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 Quantum Cryptography and the
Future of Cyber Security
Nirbhay Kumar Chaubey

Gujarat Technological University, India

Bhavesh B. Prajapati

Education Department, Government of Gujarat, India

A volume in the Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics

(AISPE) Book Series Book Series

Published in the United States of America by IGI Global (an imprint of IGI

Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845

Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Chaubey, Nirbhay Kumar, 1971- editor. | Prajapati, Bhavesh B.,

1975-

editor.

Title: Quantum cryptography and the future of cyber security / Nirbhay

Kumar Chaubey and Bhavesh B. Prajapati, editors.

Description: Hershey, PA : Information Science Reference, 2020. | Includes

bibliographical references. | Summary: "This book explores the latest

applications and advancements of quantum cryptography and cyber

security"-- Provided by publisher.

Identifiers: LCCN 2019037762 (print) | LCCN 2019037763 (ebook) | ISBN

9781799822530 (h/c) | ISBN 9781799822547 (s/c) | ISBN 9781799822554

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Subjects: LCSH: Quantum communication--Security measures. |

Cryptography. |

Data encryption (Computer science)

Classification: LCC TK5103.592.Q83 Q38 2020 (print) | LCC

TK5103.592.Q83

(ebook) | DDC 005.8/24--dc23

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 Advances in Information

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(AISPE) Book Series

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ISSN: 1948-9730

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including classroom teaching purposes. The views expressed in this series

are those of the authors, but not necessarily of IGI Global

Titles in this Series

Internet Censorship and Regulation Systems in Democracies Emerging

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Nikolaos Koumartzis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece) and

Andreas Veglis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2020 • 200pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522599739) • US $185.00 (our price)

Impact of Digital Transformation on Security Policies and Standards

Sam Goundar (The University of the South Pacific, Fiji) Bharath Bhushan

(Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, India) and Vaishali Ravindra

Thakare (Atria Institute of Technology, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2020 • 300pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781799823674) • US $215.00 (our price)

Handbook of Research on Intelligent Data Processing and Information

Security Systems

Stepan Mykolayovych Bilan (State University of Infrastructure and

Technology, Ukraine) and Saleem Issa Al-Zoubi (Irbid National University,

Jordan)

Engineering Science Reference • copyright 2020 • 434pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781799812906) • US $345.00 (our price)

Security and Privacy Issues in Sensor Networks and IoT

Priyanka Ahlawat (National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India)

and Mayank Dave (National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2020 • 323pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781799803737) • US $195.00 (our price)

Modern Principles, Practices, and Algorithms for Cloud Security

Brij B. Gupta (National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2020 • 344pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781799810827) • US $195.00 (our price)

Security, Privacy, and Forensics Issues in Big Data

Ramesh C. Joshi (Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India) and Brij B.

Gupta (National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2020 • 456pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522597421) • US $235.00 (our price)

Handbook of Research on Machine and Deep Learning Applications for

Cyber Security

Padmavathi Ganapathi (Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and

Higher Education for Women, India) and D. Shanmugapriya

(Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for

Women, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2020 • 482pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522596110) • US $295.00 (our price)

Advanced Digital Image Steganography Using LSB, PVD, and EMD

Emerging Research and Opportunities

Gandharba Swain (Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 201pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522575160) • US $165.00 (our price)

Developments in Information Security and Cybernetic Wars

Muhammad Sarfraz (Kuwait University, Kuwait)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 351pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522583042) • US $225.00 (our price)

Cybersecurity Education for Awareness and Compliance

Ismini Vasileiou (University of Plymouth, UK) and Steven Furnell

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Information Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 306pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522578475) • US $195.00 (our price)

Detection and Mitigation of Insider Attacks in a Cloud Infrastructure

Emerging Research and Opportunities

T. Gunasekhar (Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, India) K.

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Kiran (Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, India) V. Krishna Reddy

(Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, India) and B. Thirumala Rao

(Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 113pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522579243) • US $165.00 (our price)

Network Security and Its Impact on Business Strategy

Ionica Oncioiu (European Academy of the Regions, Belgium)

Business Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 289pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522584551) • US $225.00 (our price)

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Michael Felderer (University of Innsbruck, Austria) and Riccardo

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Gothenburg, Sweden)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 349pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522563136) • US $215.00 (our price)

Cryptographic Security Solutions for the Internet of Things

Mohammad Tariq Banday (University of Kashmir, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 367pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522557425) • US $195.00 (our price)

Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in System Security, Information

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Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A. (Information Resources Management

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Information Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 417pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522574927) • US $285.00 (our price)

Handbook of Research on Information and Cyber Security in the Fourth

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Ziska Fields (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 647pp • H/C (ISBN:

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Security and Privacy in Smart Sensor Networks

Yassine Maleh (University Hassan I, Morocco) Abdellah Ezzati (University

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The Changing Scope of Technoethics in Contemporary Society

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Information Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 403pp • H/C (ISBN:

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Handbook of Research on Information Security in Biomedical Signal

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Chittaranjan Pradhan (KIIT University, India) Himansu Das (KIIT

University, India) Bighnaraj Naik (Veer Surendra Sai University of

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Information Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 414pp • H/C (ISBN:

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Handbook of Research on Network Forensics and Analysis Techniques

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Kumar (National Institute of Technology Patna, India) B. B. Gupta

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Labs, France) and Nilanjan Dey (Techno India College of Technology,

India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 509pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522541004) • US $335.00 (our price)

Cyber Harassment and Policy Reform in the Digital Age Emerging

Research and Opportunities

Ramona S. McNeal (University of Northern Iowa, USA) Susan M. Kunkle

(Kent State University, USA) and Mary Schmeida (Kent State University,
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Information Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 170pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522552857) • US $145.00 (our price)

Security and Privacy Management, Techniques, and Protocols

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Information Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 426pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522555834) • US $205.00 (our price)

Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Human Capital and Information

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Vandana Ahuja (Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India) and

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Information Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 400pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522552970) • US $215.00 (our price)

Security, Privacy, and Anonymization in Social Networks Emerging

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Information Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 176pp • H/C (ISBN:

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Critical Research on Scalability and Security Issues in Virtual Cloud

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Information Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 341pp • H/C (ISBN:

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John Forge (University of Sydney, Australia)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 216pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522539841) • US $175.00 (our price)

Advanced Cloud Computing Security Techniques and Applications

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9781522525066) • US $225.00 (our price)

Algorithmic Strategies for Solving Complex Problems in Cryptography

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Information Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 302pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522529156) • US $245.00 (our price)

Information Technology Risk Management and Compliance in Modern

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Corporation, USA) and Pavankumar Mulgund (State University of New

York, Buffalo, USA)

Business Science Reference • copyright 2018 • 360pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522526049) • US $225.00 (our price)

Detecting and Mitigating Robotic Cyber Security Risks

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Pattnaik (KIIT University (Deemed), India) and Priyanka Pandey (LNCT

Group of College, India)

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9781522521549) • US $210.00 (our price)

Advanced Image-Based Spam Detection and Filtering Techniques

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(DIAT), Pune, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 213pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781683180135) • US $175.00 (our price)

Privacy and Security Policies in Big Data

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Vijender Kumar Solanki (Institute of Technology and Science Ghaziabad,

India) and Nilanjan Dey (Techno India College of Technology, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 305pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522524861) • US $210.00 (our price)

Securing Government Information and Data in Developing Countries

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Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 307pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522517030) • US $160.00 (our price)

Security Breaches and Threat Prevention in the Internet of Things

N. Jeyanthi (VIT University, India) and R. Thandeeswaran (VIT University,

India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 276pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522522966) • US $180.00 (our price)

Decentralized Computing Using Blockchain Technologies and Smart

Contracts Emerging Research and Opportunities

S. Asharaf (Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management,

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and Management, Kerala, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 128pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522521938) • US $120.00 (our price)

Cybersecurity Breaches and Issues Surrounding Online Threat Protection

Michelle Moore (George Mason University, USA)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 408pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522519416) • US $195.00 (our price)

Security Solutions and Applied Cryptography in Smart Grid

Communications

Mohamed Amine Ferrag (Guelma University, Algeria) and Ahmed Ahmim

(University of Larbi Tebessi, Algeria)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 464pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522518297) • US $215.00 (our price)

Threat Mitigation and Detection of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism Activities

Maximiliano E. Korstanje (University of Palermo, Argentina)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 315pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522519386) • US $190.00 (our price)

Online Banking Security Measures and Data Protection

Shadi A. Aljawarneh (Jordan University of Science and Technology,

Jordan)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 312pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522508649) • US $215.00 (our price)

Developing Next-Generation Countermeasures for Homeland Security

Threat Prevention
Maurice Dawson (Illinois Institute of Technology, USA) Dakshina Ranjan

Kisku (National Institute of Technology, India) Phalguni Gupta (National

Institute of Technical Teachers' Training & Research, India) Jamuna Kanta

Sing (Jadavpur University, India) and Weifeng Li (Tsinghua University,

China)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 428pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522507031) • US $210.00 (our price)

Security Solutions for Hyperconnectivity and the Internet of Things

Maurice Dawson (Illinois Institute of Technology, USA) Mohamed Eltayeb

(Colorado Technical University, USA) and Marwan Omar (Saint Leo

University, USA)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 347pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522507413) • US $215.00 (our price)

Managing Security Issues and the Hidden Dangers of Wearable

Technologies

Andrew Marrington (Zayed University, UAE) Don Kerr (University of the

Sunshine Coast, Australia) and John Gammack (Zayed University, UAE)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 345pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522510161) • US $200.00 (our price)

Security Management in Mobile Cloud Computing

Kashif Munir (University of Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2017 • 248pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522506027) • US $150.00 (our price)

Cryptographic Solutions for Secure Online Banking and Commerce

Kannan Balasubramanian (Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, India) K.

Mala (Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, India) and M. Rajakani (Mepco

Schlenk Engineering College, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2016 • 375pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522502739) • US $200.00 (our price)

Handbook of Research on Modern Cryptographic Solutions for Computer

and Cyber Security

Brij Gupta (National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India) Dharma

P. Agrawal (University of Cincinnati, USA) and Shingo Yamaguchi

(Yamaguchi University, Japan)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2016 • 589pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522501053) • US $305.00 (our price)

Innovative Solutions for Access Control Management

Ahmad Kamran Malik (COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,

Pakistan) Adeel Anjum (COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,

Pakistan) and Basit Raza (COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,

Pakistan)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2016 • 330pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781522504481) • US $195.00 (our price)

Network Security Attacks and Countermeasures

Dileep Kumar G. (Adama Science and Technology University, Ethiopia)

Manoj Kumar Singh (Adama Science and Technology University, Ethiopia)

and M.K. Jayanthi (King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2016 • 357pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781466687615) • US $205.00 (our price)

Next Generation Wireless Network Security and Privacy

Kamaljit I. Lakhtaria (Gujarat University, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2015 • 372pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781466686878) • US $205.00 (our price)

Improving Information Security Practices through Computational

Intelligence

Wasan Awad (Ahlia University, Bahrain) El Sayed M. El-Alfy (King Fahd

University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia) and Yousif Al-Bastaki

(University of Bahrain, Bahrain)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2016 • 327pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781466694262) • US $210.00 (our price)

Handbook of Research on Security Considerations in Cloud Computing

Kashif Munir (King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi

Arabia) Mubarak S. Al-Mutairi (King Fahd University of Petroleum &

Minerals, Saudi Arabia) and Lawan A. Mohammed (King Fahd University

of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2015 • 408pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781466683877) • US $325.00 (our price)

Emerging Security Solutions Using Public and Private Key Cryptography

Mathematical Concepts

Addepalli VN Krishna (Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for

Women, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2015 • 302pp • H/C (ISBN: ) •

US $225.00 (our price)

Handbook of Research on Emerging Developments in Data Privacy

Manish Gupta (State University of New York at Buffalo, USA)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2015 • 507pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781466673816) • US $325.00 (our price)

Handbook of Research on Securing Cloud-Based Databases with Biometric

Applications

Ganesh Chandra Deka (Ministry of Labour and Employment, India) and

Sambit Bakshi (National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2015 • 530pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781466665590) • US $335.00 (our price)

Handbook of Research on Threat Detection and Countermeasures in

Network Security

Alaa Hussein Al-Hamami (Amman Arab University, Jordan) and Ghossoon

M. Waleed al-Saadoon (Applied Sciences University, Bahrain)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2015 • 426pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781466665835) • US $325.00 (our price)

Information Security in Diverse Computing Environments

Anne Kayem (Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town,

South Africa) and Christoph Meinel (Hasso-Plattner-Institute for IT

Systems Engineering, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 354pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781466661585) • US $245.00 (our price)

Network Topology in Command and Control Organization, Operation, and

Evolution

T. J. Grant (R-BAR, The Netherlands) R. H. P. Janssen (Netherlands

Defence Academy, The Netherlands) and H. Monsuur (Netherlands Defence

Academy, The Netherlands)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 320pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781466660588) • US $215.00 (our price)

Cases on Research and Knowledge Discovery Homeland Security Centers

of Excellence

Cecelia Wright Brown (University of Baltimore, USA) Kevin A. Peters

(Morgan State University, USA) and Kofi Adofo Nyarko (Morgan State

University, USA)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 357pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781466659469) • US $215.00 (our price)

Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Cryptology and Information Security

Sattar B. Sadkhan Al Maliky (University of Babylon, Iraq) and Nidaa A.

Abbas (University of Babylon, Iraq)

Information Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 443pp • H/C (ISBN:

9781466658080) • US $245.00 (our price)

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Trust Management in Mobile Environments Autonomic and Usable Models

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IT Security Governance Innovations Theory and Research

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 Dedication
This book is affectionately dedicated to my mother, the late Mrs. Subhraji

Chaubey, who inspired me to live with purpose and meaning, always focus

on giving back to the society, her love, courage, devotion have been the

strength of my striving.

Nirbhay Kumar Chaubey

This book is dedicated to my parents, Lattaben and Babubhai, who taught

me to practice truth, honesty and devotion. My brother, Amit, he is dear and

special to me. My children, Riddhi and Aum, thanks for all they are

augmentation of myself, they are my life. At last but not the least, my life

partner, Asha, for her continuous love, care and inspiration....we are one.

