town. 2. Any obstruction or object serving to separate or
limit ; as, Hist., the lists at a tournament ; a mountain barrier
between two countries. 3. Any limit or boundary ; as, the barrier
between instinct and reason. — Syn. See bar. , [excepting; as,
barring accident. I bar 'ring (bar'Tng). prep, or conj. Excluding by
exception ; || bar'ri-O(baVre-o), n. ; pi. barrios(-os). [Sp.] In Spain
and countries colonized by Spain, a ward, village, or district (varying
locally) constituting part of a municipality. bar'ris-ter (bar'Ts-ter), n.
[From bar, n.} Counselor at law ; a counsel admitted to plead at the
bar in the superior courts, as disting. from an attorney or solicitor.
Eng. bar'room' (bar'room'), n. A room containing a bar, or counter, at
which liquors are sold. bar'row (bar'o), n. [From AS. beran to bear.]
A support having handles, and with or without a wheel, on which
things can be transported by hand. bar'row, n. [AS. bearg, bearh.'] A
castrated hog. bar'row, n. [AS. beorg, beorh, hill, sepulchral mound.]
A large sepulchral mound; a tumulus. bar'm-let (bar'oo-ltt), n. [Dim.
of bar, p.] Her. A diminutive of the bar, having one fourth of its
width. bar'ry (bar'I), a. [F. barre.] Her. Of the field, traversed
horizontally by an even number of bars of two alternating colors. bar
sinister. See bar, n., 4. bar'tend'er (-ten'der), n. A barkeeper. bar'ter
(-ter), v. i. & t. [OF. barater to cheat, exchange.] To traffic or trade,
or traffic or trade in, by exchange of commodities ; — disting. from
sell and purchase. — Syn. See sell. — n. Act or practice of bartering.
— bar'ter-er, n. Barry. bar'ti-zan (bar'ti-zan; bar'ti-zan'), n. Arch. A
small overhanging structure for lookout or defense; — a word first
used by Sir Walter Scott. The word had "no existence in the times to
which it is attributed." — bar'ti-zaned, p. a. Bart'lett (bart'let), n. A
popular pear which originated in England about 1770 and was
distributed in America by Enoch Bartlett of Dorchester, Mass. bar-
to'ni-a (bar-to'nl-d), n. [NL., after B. S. Barton, American botanist.]
Any of several large-flowered plants (genus Mentzelia) of western
America. Ba'ruch (ba'ruk ; bar'uk), n. Bib. 1. Secretary of the
prophet Jeremiah, and reputed author of the book of Baruch. 2. The
book of Baruch, in the Protestant Apocrypha. ; - .-, e: Bartizan. ba-
ry'ta (bd-n'td), n. '[Gr. /3apiu heavy.] Monoxide of barium. — ba-
ryt'ic (-rTt'ik), a. ba-ry'tes (bd-rl'tez), n. [Gr. /3ap6s heavv.] Min. =
barite. bar'y-tone, bar'i-tone (bar'I-ton), n. [F. baryton, fr. Gr.
0apvTovos ; (iapvs heavy + tovos tone.] 1. A male voice
intermediate between, and partaking of, the bass and the tenor ; a
person having such a voice. 2. Greek Gram. A word with no accent
on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. — a. Music.
Grave and deep in tone ; pertaining to or designating the barytone ;
performing the barytone ; as, a barytone voice, part, etc. bas'al
(bas'dl), a. Pert, to or forming the base. ba-salt' (bd-solt'; bas'olt), n.
[L. basaltes a dark Ethiopian marble. ] Any of several dark basic
rocks of volcanic origin, chiefly of triclinic feldspar and pyroxene
(usually augite) ; hence, any dark nonporphyritic, aphanitic, igneous
rock without vitreous luster. — ba-salt'ic(bd-s61'tlk),a. bas'cule
(bas'kul), n. [F., a seesaw.] In mechanics, an apparatus in which one
end counterbalances the other. bascule bridge. A counterpoised or
balanced drawbridge. base ( bas ), n. [F., fr. L. basis, fr. Gr. /3d
 BASELESS 87 BASTARD baseless, a. Without a base or
foundation ; groundless. base level. Phys. Geog. The level below
which a land surface cannot be reduced by running water. base'ly,
adv. In a base manner. base'man (bas'mdn), n., or base man. A man
stationed at a base, as in baseball (usually baseman). base'ment (-
ment ), n. 1. The lowest or basal part of anything considered as a
structure ; as, the basement of a promontory. 2. Arch. The lower
part of the wall or walls of a building ; also, the story behind this
part. 3. Popularly, the floor in a building next below the principal
floor. base'ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being base. bash
(bash), v. t. To strike heavily ; smash. Dial. Eng. & Scot.—n. A heavy
blow. Dial. Eng. & Scot. ba-shaw'(bd-sho'),n. [See pasha.] 1. A
Turkish title, now written pasha. 2. Fig. : A magnate or grandee.
bash'ful (bash'fdbl), o. Very or excessively modest; shy; diffident;
retiring; as, a bashful child; indicating excessive modesty; as,
bashful looks. — Syn.SeeSHY. — bash'ful-ly, adv. — bash'ful-ness, n.
bash'i-ba-ZOUk' (-I-bd-zook'), n. [Turk, bashi-bozuq one whose
clothes are not uniform.] A soldier belonging to irregular Turkish
troops, notoriously turbulent and cruel. bas'ic(bas'ik),a. l.Of or pert,
to the base or essence ; fundamental. 2. Chem. Pert, to, of the
nature of, or containing, a base. Specif. : a Having base-forming
constituents § resent in excess ; as, basic salts, b Alkaline in
reaction. ;. Petrog. Having the metallic oxides present in larger
amount than about 50 per cent. 4. Metal. Pert, to, or made by, a
process (basic process) in which the converter or hearth has a basic,
or not siliceous, lining, and basic material is added to the molten
charge ; as, basic steel. ba-sic'i-ty (ba-sis'i-tl), n. Quality or state of
being basic. ba-sid'i-O-my-ce'tOUS (bd-sid^o-mi-se'tus), a. [From
Basidiomycetes ; basidium + Gt. uvktjs, uvktitos, fungus.] Bot.
