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Introduction to laser technology 3rd Edition C. Breck
Hitz Digital Instant Download
Author(s): C. Breck Hitz, James J. Ewing, Jeff Hecht
ISBN(s): 9780471723127, 0471723126
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 14.73 MB
Year: 2004
Language: english
INTRODUCTION TO
LASER TECHNOLOGY

Third Edition
 IEEE Press
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1994 Softcover 448 pp IEEE Order No. PP3541 ISBN 0-7803-1005-5
INTRODUCTION TO
LASER TECHNOLOGY

Third Edition

Breck Hitz
Laser and Electro-Optics
Manufacturers 'Association

J. J. Ewing
Ewing Technology Associates, Inc.

Jeff Hecht
Laser Focus World

IEEE
PRESS

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hitz, C. Breck.
Introduction to laser technology / Breck Hitz, J.J. Ewing, Jeff Hecht.—3rd ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Understanding laser technology, 2nd ed. © 1991.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7803-5373-0
1. Lasers. I. Ewing, J.J. (James J.), 1942- II. Hecht, Jeff. III. Hitz, C. Breck.
Understanding laser technology IV. Title.

TA1675 .H58 2000

621.36'6—dc21
00-050538
 CONTENTS

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

Chapter 1 An Overview of Laser Technology 1

1.1 What are Lasers Used For? 3
1.2 Lasers in Telecommunications 4
1.3 Lasers in Research and Medicine 4
1.4 Lasers in Graphics and Grocery
Stores 5
1.5 Lasers in the Military 5
1.6 Other Laser Applications 6

Chapter 2 The Nature of Light 7

2.1 Electromagnetic Waves 7
2.2 Wave-Particle Duality 11

Chapter 3 Refractive Index, Polarization,

and Brightness 17
3.1 Light Propagation-Refractive Index 17
3.2 Huygens' Principle 22
3.3 Polarization 24
3.4 Polarization Components 27
3.5 Birefringence 31
3.6 Brewster's Angle 40
3.7 Brightness 41

Chapter 4 Interference 45
4.1 What is Optical Interference? 45
4.2 Everyday Examples of
Optical Interference 48

v
vi Contents

4.3 Young's Double-Slit Experiment 49

4.4 Fabry-Perot Interferometer 52

Chapter 5 Laser Light 57

5.1 Monochromaticity 57
5.2 Directionality 58
5.3 Coherence 63

Chapter 6 Atoms, Molecules, and Energy Levels 65

6.1 Atomic Energy Levels 66
6.2 Spontaneous Emission and
Stimulated Emission 67
6.3 Molecular Energy Levels 69
6.4 Some Subtle Refinements 71

Chapter 7 Energy Distributions and Laser

Action 75
7.1 Boltzmann Distribution 75
7.2 Population Inversion 79
7.3 L.A.S.E.R. 82
7.4 Three-Level and Four-Level Lasers 84
7.5 Pumping Mechanisms 85

Chapter 8 Laser Resonators 89

8.1 Why a Resonator? 89
8.2 Circulating Power 91
8.3 Gain and Loss 92
8.4 Another Perspective on Saturation 94
8.5 Relaxation Oscillations 95
8.6 Oscillator-Amplifiers 97
8.7 Unstable Resonators 97
8.8 Laser Mirrors 98

Chapter 9 Resonator Modes 101

9.1 Spatial Energy Distributions 101
9.2 Transverse Resonator Modes 103
9.3 Gaussian-Beam Propagation 104
9.4 A Stability Criterion 109
9.5 Longitudinal Modes 111

Chapter 10 Reducing Laser Bandwidth 117

10.1 Measuring Laser Bandwidth 117
10.2 Laser-Broadening Mechanisms 120
Contents vii

10.3 Reducing Laser Bandwidth 123

10.4 Single-Mode Lasers 127

Chapter 11 Q-Switching 133

11.1 Measuring the Output of Pulsed Lasers 133
11.2 Q-Switching 135
11.3 Types of Q-Switches 139
11.4 Mechanical Q-Switches 140
11.5 A-O Q-Switches 140
11.6 E-O Q-Switches 142
11.7 Dye Q-Switches 144