Bhavesh Prajapati
Editorial Advisory Board

Kiran Amin, Ganpat University, India

Harshal Arolkar, GLS University, Ahmedabad, India

Parameshachari B. D., Visvesvaraya Technological University, India

Lal Bihari Barik, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

Madhuri Bhavsar, Nirma University, India

Sonali Bhutad, University of Mumbai, India

D. B. Choksi, Sardar Patel University, India

Jignesh Doshi, Gujarat Technological University, India

Parvej Faruki, Gujarat Technological University, India

Savita R. Gandhi, Gujarat University, India

Deepak Garg, Bennett University, India

Sanjay Garg, Nirma University, India

Nilakshi Jain, University of Mumbai, India

Vishal Jain, BVICAM, New Delhi, India

Anand Kumar, Visvesvaraya Technological University, India

Binod Kumar, University of Pune, India

Himanshu S. Mazumdar, Dharmsinh Desai University, India

Anand Nayyar, Duy Tan University, Vietnam

Arish P., Christ University, India

Jyoti Pareek, Gujarat University, Gujarat, India

Mehul C. Parikh, Gujarat Technological University, India

Satyen Parikh, Ganpat University, India

Kalpdrum Passi, Laurential University, Canada

Jigisha Patel, Sheridan College, Canada

Manish Patel, Gujarat Technological University, India

Maulika Patel, Gujarat Technological University, India

Padmapriya Praveenkumar, SASTRA University, India

Balaji Rajendran, CDAC, India

Rakhee, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India

Digvijaysinh Rathod, Gujarat Forensic Science University, India

Apurv Shah, M. S. University, Vadodara, India

Vrushank Shah, Indus University, Ahmedabad, India

Deepak H. Sharma, University of Mumbai, India

Priyanka Sharma, Raksha Shakti University, Gujarat, India

Aditya Sinha, CDAC, India

Mohit Tahiliani, NITK, Karnatka, India

Vijay Ukani, Nirma University, India

Mayur Vegad, BVM Engineering College, Gujarat Technological

University, India

S. K. Vij, ITM University, Vadodara, India

Om Prakash Vyas, IIIT, Allahabad, India

 Foreword
Akshai Aggarwal

University of Windsor, Canada

It is a pleasure to write the Foreword for this important new book -

“Quantum Cryptography and the Future of Cyber Security”, edited by

Professor (Dr.) Nirbhay Kumar Chaubey and Professor Bhavesh B.

Prajapati. In this book, the editors have brought together an impressive and

substantive array of important topics to explore recent advances in quantum

computing and cybersecurity. This book contains thirteen chapters arranged

in two sections: Section -1 Quantum cryptography comprises the first six

chapters and the remaining seven chapters constitute Section -2 on Cyber

security.

Quantum computing is a fast-emerging area of computer science and the

research in Quantum Cryptography is intensifying since bottlenecks in the

traditional methods of ensuring security of valuable digital data and

communication are on the horizon. The clock frequency of the current

computer processor systems may reach about 40GHz in the next 10 years.

By then, one atom may represent one bit. Electrons under such conditions

are no longer described by classical physics, and a new model of the

computer may become necessary. A quantum computer represents

information as a series of bits, called quantum bits or “qubits”. Qubits can

be either 0 or 1, but unlike a normal bit, qubits can exist in multiple states at

the same time. This property allows the qubits to work on millions of

computations in parallel. A quantum computer may be more powerful than

the most advanced modern supercomputers available today and this could

“lead to new breakthroughs in science, technology and life-sciences.

Quantum computing presents great opportunities and it will be adopted by

several domains, including cyber security, cryptography, artificial

intelligence, machine learning, biomedical simulations, financial services,

weather forecasting and climate change etc.

Cyber security is becoming a larger issue every day as more computing

power becomes easily available to every one, including those who want to

attack the digital systems. We, the human beings, become more vulnerable

as we increase our dependence upon digital systems. Ongoing cyberattacks,

hacks, data breaches, and privacy concerns reveal vividly the inadequacy of

existing techniques of cybersecurity and the need to continuously develop

new and better ones. Quantum machine learning approaches can help

develop new and powerful techniques to combat cyber security threats by

recognizing the threats earlier and by helping mitigate the damage, that the

cyber-attacks may do. Cybersecurity analysts and experts are worried that a

new type of computer, based on quantum bits could break the most modern

cryptographic techniques. In the future, even robust cryptographic

algorithms (Finite Field Cryptography, RSA, Elliptic Curve Cryptography,

SHA 256, AES 256,) may not remain secure in the face of attacks mounted

by using quantum computers. Therefore, Quantum computing is at once

both an opportunity and a threat. Researchers in Cyber security will have to

use Quantum Computing to protect computer systems from attacks that

could compromise the hardware, software or information even as the

attacks, in the future, become sharper by use of new methodologies and

more powerful Quantum Computers.

I would like to congratulate the editors and authors for this great effort,

which will be highly useful to research scholars, cyber security analysts,

industry experts, researchers in Social Studies and Public Policy, IT

professionals and students of Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics

& Communication Engineering, Computer Applications and Information &

Communication Technology. The book is the product of the joint efforts by

the authors, editors, reviewers, and advisory editorial board, who are all

well-equipped to present the research & developments in the subject-matter,

as they are educators with vast experiences in the field of computer science,

quantum computing, cyber security, networking and communication

engineering. I find that the book has turned out to be a comprehensive

research handbook. I, therefore, recommend this book both for academic

studies and research at universities and to all those in businesses and

industries, who want to understand the new area of Quantum Cryptography.

Akshai Aggarwal, currently working as a Professor Emeritus in Computer

Science, at Windsor, Canada, had served as Director, School of Computer

Science, University of Windsor, Canada and as the Vice Chancellor, Gujarat

Technological University, India for two successive terms (2010 - 2013,

2013-2016). Dr.Akshai Aggarwal holds Ph.D in Electrical Engineering

from the prestigious Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. In his

distinguished career spanning over 45 years, he has served in premier

institutions such as Maharaja Sayajirao University, Gujarat University,

Gujarat Technological University and University of Windsor. He has also

been invited to chair the International Advisory Committee, Industries

Affairs Committee etc. of many Conferences. He has been honoured with

the Governor’s Award, IEEE Millennium Medal and Fellowships of IETE,

M.S. University and Gujarat University.

 Preface
Nirbhay Chaubey

Gujarat Technological University, India

Bhavesh Prajapati

Education Department, Government of Gujarat, India

Today's IT security depends on encryption and public key distribution to

guarantee security of E-commerce, Government and corporate transactions

and personal communications. These encryption techniques are based on

complex mathematical algorithms, which are time safe and not possible to

be broken by latest computation power for years. Brute force attack cannot

be applied to algorithms like RSA-2048, AES-128 and ECDSA-256 having

sufficient key length. Nevertheless, Quantum computers will pose a

significant threat for existing cyber security mechanisms, when large fault -

tolerant quantum computers are build the most commonly used

cryptosystems will break. Therefore, dealing with this threat is crucial and

need to study.

Quantum cryptography is a study of cryptographic techniques which applies

quantum encryption and decryption based on principles of quantum

physics. Theory of quantum physics which required to implement quantum

cryptography is quite mature but practically still much remain to achieve.

Quantum computing uses “qubit” as a basic unit of computing which is very

sensitive to thermal and electromagnetic changes. Present implementations

of quantum cryptography are still within the reach of universities, academia

and research centers. Large scale commercial availability of quantum

computer is still a far sight but can be a reality within a next decade.

Current quantum computers are very expensive and limited to few qubit

operations. Latest most powerful quantum computer can handle maximum

72 qubits at a time. Furthermore, quantum key distribution networks are

limited by maximum distance of 100 kilometers as per latest

implementation. Quantum cryptography is an application of quantum

mechanics and quantum key distribution (QKD) is an example of that. QKD

allows perfectly secure sharing of keys among parties. Any attempt to

intercept transmitted key cannot become successful as one cannot

deterministically find the states of qubit to get the information. Usually

qubit is in super position state and when eavesdropper tries to measure, it

takes one of the states from super position. Quantum key distribution

schemes are usually classified in two categories based on: Prepare and

measure scheme and entanglement based scheme. BB84 protocol, B92

protocol are examples of prepare and measure scheme which uses

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Ekert's protocol and entangled BB84

protocol are using quantum entanglement. Device independent quantum

cryptography, Bit commitment and oblivious transfer, coin flipping

protocols, Delegated quantum computations, quantum storage models are

latest research primitives in the field of quantum cryptography. Post

quantum cryptography is new point for research which focuses on quantum

safe algorithms. Quantum safe algorithms are capable to protect their data

against most powerful quantum cryptographic algorithms and fastest

quantum computers.

Cyber security deals with the protection of computer systems from attacks

and minimizing risk of attack on hardware, software, transactions, data and

information etc. Aim of cyber security is to provide authentication,

confidentiality, integration, non-repudiation and availability. With the intent

use of information and technology in the fields from social media to

financial transactions, IT security concern is at its peak. The sphere of

digital information is growing day by day. This sphere contains computer

systems, networks and large amount of data. Security and privacy related

problems are concerning users and distributers in their shift towards the

ICT.

It is well-known that adapting to any new technology within our homes,

work, or business environments opens doors to new security problems. It

must be considered and dealt with cautions. IT security/ cyber security is

utilized to provide the sustained functioning of such kind of systems.

Industries and governments are implementing new rules or security

rules/policies in collaboration with the international standards groups.

Security operations can be complicated by regulations that lag behind the

criminals’ strategies. As criminals keep coming up with new ways to attack,

regulation – while necessary and important – can sometimes make security

harder. Organizations, many of which have limited IT and security

resources, need to find a way to adapt to ensure compliance with these new

regulations, while still managing day-to-day operations. IoT is combination

of multiple devices connected together to serve a specific task e.g home

appliances and services sensors. While these devices do not have any

sensitive data but they can be also hacked to access information. With

increased use of IoT, these devices are prime target of cyber-attacks. The

reason for the same is many IoT implementations are not secured end-to-

end. Attacks on these devices are also rising due to lack of standards

concerning its security. Due to the lack of any industry-wide framework and

standards, IoT security is left to respective vendors and device

manufacturers, whose focus is often on the functionality of the device rather

than the potential risks and consequences. In the backdrop of emerging

threats, regulatory frameworks or guidelines addressing security concerns is

the need of the hour. Digital transformation implies that effective security is

no longer an option but it is mandatory. Attacks will be spread out and more

number of small businesses and even individuals will come under the radar

of cybercriminals. Large organizations have already done considerable work

to protect themselves from attacks. It is easier to target small and mid-size

companies as they may not have adequate security measures and resources

in place to protect themselves. Small companies must re-assess their

security posture and ensure adequate measures and controls are

implemented to safeguard against today’s cyber-attacks.

AIM OF THE BOOK

The idea behind this book is to put researchers on the common theme of

quantum cryptography and the future of cyber security with latest research

topics of their work area.

Classical cryptography has very limited future with reference to availability

of quantum computers in day-to-day life. Classical cryptography depends

on complexity of mathematical algorithm and plenty of time required for

breaking that complex algorithm with best computing resources. Quantum

computers work exponentially fast with comparison to traditional ones.

Quantum computers uses photon as a basic unit of transmission and security

is derived from the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics.

Quantum cryptography is becoming the technology one cannot ignore for

long. When we talk of quantum cryptography, cyber security will

spontaneously come into the picture. Data is the most precious thing to be
stolen in this new age. Even economies and technology platforms are

becoming data driven and sensitive towards security of data. Rise in cyber

crime and new methodologies adopted for cyber crime push us to study the

new avenues of cyber security.

This book presents latest work of several researchers in field of quantum

cryptography and cyber security to generate interest and discussion among

post graduate, undergraduate, academic and research community.

INTENDED AUDIENCE AND USE

The intended audience for this book includes:

• Post graduate, graduate and undergraduate level students of

Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Communication

Engineering, Computer Applications and Information and

Communication Technology.

• Ph.D and Research Scholar Students of Computer Science and

Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Computer

Applications and Information and Communication Technology.

• Systems Engineering, Social Studies, and Public Policy.

• Academician, Researchers and Industry experts engaged in quantum

computing, quantum cryptography, cyber security related research

from a wide range of perspectives including but not limited to the

Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Communication

Engineering, Computer Applications, Information and Communication

Technology social studies and public administration.

• This book is intended for use as both a textbook and a

comprehensive research handbook.

 • The contributors to this edited volume book are renowned experts in

their respective fields. Most of the chapters contained in this book

provide an updated comprehensive survey of the related field and also

specific findings from cutting-edging innovative research.

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK

This book is organized in thirteen chapters broadly divided among two

sections:

• Section 1: Quantum Cryptography

Chapters 1 to 6 discusses different areas of quantum cryptography.

• Section 2: Cyber Security

Chapter s7 to 13 discusses different developments in the field of cyber

security.

A brief description of each of the chapters are as follows:

Chapter 1: Post-Quantum Cryptography and

Quantum Cloning

This chapter discusses basic notations of post quantum cryptography,

different cryptosystems, lattice based cryptography, multivariate

cryptography, hash based cryptography, quantum cloning and its

classification.
Chapter 2: Quantum Key Distribution – The
Evolution

This chapter presents fundamental concepts of quantum information,

underlying principles and quantum processing. Qubit, its operations, basic

postulates of quantum mechanics, quantum key distribution and its related

protocols are also reviewed and discussed.

Chapter 3: Optimal Parameter Prediction for

Secure Quantum Key Distribution Using
Quantum Machine Learning Models

This chapter compare quantum key distribution, traditional public and

private key distribution strategies. Authors of this chapter discuss the role of

parameter prediction and optimization in achieving quantum key

distribution (QKD) in a finite time interval. Several potential quantum

machine learning algorithms like QFFNN, QRNN, QBNN, QCNN, QRL,

QQL, QPSO, QA, and QDE are critically studied and found that the

performances of the QCNN and QPSO is good amongst all the quantum

machine learning models discussed towards quantum key distribution.

Chapter 4: LFSR Keyed MUX for Random Number

Generation in Nano Communication Using QCA

Authors in this chapter proposed an efficient Quantum Cellular Automata

(QCA) based Random Number Generator (RNG). To maximise the

randomness in the proposed Nano communication, Linear Feedback Shift

Register (LFSR) Keyed Multiplexer with Ring Oscillators is developed. The

developed RNG is simulated using Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA)

simulator tool.