Belonging to a large class (Basidiomycetes) of fungi, having a
septate mycelium, and bearing the spores on a basidium. The class
includes many parasitic fungi and the mushrooms, puflballs, etc. ba-
sid'i-um (-sid'J-um), n.; L. pi. -ia (-d). [NL., dim. of Gr. /3d
 BASTARDIZATION I bas'tard-ize (bas'tdr-dlz), v. t.; -tzed (-
dlzd); -iz'ing (-dlz'ing). To make or prove to be a bastard. —
bas'tard-i-za'tion (-l-za'shiin ; -I-za'shun), n. bas'tard-ly, a.
Bastardlike ; baseborn ; spurious. Obs. bas'tar-dy (bas'tdr-di), n. 1.
Illegitimacy. 2. The procreation of a bastard child. baste (bast), v. t.;
bast'ed (bas'ted ; 24) ; bast'ing (-ting). 1. To beat ; cudgel. 2.
Cookery. To wet (roasting meat, etc.) with melted butter, fat, or
other liquid. baste, v. t. [ OF. bastir. ] To sew loosely, or with long
stitches, esp. temporarily. bas-tile' Hbas-tel'; bas'til), n. [F. bastille
fortress, OF. bas-tille'J bastir to build.] 1. Feud. Fort. A defensive
tower or elevated work. 2. [cap.] A former castle or fortress in Paris,
used as a prison, esp. for political offenders. It was stormed July 14,
1789, by the populace, who demolished it. In this sense usually
spelled Bastille. bas'ti-nade' (bas'tT-nad' ). Var. of bastinado. bas'ti-
na'do (-na/do), n.; pi. -does (-doz). [Sp. bastonada, fr. baston a
stick.] A blow or beating with a stick or cudgel • specifically, the
Oriental punishment of beating an offender on the soles of his feet.
— v.t.; -DOED(-dod); -do-ing. To cudgel, esp. on the soles of the
feet. bast'ing (bas'ting), n. Act of one who bastes, or stitches loosely
; also, the thread so used. bas'tion (bas'chi/n), n. [From F., fr. It., fr.
LL. bastire to build.] Fort. A work projecting from the main inclosure,
with two flanks. — bas'tioned(-chund),a. bas'to(bas'to), it. [Sp.] Ace
of clubs, in quadrille and omber. Ba-su'tO (bd-soo'to), n.; pi. -tos (-
toz). One of a warlike South African people of the Bantu stock. bat
(bat), n. [AS. batt.] 1. A stout, solid stick; a club; a club with one
end thicker or broader than Bastion, the other, used in baseball,
cricket, 8.] 1. Act of subjecting the body, or part of it, for cleanliness,
comfort, health, etc., to water, vapor, hot air, mud, or the like. 2.
State of being covered with a fluid, as sweat. 3. Water or other
medium for bathing. 4. A place where persons may bathe. 5. A
building arranged for bathing, or (usually in pi.) a building containing
a series of apartments arranged for bathing. 6. Chem., etc. A
medium, as water, air, sand, or oil, for regulating the temperature of
anything placed in or upon it ; also, the vessel containing such
medium. 7. Any liquid in which objects are dipped to be acted on by
it ; also, the vessel holding the liquid. — v. t. To put into a bath. Bath
brick. A brick prepared (orig. near Bath, Eng.) from calcareous or
siliceous earth, used to clean knives, etc. Bath Chair. A kind of chair
on wheels, as used by invalids at the hot springs at Bath, Eng. bathe
(bath), v. t. ; bathed (bathd) ; bath'ing (bath'ing). [AS. baSian, fr.
baeS bath.] 1. To wash by immersion, as in a bath ; subject to a
bath. 2. To lave ; wet. 3 . To surround, or envelop, as water does a
person immersed in it. — v.i. 1. To bathe one's self ; take a bath. 2.
To immerse one's self as if in a bath.— n. The immersion of the body
in water, etc. — bath/er (batb/er), n. ba-thet'ic (bd-thet'ik), a.
Having, or marked by, bathos. bath'house' (bath'hous'), n. A bath
(sense 5); also, a house used as a dressing room, or containing a
dressing room or rooms, for bathers. bath'0-lite (bath'6-llt) \n. [Gr.
pkdos depth + -lite, -lith.1 bath'o-lith (-o-lith) / Gcol. A great mass
of intruded igneous rock, which stopped in its rise considerably
below the surface. — bath'o-lit'ic, -lith'ic, a. ba-thom'e-ter ( bd-
thom'e-ter ), n. [ Gr. 0a9os depth + -meter.'] An instrument for
measuring depth of water, esp. by the pressure upon a tube of
mercury. bat/horse' (bat'hors'; ba'-; bat'-; bo'-), n. [F. but pack
saddle -f- E. horse.] A horse that carries baggage, as of an officer or
others, during a campaign. ba'thqs (ba'thos), n. [Gr. Qados depth,
/S=0us deep.] Rhct. A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the
commonplace ; the effect of anticlimax. Bath-she'ba(bath-
she'bd;bath'she-bd),n. Bib. The wife of Uriah the Hittite, whom
David married after causing Uriah's death. She was the mother of
Solomon. ba-thym'e-ter (bd-thTm'e-ter),n. [Gr.PaOvs deep + meter.]
An instrument for sounding depths at sea ; bathometer. ba-thym'e-
try (bd-tkTm'e-tri), n. Art or science of sounding, or measuring
depths in the sea. — batb/y-met'ric (bath'i-met'nk), -met'ri-cal (-
met'ri-kal), a. bat'ing (bat'Tng), prep. [Strictly p. pr.] Excepting. ba-
tiste' (ba-tesf), n. [F.] A kind of fine cotton muslin. bat'man (bat'man
; ba'- ; bat'- ; bo'-), n. [ F. bat pack saddle + E. man.] A man in
charge of a bathorse and its loud. bat'— mon'ey (-mun'i), n. [F. bat
pack saddle + E. money.] Mil. An allowance, as to officers, for the
transport of baggage in the field. ba'ton' (ba'toN'; bat'wn), n. [F.
bciton, OF. baston, LL. basto.] 1. A staff or truncheon borne as a
symbol of office. 2. Her. An ordinary ' with its ends cut off, and of
one fourth the breadth of the bend sinister, borne sinister as a mark
of bastardy. 3. Music. The stick or wand with which a leader beats
time, as for an orchestra. ba-tra'chi-an (bd-tra'ki-an), a. &n. [Gr.