Chapter 12 Cavity Dumping and Modelocking 147

12.1 Cavity Dumping 147
12.2 Partial Cavity Dumping 151
12.3 Modelocking—Time Domain 153
12.4 Modelocking—Frequency Domain 156
12.5 Applications of Modelocked Lasers 157
12.6 Types of Modelocked Lasers 158

Chapter 13 Nonlinear Optics 161

13.1 What is Nonlinear Optics? 161
13.2 Second-Harmonic Generation 164
13.3 Phase Matching 167
13.4 Intracavity Harmonic Generation 172
13.5 Higher Harmonics 173
13.6 Optical Parametric Oscillation 173

Chapter 14 Semiconductor Lasers 177

14.1 Semiconductor Physics 178
14.2 Modern Diode Lasers 182
14.2.1 Wavelength of Diode Lasers 186
14.2.2 Vertical Cavity,
Surface-Emitting Lasers 187

Chapter 15 Solid-State Lasers 191

15.1 Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers 195
15.1.1 Lamp Pumping 202
15.1.2 Thermal Issues 206

Chapter 16 Helium Neon, Helium Cadmium, and

Ion Lasers 211
16.1 Gas-Laser Transitions 212
16.2 Gas Laser Media and Tubes 214
viii Contents

16.3 Laser Excitation 216

16.4 Optical Characteristics 217
16.5 Wavelengths and Spectral Width 218
16.6 HeNe Lasers 219
16.7 Principles of HeNe Lasers 220
16.8 Structure of HeNe Lasers 222
16.9 HeCd Lasers 223
16.10 Ar- and Kr-Ion Lasers 225

Chapter 17 Carbon Dioxide and Other

Vibrational Lasers 229
17.1 Vibrational Transitions 230
17.2 Excitation 232
17.3 Types of CO2 Lasers 233
17.4 Optics for CO2 Lasers 236
17.5 Chemical Lasers 237

Chapter 18 Excimer Lasers 239

18.1 Excimer Molecules 241
18.2 Electrical Considerations 243
18.3 Handling the Gases 245
18.4 Applications of Excimer Laser 249

Chapter 19 Tunable and Ultrafast Lasers 253

19.1 Dye Lasers 256
19.2 Tunable Solid-State Lasers 258
19.3 Ultrafast Lasers 261
19.4 Nonlinear Converters 264

Glossary 269

Index 277

About the Authors 287

 PREFACE

HOW DOES A LASER WORK AND WHAT IS IT

GOOD FOR?

Answering this question is the goal of this textbook. Without delving into the
mathematical details of quantum electronics, we examine how lasers work as
well as how they can be modified for particular applications.

THE BOOK'S APPROACH

You should have some feeling for the overall organization of this textbook be-
fore you begin reading its chapters. The book begins with an introductory
chapter that explains in unsophisticated terms what a laser is and describes the
important applications of lasers worldwide.
Lasers produce light, and it's essential to understand how light works be-
fore you try to understand what a laser is. Chapters 2 through 5 are dedicated
to light and optics, with lasers rarely mentioned. The subjects discussed in
these chapters lead naturally to the laser principles in the following chapters,
and the laser chapters themselves won't make much sense without the optics
concepts presented in Chapters 2 through 5.
The heart of this text is contained in Chapters 6 through 9 because these
are the chapters that explicitly answer the question, How does a laser work?
As you read these chapters, you will find that two fundamental elements must
be present in any laser: some form of optical gain to produce the light, and
some form of feedback to control and amplify the light.
Having covered the fundamentals, the book turns to more sophisticated
topics in Chapters 10 through 19. Chapters 10 to 13 describe how a laser can
be modified for particular applications. Lasers can be pulsed to produce enor-
mously powerful outputs, or their beams can be limited to a very narrow

IX
x Preface

portion of the optical spectrum. And the color of the light produced by a laser
can be altered through nonlinear optics.
Finally, the last six chapters of the book apply the principles developed in
the first 13 chapters to explain the operation and engineering of today's com-
mercial lasers. All important lasers—gas lasers, optically-pumped solid-state
lasers, and semiconductor lasers—are explicitly covered in these chapters.

Breck Hitz
Laser and Electro-Optic
Manufacturers' Association

J.J. Ewing
Ewing Technology Associates, Inc.