Chapter 5: Quantum Cryptography Key

Distribution – Quantum Computing

This Chapter discusses fundamentals of classical and quantum

cryptography with different quantum key distribution protocols. Quantum

key distribution characteristics, challenges and implementation concepts are

also discussed. Idea of quantum resistant algorithm is also explored.

Chapter 6: Quantum Internet and E-Governance –

A Futuristic Perspective

This chapter analyses evolution of quantum cryptography, components

involved to design network architecture for quantum internet, quantum key

exchange mechanism and functionality wise stages for quantum internet, E-

governance, related challenges and solution using quantum cryptography.

Chapter 7: Critical Infrastructure Security –

Cyber-Physical Attack Prevention, Detection, and
Countermeasures

This chapter reviews NIST framework for cyber physical systems and

discussed different views toward cyber physical security, attack

categorization, attack against the smart grid, attacks against the customers,

3M architecture for cyber physical system, countermeasures. The authors of

this chapter identify possible solution for defence against cyber physical

system.
Chapter 8: Cryptography in Healthcare Sector
With Modernized Cyber Security

This chapter identifies the necessity of cryptography in healthcare sector

and related different techniques. It also discusses block chain health care

data management system and the structure of block chain. Author

investigate that face recognition and iris detection based on deep learning

techniques.

Chapter 9: Improved Methodology to Detect

Advanced Persistent Threat Attack

This chapter analyses security analysis, advanced persistent threat attacks

and its characteristics. Authors of this chapter proposed a model based on

Markov-chain property to tackle advanced persistent attack in the network.

Experimental results with the help of simulator shows that the proposed

model minimize load on the server and increases reliability.

Chapter 10: IoT and Cyber Security –

Introduction, Attacks, and Preventive Steps

This chapter discusses about IoT and its hardware, experimental display for

temperature and humidity sensing, IoT architecture, characteristics and

applications. Author of this chapter also reviews possible attacks and

preventive steps for IoT infrastructure.

Chapter 11: Security and Privacy in Big Data

Computing – Concepts, Techniques, and
Research Challenges
This chapter discusses fundamentals of big data and summarizes findings of

many current research papers. It also discusses homographic encryption

technique, certificate less proxy re encryption scheme, attribute based

access control, block chain access control, de identification scheme. Open

issues related to traditional techniques of big data privacy and security are

also analysed by author. Moreover, it also illustrates comprehensive

overview of possible security techniques and future directions addressing

Big data privacy and security issues.

Chapter 12: Cyber Security Techniques for

Internet of Things (IoT)

This chapter investigate IoT Security Maturity Model (SMM) set security

targets and invest in security mechanisms. Authors conclude that the IoT

device product lifecycle management (PLM) can be improved by

accumulating IoT data with data from product specifications and digital

twins. There is a need for a framework or other type of guidance for

assessing IoT cybersecurity to provide an informed approach to securing

devices and the ecosystems in which they are set up.

Chapter 13: Cyber Security Aspects of

Virtualization in Cloud Computing Environment –
Analyzing Virtualization Specific Cyber Security
Risks

This chapter discusses quantum key distribution fundamentals with

reference to secure cloud computing. It also focuses on virtualization

security, taxonomy, threats, vulnerability and different attacks. Author

analyzed that the side-channel attacks are flattering big security concerns
which needs to be reviewed from a new point of view. A CPU cache which

is shared between Virtual Machines (VMs) leaks information on cache

access patterns of running instances. The authors also discuss the design of

their novel ‘Flush+Flush’ cache attack detection approach in a virtualized

environment.

CONCLUSION

Quantum cryptography still have many miles to go but today’s cyber

security solutions have already started to think about inclusion of quantum

cryptographic techniques as part of their implementation. Research

community has even started representing different solutions for post

quantum cryptography and quantum resistant solution thinking of quantum

reality. Quantum Cryptography and Cyber Security are at the center of

research and practitioner interests in an increasingly inter-connected world.

Quantum technologies have a positive impact on cyber security. Quantum

device with the current state-of-the art technology can be used to enhance

the security by achieving tasks impossible classically, such as, secret key

expansion with perfect security. Since, quantum computers will become an

integral part of our future network of communications and computations,

we need to develop practical way to use the quantum computers with same

security guarantees with those of secure (classical) computing. Security

scenario is changing drastically fast, from the perception of attacker and

preventer both side. We need to remain open to new invention and its

adaptation to the existing solutions and this book share latest development

of quantum cryptographic and cyber security. In the future, the part of

everyday life and economy requiring computer systems is bound to increase

further and become fully dominant. Cyber warfare and cybercrime will be

common and the role of cyber security crucial. We hope that this book
continues to engage researchers, practitioners and students on this important

topic.
 Acknowledgment
Nirbhay Kumar Chaubey

Gujarat Technological University, India

Bhavesh B. Prajapati

Education Department, Government of Gujarat, India

The editors would like to acknowledge the help of all the people involved in

this project and, more specifically, the authors, as without their contribution

and support this book would not have become a reality. The editors would

like to thank each one of the authors for their contributions. Our sincere

gratitude goes to the chapters’ authors who contributed their time and

expertise to this book.

We wish to acknowledge the valuable contributions of the reviewers,

editorial board members regarding the improvement of quality, coherence,

and content presentation of chapters. Few authors also served as referees;

we highly appreciate their double task.

We are highly grateful and express deep appreciation to our source of

inspiration, Dr. Akshai Aggarwal, Professor Emeritus, School of Computer

Science, University of Windsor, Canada and Ex. Vice Chancellor, Gujarat

Technological University (GTU), India for the insights and guidance he

provided throughout the execution of this book project.

