Diagnostic Report: Final
Diagnostic Report: Final
RED BLOOD CELL (RBC) COUNT 5.58 High 4.5 - 5.5 mil/µL
METHOD : ELECTRONIC IMPEDANCE
LYMPHOCYTES 38 20 - 40 %
MONOCYTES 03 2 - 10 %
METHOD : ABSORBANCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY/ MICROSCOPY
EOSINOPHILS 03 1-6 %
METHOD : ABSORBANCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY/ MICROSCOPY
BASOPHILS 00 0-2 %
ABSOLUTE NEUTROPHIL COUNT 3.25 2.0 - 7.0 thou/µL
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% SATURATION 44 13 - 45 %
METHOD : SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
CALCIUM, SERUM
CALCIUM 9.1 8.5 - 10.1 mg/dL
METHOD : OCPC/CRESOLPHTHALIN / SPECTOPHOTOMETER
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CREATININE, SERUM
CREATININE 1.00 0.90 - 1.30 mg/dL
METHOD : PICRATE/ JAFFE / SPECTOPHOTOMETER
BUN/CREAT RATIO
BUN/CREAT RATIO 8.00 5.00 - 15.00
URIC ACID, SERUM
URIC ACID 6.8 3.5 - 7.2 mg/dL
METHOD : URICASE/ CATALASE UV/ SPECTOPHOTOMETER
ALBUMIN, SERUM
ALBUMIN 3.9 3.4 - 5.0 g/dL
METHOD : BCP DYE BINDING / SPECTOPHOTOMETER
GLOBULIN
GLOBULIN 3.2 2.0 - 4.1 g/dL
ELECTROLYTES (NA/K/CL), SERUM
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Interpretation(s)
BLOOD COUNTS,EDTA WHOLE BLOOD-
The cell morphology is well preserved for 24hrs. However after 24-48 hrs a progressive increase in MCV and HCT is observed leading to a decrease in MCHC. A direct smear
is recommended for an accurate differential count and for examination of RBC morphology.
RBC AND PLATELET INDICES-
Mentzer index (MCV/RBC) is an automated cell-counter based calculated screen tool to differentiate cases of Iron deficiency anaemia(>13) from Beta thalassaemia trait
(<13) in patients with microcytic anaemia. This needs to be interpreted in line with clinical correlation and suspicion. Estimation of HbA2 remains the gold standard for
diagnosing a case of beta thalassaemia trait.
WBC DIFFERENTIAL COUNT-
The optimal threshold of 3.3 for NLR showed a prognostic possibility of clinical symptoms to change from mild to severe in COVID positive patients. When age = 49.5 years
old and NLR = 3.3, 46.1% COVID-19 patients with mild disease might become severe. By contrast, when age < 49.5 years old and NLR < 3.3, COVID-19 patients tend to
show mild disease.
(Reference to - The diagnostic and predictive role of NLR, d-NLR and PLR in COVID-19 patients A.-P. Yang, et al. International Immunopharmacology 84 (2020) 106504
This ratio element is a calculated parameter and out of NABL scope.
ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (ESR),WHOLE BLOOD-TEST DESCRIPTION :-
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a test that indirectly measures the degree of inflammation present in the body. The test actually measures the rate of fall
(sedimentation) of erythrocytes in a sample of blood that has been placed into a tall, thin, vertical tube. Results are reported as the millimetres of clear fluid (plasma) that
are present at the top portion of the tube after one hour. Nowadays fully automated instruments are available to measure ESR.
ESR is not diagnostic it is a non-specific test that may be elevated in a number of different conditions. It provides general information about the presence of an
inflammatory condition.CRP is superior to ESR because it is more sensitive and reflects a more rapid change.
TEST INTERPRETATION
Increase in: Infections, Vasculities, Inflammatory arthritis, Renal disease, Anemia, Malignancies and plasma cell dyscrasias, Acute allergy Tissue injury, Pregnancy,
Estrogen medication, Aging.
Finding a very accelerated ESR(>100 mm/hour) in patients with ill-defined symptoms directs the physician to search for a systemic disease (Paraproteinemias,
Disseminated malignancies, connective tissue disease, severe infections such as bacterial endocarditis).
In pregnancy BRI in first trimester is 0-48 mm/hr(62 if anemic) and in second trimester (0-70 mm /hr(95 if anemic). ESR returns to normal 4th week post partum.