Jeff Hecht
Laser Focus World
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to acknowledge the many suggestions made by students during the

past two decades that have found their way into this book. We also wish to ac-
knowledge the assistance of Professor Joel Falk of the University of Pittsburgh
with the original manuscript, and of Professor Anthony Siegman of Stanford
University for helpful suggestions about explaining the subtleties of quantum
mechanics on an intuitive level.

Breck Hitz
Laser and Electro-Optic
Manufacturers' Association

JJ. Ewing
Ewing Technology Associates, Inc.

Jeff Hecht
Laser Focus World

xi
This page intentionally left blank
CHAPTER
1
AN OVERVIEW
OF LASER TECHNOLOGY

The word laser is an acronym that stands for "light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation." In a fairly unsophisticated sense, a laser is nothing
more than a special flashlight. Energy goes in, usually in the form of electric-
ity, and light comes out. But the light emitted from a laser differs from that
from a flashlight, and the differences are worth discussing.
You might think that the biggest difference is that lasers are more power-
ful than flashlights, but this conception is more often wrong than right. True,
some lasers are enormously powerful, but many are much weaker than even
the smallest flashlight. So power alone is not a distinguishing characteristic of
laser light.
Chapter 5 discusses the uniqueness of laser light in detail. But for now it's
enough to say that there are three differences between light from a laser and
light from a flashlight. First, the laserbeam is much narrower than a flashlight
beam. Second, the white light of a flashlight beam contains many different col-
ors of light, while the beam from a laser contains only one, pure color. Third,
all the light waves in a laserbeam are aligned with each other, while the light
waves from a flashlight are arranged randomly. The significance of this differ-
ence will become apparent as you read through the next several chapters
about the nature of light.
Lasers come in all sizes—from tiny diode lasers small enough to fit in the
eye of a needle to huge military and research lasers that fill a three-story build-
ing. And different lasers can produce many different colors of light. As we ex-
plain in Chapter 2, the color of light depends on the length of its waves. Listed
in Table 1.1 are some of the important commercial lasers. In addition to these
fixed-wavelength lasers, tunable lasers are discussed in Chapter 19, and semi-
conductor lasers are discussed in Chapter 14.
The "light" produced by carbon dioxide lasers and neodymium lasers can-
not be seen by the human eye because it is in the infrared portion of the spec-
trum. Red light from a ruby or helium-neon laser, and green and blue light

1
2 Introduction to Laser Technology: Third Edition

Table 1.1 Fixed-wavelength commercial lasers.

Laser Wavelength Average Power Range

Carbon dioxide 10.6 |xm Milliwatts to tens of kilowatts
NdrYAG 1.06 mm Milliwatts to hundreds of watts
Nd:glass 1.06 mm Pulsed only
Cnruby 694.3 nm (vis) Pulsed only
Helium-neon 632.8 nm (vis) Microwatts to tens of milliwatts
Argon-ion 514.5 nm (vis) Milliwatts to tens of watts
488.0 nm (vis) Milliwatts to watts
Krypton-fluoride 248.0 nm Milliwatts to a hundred watts

from an argon laser, can be seen by the human eye. But the krypton-fluoride
laser's output at 248 nm is in the ultraviolet range and cannot be directly de-
tected visually.
Interestingly, few of these lasers produce even as much power as an ordi-
nary 100-W lightbulb. What's more, lasers are not even very efficient. To pro-
duce 1W of light, most of the lasers listed in Table 1.1 would require hundreds
or thousands of watts of electricity. What makes lasers worthwhile for many
applications, however, is the narrow beam they produce. Even a fraction of a
watt, crammed into a supernarrow beam, can do things no lightbulb could
ever do.
Table 1.1 is by no means a complete list of the types of lasers available
today; indeed, a complete list would have dozens, if not hundreds, of entries.
It is also incomplete in the sense that many lasers can produce more than a
single, pure color. Nd:YAG lasers, for example, are best known for their
strong line at 1.06 u,m, but these lasers can also lase at dozens of other
wavelengths. In addition, most helium-neon lasers produce red light, but
there are other helium-neon lasers that produce green light, yellow light, or
orange light, or infrared radiation. Also obviously missing from Table 1.1
are semiconductor diode lasers, with outputs as high as 1 W in the near in-
frared portion of the spectrum, and dye lasers with outputs up to several
tens of watts in the visible.
The ruby, yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), and glass lasers listed are
solid-state lasers. The light is generated in a solid, crystalline rod that looks
much like a cocktail swizzlestick. All the other lasers listed are gas lasers,
which generate light in a gaseous medium like a neon sign. If there are solid-
state lasers and gaseous lasers, it's logical to ask if there's such a thing as a liq-
uid laser. The answer is yes. The most common example is the organic dye
laser, in which dye dissolved in a liquid produces the laser light.
Chap. 1 An Overview of Laser Technology 3