We acknowledge and thank Dr. Savita Gandhi, Professor and Head,

Department of Computer Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India

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palatals y k x, and before ξ, as ἔγγονος ἔγκαιρος ἐγχώριος ἐγξέω,
etc.—2. into μ. efore the labials 8 a @, and before W, as σύμβιος
συμπότης συμφυῆς EuPrnoes etc.—3. into A, before A, as, λλείπω
συλλαμβάνω, etc.—4. into p before p, as συῤῥάπτω ἔῤῥυθμος, etc. ;
though in compds. of ἐν ν sometimes remains before p, as,
ἔνρυθμος.---8. into o before o, as, σύσσιτος πάσσοdoc, etc.: except
again in compds. of ἐν (cf. also πάνσοφος) ; esp. before of ox ou or
στ σφ ox.—6. ν is left out before ¢ of ox σφ ok oy, except in the
prep. ἐν: itis also dropt before simple σ in nouns of the 3 decl., as
τιθείς for τίθενς ; in the 3 pl. of verbs, as τύπτουσι for τύπτοντι, etc.
; soin the dat. plur..of the 3d declens., as δαίμοσι for δαίμονσι, v.
Buttm. Ausf. Gr. § 25, 4, § 41, 3.—7. ν is inserted in aor. 1 pass. of
some pure verbs, as ἱδρύνθην from idptw, ἀμπνύνθη from ἀναπνέω,
etc.—In aor. 1 pass. of verbs with a liquid before w, ν usu. remains,
if it belongs to the root, as in ἐκλίνθη from κλένω (cf. πλύνω) ; but
again it is dropt in some tenses, as always in pf. 1 act. and pass. and
aor. 1 pass. from reivw, usu. in κρίνω κλίνω κτείνω πλύνω, cf. Lob.
Phryn. 37.—-IL dialectic changes:—1. in Aeol. when ν follows a long
vowel or diphthong, thisis shortened and v doubled, as κτείνω
κτέννω, ἐγείνατο yévvato, Greg. Cor. Dial. t (ne 11.—2. ν and A are
exchanged, v. sub 4.—3. ν and yu are exchanged, v. sub w.—III. the
so-called. pi ἐφελκυστικόν is found with dat. plur. in ov: 3 pers. plur.
of verbs in oz; 3 pers. sing. in -e, -t; the local termin. -ov, as
᾿ΑθήVOL, Pinas wi the Epic termin. -¢.; the numeral εἴκοσι ; the
advs. νόσφι and πέρυσι; the enclit. particles κέ and νύ ; and
sometimes (acc. to Gramm.) with the demonst. - after σ, as οὑτοσίν,
οὑτωσίν. Its use is either to avoid a hiatus where a vowel follows, or
to give fulness to the pronunciation.—In Ionic prose this v is usu.
omitted. Ndag, Dor. acc. pl. from ναῦς, Theocr. Π >: NAIA tNaacdév,
ὃ, Naason, Hebr. mase. pr. n., N. T. oa! tNaGaplavne, ove, 6,
Nabarzanes, a Persian, Arr, An. 3, 21,23. ᾿tNaGaraiot, wr, oi, the
Nabataei, a people of Arabia Petraea, Strab. p.. 767: their territory, ἡ
Ναβαταία, id. 5 tNaBravoi, ὧν, of, the Nabiani, a peowe of Asiatic
Sarmatia, Strab. p. ἸΝάβες, oc, ὃ, Nabis, a king of Sparta, Polyb. 17,
17, 1. Νάβλα, ἡ, Soph. Fr. 728, also νάβλας, ὁ, Philem. Ρ. 370 (where
also is a gen. τοῦ νάβλα), and. Strab. :—a musical instrument of ten,
or (acc. to Joseph.) twelve strings; the player is called ναβλιστῆς, od,
6, Euphor. 31, and in Μαποίμῃοναβλιστοκτῦπεύς. Later collat. forms
are vadAa, ἡ, and ναῦλον, τό. (Ath., 175 D, says it was Phoenician;
and no doubt it is the Hebr. nevel, freq. mentioned in the Psalms,
along with the kinnir ; ct. sub κινύρα.) . Ναβλιστῆς, od, 6, ν. foreg.
tNaSoxodpécopoc, ov, 6, Nabuchod-_ onosar or Nebuchadnezar,
Strab. p. 687. ΤΝαβουριανός, od, 6, Naburianus, a learned Chaldee,
Strab. p. 739. . shag 85, ὁ, Nangai, Hebr. masc. pr. n., N. T.
tNdy.doc, ov, 7, Nagidus, a city on the borders of Cilicia and
Pamphylia, Strab. p. 682, Νάγμα, ατος, τό, (νάσσω) any thing piled
up, as ἃ stone wall, Joseph. Ναετήρ, ἦρος, 6,=sq., Anth. P. 7, 409,
etc. Ndéryec, ov, 6, (ναίω) an inhabitant, Ephipp. Geryon. 1. .
Ναέτωρ, opoc, 6, (vam) one that flows. tNalapér or Ναζαρέθ, indecl.
7, Nazareth, a small city of lower Galilee in Judaea, the inhab. of
which were not in good repute, N. Τ᾿ ἘΝαζαρηνός, οὔ, Nazarene,
appell. of Christ from having been there educated, N. T. οἱ
ἘΝαζωραῖος, ov, 6,=foreg., appell. of Christ and his followers, N. Τὶ;
v. also Interpp. ad Matth. 2, 23. ἐναθάν, 6, Nathan, a Hebrew
prophet, LX X.—2. a son of David, N. T. tNa@avanA, 6, Nathanael,
adisciple of Jesus, N. T. . Ναθμός, οὔ, ὁ, (νάω)ξενασμός. ἐΝαθώ,
οὖς, 7, Natho, an island and district of Aegypt, Hat. 2, 165. Nai, adv.,
used m strong affirma-— tion, yea, verily, Lat. nae: im Hom. usu. in
the phrase vai δὴ ταῦτά ye πάντα κατὰ μοῖραν ἔειπες, yea thou hast
spoken sooth : also, ναὶ μὰ τόδε. σκῆπτρόν, Il. 1, 234, cf. H. Mere.
460, Pind. N. 11, 30: in Att. vat μά, is very freq. c. acc. rei, just like
vag by itself, ο. 866. : cf. μά, νή.---ὦ. in answers also the Att. use vai
by itself, yea, yes, aye, Plat. Theaet. 193 A, etc. —3. vai followed by
ἀλλά, etc., also marks a qualified assent, — yes, but..., Plat. Rep.
415 E, ef. Soph. | 226 E. Ndi, Dor. and Att. poet. dat. from ναῦς. ἫΝ
Ναϊάς, ἄδος, ἡ (νάω) :—a Naiad, a river or water-nymph, usu. in pl.
Naiddec, Eur.; so Hom. has it always in lon. plur. Nyiddec, Od. 13,
104, 348, 356.—Also Nai¢ (ᾳ v.); but. never Ναιάς. Ναιδᾶμῶς,
stronger form of vai, yes certainly, Comicus ap. Hesych.: directly
opp. to οὐδαμῶς or μηδαμῶς... Ndidiov, ov, τό, dim. from ναός,
Polyb. 6, 53, 4. [7d] as dba , of Nazareth, a. tk es ia Ri τ. “4
 ΝΆ δ Νιαίεσκε, Ion. impf. from ναέω, I. Naverdaoxe, lon.
impf. from vate, Hom. ; Ναικετάω, in Hom. oft. in lengthd. Ep. forms
part. fem. vacerdéwoa, impf. ναϊετάεσκον (vaiw). — 1. of persons, to
dwell, freq. in Hom., and Hes. ; usu. v. ἐν...; ν᾿. ἐπὶ χθονί, Od. 6,
153, Hes. Th. 564; also c. dat. loci, Il. 3, 387, Od. 17, 523; later also
with ἀμφί, , ete., Pind. P. 4, 321: in genl. to be living, to live, be.—2.
c. acc. loci, to dwell in, inhabit, Adpiooav,’10aKny, ete., Il. 2, 841,
Od. 9, 21, etc. ; δώματα, Hes. Th. 816.—II. of places, to be situated,
lie, Il. 4, 45, Od, 1, 404, etc. ; and so simply in the pass signf, to be
inhabited: cf. εὐναιετάων. --- Only poet. Ναιετήρ, ρος; ὁ, ναϊέτης, ov,
6,= ναέτης, ναετή 5 Naixcor vaixc, barbarism for vaiye, in Ar. Thesm.
1183. rop. names of places: freq. also in Pind. and Trag., in all these
constructions.—II. of places, to le, be situated, only once in Hom.,
νήσων ai ναίουσι πέρην ἁλός, Il. 2, 626, cf. Soph. Aj. 598 ; also,
ὁδὸς ἐγγύθι vaiet, Hes. Op. 286: cf. varetdw 1]., et v. infr. B. 1.---ἸΠ|
in Od. 9, 222, ὀρῷ ναῖον ἄγγεα, the pails were filled wit curd,—as
Wolf (after Aristarch. ) reads ; cf. Ap. Rh. 1, 1146, Call. Dian. 224:
al. νᾶον, from νάω, to flow. B. trans., mostly in poet. aor. νάσoa, for
vaca :—to make inhabited, give one to dwell in, καί κέ of "Apyei
νάσoa πόλιν, I gave him a town in Argos for his home, Od. 4, 174:
hence, to make a building habitable, generally to build, νηὸν
évaccay, H. Hom. Ap. 298 :—hence in pass. of place, like A. Il., to lie,
be situated, (asin the Homeric compd. εὐναιόμενος : cf. also véatoc.
—ll. c. acc. pers., to let one dwell, settle him, ἐν “Apyet ἔνασσεν
ἐκγόνους Ἡρακλέος, Pind. P. 5, 94: —to this signf. belongs the aor,
pass., “πατὴρ ἐμὸς “Apyei νάσθη, my father settled at Argos, Il. 14,
119, cf. Soph. Fr. 795, Ap. Rh. 3, 1180; so, after ‘Hom., the aor. mid.,
νάσσατο ἄγχ᾽ “λικῶνος ὀϊζυρῇ ἐνὶ κώμῃ, Hes. Op. 637: esp. of
emigrants and colonists, ef. drovaiw, ἀπονάω, and the poet. Jengthd.
form va:erdéw.—The word is freq. in Pind., and Trag., in intr. -signf.
of persons, but the trans. signf. seems wholly Ep., or at least ‘, ef.
Eur. ap. Lycurg. 161, 31; οἰκεῖν, οἰκίζειν being — instead in Att. 6
NAZI Prom the aor. évacOnv, pf. vévacpat, ott assumes that o
belongs to the root, but he would not therefore connect it with
νάσσω, as Passow does, inferring from Od. 9, 222, that the orig.
notion of vaiw is to be full; nor is it connected with νάω, though oft.
confounded withitin MSS. ; though Boéckh writes νάοισαι (a), on the
analogy of ποέω, in Pind. ΕἾ. 97.) Νάκη, n¢; vi a woolly or hairy
skin, a goat-skin, Od. 14, 530: a sheep’s fleece : later usu. νάκος,
τό, q. V- ta] Νακοδαίμων, ovoc, 6,==sq., with a play on κακοδαίμων,
Ath. 352 B. Ndxodéwne, ov, 6, (νάκος, δέψω) a currier, tanner, Hipp.
Νακοκλέψ, 6, ἡ, a fleece-stealer, Lob. Paral, 292, ἸΝακόλεια, wv, τά,
Nacoléa, a city of Phrygia, Strab. p. 576. Νακόρος, 6,=vewxdpoc,
Inscr. Νάκος, τό, like the Homeric νάκη, a woolly skin, fleece, Lat.
vellus, κριοῦ v., Hat. 2,42, Pind. P, 4,121. (Hence Lat. nacae, whence
again nacca= fullo.) Νακοτιλτέω, ὥ, to pluck or shear off wool,
Archipp. Ichth. 17: from Νακοτίλτης, ov, ὃ, (νάκος, TiAAw) a wool-
plucker, shearer, Philem. p. 362. NGxkériAtoc, ov, (νάκος, TiAAw )
with the wool plucked off, Cratin. Dionys. 8. Νάκτης, ov, 6,=yvadete,
dub. Νακτός, 47, Ov, (νάσσω) squeezed close : hence τὰ vaxrd, felt.
Νακύριον, ov, τό, dim. from νάκος. Naya, ατος, τό, (vdw) any thing
ng, running water, a river, stream, spring, Trag.; of tears, ν.
δακρύων, Soph. Tr. 919; vduar’ ὄσσων, Eur. H. F. 625 ; v. πυρός, a
stream of fire, Eur. Med. 1187;—v. Βάκχιον, Ar. Eccl. 14:—also in
Plat., etc. Hence Nauariaioc, a, ov, flowing, running, ὕδατα, Aeschin.
43,15, and Theophr. Ναμάτιον, ov, τό, dim. from νᾶμα, Theophr. [ud]
Ναμᾶτώδης, ες; (νᾶμα, εἶδος) like a spring, full of springs. Ναμερτῆς,
νᾶμέρτεια, Dor. for νημ-. ἐΝαμνῖται, Gv, οἱ, the Namnitae, or
Namnetes, a people of Gallia Lugdunensis, Strab. p. 190. Nay, Dor.
acc. from ναῦς, for ναῦν. Ναγνάριον, ov, τό, dim, from νάνvoc: tas
fem. pr. n., 7, Nannarium, Theophil. ap. Ath. 587 F. Νάννας, ov, 6,
and νάννη, 7,=vévνος, νέννα, q. V. Ναννίον, ov, τό, dim. from
νάννος, a puppet: tas fem. pr. n., 7, Nannium, Anth. ; etc. Navvickoc,
ov, 6, dim. from νάννος Νάννος, ov, 6, a dwarf, Ar. Fr. 134, Arist. H.
A. 6, 24, 2, cf. part. An. 4, 10, 12.—II. a cheesecake, Ath. 646 C.
(Usu. written νάνος ; but ais long, ef. Ar. Pac. 790, and Lat. ndnus:
hence it should be either νάννος, which is found in MSS., or νᾶνος,--
though Bekk. in Arist writes it νάvoc.) Ναννοφύῆς, “ἔς, (vdvvoc,
φυή) of dwarfish stature, Ar. Pac. 790. tNavvé, οὖς, 7, Nanno, a
female flute player, beloved of Mimnermus, Anth. P. 12, 168.
Ναννώδης, e¢, (νάννος, εἶδος) dwarflike, dwarfish, Arist. Part. An. 4,
10, 10. Névoc, 6, v. νάννος, sub fin. Νάξιος, a, ov, from the isle of
Nazxos; tol Νάξιοι, Hdt., ete.:+ Nagia λίθος or πέτρα, a kind of
whetstone, NATIH Lat. cos Navia, Pind. I. 6 (5), 107: tbut Schol. ad
Pind. 1. c. derives the name from Νάξος, a city of Crete, and so Suid.
s. v., cf. Pinedo ad Steph. Byz. s. v. Νάξος ; and hence = κρητων
ἀκόνη.---. of Naxos (2), οἱ Ἰάδίϑι the Nazians in Sicily, Hat. 7 , 154.
Ναξιουργής, ἔς, (Νάξιος, *Epyw) of arian meld κάνθαρος, Ar. Pac.
143, Cratin, ap. Schol. |, c.; οἵ, Avkcoupre "Nato, ov, h, Naxos, one