/3arpdx«os of a frog, fi&rpaxos frog.] Zo'dl. a = amphibian, b In a
narrower sense : • , TT . = anuran. Baton (-ffer-)bats'man
(bats'man), n. The one who wields the bat in baseball, cricket, etc.
bat'tail-OUS (bat'5-lus), a. [OF. bataillos.] Arrayed for, or fit or eager
for, battle. Archaic. bat-ta'Ha (bo-tal'yd; bd-tal'yd), n. [LL. battalia
battle, body of troops, or It. battaglia.] 1. Order of battle. Obs. or R.
2. An army in battle array. Obs. baMal'ion, ( bd-tal'ywn ), n. [F.
bataillon, fr. It. battaglione.] 1. An army in battle array. Obs. or
Archaic. 2. Any considerable division of an army organized to act
together ; in pi., forces. 3. M il._ An infantry command of two or
more companies, the tactical infantry unit. bat'tel (bat''l), n. College
accounts for provisions from the kitchen and buttery ; loosely, the
whole college accounts ; — only in pi., exc. when used adjectively.
Univ. of Oxford, Eng. — v. i. To have such an account. — bat'tel-er,
n. bat'ten (bat''n ), v. i. & t. [Icel. batna to grow better.] To thrive ;
fatten in ease and luxury. bat'ten, n. [F . baton stick, staff.] 1. A strip
of sawed timber used for flooring ,etc. JJ.Astnpof wood for nailing
across two other pieces, to cover a crack, to hold tarpaulin, etc. — v.
t. To furnish or fasten with battens. ten-er, n. batten down to fasten
down with battens, as the hatches of a vessel with tarpaulin over
them. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event
end, recent, maker; Ice, "ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use,
unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-,
ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87);
 BATTER 89 BDELLIUM Battering-ram. bat'ter (bat'er), v.
t.&i. [OF. batre, fr. LL. battere, for L. batuere to beat.] To beat with
successive blows ; beat so as to bruise, shatter, or demolish. — n. 1.
Cookery. A semiliquid mixture, as of flour, eggs, milk, etc., beaten
together. 2. Print. A bruise on the face of a plate or of type in the
form; also, the faces or type so injured. bat'ter, n. One who wields a
bat, as in baseball ; batsman. bat'ter, v. i. & t. To slope gently
backward, as a wall, siding, etc. — n. Arch. An inward upward slope
of the exterior face of a wall, usually with diminishing thickness.
bat'ter-er, n. One who, or that which, batters. bat'ter-ing-ram', n. A
military engine of antiquity usually consisting of a huge iron-tipped
beam mounted or hung so as to be used to beat down walls. bat'ter-
y (bat'er-i), n.; pi. -ter-ies (-iz). [F. batterie, fr. battre. See 1st batter,
v. t.~] 1. Act of battering or beating. 2. Law. The unlawful beating of
another. 3. Assault with artillery; bombardment. Obs. 4. Mil. a Any
emplacement where artillery is mounted, b Two or more pieces of
artillery under a single command, c A tactical division, usually of
from 4 to 6 guns, of artillery organized as a unit of command. S.Nav.
The guns, or any group of the guns, of a warship. 6. Elec. a An
apparatus of one or more cells for generating voltaic electricity, b
Any combination of apparatus for producing a'united electrical effect.
7. A number of similar machines or devices, as of boilers, crushing
stamps, or lenses, arranged in a group or set. S.Baseball. The
pitcher and catcher together. bat'ting (bat'ing), n. 1. Act of one who
bats ; use of a bat. 2. Cotton carded in sheets, for use in quilts, etc.
£ \ bat'tle (-'1), n. [F. bataille, OF., battle, battalion, L. battalia,
battualia, exercises of soldiers and gladiators, batuere to beat.] 1. A
general encounter between armies or ships ; engagement. 2. A
combat between two individuals. 3. Fighting of or as of armed forces
; war. 4. Battalion. Obs. Syn. Engagement, action, encounter,
skirmish, brush ; contest, combat, conflict, fight, fray, affray. —
Battle, engagement, action. Battle, the most forcible term, is
commonly used of a general and prolonged combat; an engagement
may be a general encounter, as between entire armies, or a minor
encounter, as between subdivisions or outposts. Action suggests
especially the idea of active, frequently sharp, offensive and
defensive operations. See encounter, CONTEST, DISPUTE. — v.i.; -
tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-ling). To contend in battle. bat'tle, v. t. To equip
with battlements. 06s. or Poetic. bat'tle-ax' "In. Mil. A kind of
broadax formerly used as bat'tle— axe'/ an offensive weapon.
bat'tle-dore (-dor ; 57), n. [ME. batyldoure an instrument for
beating.] A kind of light flat bat used in striking a shuttlecock ; also,
the play of battledore and shuttlecock. — v. t. & i. To toss back and
forth. bat'tle-ment (-ment), n., or bat'tle-ments (-ments), n. pi. [ME.
batelment.] A parapet with open spaces, surmounting the walls of
ancient fortified buildings, later used as a decorative feature. —
bat'tle-mented (-men-ted), a. bat'tle-ship' (-ship'), n. Naval. One of a
class of the largest and most heavily Battlements. A A Merlons; BBB
armed and armored vessels. Crenels; C Machicolations. B bat'tue' (
ba'tii'; ba-tu' ), n. [ F., fr. battre to beat. ] 1. Hunting. Act of beating
the woods, bushes, etc., for game. 2. Hence, wanton slaughter, as of
helpless crowds. bat'ty (bat'i), a. Belonging to or resembling a bat.