1.1 WHAT ARE LASERS USED FOR?

We've seen that lasers usually don't produce a lot of power. By comparison, an
ordinary 1,200-W electric hair dryer is more powerful than 99% of the lasers
in the world today. And we've seen that lasers don't even produce power very
efficiently, usually wasting at least 99% of the electricity they consume. So
what is all the excitement about? What makes lasers so special, and what are
they really used for?
The unique characteristics of laser light are what make lasers so special.
The capability to produce a narrow beam doesn't sound very exciting, but it is
the critical factor in most laser applications. Because a laser beam is so narrow,
it can read the minute, encoded information on a stereo CD—or on the bar-
code patterns in a grocery store. Because a laser beam is so narrow, the com-
paratively modest power of a 200-W carbon dioxide laser can be focused to an
intensity that can cut or weld metal. Because a laser beam is so narrow, it can
create tiny and wonderfully precise patterns in a laser printer.
The other characteristics of laser light—its spectral purity and the way its
waves are aligned—are also important for some applications. And, strictly
speaking, the narrow beam couldn't exist if the light didn't also have the other
two characteristics. But from a simple-minded, applications-oriented viewpoint,
a laser can be thought of as nothing more than a flashlight that produces a very
narrow beam of light.
One of the leading laser applications is materials processing, in which
lasers are used to cut, drill, weld, heat-treat, and otherwise alter both metals
and nonmetals. Lasers can drill tiny holes in turbine blades more quickly and
less expensively than mechanical drills. Lasers have several advantages over
conventional techniques of cutting materials. For one thing, unlike saw
blades or knife blades, lasers never get dull. For another, lasers make cuts
with better edge quality than most mechanical cutters. The edges of metal
parts cut by laser rarely need be filed or polished because the laser makes
such a clean cut.
Laser welding can often be more precise and less expensive than conven-
tional welding techniques. Moreover, laser welding is more compatible with
robotics, and several large machine-tool builders offer fully automated laser-
welding systems to manufacturers.
Laser heat-treating involves heating a metal part with laser light, increas-
ing its temperature to the point where its crystal structure changes. It is often
possible to harden the surface in this manner, making it more resistant to
wear. Heat-treating requires some of the most powerful industrial lasers, and
it's one application in which the raw power of the laser is more important than
the narrow beam. Although heat-treating is not a wide application of lasers
now, it is one that is likely to expand significantly in coming years.
4 Introduction to Laser Technology: Third Edition

1.2 LASERS IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS

One of the more exciting applications of lasers is in the field of telecommuni-

cations, in which tiny diode lasers generate the optical signal transmitted
through optical fibers. Because the bandwidth of these fiberoptic systems is so
much greater than that of conventional copper wires, fiberoptics is playing a
major role in enabling the fast-growing Internet.
Modern fiberoptic telecommunication systems transmit multiple wave-
lengths through a single fiber, a technique called wavelength division multi-
plexing. The evolution of this technology, together with erbium-doped fiber
amplifiers to boost the signal at strategic points along the transmission line, is
a major driving force in today's optoelectronics market.

1.3 LASERS IN RESEARCH AND MEDICINE

Lasers started out in research laboratories, and many of the most sophisti-
cated ones are still being used there. Chemists, biologists, spectroscopists,
and other scientists count lasers among the most powerful investigational
tools of modern science. Again, the laser's narrow beam is valuable, but in
the laboratory the other characteristics of laser light are often important too.
Because a laser's beam contains light of such pure color, it can probe the dy-
namics of a chemical reaction while it happens or it can even stimulate a re-
action to happen.
In medicine, the laser's narrow beam has proven a powerful tool for ther-
apy. In particular, the carbon dioxide laser has been widely adopted by sur-
geons as a bloodless scalpel because the beam cauterizes an incision even as it
is made. Indeed, some surgeries that cause profuse bleeding had been impos-
sible to perform before the advent of the laser. The laser is especially useful in
ophthalmic surgery because the beam can pass through the pupil of the eye
and weld, cut, or cauterize tissue inside the eye. Before lasers, any procedure
inside the eye necessitated cutting open the eyeball.
Even more exciting is the promise of new, emerging techniques in laser
medicine. The LASIK procedure, described in Chapter 18, promises to re-
store perfect eyesight to millions of people. Because a laser's color is so pure,
it may have the capability to destroy a diseased tumor while leaving nearby
tissue undamaged. Laser radial keratotomy—cutting several tiny incisions
with a laser in the cornea—may one day make eyeglasses and contact lenses
obsolete for millions of people. And laser angioplasty may greatly simplify
the coronary surgeries performed on hundreds of thousands of patients
every year.
Chap. 1 An Overview of Laser Technology 5