of the Cyclades, once called Dia, H. Hom. Ap. 44; tnow Nazia.—2. a
city on east coast of Sicily, Thuc. 6, 3, a colony from Chalcis in
Euboea, hence ἡ Χαλκιδική, id. 4, 25: later the inhab. erected in its
stead Taurominium.—3. a city of Crete, famed for its whetstones,
Suid. 5. v.: cf. sub. Νάτος. ς Ναοδομία, ac, 4, (ναός, δέμω) α building
of temples, Nicet. +NdaoxAoc, ov, ὃ, Naoclus, a son of Codrus, Paus,
7, 3, 6. Ndorotéa, G, to build temples : from Ndorotéc, 6v, (ναός,
ποιέω) building temples, Arist. Rhet. 1, 14, 1. NdoréAoc, ov, lon.
νηοπόλος, (ναός, πολέω) dwelling or busied in a temple, μάντις,
Pind. Fr. 70, 5: ὁ v., the overseer of a temple, Hes. Th. 991. Ndéc,
od, ὃ, Ion. νηός, Att. νεώς: (vaiw)—strictly any house or dwelling
_but, like Lat. aedes (in sing.), limi in use to the dwelling ἤ a god, a
temple, Hom. (who, like Hdt., only uses the Ion. form), Il. 1, 39,
etc., Pind., etc.—Il. esp. the inmost part of a temple, the cell, Hdt. 1,
183; the space in which the image of the god was . laced, like
σηκός, ἄδυτον, Valck, dt. 6, 19, Xen. Apol. 15,—the Ἢ τς οὗ ἱερόν
being more general, Hdt. ἢ ς. Att. use both ναός and γεώς, but the
former only in this spacial si gnf. Ndéc, Dor. and Att. poet. gen. from
ναῦς. ᾿ tNaéc, od, ὁ, Naiis, a descendant of Eumolpus, Paus. 8, 15,
1. ἸΝαούμ, (indecl.; Νάουμος, ov, - ee, ὁ, Nahum, Hebr. masc. pr.n.,
Ndogépoc, ov, bearing a temple. Ναοφύλαξ, ἄκος, ὃ, (ναός, φύλαξ)
the keeper of a temple, Lat, aedituus, gs 1. kt 1284, Arist. Pol. 6, 8,
19.— . (ναῦς) the master or pilot of a ship, Soph. Fy. 151. [Ὁ] Ἶ me
NGraioe¢, a, ov, (νάπη) of a wooded vale or dell, ν. πτυχαΐ, Soph. O.
T. 1026 ; πλάκες, Eur. H. ᾿ 958: af Ναπαῖαι, dell-nymphs. tNarapic,
toc, 6, the Naparis, a river of Scythia flowing into the Ister, Hdt. 4,
48. Νάπειον, ov, τό,Ξενᾶπυ. [ἃ] NA‘IIH, ης, 7, α woodland vale, a
woody dell or glen, Lat. saltus, also βῆσσα, Il. 8, 558; 16, 300; νάπαι
κάλλισται, pleasant valleys and hills about a town, Hdt. 4, 157: ace.
to some also, clefts, gullies, etc., in which water meets, μεσγάγκειαι,
which is ares 11 0. by its prob. deriv. from vaw, and Eur. has yeé
νάπη, Bacch. 1093. — After reed in Soph., Eur., and Xen., we oft.
have νάπος, τό, as well as νάπη, differing only in gender, cf. Suid.,
and Phavorin.; though Schneid. Xen. An. 5, 2, 31; 6, 3, 31, attempts
a distinction. [ἃ] tNarn, ne, 7, Napé, a spot in Lesnear Methymna,
Strab. p. 426.— II. fem. pr. n., ἀπίῃ. P. 5, 5. 961
 NAPO ἸΝαπιτῖνος κόλπος, 6,=‘Irrwvidτης κόλπος, Strab. p.
255. Νάπος. τό, later form from νάπη; .v. Ναπτάλιος, 7,=vae0a. ;
Νᾶπυ, τό,Ξεσίναπι, mustard, strictly the Att. form, Lob. Phryn. 288;
ν. βλέπειν, Ar. Eq. 631, cf. κάρδαμον : dat. νάπυϊ, Luc. Asin. 47. he
usu. accent. νάπυ is wrong, Dind. Ar, |. c., for ἄ only occurs in late
and bad writers.) tNdp, gen. Napéc, ὁ, the Nar, a river of Italy,
flowing into the Tiber, Strab. p. 227. tNapdyapa, wv, τά, Naragara, a
city of Africa, Polyb. 15,5, 14, where form. Μάργαρον. tNdparoc, ov,
ὁ, Naratus, masc. pr. n., Plut. Epicur. 13. tNapavac, ὁ, Narauas,
masc. pr. n., Poly. 1, 78, 5. ; tNapBdv, voc, #, Narbo, chief city of
Gallia Narbonensis, giving name to the province, now Narbonne,
Strab. p. 181, etc.—II. paroxyt. Ndpβων, wvoc, ὃ, the Narbo, flowing
by this city, earlier the Atax, q. v., Polyb. 3, 37,8; Ath. 332 A.
tNapBwvirne, ov, 6,fem. -ἴτις, cdoc, of Narbo, Strab. Ναρδίζω,
(vdpdoc) to look or be like nard or. spikenard. Ndpdivoc, n, ov,
(vapdoc) of nard : v. μύρον, oil of spikenard, Polyb. 31, 4, 2; so, τὰ
νάρδινα, Antiph. Ant. 2. Ναρδίτης, ov, 6, (νάρδος) nard-like,
prepared with nard, 6. g. olvoc, Diosc. Napditic, doc, ἣ, fem. of
foreg. Ναρδολϊπής, ἔς, (vapdoc, λίπος) anointed with nard-oil, Anth.
P. 6, 254. Ndpdoc, ov, 7, nard, Lat. nardus, Diosc. ; a plant, called
(from its blossom being shaped like an ear of corn) νάρδου στάχυς,
also ναρδόσταχυς, Lat. spica nardi, our spikenard, and used for
making the perfumed oil called from it: it prob. belongs to the
species Valeriana.—ll. the oil itself, Anth. P. 6, 250. Ναρδόστἄχυς, 7,
v. foreg., Galen. site Ae ov, (νάρδος, φέρω) bearing nard, Diosc.
ἸΝαρθάκιον, ov, τό, ὄρος, Mt. Narthacion, in Thessaly, still called
Nartakion, Xen. Hell. 4, 3, 9.—II. a city of Phthiotis, Strab. p. 434.
Nap@nxia, ac, 7, a dwarf kind ofthe ψάρθηξ, ferulago, Theophr.
ἀαρθηκίζω, to splint a broken leg with pieces of vapOné, Lat. ferulis
obligare, Medic.—ll. to beat with a νάρθηξ. _ Nap@jxivoc, 7, ov,
made of νάρθηξ, Arist. de Audib, 52. Ναρθήκιον, ov, τό, dim. from
νάρθηξ, Diosc. 4 ἐΝαρθηκές, idoc, 47, Narthecis, a ἄν ee "near
Samos, Strab. p. 637. Ναρθηκισμός, οὔ, 6, (ναρθηκίζω) the splinting
a bro with νάρθηξ, Galen.—Il. the beating with a νάρθηξ.
Ναρθηκοειδής, ἔς, like, of the nature of the νάρθηξ, Dioee.
Ναρθηκοπλήρωτος, ov (νάρθηξ, πληρόω) ----ν. πυρὸς πηγή, the
stream of fire filling the hollow of the νάρθηξ, Aesch. Pr. 109; cf.
νάρθηξ. Ναρθηκοφᾶἄνής, ἔς, looking like a ta, For apUnxoddpoc, ov,
(νάρθηξ, φέρω) carrying a wand of aoe tke the _Bacchantes, hence
= θυρσοφόρος: proverb., πολλοὶ μέν ναρθηκοφόροι, Βάκχοι δέ γε
har ταν i. 6. all are not what they seem, Stallb. Plat. Phaed. 69 C:—
a rod-bearer, Xen. Cyr. 2, 3, 18. 962 NAPY Ναρθηκώδης, ες, like αὶ
νάρθῆξ. NA ONE Koc, 6, a tall umbelliferous plant, Lat. ferula, with a
slight, knotted, pithy stalk, in which Prometheus conveyed the spark
of fire from heaven to earth, Hes. Op. 52, Th. 567: the Greeks still
call it vdpθηκα, and still use its tinder-like pith to carry lights about—
The stalks furnished the Bacchanalian wands (θύρσοι), Eur. Bacch.
147, etc. : they were also used for canes or rods by schoolmasters,
Xen. Cyr. 2,.3, 20, Arist. Probl. 27,3, 5; likewise to make splints for
bandaging broken limbs ; “οἵ, ναρθηκίζω.----11. a small case or
casket for unguents, etc., Luc. adv. Indoct. 29: in a costly νάρθηξ of
this sort Alexander carried with him Aristotle’s recension (διόρθωσις)
of the Homeric poems, thence called ἡ ἐκ τοῦ νάρθηκος, Strab. p.
594, Plut. Alex. 8; cf. Wolf Proleg. p. clxxxiii. —IIl. physicians called
their works on the cure of diseases νάρθηκες and ναρθήκια.
ἸΝαρκαῖος, ov, 6, Narcaeus, a son of Bacchus, Paus. 5, 15, 7.
Νάρκαφθον,ου, τό, also νάσκαφθον, an Indian bark, used as a spice,
etc., perh. the same as λάκαφθον, Diosc. δὰ ames O, f. -70W, to
grow stif or numb, Lat. t €, χεὶρ νάρκησε, Il. 8, 328; so in Plat. Meno
ἂν B; ef. sq., and μαλκιάω : from Νάρκη, ἢς; 7, α becoming stiff,
numbness, deadness, Lat. torpor, caused by palsy, frost, fright, etc.,
νάρκῃ καταχεῖται κατὰ τῆς χειρός, Ar. Vesp. 713: esp. the sensation
of having one hand or foot asleep, Arist. Probl. 2, 15; 6, ppd +
Somer: also said ἡ νάρκα, Lob. Phryn. 331; and in Opp. Ἢ 3, 55, we
have a metapl. acc. νὠρκᾶ.--II. a fish, like the torpedo or electric
ray, Which gives a shock and so benumbs any one who touches it,
Comici ap. Ath. 314 B, Plat. Meno 80 A. Νάρκημα, aroc, τό,
numbness. Νάρκησις, 7, (ναρκάω) ἃ growing numb, Galen.
Ναρκίσσϊνος, ἢ, ov, (νάρκισσος) made of narcissus, Diosc.
Ναρκισσίτης. ov, 6, like the narcissus, λέθος, Dion. P. 1031, Plin.:
from Νάρκισσος; ov, ὃ, rarely 7, Theocr. 1, 133 :—the narcissus, a ey
H. Hom. Cer. 8, 428, Soph., etc.—There were several kinds, and
amongst them prob. the common narcissus or white daffodil. (From
ναρκάω, because of its narcotic properties.) tNdpxzococ, ov, é
arcissus, SON of the Cephisus, changed into foreg., Paus. 9, 31, 7.—
Others in Luc., N. T., etc. Ναρκόω, to benumb, deaden. Ναρκώδης,
ec, (νάρκη, εἶδος) stif, numb, benumbing, Hipp., Plut. Sull. 26, etc.
Νάρκωσις, ἡ, (ναρκόω) a benumbing, Hipp. Hence Ναρκωτικός, 4,
ὄν, making stiff or numb, narcotic. ἘΝάρξ, not used, cf. sub νάρκη ;
V. Lob. Paral. 111. Ναρός, ά, 6v, (vdw) flowing, liquid, Fs a r. 388,
Soph. ten 560 > ab νηρός :—an old word, prob. contr. from veapéc,
Lob. Phryn. 42. (Cf. Νηρεύς, and modern Gr. vépor). Νάρταλος, ov,
6, @ wicker vessel. Neerhe ἧς, 4, an Indian spice, Theophr.
tNdpvxoc, ov, and Νάῤυξ, υκος, 7, Narycus, or Naryx, a city of the
Locri Ozolae, thebirth-place of Ajax, Strab. p. 425, in Lyc. 1148
Ναρύκειον ἄστυ. / NAYA Νάρω, also vaipw, to suck, only in Hesych.
tNdpwr, νος, 6, the Naro, a river of Dalmatia, Strab. p. 315. Nac, ἡ,
Dor. for ναῦς. tNdoada, 7, Nasala, an island in the Red sea, Arr. Ind.
31, 2. F ἸΝασάμων, wvoc, ὁ, Nasamon, son of Amphithemis and -
Tritonis, Ap. Rh. 4,-1496. ἸΝασαμῶνες, wr, ol, the Nasamones, an
African people dwelling near the greater Syrtis, Hdt. 4, 172. Νάσθη,
Ep. 3 aor. pass. of ναέω (IE 2), Il. 14, 119. “OES tNaoixdc, ἃ, 6, the
Rom. name Nasica, Strab. i τος γος 6, Dor. for νησεώτης, in '
Νάσκαφθον, τό, v. νάρκαφθον. Νασμός, οὔ, 6, (νάω) α ing: @
stream, spring, Eur. Hipp. 225, 653 ; olyirt..WequaT as σον, 54 .
Νασμώδης, ες,(εἰδος)Ξεναματώδης. Ndoéc, 7, Dor. for νῆσος, Pind.
Ndoca, Ep. for évacoa, aor. of vaia, Od. 4, 174; aor. mid. νάσσατο,
Hes. Op. 637, v. vaiw B. Ndooa, Dor. for νῆσσα, νῆττα. Ndoow, aor.
ἔναξα: pf. pass. vévaopuat:—to fill quite up, press or squeeze close,
stamp down, γαῖαν ἔναξε, Od. 21, 122 :—». εἴς τι; to stuff or ram
into, Hippoloch. ap. Ath. 130 B:—in pass, to be piled up with, κλῖναι
σισυρῶν vevacuévat, Ar. Eccl. 840. (Akin to véw, via, νηέω, νηνέω,
cf. also vaiw sub fin., and νάω.) Νάστης, ov, ὃ, (ναίω) an inhabitant.
t+Ndorne, ov, 6, Nastes, son of Nomion, leader of the Carians before
Troy, Il. 2, 867. Naoriokoc, ov, 6, dim. from ναστός, Pherecr. Pers. 1,
7. . Ναστοκόπος, ον, (ναστός, κόπτω) cutting up cakes, Plat. (Com.)
Incert. 51. Naoréc, 7, ὄν, (νάσσω) close-pressed, and so solid :---
ναστός (sc. πλακοῦς), α close, well-kneaded cake, esp. used in
sacrifice, Ar. Av. 567, Plut. 1142. Hence Ναστότης, nto¢, 4, firmness,
solidity. Ναστοφᾶγέξω, G, to eat ναστοί: from Ναστοφάγος.ον,
(ναστός, ὃ, φαγεῖν) eating cakes or bread, Paus. tNarticwrv, wvroc,
ὃ, the Natiso, a river of Gallia Cisalpina near Aquilea, Strab. p. 214.
Νάττω, Att. for νάσσω. . Navdyéw, 6, Ion. vavyy- (vavay6c): to
suffer shipwreck, be shipwrecked, Hdt. 7, 236, Dem. 910, 7:—
metaph. of chariots overturned, Dem. 1410, 10: generally, to go to
wreck, Aesch. Fr. 166. Hence Ναυάγησμός, οὔ, 6,=8q. Navdayia, ac,
7, lon. vavnyin, shipwreck, wreck, Hdt. 7, 190, 192, etc., Pind. I. 1,
52, and Att. Ναυάγιον, ov, τό, Ion. ναυήγιον : —a piece of a wreck,