ba-tule' (bd-tool'; bat'ul ), n., or batule board. [See bascule.] A
springboard. bauTrie (bo'b'l), n. [ME. babel] 1. A trifling piece of
finery; a gewgaw. 2. The fool's scepter. Obs. or Hist. Bau'cis and Phi-
le'mon ( bo'sis, fl-le'mon ). [ L., fr. Gr. BaO/cis,
 BE 90 BEAR be (be), v.i.; pre*. WAS (woz) ; p. p. been
(seeBEEN.tn Vocabulary); p. pr. & vb. n. be'ing. [AS. beon to be,
biom I am.] This verb, often called the substantive verb, is defective,
and the parts lacking are supplied by verbs from other roots, those
of is, was. The various forms of be in the indicative and subjunctive
moods are as follows: indicative: present, sing., 1st person, am; 2d,
art, [you] are; 3d, is. PI., 1st, 2d, and 3d persons, are. Preterit,
sing., 1st and 3d persons, was ; 2d, wast. PL, 1st, 2d, and 3d
persons, were. Subjunctive : present, sing, and pi., 1st, 2d, and 3d
pers., be. 1. To hold or obtain as true with respect to some
condition, thing, or quality; as, "Blessed are the merciful." 2.Toexist;
have place as a fact among facts; specif., to live; as, "To be or not to
be." 3. a To come into existence ; happen ; as, the bride to be. b To
continue in existence ; last ; as, this cannot be forever. 4. To exist
with reference to a certain place or condition ; as, to be here ; to be
at ease. 5. To signify ; mean ; as, what is it to you? .6. To belong or
pertain; befall; — usually with to or unto; as, woe be unto you ! be-.
[AS. be, and in accented form fez.] A prefix used to form : 1.
Transitive and intransitive verbs from verbs, and denoting that an
action is done all around, on all sides, all over, completely,
thoroughly, utterly, or the like. Examples : begirdle, to girdle all
around or completely; beset, to set, or set upon, on all sides;
beblotch, to blotch completely, or all over; bescorn, to scorn
thoroughly or utterly, etc. Many verbs formed with be- aremere
intensives of the primary verb ; as, bemuddle, begrudge, etc. 2.
Transitive verbs from verbs, and denoting that an action is done for,
to, at, on, over, against, etc. Examples: besigh, to sigh for; beride, to
ride upon; beshout, to shout at ; behowl, to howl at, etc. 3.
Transitive verbs from adjectives or nouns, and denoting to cause to
be; to make; hence, sometimes, to call. Examples: begrim, to make
grim; bebrother, bemadam, to call brother, madam. 4. Transitive
verbs from nouns, and denoting to affect with; to affect by means
of; hence, to cover with, provide with. Examples: bewitch, to affect
with witchcraft ; bespangle, to cover with spangles. 5. Transitive
verbs from nouns, denoting to deprive of (what is indicated by the
noun) ; — now only in behead. beach (bech),n. 1. Pebbles
collectively; shingle. 2. The shore of the sea or of a lake washed by
the waves, esp. the sandy or pebbly part ; strand. — Syn. See shore.
— v. t. & i. To run or drive (as a boat) on to a beach'; strand. beach
comber. A loafer or vagrant along the seacoast, esp. one who gets
his living from the products or the refuse of the beach. beach flea.
Any of numerous species of amphipod crustaceans (family
Orchestiidas) living on sea beaches, and leaping like fleas. beach'y
(bech'I), a. Having a beach or beaches; pebbly. bea'COll (be'k'n), n.
[AS. beacen, becen.~\ 1. A signal; esp., a signal fire on a pole,
building, or other eminence. 2. A watchtower or signal station. 3. A
signal or mark erected on an eminence near the shore to guide
mariners. — v. t. & i. To furnish with, or shine as, a beacon. bea'con-
age (-aj), n. Charges levied for the maintenance of beacons ; also,
beacons collectively. bead (bed), n. [ME. bede prayer, prayer bead,
AS. bed, gebed, prayer.] 1. A little perforated ball to be strung on a
thread and used in a rosary (whence : to tell beads, to bid beads,
etc., to be at prayer) or for ornament. 2. Any small globular body ;
as : a One of the effervescent bubbles in liquors, or the foam or
head formed by them, b A drop of liquid, as of sweat. C A small
knob of metal on a firearm near the muzzle, used for a front sight ;
whence : to draw a bead, to take aim. d Chem. A glass drop of flux,
as borax, used as a solvent and color test before the blowpipe, e
Assaying. The globule of precious metal got by cupellation. 3. Arch.
a A small projecting molding of rounded surface, j b Any of various
pieces, as a parting strip, usually Moldings, having a section
somewhat like such a molding. A Cock ' — v.t.&i. To ornament or
provide with, or to Bead; form, beads or beading. &?\ bead'ing,n. 1.
Act of one that beads. 2.MaterialB^g.kc or a part consisting of a
bead or beads ; beads col-Bead ,[nd lectively. Butt;S bea'dle (be'd'l),
n. [From OF., fr. OHG. bitil, DoublepitilJ] 1. An apparitor whose office
it is to walk q"irked before dignitaries; a mace bearer; specif., an of-
Bead. ficer in a university who precedes processions of officers and
students. Eng. In this sense the archaic spellings bedeZ (Oxford)
and bedell (Cambridge) are preserved. 2. An inferior parish officer in
England having a variety of duties, as to keep order in church,
chastise petty offenders, etc. bea'dle-dom (-dSm), n. The
characteristics of beadles as a class ; hence : red-tapism ; stupid
officialism. bea'dle-ship (-ship), n. The dignity or office of beadle.
bead'roll' (bed'rol'), n. 1. R. C. Ch. A catalogue of persons for whose
souls' rest a certain number of prayers are to be said. Hist. 2, Any
catalogue ; series. bead'— ru'by (bed'-), n. A small two-leaved
American convallariaceous plant (Unifolium canadense), having
spicate white flowers and ruby-red berries. beads'man, bedes'man
(bedz'man), n. 1. One paid to pray for his benefactor. 2. An
almshouse pauper required to pray for the soul of its founder;
hence: in England, an almsman ; in Scotland, a licensed beggar. —
beads'wom'an, n. fern. bead'work' (bed'wfirk7), n. 1. Ornamental
work in beads. 2. Joinery. Beading. bead'y (bed'I), a. 1. Beadlike;
small, round, and glistening. 2. Covered or adorned with or as with
beads. bea'gle (be'g'l), n. [ME. begle.~\ A small, short-legged,
smooth-coated hound, with pendulous ears. beak (bek), n. [F. bee,
fr. Celtic] 1. a The bill, or nib, of a bird, or of some other animal, as
a turtle, b The long sucking mouth of some insects and other
invertebrates. 2. Anything beaklike ; as : a The tapering tube of a
retort. b The spout of a vessel. C Nav. A metal-shod beam projecting
from the prow of an ancient galley, to pierce the vessel of an enemy,
d Naut. The part of a ship before the forecastle, e Arch. A
continuous slight projection ending in an arris or narrow fillet ; that
part of a drip from which the water is thrown off. 3. A magistrate.