Decreased in: Polycythermia vera, Sickle cell anemia
LIMITATIONS
False elevated ESR : Increased fibrinogen, Drugs(Vitamin A, Dextran etc), Hypercholesterolemia
False Decreased : Poikilocytosis,(SickleCells,spherocytes),Microcytosis, Low fibrinogen, Very high WBC counts, Drugs(Quinine,
salicylates)
REFERENCE :
1. Nathan and Oski’s Haematology of Infancy and Childhood, 5th edition 2. Paediatric reference intervals. AACC Press, 7th edition. Edited by S. Soldin 3. The reference for
the adult reference range is “Practical Haematology by Dacie and Lewis,10th edition.
GLUCOSE FASTING,FLUORIDE PLASMA-TEST DESCRIPTION
Normally, the glucose concentration in extracellular fluid is closely regulated so that a source of energy is readily available to tissues and sothat no glucose is excreted in the
urine.
Increased in
Diabetes mellitus, Cushing’ s syndrome (10 – 15%), chronic pancreatitis (30%). Drugs:corticosteroids,phenytoin, estrogen, thiazides.
Decreased in
Pancreatic islet cell disease with increased insulin,insulinoma,adrenocortical insufficiency, hypopituitarism,diffuse liver disease, malignancy (adrenocortical,
stomach,fibrosarcoma), infant of a diabetic mother, enzyme deficiency diseases(e.g., galactosemia),Drugs- insulin,
ethanol, propranolol sulfonylureas,tolbutamide, and other oral hypoglycemic agents.
NOTE:
Hypoglycemia is defined as a glucoseof < 50 mg/dL in men and< 40 mg/dL in women.
While random serum glucose levels correlate with home glucose monitoring results (weekly mean capillary glucose values), there is wide fluctuation within individuals.Thus,
glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c) levels are favored to monitor glycemic control.
High fasting glucose level in comparison to post prandial glucose level may be seen due to effect of Oral Hypoglycaemics & Insulin treatment, Renal Glyosuria, Glycaemic
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index & response to food consumed, Alimentary Hypoglycemia, Increased insulin response & sensitivity etc.
GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN(HBA1C), EDTA WHOLE BLOOD-Used For:
References:
1. Teitz textbook of clinical chemistry and Molecular diagnostics, edited by Carl A Burtis, Edward R. Ashrwood, David E Bruns, 4th edition, Elseiver publication, 2006,962-966
2. Parson TA, Mensah GA, et al. Marker of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice. Circulation 2003,107,499-511
3. Rheumatoid arthritis disease activity measures: American College of Rheumatology recommendations for use in clinical practice: Jacyln Anderson, Liron Caplin et al, Wiley
online, 2012.
LIVER FUNCTION PROFILE, SERUM-
LIVER FUNCTION PROFILE
Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile and is a breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may give
yellow discoloration in jaundice.Elevated levels results from increased bilirubin production (eg, hemolysis and ineffective erythropoiesis), decreased bilirubin excretion (eg,
obstruction and hepatitis), and abnormal bilirubin metabolism (eg, hereditary and neonatal jaundice). Conjugated (direct) bilirubin is elevated more than unconjugated
(indirect) bilirubin in Viral hepatitis, Drug reactions, Alcoholic liver disease Conjugated (direct) bilirubin is also elevated more than unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin when
there is some kind of blockage of the bile ducts like in Gallstones getting into the bile ducts, tumors &Scarring of the bile ducts. Increased unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin
may be a result of Hemolytic or pernicious anemia, Transfusion reaction & a common metabolic condition termed Gilbert syndrome, due to low levels of the enzyme that
attaches sugar molecules to bilirubin.
AST is an enzyme found in various parts of the body. AST is found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, and red blood cells, and it is commonly measured
clinically as a marker for liver health. AST levels increase during chronic viral hepatitis, blockage of the bile duct, cirrhosis of the liver,liver cancer,kidney failure,hemolytic
anemia,pancreatitis,hemochromatosis. AST levels may also increase after a heart attack or strenuous activity.ALT test measures the amount of this enzyme in the blood.ALT
is found mainly in the liver, but also in smaller amounts in the kidneys,heart,muscles, and pancreas.It is commonly measured as a part of a diagnostic evaluation of
hepatocellular injury, to determine liver health.AST levels increase during acute hepatitis,sometimes due to a viral infection,ischemia to the liver,chronic
hepatitis,obstruction of bile ducts,cirrhosis.