1.4 LASERS IN GRAPHICS AND GROCERY STORES

Laser printers are capable of producing high-quality output at very high speeds.
Until a decade ago, they were also very expensive, but good, PC-compatible
laser printers can now be obtained for a few hundred dollars. In a laser printer,
the laser "writes" on an electrostatic surface, which, in turn, transfers toner
(ink) to the paper.
Lasers have other applications in graphics as well. Laser typesetters write
directly on light-sensitive paper, producing camera-ready copy for the pub-
lishing industry. Laser color separators analyze a color photograph and create
the information a printer needs to print the photograph with four colors of
ink. Laser platemakers produce the printing plates, or negatives in some cases,
so that newspapers such as the Wall Street Journal and USA Today can be
printed in locations far from their editorial offices.
And everyone has seen the laser bar-code scanners at the checkout
stand of the local grocery store. The narrow beam of the laser in these ma-
chines scans the bar-code pattern, automatically reading it into the store's
computer.

1.5 LASERS IN THE MILITARY

So far lasers have been found to make poor weapons, and many scientists be-
lieve that engineering complexities and the laws of physics may prevent them
from ever being particularly useful for this purpose. Nonetheless, many thou-
sands of lasers have found military applications not in weapons but in range
finders and target designators.
A laser range finder measures the time a pulse of light, usually from an
Nd:YAG laser, takes to travel from the range finder to the target and back. An
on-board computer divides this number into the speed of light to find the
range to the target. A target designator illuminates the target with laser light,
usually infrared light from an Nd:YAG laser. Then a piece of "smart" ord-
nance, a rocket or bomb, equipped with an infrared sensor and some steering
mechanism homes in on the target and destroys it.
Diode lasers are sometimes used to assist in aiming small arms. The laser
beam is prealigned along the trajectory of the bullet, and a policeman or sol-
dier can see where the bullet will hit before he fires.
Diode lasers are used as military training devices in a scheme that has
been mimicked by civilian toy manufacturers. Trainees use rifles that fire
bursts of diode-laser light (rather than bullets) and wear an array of optical de-
tectors that score a hit when an opponent fires at them.
6 Introduction to Laser Technology: Third Edition

1.6 OTHER LASER APPLICATIONS

There seems to be no end to the ingenious ways a narrow beam of light can be
put to use. In sawmills, lasers are used to align logs relative to the saw. The
laser projects a visible stripe on the log to show where the saw will cut it as the
sawman moves the log into the correct position. On construction projects the
narrow beam from a laser guides heavy earth-moving equipment. Laser light-
shows herald the introduction of new automobile models and rock concerts.
And laser gyroscopes guide the newest generation of commercial aircraft (an
application that depends more on a laser's spectral purity than on its narrow
beam).
CHAPTER
2
THE NATURE OF LIGHT

What is light? How does it get from one place to another? These are the ques-
tions that are addressed in this chapter. But the answers aren't all that easy.
The nature of light is a difficult concept to grasp because light doesn't always
act the same way. Sometimes it behaves as if it were composed of waves, and
other times it behaves as if it were composed of particles. Let's take a look at
how light waves act and at how light particles (photons) act, and then we'll dis-
cuss the duality of light.