Slang, Eng. — beaked (bekt), a. Syn. Beak, bill. In ordinary usage,
beak is applied to birds of prey, and is associated with striking or
tearing, or with prominence in size or shape ; as, an eagle's,
vulture's, hawk's beak. Bill is the common term applied to all other
birds or fowls; as, a robin's bill, duck's bill. beak'er (-er), n. [ME.
biker, h. LL. bicarium."] 1. A large, wide-mouthed drinking cup,
supported on a standard. 2. A deep, open-mouthed, thin vessel of
glass, copper, etc., often with a projecting lip, used by chemists and
others. beak'i'ron (-I'urn), n. [From bickern.] The horn of an anvil;
also, a small anvil having a horn ; a bickern. beam(bem),n.
[AS.beam.] l.Any large and relatively long Eiece of timber or metal
prepared for use. 2. A principal orizontal timber or metal support of
a building or ship. 3. The extreme breadth of a vessel. 4- A cylinder
of wood in a loom, on which the warp is wound; also, the cylinder
on which the cloth is rolled, — one being called the fore beam, the
other the back beam. 5. The bar of a balance, from which hang the
scales. 6. The pole of a carriage. Obs. or Poetic. 7. A long quill
feather. 8. Steam Engine. A lever having an oscillating motion on a
central axis, connected at one end with the piston rod and at the
other with the crank or its equivalent. 9. The main stem of an antler.
10. A ray or collection of parallel rays of light or of heat ; as, the
sun's beams. Also used fig. ; as, a beam of comfort. Syn. Beam, ray.
In popular usage, a ray is a single line of light ; a beam is a broader
shaft of light, or a collection of parallel rays. on the beam, Naut., in a
line with a vessel's beams, or at right angles with the keel. — -to be
on her b. ends, Naut., to incline so much on one side that her beams
approach a vertical position ; — said of a vessel. — v. t. To send
forth ; radiate ; emit, as light. — v. i. To emit beams, as of light.
beam'ing (bem'mg), p. a. Emitting beams; radiant. — Syn. See
radiant. — beam'ing-ly, adv. beam'ish, a. Beaming. Archaic. beam'y (
bem'i), a. 1. Emitting beams of light ; radiant. 2. Resembling a beam
; massive. 3. Having horns, or antlers. 4. Naut. Having considerable
beam. — Syn. See RADIANT. bean (ben), n. [AS. bean."] 1. a The
seed of any of certain leguminous plants (esp. Faba faba and species
of Phaseolus). b Any of various beanlike seeds or fruits; as, a coffee
bean. 2. Any plant that yields beans. bean caper. Any of a certain
genus (Zygophyllum) of fleshy-leaved plants, esp. a small tree (Z.
fabago) of the Levant, the flower buds of which are used as capers.
bean tree. Any of various trees having fruit more or less resembling
a bean pod, as the catalpa. bear (bar), v. t.; pret. bore (bor),
formerly bare (bar) ; p. p. born (born), borne (born) (see Note,
below) ; bear'tng. [AS. beran.2 1. To support and move ; carry;
convey. 2. To render or give, as testimony. 3. To conduct ; — said of
persons. Obs. 4. To manage or direct; behave. 5. To possess and
use, as a function or power ; exercise. 6. To possess or have; wear;
as, to bear a sword ; to bear a name. 7. To hold in the mind ;
entertain; harbor; as, to bear one a grudge. 8. To support or
sustain; to hold up. 9. To sustain, or be answerable for, as blame,
expense, etc. 10. To be capable _ of; to suffer or sustain without
injury or change ; as, this cloth will bear washing. 11. To endure ;
tolerate ; as, he cannot ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask,
sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd,
soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil;
chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87);
 BEAR 91 BEAUSEANT bear teasing. 12. To sustain, or have
on ; as, the tablet bears this inscription. 13. To press ; thrust ; drive
; as, he was borne to excess by his prejudices. 14. To bring forth . or
produce ; yield ; as, this plant bears berries, f^* In the passive form
of this verb, the best modern usage restricts the past participle born
to the sense of given birth to, when not followed by by (the mother).
In the active form, borne alone is used as the past participle. Syn.
Uphold, maintain; undergo, abide, endure, stand, brook. — Bear,
endure, stand, brook agree in the idea of sustaining something
trying or painful. Bear may refer to either small or great, temporary
or permanent, discomforts or ills ; as, I could not bear the heat ; to
bear the brunt of battle. Endure refers chiefly to bearing great or
lasting hardships or evils; stand (often in negative constructions) is
more colloquial, and implies bearing something without flinching ;
as, to endure exile, ignominy ; he could not stand teasing. Brook (in
negative constructions only) implies a certain self-assertion in
resisting ; as, to brooi, no restraint. — v. i. 1. To carry burdens ;
suffer, as in carrying a burden. 2. To endure with patience. 3. To
press ; — used with on, upon, against. 4. To take effect ; have
influence or force. 5. To relate ; refer ; — used with on or upon. 6.
To be situated, as to the point of compass, with respect to
something else ; to have or take a certain bearing or direction ; as,
the land bears N. by E. 7. To produce fruit. bear, n. [AS. oera.] 1.
Any of a family (Ursidse) of large, heavy quadrupeds, with
plantigrade feet, long shaggy hair, and rudimentary tail ; as : the
European brown bear (Ursus arctos), the white polar bear (U.
maritimus) , the grizzly bear (U. horribilis), and the American black
bear (U. Americanus). They are carnivorous, but feed largely on fruit
and insects. 2. An animal likened to a bear ; as, the ant bear. 3.