wreck, usu. in lur., as Hdt. 7, 191; 8, 12, Aesch. ers. 420, etc.:
hence, ναυάγια ἱππικά, the wreck of an overturned chariot, Soph. El.
730; ἀνδρῶν δαιτυLover v., of the wreck of a feast, ChoeΤΊ]. p. 165,
ubi v. Nake.—Il. later= vavayia, Lob. Phryn. 519. [ἃ] From Navayéc,
ὄν, Ion. ναυηγός (ναῦς, ἄγνυμι) : shipwrecked, stranded, Lat. naufr ,
Simon. 61, Hdt. 4, 103, Eur. Hel: 408: ναυαγοὺς ἀναιρεῖσθαι, to pick
them up, Xen. Hell. Ae 7, 4: hence, generally, ruined.—ll.
 NAYK ἄγω) guiding, commanding a ship, peantic usage in
Euphor. Fr. 111. Navapyéw, 6, to be ναύαρχος, to command a fleet,
Hdt. 7, 161; δ. gen. πλοίων, Philipp. ap. Dem. 231, 3. Navapyia, ac,
7, the command of a fleet, office of ναύαρχος, Thue. 8, 33: the ‘ee
of his command, Xen. Hell. 1, 5, 1: and ἐπ ἀναρχίς, δος, 7, the ship
of the ναύαρχος, Polyb. 1, 51, 1: from ᾿ Navapyor, ov, ὁ, (ναῦς,
ἄρχω) the commander of a fleet, an admiral, Hat. 7, 59; 8, 42,
Aesch. Pers. 363 :—later, esp., the Spartan admiral-in-chief, for | 633
the Athen. admirals retained the name of στρατηγοί, Thuc. 4, 11; 8,
6, 23, Xen., etc.—Strictly an adj., and so used in Aesch. Cho. 723.
Ναυάτης, ov, ὁ, late form for ναύτης, ναυβάτης, Dind. Soph. Aj. 348,
Argum. ad. Phil. [ἃ] ἘΝαυάτης, ov, 6, Nauates, a Sparon ἜΡΟΝ τ ον
ao tig? 3, 2, 6. αὐυβάτης, ov, 6, (ναῦς, Baivw) one who pis a ina
ship, a seaman, Hat. 1, 143, and freq. in Att.: also as adj., ν.
στρατός, Aesch. Ag. 987; ὁπλισμός, Ib. 405 ; ν. λεώς, Eur. 1. A. 294.
[a ἘΝαυβόλειος, ov, of Naubolus, Lyc. 1068 t+NavBoridne, ov Ep.
ao, ὃ, son of ,i.e.—l. Iphitus, IL. 2, 518. —2. Clytoneus, Ap. Rh. 1,
135.—3. a Phaeacian, Od. 8, 116. ἐΝαύβολος, ov, 6, Naubolus, son
of Ornytus, king in Phocis, Il. 2, 518. —2. son of Lernus, father of
Clytoneus, Ap. Rh. 1, 135. Ναύδετον, ov, τό, (ναῦς, δέω) a ship’s
cable, Eur. Tro. 810. Ναυηγέτης, ov, δ,Ξεναυηγός, vavαγός, Lyc. 873.
Navyyoc, vavnyéw, ναυηγία, etc., Ion. for vavay-, Hat. tNavxAcidac,
ov and a, ὃ, Dor. ; ‘Ton. and Att. -κλείδης, Nauclides, a Plataean,
Thuc. 2, 2.—2. a Spartan ephor, Xen. Hell. 2, 4, 36: cf. Ath. 550.—3.
son of Polybiades, Ael. V. H. 14, 7. NavkAnpéa, G, to be a
ναύκληρος, to be a ship-owner, Ar. Av. 598, Xen. Lac. 7, 1;
Ἡρασικλῆς μαρτυρεῖ κυβερνᾶν τὴν ναῦν ἣν ὙὝβλῆσιος évavκλήρει,
ap. Dem. 929, 14.—2. metaph., ν. πόλιν, to manage, govern, Aesch.
Theb. 652, Soph. Ant. 994: c. gen., v. οἰκίας, like δεσπόζειν, Alex.
Locr. 2.—Il. to own and let a house, ovvotκίαν, Isae. 58, 13 ; cf.
ναύκληρος I. --Π|.--ναυτίλλομαι, Hesych. Sper ates ac, 7;
(ναύκληρος) the life and calling of a ναύκληρος, α seapurine life,
trading, Lys. 105, 4, Plat. gg. 643 E.—2. poet. a voyage, Soph. Fr.
151, Eur. Alc. 112: an adventure enterprise, Eur. Med. 527: hence
used for a ship, Id. Hel. 1519. Ναυκληρικός, 7%, ὄν, belonging to a
ναύκληρος, Plat. Legg. 842 D: and Ναυκλήριον, ov, τό, the ship of a
ναύκληρος, Dem. 690, fin., Plut. 2, 234 F: tin pl. ships collectively,
fleet, Eur. Rhes. 233. Ναύκληρος, ov, ὃ, (ναῦς, κλῆρος) the owner of
a ship, ship-owner, ship- | [ master, who made money by carrying
goods or passengers, usu. himself acting as skipper, first in Hat. 1, 5,
and Att. ; cf. esp. Xen. Mem. 3, 9, 11; —generally, a captain,
commander, Eur. Supp. 174.—2. pe α seaman, =vavBdrnc, Soph.
Phil. 547, Eur. Ino 7, 3: also as adj., ν. πλάτη, Soph. Fr. 387; v. χείρ,
the master’s hand, Eur. Hipp. 1224.—II. a householder, NATYA owner
of a lodging-house: at Athens esp. one who rented houses and
sublet them in portions, Comici etc. ap. Harp. ; cf. Bockh P. E.2, 15.
(In this signf. usu. derived from vaiw, not ναῦς, cf. ναύκραρος.)
Hence Ναυκληῤώσιμος, ov, to be let out, oe for the purpose of
subletting to lodgers. ἘΝαυκλῆς, ἕους, 6, Naucles, a commander of
the Spartans, Xen. Hell. 7, 1, 41. ἘΝαῦκλος, ov, ὁ, Nauclus, a son of
Codrus, founder of Teos, Strab. p. Ναυκράρια, wr, τά, the registry of
the ναύκραροι. [a] Navxpdpia, ac, 7, the division of Athenian at od
which was a vavxpapoc, like the later συμμορίαι, Arist. ap. Phot. ΓΕῈ
Ναυκρᾶρικός, ἢ, 6v, belonging to a ναύὔκραρος or vavxpapia: from
Ναύκραᾶρος, ov, ὁ, also written ναύκλαρος, and so the same with
ναύκληρος (A and p being interchanged in Att., v. sub ᾿ :—at Athens,
the chief of a division (vavxpapia) of the citizens, made for financial
purposes point Solon’s time: there wae τ in each φρατρία, conseq.
12in eac ή, in all 48 jgo do not find that’ they had anything to do
with the navy, until Solon charged each with the furnishing of 1 ship
and two horsemen (sothat Béckh’s deriv. from ναῦς, P. E. 2, 327, is
less probable than that from vaiw): their office corresponded with
that of the later δήμαρχοι, who superseded them after the formation
of the 10 tribes by Clisthenes, Hdt. 5, 71, compared with Thue. 1,
126, ef. also Wachsmuth Gr. Ant. vol. 1, § 44, Thirlw. Hist. Gr. vol. 2,
p. 22, 52: but yet the division into vav«papiat was retained in most
financial matters (v. Arist. Rep. Ath. Fr. 40 Neumann), their number
‘being increased to 50 (5 in each φυλή), furnishing 50 ships and 100
horsemen, cf. Béckh P. E. 1, 341. Ναυκρᾶτέω, ὥ, to have the
mastery at sea, to be lord of the sea, Thuc. 7, 60 :—pass. to be
mastered at sea, Xen. Hell. 6, 2, 8: from Ναυκράτης, coc, ὃ, 7,
(ναῦς, Kpaτέων) having the mastery at sea, master or mistress of
the seas, v. τῆς θαλάσonc, Hdt. 5, 36.—II. holding a ship fast: 6 v., ἃ
fish, like ἐχενηΐς. tNavxpatnc, ove, ὁ, Naucrates, a Sicyonian, father
of Damotimus, Thuc. 4, 119.—Others in Aeschin. ; etc.
Ναυκρᾶἄτητικός, ἥ, 6v, (vavxparne) tending to mastery at sea, Dio
c. Ναυκρᾶτία, ac, 7, mastery at sea, a naval victory, Dio tNavxparic,
τος and ewe, 7, Naucratis, a city in the Aegyptian Delta, on the
Canobic mouth of the Nile, Hdt. 2, 97. tNavxparirixéc, 7, ὄν, of
Naucratis, Naucratitic, Dem. at 15. Navxpdtwp, opoc, ὃ, 7,—
=vavKpatne; Hat. 6, 9, Thue. 5, 97, etc.—II. the master of a ship,
Soph. Phil. 1072. a | waveédqc, ove, 6, Naucydes, a celebrated
statuary of Argos, Paus. 2, 17, 5. Ναῦλα, 7, and ναῦλον, τό, Vv. sub
νάβλα. Ναυλολογέω, ὥ, to demand the fare or passage-money
(vaviAoc). Ναῦλος, ov, 6, or ναῦλον, ov, τό, Dem. 882, 12; 1192, 3,
Ar. 1. citand. : | —passage-money, the fare, Ar. Ran. NAYTL 270: v.
συνθέσθαι, to agree upon one’s fare, Xen. An. 5,1, 12; ef. Dinarch.
97, 17 :—the freight of merchandize, ys i 22, a " αυλοχέω, ©,
(ναύλοχος) intr. to lie in a herbote or creek, zor) to lie in wait there
in order to sally out on ing ships, absol. in Hdt. 7, 189, 192% 8, 6:
but c. acc., to lie in wait for, like λοχᾶν, Thue. 7, 4.—II. later, to
receive into harbour. Hence Ναυλοχία, ac, 7, 4 lying at anchor, esp. a
lying in wait for the enemy ina Cee ne pirate's anchorage, App. i
αυλόχιον, ov, T6,=vat Ar. Fr. oo ᾿ ͵ ‘ili iy Ναύλοχον, ov,
τό,Ξεναύλοχος I, q. ν. Ναύλοχος, ov, (ναῦς, λέχος, λόχος) affording
safe Pe ia Doig it cers the bed or resting-place of ships, esp. epith.
of a harbour, λιμένες ναύλοχοι, Od. 4, 846; 10, 141; so, ἔδραι v.,
Soph. Aj. 460; ᾿Αχαιῶν ναύλοχοι hs beh γ᾿ Eur. Hec, 1015.—IL. as
subst. ναύλοχος, ὃ, an anchorage, creek, Lat. statio navium: also a
heterog. pl., ὦ ναύλοχα, ye harbours! Sop Tr. 633, (for it must not be
joined with λουτρά). Hence tNatAoyoc, ov, 6, foreg. as pr. n.,
Naulochus, a city in Thrace, Strab. p. 319.—2. a harbour near the
Sicilian Mylae, App. Naviéw, 6, (ναῦλον) to let one's ship for hire.
Mid. ναυλοῦμαι, to hire a ship; Polyb. 31, 20, 11. to fight
Ναυμᾶἄχέω, 6, (vavudyoc) in a ship ἐς by sea, freq. im ak etc. ; ν.
τινι, to fight with one, Hdt. 2, 161 ; ν. πρό or περί τινος, Id. 8, 57, v.
τὴν περὶ TOV κρεῶν, to be in the battle of the Carcasses (i. e.
Arginussae), Ar. Ran. 191 : generally, to fight, do battle with, κακοῖς,
Ar. Vesp. 479. Navudyne, ov, δ -γαυμάχος. [ua] Ναυμᾶχησείω,
desiderat. from vavpax ear to wish to fight by sea, Thuc. , 79.
Ναυμᾶχία, ac, 7, α sea-fight, Hdt., Thuc., etc; vauayin κρατέειν,
éoσοῦσθαι, Hdt. 3, 39; 6, 92: from Ναύμᾶχος, ov, (ναῦς, μάχῃ)
belonging, suited to a sea-fight, ξυστὰ v., boardin rane Il. 15, 389;
so, ». δόpara, ii t. 7, 89.—II. parox. ναυμάoc, act., fighting at sea,
Anth. P. 7, 41. tNavyédar, οντος, ὁ, (ναῦς, μέδων) ruling ships,
appell. of Neptune, Lyc. 157. tNavrdxrioc, a, ov, of Naupactus,
Naupactian, Aesch. Supp. 262: from tNatraxroc, ov, 7, Naupactus, a
city of the Locri Ozolae on the Corinthian gulf, with a celebrated
harbour, now Lepanto, Thuc. 1, 103 ; etc. Ναυπηγέτης, ov,
ὁγεεναυπηγός, V. 1. for vavyy- In Lyc. Ναυπηγέω, ὥ, (ναυπῇ 6) to
build ships, Ar. Plut. 513: in Hdt. always in mid., ναῦς ναυπηγέεσθαι,
to build one’s self ships, 2, 96 ; 6, 46 ; ἐπέ τίνι, against others, 1, 27
; so in Att., vavγεῖσθαι τριήρεις, Andoc. 24, 7, etc. ; πλοῖα, Dem. 219,
11. Ναυπηγής, ἕς,-«-ναυπηγός, Maneth. Ναυπηγησία, ἃς, ἧ,Ξε
ναυπηγία, very dub. Ναυπηγήσιμος, ov, also η, ov, Plat. Legg. 705 C
(vavrnyéw) :—belonging to or useful in ship-building, of wood, ἴδη,
Hdt. 5, 23; ξύλα, Thuc. 4, 108, “hs ὕλη, Plat. 1. 6. : αὐπήγησις,
EWC, 7;=8q. Neo ας, ἣ, (ναυπηγότ) shipbuilding, Hdt. 1, 27; ν. & fe
Men to practise ship-building, a Cycl,
 NAY2 459; ναυπηγίαν τριηρῶν Tapackevάζεσθαι, Thuc. 4,
108, etc. Ναυπηγικός, ἤ, ὄν, skilled in shipbuilding, Luc. Ὁ. Mort. 10,
9 :—# -κή (sc. τέχνη) the art of ship-building, Arist. Eth. N. 1, 1, 3;
and Ναυπήγιον, ov, τό, α ship-builder’s yard, dock-yard, Ar. Av. 1157:
from Navrnyoc, ov, (ναῦς, πῆγνυμι) shipbuilding : Vy a 8 der,
shipwright, Thuc. 1, 13, Plat. Rep. 333 C, etc. ‘ tNavrdAia, ας, ἧ,
ἄγονα, a city and port of Argolis at the head of the Argolicus sinus,
now Napoli di Romania, Hat. 6, 76; ete. : also Ναυπλιεἴς, Strab. p.
374. +NavrAiddnc, ov, ὃ, son of Nauplius, i. e. Proetus, Ap. Rh. 1,
136. tNavrAieoc, ov, of Nauplia, Eur. Or. 54. tNavrAtetc, ἕως, 6, an
inhab. of Nauplia, oi N., Paus. 4, 35, ΤΝαύπλιος, a, ov, of Nauplia,
Naulian, οἱ N. λιμένες, Eur. El. 453; ἡ XN. θών, Id. Or. 369.
ἐΝαύπλιος, ov, ὁ, Nauplius, son of Neptune and Amymone, Paus. 4,
35, 2.—2. a descendant of foreg., an Argonaut, Ap. Rh. 1, 134.—3.
husband of Clymene, father of Palamedes, Luc. Ναύπορος,
ον,Ξεναυσίπορος, of a country, ship-frequented, Aesch. Eum. 10.—II.
parox., FESROP CS ΡΣ συ ΝΝ ρος ΤΙ. 2, πλάτη, Eur. Tro. 877.
tNavroprov, ov, τό, Nauportum, a city of Pannonia, Strab. p. 314.
Navpéc, ὄν, airy, thoughtless, only in Gramm. - : Ναῦς, 7, Lat. nav-is,
a ship, very freq. in iio but (as in Hdt,) always in ἴω. form νηῦς; Dor.