2.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave. Let's take that phrase apart and ex-
amine it one word at a time.
Fig. 2.1 is a schematic of a wave. It's a periodic undulation of something—
maybe the surface of a pond, if it's a water wave—that moves with character-
istic velocity, v. The wavelength, A, is the length of one period, as shown in Fig.
2.1. The frequency of the wave is equal to the number of wavelengths that
move past an observer in one second. It follows that the faster the wave
moves—or the shorter its wavelength—the higher its frequency will be. Math-
ematically, the expression
/= v/A
relates the velocity of any wave to its frequency,f,and wavelength.
The amplitude of the wave in Fig. 2.1 is its height, the distance from the
center line to the peak of the wave. The phase of the wave refers to the par-
ticular part of the wave passing the observer. As shown in Fig. 2.1, the wave's
phase is 90° when it is at its peak, 270° at the bottom of a valley, and so on.
So much for wave. What does transverse mean? There are two kinds of
waves: transverse and longitudinal. In a transverse wave, whatever is
i
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And the brightness of day to oblivion consign’d
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II

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 IV

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Disclaim’d the voice of sober reason.

And memory swell’d the alter’d lay

With sounds of sweet, and transient gladness,
They told of pleasure’s fairy sway,
In hours that mock’d intrusive sadness.—

VI

And there was one, in hours gone past,

Whose smile was like the smile of heaven,
When beauty’s brightest hues are cast
Along the dress of summer even.—

VII

It woke, within my youthful breast,

Emotions dear, that never slumber,
They come when all is sunk to rest,
They breathe upon the sadden’d number.
 VIII

The strain still lov’d to linger o’er

The mem’ry of our happy meeting,
In childhood’s wild, uncultured bower,
When heart met heart, in tender greeting.

IX

Her form, her face, Ah what were they?

Tho’ loveliest beauties there were dwelling;
The ringlets unrestrain’d that stray’d;
The ruby lip with nectar swelling?

Tho’ these were fair, her lovelier mind

Each outward beauty far exceeded,
By nature’s quick’ning power refined,
Soft Pity’s gentle voice it heeded.

XI

And love, had been the tender name

That swell’d our hearts in holiest union,
But ah! too young to own the flame,
We felt the bosom’s soft communion.
 XII

Sudden, again—the tremb’ling lyre

Its sound, to sorrow’s notes surrender’d;
Lost was remember’d rapture’s fire,
And woe seem’d in its strings engender’d.

XIII

Why changed the sound? ah why! no more

Did rapture wake th’ inspiring measure?
Why jar’d despair the accents o’er,
Dark’ning each scene of vanish’d pleasure?

XIV

Wild shrieks the blast of heaven, round

The grave, where all her beauties wither;
The Yew-tree moans in solemn sound,
When gently stirs the ambient æther.

XIV

The cold sod wraps her lovely form,

That rapture to my soul imparted;
She lived in beauty! but the storm
In early morn, life’s current thwarted.
 XVI

Where once the laughing, mirthful eye,

With joy’s bright beam was wont to glisten;
When time on pinions fleet went by,
And we to hope’s fond tale would listen:

XVII

Or when the tear-drop started there,—

The sympathetic gem of feeling,—
And o’er that face so passing fair
Soft pity’s sorrowing look was stealing.

XVIII

The icy worm his revel keeps,

And there, his form is dully shining,
Arround that lovely forehead creeps,
Or o’er her faded cheek is twining.

XIX

The bosom, once that heav’d with mine,

The throb of joy, or sigh of anguish,
When fancied ill, or fond delight,
Bade hope arise, or sudden languish.
 XX

Sleeps silent, in the earthy grave.

No woe her angel-dreams disturbing;
Misfortune’s storm there cannot rave!
No passion’s power the rest perturbing.—

XXI

O be thy spirit ever near!

Attend my rude course to its closing;
Melvina!—still thy name is dear,
A thousand past delights disclosing.—

XXII

Thou wert to me, a kindred flower—

In nature’s garden, nurs’d together,—
We grew, till in a stormy hour
Thy vernal charms were doom’d to wither.

XXIII

But gladness still, shall mark the strain,

And hope shall point to brighter pleasure,
When our torn hearts shall meet again,
In hallow’d transport’s fullest measure.
 ERRATA.
It is with much regret, that the publisher
(notwithstanding his endeavours to prevent it) has
discovered a few instances of erroneous typography—
those which would impair the sense are the following:—
“Hours of Childhood,” page 19th, section VII, line 2d,
for Scar’d, read, Sear’d.
In “The Moon’s Pale Ray,” page 80th, 1st verse, 4th
line, for sea, read, sea’s.
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