[cap.-] Astron. See ursa major, ursa minor. 4. A brutal, coarse,
uncouth, or morose person. 5. Stock Exchange. A person who sells
securities or commodities for future delivery in expectation of a fall
in price. — v. t. Stock Exchange. To endeavor to depress the price of,
or prices in ; as, to bear the market. bear'a-ble (bar'd-b'l), a.
Capable of being borne or endured ; tolerable— bear'a-ble-ness, n.
— bear'a-bly, adv. bear'ber-ry (-ber-i), n. 1. An ericaceous plant
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) having tonic, astringent foliage and red
berries. 2. The large cranberry (Oxy coccus macrocarpus). 3. A holly
(Ilex decidua) of the southern United States. beard (berd), n. [AS.
beard."] 1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts
of a man ; — often excluding the mustache. 2. Any of certain
appendages likened to the beard ; as : a Long hairs about the face
in animals, as in the goat, b Bot. Bristlelike, often barbed, hairs or
awns ; as, the beard of grain. 3. Any of various points or projections
; as : a A barb as on an arrow, crochet needle, etc. b Print. That part
of a type which is between the shoulder of the shank and the face.
— v. t. 1. To take by the beard ; pluck the beard of (a man), in
anger or contempt. 2. To oppose to the face ; defy. bsard'ed
(ber'dcd; 24), a. Having a beard. bsard'less, a. Having no beard.
beard'tongue' (berd'tungO ,n. Any of a genus (Pentstemon) of
plants, with a bearded, tongue-shaped sterile stamen. bear'er
(bar'er), n. 1. One that bears, sustains, or carries. 2. A pallbearer. 3.
A tree or plant yielding fruit. 4. Commerce. One who holds a check,
note, draft, or other order for the payment of money. baar garden, a
A place where bears are kept for diversion or fighting, b Fig., any
place where riotous conduct is common or permitted. b9ar grass.
Any of several species of a genus (Yucca) of American liliaceous
plants with grasslike foliage; also, either of two somewhat similar
plants (Quamasia esculenta and Dasylirlon texanum). Southern &
Western U. S. baar'ing (-Tng), n. 1. Act or process of one that bears.
2. The manner in which one bears one's self; carriage. See
deportment, Syn. 3. Her. Any single emblem or charge in a coat of
arms ; — usually in pi. 4. Patient endurance. 5. An object, surface,
or point that supports. 6. Arch. That part of any member of a
building which rests upon its supports. 7. Mach. A part in which a
journal, pivot, pin, or the like, turns or revolves. 8. Purport ;
meaning. 9. a The situation or direction of one point or object with
respect to another or the points of the compass, b Hence, fig.,
relation ; connection. 10. Power or time of producing, giving birth, or
of yielding fruit ; also, that which is borne; crop. bearing rein. A
short rein looped over the check hook or the hames to keep the
horse's head up ; a checkrein. bearish (-ish), a. Like a bear in
manner, feeling, etc.; hence, rough or harsh in temper or manners;
gruff. bear leader. One who leads about a performing bear;
facetiously, one in charge of a young man on his travels. bear's'-
breecb/ (barz'brech'), n. A species of acanthus (Acanthus mollis)
having rough-pubescent leaves. bear's'-ear', n. The auricula. bear's'-f
OOt', n. A kind of hellebore (Helleborus fcetidus). bear'skin'
(bar'skm'), n. 1. The skin of a bear. 2. A coarse, shaggy woolen cloth
for overcoats. 3. A cap made of bearskin, esp. one worn by soldiers.
bear 'ward (-w6rd'), n. A bear keeper, or ward. bear'wood' (-wdbd7),
n. See cascara buckthorn. beast (best), n. [OF. beste, fr. L. bestia.J
1. Any fourfooted animal, as distinguished from birds, reptiles,
fishes, and insects; esp., one of the larger animals. 2. Fig., a coarse,
brutal, or degraded person. — Syn. See animal. beast'ly (-li), a. 1.
Of, pert, to, or having the form, nature, or habits of, a beast. 2.
Brutal ; filthy. — Syn. Bestial, brutish, irrational, sensual, degrading.
— beast'li-ness, n. beat (bet), v. t.; pret. beat; p. p. beat, beat'en
(bet"n); p. pr. & vb. n. beat'ing. [AS. beatan.] 1. To strike repeatedly,
often with the effect of impelling, pulverizing, working, thrashing,
etc., implied. 2. To tread, as a path. 3. To punish by blows ; thrash.
4. To overcome in a contest, game, etc.; vanquish; surpass. 5. To
measure or mark off by strokes ; as, to beat time. 6. To range over
in the chase, striking bushes, etc., to rouse game. 7. Mil. To give the
signal for by beat of drum or other instrument ; as, to beat a retreat.
8. To cheat ; defraud ; — often used with out. Colloq. — Syn. Pound,
bang, buffet, maul, drub, thump, thwack, pommel, cudgel, belabor;
conquer, defeat, vanquish, overcome. — v. i. 1. To strike repeatedly,
and with force ; as, to beat at a door. 2. To come, act, dash, or fall
with force ; as, waves beating on the shore. 3. To move with
pulsation or throbbing; as, the heart beats. 4. Music & Acoustics. To
make a beat (see beat, n., 4). 5. Naut. To make progress to
windward by tacking or wearing. 6. To range or scour a region for or
as for game. 7. To make a sound when struck ; as, the drums beat.
8. Mil. To drum. 9. To win the victory. Colloq. 10. To undergo a
process of beating, as eggs. — Syn. See throb. — 7i. 1. A stroke ;
blow. 2. A recurring stroke ; throb. 3. Music, a The rise or fall of the
hand, baton, foot, etc., marking the divisions of time and the accent
; a division of the measure so marked, or the accent, b A grace
resembling a short trill. 4. In a watch or clock, the stroke or sound
made by the action of the escapement. 5. a Music & Acoustics. A
sudden swelling of a sound recurring regularly and due to the
interference of sound waves of slightly different periods of vibration ;
also, the pulsation so produced, b Hence, the phenomenon
resembling this in other wave motions, as of light. 6. A round or
course often gone over ; as, a watchman's beat. 7. In Mississippi, a
subdivision of the county. 8. Naut. An act of beating to windward. 9.