νᾶς, but ved¢ Only in Gramm. Gen., νεώς, Ion. νηός Hom., and
shortd. νεός Hat. ; Dor. νᾶός, also in Att. poets, as Aesch. Pers. 62,
Soph. Aj. 872.— Dat., νηΐ, Hom.; Dor. vai, also in Att. poets. Acc.
ναῦν; Ion. νῆα, Hom. ; shortd. νέα in Hom. only once, Od. 9,283
(where it is along syll.) usu. in Hadt., v. Schweigh. v. 1. 8, 88; Dor.
vay rare, in Ap. Rh. 1, 1358; also νηῦν. Plur. nom. in Hom. νῆες, and
more rarely shortd. νέες, which prevails in Hdt.; Dor. νᾶες, as also in
Att. poets ; in later prose ναῦς, which is blamed by Gramm., cf. Lob.
Phryn. 170.—Gen. νεῶν, Hom., and Hat., Ion. νηῶν, Hom.; in Dor.
and Att. t. vaov. Dat. ναυσί, lon. νηυσί, Hom.; Ep. νήεσσι, Hom.,
more rarely véeaot, Hom.; Ep. gen. and dat. ναῦφι, ναῦφιν, Hom.
Acc. ναῦς, Ion. νῆας, Hom., and shortd. νέας, Hes. Op. 245, in Hom.
rarer, but νέας in Hadt., everywhere recognized by all the best MSS.,
Schweigh. v. 1. 7, 192; Dor. νᾷας, Theocr., in later Ep. also νηῦς,
Dem. Bith. ap. Steph. Byz. νυ. Ἡραία: of dual only the gen. and dat.
νεοῖν is found, Thuce.: cf. γραῦς. (Usu. deτίν. from νάω ; better,
from véw, νεύcouat: or perh, akin to vai, cf. ναύκραρος. _
Ναῦσθλον, ov, τό.Ξεναῦλον, only in Hesych. ; prob. coined for the
formation of sq. Ναυσθλόω, 6, contr. for ναυστολέξω, to carry by
sea, Eur. Tro. 164, Supp. 1037 :—mid., f. ναυσθλώσομαι, to take with
one by sea, Eur. 1. T. 1487; to hire.a ship for one’s self, Ar. Pac. 126
:—pass. to go by sea, Eur. Tro. 672, Hel. 1210, (v. foreg.) Navoia,
Att. ναυτία, ac, 7, (ναῦς) sea-sickness, qualmishness, Hipp., etc. : —
generally, disgust, Lat. nausea, Simon. a 84. NAYS Navoidotc, 7,
qualmishness, retching, sickness: from Navoidw, Att. ναυτιάω, G, to
be qualmish, to retch, suffer from sea-sickness, At. Thesm, 882, in
Att. form ; so Plat. Theaet. 191 A, Legg. 639 B: to be disgusted,
Dem. Phal. βάν, ὡς ov, ὁ, --- ναυβάτης. a Ναυσίβιος, ov, (ναῦς, βίος)
living in a ship or by the sea, Aiciphr. Navoidpouoc, ov, (ναῦς,
δρόμος) ship-speeding, Orph. H. 73, 10. [σῇ] ἸΤΝαυσιθόη, ne, 7,
Nausithoé, a Nereid, Apollod. tNavaifooc, ov, ὃ, Nausithoiis, son of
Neptune, a king of the Phaeacians, Od. 7, 56.—2, son of Ulysses,
Hes. Th. 1016. tNavoixaa, ας, ἡ, Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinotis and
Arete, Od. 6, 17. ΤΝαυσικλείδης, ov, ὃ, Nausiclides, masc. pr. n., Ath.
62 Ὁ. a eels Pe ή, Lg? (ναῦς, κλειτος) renowned for ships, famous by
sea, Od. 6, 22: the torn in fon Ap. 31, still written ναυσικλείτη, but
Ib. 219 better ναυσικλειτή, of. Spitzn. Exc. xi. ad Il. tNavorxAie,
éove, ὃ, Nausicles, an Athenian commander, Dem. 264, 22, archon,
Id. 288, 27. Ναυσικλῦτός, ὄν, (ναῦς, kAvt6c)= ναυσικλειτός, epith. of
the Phaeacians, Od. 7, 39; of the Phoenicians, ag fem. ναυσικλυτάν,
Pind. N. , 16. tNavorxparne, ove, ὃ, Nausicrates, brother of
Nausimachus (1), Dem. 986, 24.—2. an orator from Carystus in
Euboea, Plut. Cim. 19.—3. a comic actor, Aeschin. 14, 8,
ἸΤΝαυσικύδης, ove, 6, Nausicydes, an Athenian, Ar. en 426; Plat. ;
etc. tNavowudxa, c, %, Nausimiche, fem. pr. n., Ar. Thesm. 804.
tNavoipayoc, ov, ὁ, Nausimichus, an Sage Sasinst whom the
πααγραφήῆ of Dem. 984 sqq.—2. an yy neni archon, Diod. 5.
ἸΝαυσιμέδων,οντος, ὃ, Nausimedon, son of Nauplius, Apollod. 2,1,
5. τιν αυφεμένηο, ouc, 6, Nausimenes, an Athenian, Isae. 69, 27.
tNavoivixoc, ov, 6, Nausinicus, an Athenian archon, Dem, 606, fin.
tNavoivooc, ov, ὁ, Nausinoiis, son of Ulyssesand Calypso, Hes. Th.
1017. Navotéeic, εσσα, ev, (vavoia) feeling nausea or disgust, Nic.
Al. 83. Navoizédn, nc, ἦν (ναῦς, πέδη) a ship-cable, Luc, Lexiph. 15.
Serica. ov, Ion. ynvotr-;= ναυσίπορος, navigable, Hdt. 1, 193, Dion.
H. 3, 44. Navoizodec, ol, the ship-footed, of islanders: also
ναύποδες. Ναυσίπομπος, ov, (ναῦς, πέμπω) act. ship-wafting, ν.
αὔρα, a fair wind, Lat. ventus secundus, Eur. Phoen. 1712. —IL.
pass. sent, carried in ships. [1] Navoiropoc, ov, (ναῦς, πόρος)
traversed by ships, of a river, navigable, Xen. An. 2, 2, 3.—II. parox.
vavotπόρος, ον, act. passing in a ship, seafaring, Eur. Rhes. 48.—2.
causing a ship to pass, πλάται v., ship-speeding oars, Eur. I. A. 172.
[7] Ναυσίστονος, ov, (ναῦς, στένω) :-— ὕβρις ν., the lamentable loss
of the ships, Pind. P. 1, 140. ἸΝαυσίφιλος, ov, ὃ, Nausiphilus, son of
the archon Nausinicus, Dem. 1367, 5. Ναυσϊφόρητος, ov, (ναῦς,
φορέω) πιὰ in or by ship, sea-faring, Pind. 64 ? ᾿Ναυσϊώδης, ες, Att.
ναυτιώδης, NAYT vavoia, εἶδος) nauseous, sickening, = 2, 127 A,
128 D, etc.—II. qualmish. ) er ae slap eps rigs ing: φλεβῶν v., the
ing blood from the veins, ftp. Ρ. 759. Ναύσταθμον, ov, τό, (ναῦς,
σταθΜός) a harbour, anchorage, roadsi Lat. statio navium, Thue. 3,
6, and Polyb. : it oft. occurs in Eur. Rhes., usu. in plur., but except in
244, 602, where we have ναύσταθμα, the gender is uncertain.
Ναύσταθμος, ov, 6,=foreg., Plut. Nic. 16, Ant. 63.—II, the ships
assembled in a roadstead, Id. Arist. 22. Ναυστολέξω, G, to be a
ναυστόλος, to send or guide a ship, hence,—l. trans., to carry or
convoy by sea, δάpapta, Eur. Or. 741: hence ἔδια v. ἐπικώμια, to
carry their Own praises with z em, Pind. N. 6, 55, . Eur. I. T. 599 :—
pass. c. fut. mid. -σομαι, to go by sea, Eur. Tro. 1048, 29, 6.—2. to
guide, direct, govern, πόλιν, Eur. Supp. 474: hence psi τὼ πτέρυγε
ποῖ ναυστολεῖς, whither pliest thou thy wings? Ar. Ay. 1999, —II.
more usu. intr. like pass., to go by ship, sail, πρός...» Kur. Tro. 77; ¢.
acc. loci, Soph. Fr, 129, Eur. Med. 682, etc.: generally, to travel, go,
like French voyager, Luc. Lexiph. 2.— Only pais ence . NavoréAnua,
ατος, τό, any thi conveyed by ship: in plur. oe Eur. Supp. 209.
Ναυστολέα, ας, ἧ, α sending, ing by ship.—2. a going by ship, a
naval expedition, Eur. Andr. 795: Ναυστόλος, ov, (ναῦς, στέλλω)
sending by ship.—2, carrying or convoying» θεωρίς, Aesch. Theb.
858 ; ubi v. ind. ἸΝαύστροφος, ov, 6, Naustrophus, masc. pr. n., Hdt.
3, 60. ' tNavowr, OvO6, ὁ, IVauson, comic name of parent. of the
ship Nauphante in Ar. Eq. 1309. ἸΝαύτακα, wr, τά, Nautaca, a city of
Sogdiana, Arr. An. 3, 28, 9. ἸΝαυτεύς, ἕως Ep. joc, ὃ, Nauteus, a
Phaeacian, Od. 8, 112. Ναύτης,ου, δι(ναῦῷ Lat. nauta, aseaman,
sailor, Hom., Hes., etc. ; as adj., ν. datas, Eur. ha 921.—II. one goes
by ship ; simply, a companion sea, Soph. Phil. 901. ἐν Ναυτία, ας,
ἡ», Att. for ναυσία, Lob. Phryn. 194. ee Ναυτιάω. ὥ,Ξεναυσιάω, Att.,
also ναυττιάω, Phot. ᾿ Ναυτικός, ἢ, ὄν, (ναῦς, vabrne) belonging to a
ship, to a seaman, ν. στρατός, στόλος, a sea-force, fleet, οἷς. Trag.;
opp. to πεζὸς στρατός, Hat. 8,1; also τὸ ναυτικόν, a navy, Ἶ Hat.
7,48,160 ; Thuc. 1, 36, etc. ; 50, ἡ ναυτικῆ, Hdt. 7, 161.—2. of
persons, skilled in re nantidal , Thue. 1, 18, etc. ; ἡ -κή, navigation,
seamanship, Arist. Anal. Post. 1, 13, 8; and τὰ -κά, Plat. Alc. 1, 124
E ;—but ra ναυτικά, also, naval affairs, naval power, Thuc. 4, 75, and
Xen.—II. at Athens, τὸ ναυτικόν esp. signifie money borrowed or
lent on bottomry, Lat. pecunia foenore nautico collocata, ναυτικοῖς
ἐκδανείζειν, ἐκδιδόναι, to lend money on bottomry, Lys. 895;
λαμβάνειν, ἀνελέσθαι, to take it up, borrow, Xen. Vect. 3, 9, Dem.
1212, 3; —vavTikov ἀμφοτερόπλουν, when the creditor runs the risk
of the voyage home as well as out ; ν. ἑτερόπλουν, when he runs
the risk of the voyage out only, Bockh P. E. 1, 178. . Ναυτϊλία, ac, 7,
(ναυτίλος) sailing, : αι eg abhi imas Sate bo ow ee
 NAQ seamanship, Od. 8, 253, Hes. Op. 616, Plat., etc. :—a
voyage, Pind. N. 3, 38, Hdt. 4, 145; and in plur., Hdt. 1, 1, 163 ;
2,43. Hence Ναυτέλλομαι, dep., only used in pres. and impf., to sail,
go by sea, Od. 4, 672 (ubiv. Nitzsch), 14, 246, oft. in Hdt.,.but rare
in Att., as Soph. Ant. 717; in Plat. Rep. 551 Ὁ, c. acc. cognato,
ναυτιλίαν ναυτίλλεσθαι. αὐτίλος, ov, right a seaman, sailor, Hdt. 2,
43, and freq. in Trag., as. Aesch. Pr. 468.—2. as adj., of a ship, v.
σέλματα, Aesch. Ag. 442.—Rare in prose.—II. the nautilus, a shell-
fish, furnished with a membrane which serves it for a sail, also
ποντίλος, Arist. H. A. 4, 1, 28. [7 NavtiAogbépoc, ov, (ναυτίλος,
φθείpa) bane of sailors, Liyc. 650. Navtiéecc, ecoa, ev, Att. for
vavσιόεις. Ναῦτις or ναυτίς, toc, ἡ, fem. from ναύτης, eopomp.
(Com.) Incert. 38; cf. Lob. P . 256. Navtiédne, ες, ναυτίωσις, 7, Att.
for vavo-, q. V’ Navrodixat, ol, (ναύτης, δίκη) at Athens, judges of
the admiralty-court, which at first sat only in the month Gamelion,
but afterwards through the six winter months, Lys. 148, 35, sq. ; cf.
Béckh P. E. 1, 69: singularly enough, it also took cognizance, in
Munychion only, of actions against pretended citizens, γραφαὶ ξενίας,
Cratin. Cheir. 8: v. Att. Process p. 83. [7] Ναυτολογέω, G, to take in
seamen, take on board, Anth. P. 9, 415: from Ναυτολόγος, ov,
(ναύτης, Aéyw ) | taking in seamen, taking on board, Strab. p. 375.
Navroraidiov, ov, τό, ( ναύτης, παιδίον) a sailor boy, Hipp. Ναύτρια,
ac, 7, fem. of ναύτης, as if from ναυτήρ, Ar. Fr. 652. Ναυττιάω, Vv.
ναυτιάω. ᾿ Ναυφάγος, ον, (ναῦς, ddyety) shiping, Lyc. 1095. _
tNavedvrn, nc, ἡ, Nauphante,comic name of one of the ships
assembled in council, daughter of Nauson, in Sect 1309. i
αὔφαρκτος, ον, V. ναύφρακτος. Ναυρύορία, ac, 7, shipwreck, loss of
ships, Anth. tP. 7, 73: from Ναύφθορος, ov, (ναῦς, φθείρω)
shipwrecked, ν. στολή, πέπλοι, the garb of shi ked men, Eur. Hel.
1382, 1539. Ναῦφι, ναῦφιν, Ep. gen. and dat. pl. of ναῦς, Hom.
Ναύφρακτος, ov, (ναῦς, φράσσω) ship-fenced, hence, Ἰαόνων v.
“Apne, ν. batho , of the Greeks at Salamis, Aesch. Bers. 950, 1027;
στράτευμα v., Eur. I. A. 1259 :--ναύφρακτον βλέπεῖν, to look like a
man of war, Ar. Ach. 95 (ubi Dind., per metath , vav@apKTor). Ὶ
᾿Νευῤύλακέω, ὥ, to guard a ship: ἠδ τ λαξ, ὁ,( φύλαξ) h αὐυφύλαξ,
ὃ, (ναῦς, φύ one who keeps ak on board ship, Ar. Fr. 339. ~ Nada,
said to be Aeol. for νάω (to flow.) Nato,=/ketetw, Gramm. Navov,
ὥνος, ὃ, (ναῦς)ξενεών, vedριον, Hesych. Νάφθἄᾶ, 7, and $f St τό
(Lob. Phryn. 438) ; and νάφθας, ὁ, naphtha, a clear combustible
petroleum, Plut. Alex. 35 (in genit. τοῦ νάφθα) :—called also
Μηδείας ἔλαιον. Ins ώρ, 6, Nachor, Hebr. masc. pr. Th, uN. I. ΝΑΏ,
prob. only in pres. and impf., 0 flow, κρήνη νάει, Od. 6, 292, cf. IL
NEAN 21, 197; cf. ναίω 1Π. (Lat. na-re, cf. Sanscr. root snd, to wash,
but Pott doubts the connexion with véw, νεύcouat, ναῦς, Lat. navis.)
[ἄ in Hom. ᾿ but ἃ ἴῃ arsis in Ap. Rh., si vera lect. j NA‘Q, dub. as a
collat. form ὁ ναίω, q. Vv. sub fin. Νέα, Ion. acc. sing. from ναῦς,