An unprincipled sponger on others. Slang. 10. One that beats, or
surpasses, another or others ; as, the beat of him. Colloq. 11. Act of
one that beats, or surpasses, a person or thing; hence, Newspaper
Cant., act of publishing news before competitors ; also, the news
itself. beat (bet), p. a. [Prop. p. p.] Weary; fatigued. Colloq. beat'en
(beV'n), p. a. 1. Wrought, or worked upon, by beating. 2.
Vanquished ; baffled. beat'er, (-er), n. One who, or that which,
beats. be'a-tific (be'd-tif'Ik), a. Having power to impart blissful
enjoyment ; making blessed. be-atl-fi-ca'tion (be-at'i-fi-ka'shun), n.
Act of beatifying, or state of being beatified. be-at'i-fy (-at'i-fl), v. t.;
-fied (-fid); -fy'ing. [L. beatificare, beatus happy + facere to make.]
1. To pronounce or regard as supremely blessed, or as conferring
happiness. 2. To bless with celestial enjoyment. 3. R. C. Ch. To
ascertain and declare publicly (a deceased person) to be one of "the
blessed." beat'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of beat. be-at'i-tude (be-at'i-tud),
n. [L. beatitudo.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind; blessedness. 2. Any
of the declarations (called the Beatitudes) made in the Sermon on
the Mount (Matt. v. 3-12) with regard to the blessedness of those
having specified virtues. — Syn. See happiness. Be'a-trice (be'd-tris),
n. \L- beatrix she that makes happy.] 1. (pron. be'd-tris; It. ba/a-
tre'cha). A noble Florentine lady idealized by Dante. 2. In
Shakespeare's "Much Ado about Nothing," a witty young lady who
rails at love, but by a trick is made to fall in love with Benedick. beau
(bo), n.; pi. F. beaux (E. pron. boz), E. beaus (boz). [ F., a fop, fr.
beau fine, beautiful, L. bellus pretty, fine. ] 1. A man who dresses
with great care and in the latest fashion; a dandy. 2. A man who
escorts, or pays attentions to, a lady; escort; lover. — beau'ish, a.
beau' i-de'al (bo'I-de'al). IF. beau ideal.] Lit., (the) ideal beautiful ;
hence, an ideal or faultless standard or model. | beau' monde'
(moNd'). [F.] The fashionable world. beau'pot' (bo'pof). Var. of
boughpot. beau'se'ant' (bo'sa'aV), n. [F. beauceant, baucant.] The
black-and-white standard of the Knights Templars ; also, their battle
cry. See flag, Illust. G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z
in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation.
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede
Vocabulary, fl Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M
 BEAUTEOUS 92 BEDROOM beau'te-OUS (bu'te-&s), a. Full
of beauty ; beautiful to see. — beau'te-ous-ly, adv. — beau'te-ous-
ness, n. beau'ti-fi'er (-ti-fi'er),™. One who, or that which, beautifies.
beau'ti-ful (-fool), a. Having the qualities which constitute beauty ;
full of beauty. — n. That which is beautiful. — Syn. Handsome,
lovely, fair, pretty. See comely. — beau'ti-ful-ly, adv. — beau'ti-ful-
ness, n. beau'ti-fy (-fl), v. t. & %.; -pied (-fid); -fy'ing. [beauty + -fy-
1 To make, or to become, beautiful; adorn; embellish.— Syn. Grace,
ornament, decorate, deck. — beau'ti-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shftn), n.
beau'ty (bu'ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [From OF., fr.L. bellus pretty.] 1.
That quality or combination of qualities which gratifies the eye or
ear, or which delights the intellect or moral sense by its grace or
fitness to the end in view; the beautiful. 2. A particular grace or
excellence ; anything beautiful ; as, the beauties of nature. 3. A
beautiful person or thing; esp., a beautiful woman. beauty spot. A
patch or spot put on the face to heighten the beauty by contrast ;
hence, a naevus or a mole. beaux (boz), n., pi. of beau. bea'ver
(be'ver), n. [AS. beofor.] 1. Any of a genus (Castor) of amphibious
rodents having palmated hind feet and a broad, flat tail. 2. The fur
of the beaver. 3. A hat made, formerly, of beaver fur, now usually of
silk. 4. A heavy, felted woolen cloth, used chiefly for overcoats.
bea'ver, n. [F. ba- Beaver, (ft) ^ viere, fr. bave slaver, foam, OF., also
prattle, drivel.] That piece of armor which protected the lower part
of the face ; later, the visor. See armor, Illust. be-bee'rine (be-be'rTn;
-ren), n. Chem. An amorphous alkaloid, C18H21O3N, resembling
quinine and obtained from the bark ofjthe bebeeru and other plants.
be-bee'ru (-be'roo), n. [Native name.] A tropical South American
lauraceous tree (Nectandra rodicei ). Its bark yields bebeerine ; its
wood is known as greenheart. be-calm' (be-kam'), v. t. 1. To calm. 2.
Naut. To keep from motion or progress by lack of wind. be-came'
(be-kam'), pret. of become. be-cause' (-koz'), adv. & conj. [by +
cause."] By or for the cause that ; for the reason that ; since. Syn.
Because, for, since, as, inasmuch as. Because assigns a cause or
reason immediately and explicitly; as, I hid myself, because I was
afraid. For is less immediate; it regards the statement to which it is
subjoined as relatively independent, and adduces for it some reason,
proof, or justification ; as, I hid myself, for [i. e., as I may add by
way of explanation] I was afraid. Since (orig. denoting sequence in
time) is less formal and more incidental than because; as assigns a
reason even more casually than since; each of them often begins its
sentence ; as, .Since (or As) I was afraid, I hid myself. Inasmuch as
assigns a reason in a somewhat concessive or qualified fashion ; as,
Inasmuch as [1. e., in view of the fact that] I was afraid, I hid
myself. because of, by reason of ; on account of. B bec'ca-fi'co
(bek'd-fe'ko), n. ; pi. -cos (-koz). [It., fr. beccare to peck -\-fico fig.]