Od., . oa τὰ ed (sc. γῆ), ἦν, like νεός, νειός, fallow land rer ee
Theophr. ᾿ NedyyeAtoc, ον, (νέος, ἀγγέλλω) newly or lately told,
φάτις, Aesch. Cho. 736. Νεᾶγενής, ἔς, (νέος, *yévw) newlyborn, hey.
Ἂν 1623; Prd Ion. venyeνής. Νεάζω, (νέος) intr., to be young or new,
Aesch. Ag. 764, Soph. Tr. 143: to be the younger of two, Soph. O. C.
374 : hence, to act or think like a youth, Eur. Phoen. 713.—2. to
grow young, grow young again, Anth.—lIl. trans.= vedo. ἐΝέαιθος,
ov, ὃ, the Neagthus, a river of lower Italy, Strab. p. 262, in Theocr.
Νήαιθος. ἘΝέαιρα, ac, 7, Neaera, a nymph, mother of Lampetia, and
Phaéthusa, Od. 12, 133.—2. daughter of Pereus, Apollod. 3, 9.—3.
daughter of the river god Strymon, Id. 2, 1, 2.—4. a daughter of
Niobe, Id. 3, 5, 6.—5. a courtesan at Athens, against whom Dem.
1345 sqq. Νεαίρετος, ov, (νέος, aipéw) newly taken or caught, θήρ,
πόλις, Aesch. Ag. 1063, 1065. tNéacypoc, ov, ὃ, Neaechmus, an
Athenian archon, Dion. H. Νεᾶκής, ἔς, Ion. νεηκής, 4.
V..=84.Νεακόνητος, ον, (νέος, ἀκονάω) newly-whetted, i. 6. keen-
edged, Soph. El. 1394, acc. to the Mss., but v. veoκόν-. Νεαλδής, ἔς,
(νέος, ἀλδεῖν) newly grown or produced, Opp. H. 1, 692. Νεαλῆς, ἔς,
youthfully fresh ; generally, fresh not worn out, ν. τὴν ἀκμῆν, Ar. Fr.
330; also in Plat. Polit. 265 B, Xen. Cyr. 8,6, 17, opp. to ἀπειρῆκότες
; 80 in Polyb. 3, 73, 5; 10, 14, 3, and App. :—Dem. 788, 22 has v.
καὶ πρόςφατος, métaph. from fish, opp. to τεταριχευμένος : v.
μόσχος, γάλα, Nic. Al. 358, 364. (Acc. to some, from νέος and
ἁλίσκομαι, as if newly caught, cf. Harpocr.; and this is acc. to the
analogy of δουριαλής, in Hesych. Phryn. A. B. p. 52, brings it from
ἁλής -- ἀολλῆς, ἀθρόος, as if newly collected.) [ἃ Ar. 1. ¢., and so
Photius makes it, cf. Bergk ap. Meineke Com. Fr. 2, p. 1100: but Nic.
has &.] Νεάλωτος, ov, (νέος, ἁλίσκομαι) newly caught. [ἃ]
᾿“Νεάμελκτος, ov Ion. νεήμελκτος, 4. wie _NEA/N or NEAN, ἄνος,
6,=véoc, like ξυνάν--ξυνός, weytordv=pétyeστος, Lob. Phryn. 196.
Hence vedvic, veaviac, etc. ἘΝεάνδρεια, and Neavdpia, ac, ἧ,
Neandria, a small Aeolian city in Troas, Strab. p. 603: hence οἱ
Neavδρεῖς, ἔων, the Neandrians, Xen. Hell. 3, 1, 16; and ἡ Neavdpic,
idoc, the territory of Ν., Strab. p. 472. Νέανδρος, ov, (νέος, ἀνήρ) :
ἀλκὴ v., the strength of a youth, Lye. 1345. Nedveta, ac,
7,=veavieia, Philo; ef. Lob. Paral. 28. Νεανθής, ἔς, (νέος, ἀνθέω)
newblown, blooming, Nic.: αἷνος, Anth. P. append. 111. ἐνεάνθης,
ove, ὃ, Neanthes, a historian of Cyzicus, Strab. p. 45; etc. NEATI
tNéavoc, ov, 6, Neanthus, son of Pittacus in Lesbos, Luc. adv.
Indoct. 12. Pag ov, ὁ ΤΡ and Ion. venving: (vedv, νέος) :-α man,
youth, in Hom. (only in Ga.) always with ἀνήρ, venvin avdpi ἐοικώς,
Od. 10, 278; ἄνδρες venviar, 14, 524; 80, παῖς νεηνίης, Hdt. 7, 99:
but in Att. alone, like νεανίσκος :—esp. a youth in character, etc., i.
e. either brave and active, Eur. Ion 1041, cf. Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 6, Dem.
329, 23; or wilful, headstrong, Eur. Supp. 580; cf. νεανικός, and
Heind. Plat. Soph. 239 D.—II. as masc. adj., youthful, Pind. Ο. 7, 5:
also of things, etc., new, fresh, v. πόvoc, Bur. Hel. 209; ἄρτος, Ar.
Lys. 1208 ; also with a fem. subst., ν, θῶ-: paé, Eur. H. F. 1095: ef.
Lob. Paral. 268. [In Att. sometimes as trisyll., -tac forming one.]
Nedvieia, ας, ἡ (νεανιεύομαι) youth. Νεᾶνίευμα, ατος, τό,α Aful, i.e.
wilful, wanton act, Plat. . 390 A, Luc. Hermot. 33: from Νεᾶνϊεύομαι,
dep. mid., to be a veaviac or youth, hence usu. to act hastily, wilfully,
wantonly, Ar. Fr. 653, Plat., etc.: v. εἴς τινα, to behave so towards
another, Isocr. 398 C; ἔν τινι, na thing, Plat. Gorg. 482 C: c. adj,
neut., τοιοῦτον v., to make such youthful a gaort Dem. 401, 24, ef.
536, 26— he act. only in Hesych. Nedvifw,—foreg., Plut. Flamin. 20.
Nedvikéc, 7, ὄν, (vedv, νέος, veaviac) youthful, ῥώμη, Ar. Vesp.
1067: usu. of youthful qualities ; and so,— I. fresh, active, stout, Ar.
Eq. 611; so of trees, Theophr.—2. high-spirited, noble, like Lat.
superbus, τὸ νεανικώτατον, the gayest, most dashing feat, Ar. Vesp.
1205: so, καλῇ καὶ v., yevναῖον καὶ v., Plat. Rep. 563 E, Lys. 204 E;
μέγα καὶ v., λαμπρὸν Kai v., Dem. 37, 10; 557, 25—3. in bad signf.,
heady, wanton, insolent, Lat. protervus, Plat. Gorg. 508 D, 509 A;
80, νεανικῶς τύπτειν, Ar. Vesp. 1307. —4, generally, vehement,
mighty, like Lat. validus, φόβος v., Eur. Hipp. 1204; ν. κρέας, Ar. Plut.
1137: ef. Meineke Alex. Ilovgp. 2; freq. in later prose, v. Bpovrn,
Arist. H. A. 8, 20, 1; v. dveμος, etc., Plut. a Νεᾶνϊόομαι, =
νεανιεύομαι, Dion. H. Epit. 18, 3. Νεᾶνις, ἴδος, 7, Ep. and Ton. νεῆvic
(vedv, véoc):—a young woman, girl, maiden, Il. 18, 418, Soph. Ant.
784, and freq. in Eur.; 50, παρθενικὴ y., Od. 7, 20.—IL as adj.,
youthful, χεῖρες, ἥβη, Eur. Bacch. 745, fon 477.—Mostly poet. ‘
Νεᾶνισκάριον, ov, τό, dim. from νεανίσκος, Epict. 2, 16, 29.
Nedvioxevua, ατὸς, T6,=veavievμα: from ’ Nedvioxetouat, dep. mid.,
to be ἃ νεανίσκος, be in one’s youth, Xen. Cyr. 1, 2, 15, Amphis
Erith. 1.—Not used in the common signf. of νεανιεύομαι. Nedvickoc,
ov, ὁ, Ion. venvicxoe, (vedv, νέος) a youth, young man until forty
(Kriiger Vit. Xen. p. 12), Hat. 3, 53 ; 4, 72, 112, and oft. in Att. prose
: —a soldier, Decret. ap. Dem. 265, 22. ots ἡ, (νεάζωγεενέασις,
Theophr. Νέαξ, ἄκος, ὃ, poet for veaviac, esp. in Com., as Nicoph.
Pand. 3. [a, v. E. M. p. 534, 32; hence Ion. νέηξ, noc, Call. Fr. 78.]
Νεᾶοιδός, ὄν, (νέος, ἀοιδός) singing youthfully, {ieon. Tar. 81.
Νεάπολις, ew¢, ἧ, (νέος, πόλις) a new city, esp. prop. n. of — cities
 NEAT (like our New-town), Neapolis : freq. written in two
words, Lob. Phryn. 605, 665.—t1. in Campania, the earlier
Parthenope, now Naples, Strab. p. 245; etc.—2. in Macedonia, on
the peninsula of Pallene, Hdt. 7, 123.— 3. another town of
Macedonia on the Strymonicus sinus, near Philippi, Strab. p. 330; cf.
N. T. Act. Apost. 16, 11.—4. in the Tauric Chersonese, Strab. p. 312.
—5. a city of the Samians on the Ephesian coast, Id. p. 639. —6. in
Aegypt, in the Thebaid near Chemmis, Hdt. 2, 91.—7. in Zeugitana,
a mart of the Carthaginians, Thuc. 7, 50.—8. in Pontus, earlier
Phazemon, Strab. p. 560.—9. another name of Leptis in Africa, Id. p.
835. [ἃ] Hence ἹΝεαπολίτης, ov, ὃ, an inhab. of Neapolis, oi
Νεαπολῖται, the Neapolitans, Polyb. 3, 91, 4; Strab.; etc.: ἡ
Νεαπολιτῶν méAtc, = Νεάπολις, Polyb. 6, 14, 8. - ἥ Νεᾶροηχῆς, ἔς;
(ὑεαρός, ἠχέω) sounding new, ἐᾷ ilostr. Νεᾶροποιξω, ©, (νεαρός,
ToLéw) to make new, refresh, Plut. 2, 702 C. Νεᾶροπρεπής, é¢,.
(veapés, πρέπω) α earing new, Aristid. eapoc, a, όν, (νέος) young,
youthful, παῖδες, Il. 2, 289, Hes. Fr. 34; so too Pind., Aesch., and Eur.
: fresh, new, νεαρὰ ἐξευρεῖν, Pind. N. 8, 34; new, late, ξυντυχίαι,
Soph. Ant. 157, ubial. νεοχμοῖσι. Adv. -ρῶς.---Μοϑίly poet., and in
late prose, as Plut. fe Br. Soph. O. C. 475, Monk Eur. ipp. 1339: also
vea- as one long syll., Pind. Ῥ, 10, 39.] Νεᾶροφάης, ες, (νεαρός,
*¢aw) coming fresh to light, new appearing, Aesch. Ag. 767, e con}.
Here. ; Nedpoddpoc, ov, newly bearing. tN. Pio ov, 6, Nearchus, an
Athenian ambassador to Philip, Dem. 283, 7.—2. an admiral of
Alexander the Great, sent on an exploring expedition along the coast
of the Indian ocean, etc., Arr. Ind. 18, 4, sqq.; Strab.—Others in
Diog. L.; ete. Νεᾶρῳδός, 6v,=veaorddc. Νέας, Ion. acc. plur. from
ναῦς; ee Hes., Hat. i sich bat edoiuoc, ov, (veiw) to be ploughe
afresh, of fallow rae [ἃ ᾿ Νέᾶσις, ἣ, (νεάζω ΠῚ the ploughing of
fallow-land, Theophr. Νεασμός, od, 6,=foreg., Geop. Neaordtwroc,
ov, (νέος, σπατόω) Boeot. for νεοκάττυτος, newly soled, Stratt.
Phoen. 3. Nédraz, v. sub véaroc. Νεάτη, (se. χορδή), n¢, ἦν the
lowest (but in our musical scale the highest) string, Cratin.. Nom..14,
Plat. Rep. 443 D: fem. from νέατος : also contr. vATN, 4. V. [véd-] ;
Νεᾶτή, (sc. γῆ) He, ἦν like ved, νειός, fallow-land, Lat. novale.
Nedric, idoc, 7,—foreg. , Néaroe, ἡ, ov, Ion. veidroc, a kind of irreg.
superl. from νέος, like μέσατος from μέσος :—the last, uttermost,
lowest or undermost, in Hom. (who has the usu. form νέατος only in
Il. 11, 712), always of space, νεέατος ὄρχος, ἀνθερεών, κενεών, etc.,
νείατα πείραTa γαίης, etc. ; ὑπαὶ πόδα νείατον Ἴδης, at the lowest
slope of Ida, where it sinks into the plain, Il. 2, 824: c. gen., νείατος
ἄλλων, Il. 6, 295, Od. 15, 108: πόλις νεάτη Πύλου, lying on the
border of Pylos, Il. 11, 712; and so prob. in Il. 9, 153, 295, πᾶσαι δ᾽
ἐγγὺς ἁλὸς νέαται ἸΤύλου ἠμαθόενtoc,—though Passow with some
of the old ee takes νέαται for veNEBP νέαται, νένανται, 3 pl. perf.
pass. of vaiw, to be situate, but v. Spitzn. ad L., Lob. Paral. 357.—II.
later of time, = ὕστατος, Lat. novissimus, Soph. Ant. 627, 807, 808,
Aj. 1185: otherwise rare in Att., except in the word vedrn, νήτη, Gd-
V. ν᾽ Νεᾶτός, ή, Ov, (νεάω, νεάζω) fallowed. Néaroc, ov, 6, the
ploughing up of fallow-land, Xen. Oec. 7, 20.—II. the time for so
doing: cf. ἀμητός. Νεαύξητος, ov, (νέος, αὐξάνω) newly increased.
Nedw, ὦ, (νέος) to plough up new or fallow land, νεᾶν τοὺς ἀγρούς,
Lat. agros novare, Ar. Nub. 1117; so absol. in Theophr.: hence,
νεωμένη, (Sc. γῆ) land ploughed anew, a late fallow, Hes. Op. 460;
cf. vedo. ᾿ ; NéGpaé, ἄκος, 6,=veBpdc: in genl. α young animal.
Νέβρειος, ov, (νεβρός) belonging to. a fawn, Call. Dian. 244. Νεβρῆ
(sc. δορά), ἧς, ἡ:Ξενεβρίς, a penser Orph. : contr. for veBpén, ike
κυνῆ, παρδαλῆ, etc. NeGpiac, ov, ὃ, (νεβρός) like a fawn, esp.
spotted like one, Arist. H. A. 6, 10, 10. Νεβρίδιον, ov, τό, dim. from
νεβρίς. i NeGpidérerAoc, ον, (veBpic, πέπλος) wrapped up or clad in
a fawnskin, epith. of Bacchus and the Bacss Sry τὶ 9, Sondot
Νεβρϊδόστολος, ov, (veBpic, στολῇ =foreg., Orph. τ 51, 10. ν aa)
Νεβρίζω, to wear a fawn-skin, to run about in one at the feast of
Bacchus, Dem. 313, 16, cf. Lob. Aglaoph. p. 653: from NeGpic, 4:
gen. idoc, Dion. P. 703, 946, and the only form given by Draco; but
ἔδος [1] Eur. Bacch. 24, 137, Theocr. Ep. 2, 4, and oft. in Anth., and
Nonn., as it ought to be :—a fawnskin, esp. as the dress of Bacchus
and the Bacchantes. tNeBpic, idoc, 7, Nebris, a female slave, Luc.
Dial. Mer. 10. Νεβρισμός, οὔ, ὁ, (νεβρίζω) the wearing a νεβρίς.
tNéBpicca, nc, ἧ, Nebrissa, a city of Hispania Baetica, Strab. p. 143.
Νεβρίτης, ov, ὁ, (veBpic) like a fawn-skin, any εἴτις, of a stone, Plin.
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