Any of various song birds, esp. the garden warbler ( Sylvia hortensis
), esteemed by Italians as a table delicacy. \ be'cha'mel'
(ba'sha'mel'), n. [F. bechamel, after Louis de Bechamel, steward of
Louis XIV.] Cookery. A white sauce of butter, flour, white stock,
seasoning, and cream. -. be-chance' (be-chans'), v. t. & i. To befall;
chance. be-charm' (-charm'), v. t. To charm. See be-, 1. y biche' de
mer' (bash' de mar'). [F., lit., a sea spade; an alteration of Pg. bicho
do mar sea slug.] A trepang. Bech'u-a'nas (bech'66-a'ndz), n. pi. A
division of the Bantus, dwelling between the Orange and Zambezi
rivers. beck (bek), n. [AS. beccJ] A small brook, esp. one with a
stony bed ; also, the valley in which a brook flows. Eng. beck, v. i. &
t. To signal or call by a nod, or by a motion of the head or hand.
Archaic. — n. A significant nod, or motion of the head or hand, esp.
as a call or command. beck'ern (bek'ern). Var. of beakiron. beck'et
(bek'et ; 24), n. Naut. A simple device for holding something in
place, esp. a small grommet, or a loop of rope with a knot at one
end to catch in an eye at the other. becket bend. A sheet bend. See
knot, Illust. beck'on (bek''n), v.i. & t. [AS. bycnian, beacnian, fr.
beacen a sign.] To signal, call, or the like, by or as by a motion of
the hand, finger, or head. — n. A signaling gesture. be-cloud' (be-
kloud'), v. t. To obscure; dim; cloud. be-COme' (be-kum'), v. i.; pret.
-came' (-kam') ; p.p. -come' ; p. pr. & vb. n. -com'ing (-kum'ing).
[AS. becuman to come to, happen.] 1. To come ; get (to a place) ;
go. Obs. 2. To pass from one state to another ; come to be. . to
become of, to be the state or place of ; be the end of. — v. t. To suit
or be suitable to ; befit ; accord with, as in character ; as, that does
not become you. be-com'ing (-kum'mg), p. a. Suitable; appropriate
or fit. — Syn. Seemly, comely, decorous, decent, proper. —
becom'ing-ly, adv. — be-cora'ing-ness, n. Becque'rel' rays' (bek'rel'
raz'). Physics. Radiations first observed by the French physicist Henri
Becquerel. They consist of a mixture of alpha, beta, and gamma
rays. bed (bed), n. [AS.] 1. a An article of furniture to sleep or rest in
or on ; a couch ; specif., a flat sack or mattress filled with some soft
material, or this with the bedclothes added, or the bedstead,
mattress, and bedclothes together as prepared for sleeping, b A
bedstead. Colloq. or Cant. 2. Specif. : Marriage bed ; hence,
marriage. 3. A plat, or level piece, of ground in a garden. 4. A mass
or heap suggestive of abed (sense 1) ; as, a bed of rock. 5. The
bottom of any body of water; as, the ocean bed. 6. Geol. & Mining.
A layer ; seam ; stratum. 7. A flat surface or extended base upon
which something rests ; as : aMasonry. (1) A horizontal surface of a
stone in position ; as, the upper and lower beds. (2) The lower
surface of a brick, slate, or tile, b Mech. A foundation for a machine,
or a solid support on which its work is done ; as, the bed of a press.
cThe superficial earthwork or ballast of a railroad. — v. i. ; bed'ded ;
bed'ding. 1. To go to bed. 2. To lie on or as on a bed. 3. To form a
compact cluster or bedlike layer. — v. t. 1. To put to bed ; lodge. 2.
To cohabit with. Obsoles. 3. To furnish with a bed or bedding. 4. To
plant or arrange, as plants, in a bed or beds. 5. To embed ; rest ; as,
bedded on a rock. 6. To lay flat or in order ; place in a recumbent
position. be-dab'ble (be-dab''l), v. t. To dabble thoroughly. be-dash'
(-dash'), v. t. To bespatter; to dash against. be-daub' (-dob'), v. t. To
daub greatly or all over. be-daz'zle (jdaz'Tj, v. t. To dazzle greatly or
utterly. bed'bug' (bed'bug'), n. A wingless, bloodsucking,
hemipterous insect (Cimex lectularius), sometimes infesting houses
and esp. beds. In England called simply bug. bed'cham/ber (-
cham'ber), n. A bedroom. bed'clothes' (-klotbz'), n. pi. Coverings for
a bed. bed'ding (-Tng), n. A bed and its bedclothes; materials for a
bed or beds. Cf. bed, n., 1 a. be-deck' (be-dek'), v. t. To deck out;
adorn; grace. be'del, be'dell (be'd'l; be-del'). Vars. of beadle.
bedes'man. Var. of beadsman. — bedes'wom'an, n. fern. be-dev'il
(bS-dev''l), v. t. To treat devilishly ; as : a To possess with a devil, b
To throw into confusion ; worry, c To bemuddle ; spoil by changing
or corrupting. — be-dev'ilment (-ment), n. be-dew' (-du'), v. t. To
moisten with or as with dew. bed'fellow (bed'fel'o), n. One who
shares one's bed. Bedford cord (bed'ferd). A firm cloth with heavy
ribs. be-dight' (be"-dlt'), v. t.; -dight' or -dight'ed; -dight'ing. To deck
out ; array. Archaic. be-dim' (-dim'), v. t. To make dim; becloud. be-
diz'en (be-dlz''n; -dl'z'n), v. t. To dress out; esp., to adorn tawdrily. —
be-diz'en-ment (-ment), n. bed'lam (bed'lam), n. [ME. Bedlem,
Bethlem, Bethlehem.] 1. [cap.] The hospital of St. Mary of
Bethlehem in London, long used as a hospital for lunatics. 2. A
lunatic asylum. 3. A lunatic. 06s. 4. Any place of uproar and
confusion. — a. Of or fit for a madhouse. bed'lam-ite (-It), n. A
madman. it'ish (-It'ish),
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