ALP is a protein found in almost all body tissues.Tissues with higher amounts of ALP include the liver,bile ducts and bone.Elevated ALP levels are seen in Biliary obstruction,
Osteoblastic bone tumors, osteomalacia, hepatitis, Hyperparathyroidism, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Paget's disease,Rickets,Sarcoidosis etc. Lower-than-normal ALP levels seen
in Hypophosphatasia,Malnutrition,Protein deficiency,Wilson's disease.GGT is an enzyme found in cell membranes of many tissues mainly in the liver,kidney and pancreas.It
is also found in other tissues including intestine,spleen,heart, brain and seminal vesicles.The highest concentration is in the kidney,but the liver is considered the source of
normal enzyme activity.Serum GGT has been widely used as an index of liver dysfunction.Elevated serum GGT activity can be found in diseases of the liver,biliary system
and pancreas.Conditions that increase serum GGT are obstructive liver disease,high alcohol consumption and use of enzyme-inducing drugs etc.Serum total protein,also
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known as total protein,is a biochemical test for measuring the total amount of protein in serum.Protein in the plasma is made up of albumin and globulin.Higher-than-normal
levels may be due to:Chronic inflammation or infection,including HIV and hepatitis B or C,Multiple myeloma,Waldenstrom's disease.Lower-than-normal levels may be due to:
Agammaglobulinemia,Bleeding (hemorrhage),Burns,Glomerulonephritis,Liver disease, Malabsorption,Malnutrition,Nephrotic syndrome,Protein-losing enteropathy etc.Human
serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma.It is produced in the liver.Albumin constitutes about half of the blood serum protein.Low blood albumin
levels (hypoalbuminemia) can be caused by:Liver disease like cirrhosis of the liver, nephrotic syndrome,protein-losing enteropathy,Burns,hemodilution,increased vascular
permeability or decreased lymphatic clearance,malnutrition and wasting etc
TOTAL IRON BINDING CAPACITY, SERUM-
Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) measures the blood’s capacity to bind iron with transferrin and thus is an indirect way of assessing transferrin level.
Taken together with serum iron and percent transferrin saturation this test is performed when they is a concern about anemia, iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia.
However, because the liver produces transferrin, alterations in liver function (such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, or liver failure) must be considered when performing this test.
Increased in:
- iron deficiency
- acute and chronic blood loss
- acute liver damage
- progesterone birth control pills
Decreased in:
- hemochromatosis
- cirrhosis of the liver
- thalassemia
- anemias of infection and chronic diseases
- nephrosis
- hyperthyroidism
The percent Transferrin saturation = Serum Iron/TIBC x 100
Unsaturated Binding Capacity (UIBC)=TIBC - Serum Iron.
Limitations: Estrogens and oral contraceptives increase TIBC and Asparaginase, chloramphenicol, corticotropin, cortisone and testosterone decrease the TIBC level.
Reference:
1.Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, edited by Carl A Burtis, Edward R.Ashwood, David E Bruns, 4th Edition, Elsevier publication, 2006, 563,
1314-1315.
2. Wallach’s Interpretation of Diagnostic tests, 9th Edition, Ed Mary A Williamson and L Michael Snyder. Pub Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2011, 234-235.
25 - HYDROXYVITAMIN D(VITAMIN D TOTAL), SERUM-Test description
Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties and it works towards the bones, teeth, intestines, immune system, pancreas, muscles and brain. It
helps to maintain normal calcium and phosphate levels.Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin. Also called as “Sunshine Vitamin”.Two main forms as Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
which is synthesized in skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol in response to sunlight (Type B UV) exposure & Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) present mainly in dietary sources.
Vit D25(OH)D deficiency is seen due to poor or inadequate sunlight exposure, Nutritional or dietary deficiency or fat malabsorption, Severe Hepatocellular disease,
Secondary hyperparathyroidism, Hypocalcemia tetany which can cause involuntary contraction of muscles, leading to cramps and spasms, Rickets in children, Osteomalacia
in adults- due to vitamin D deficiency mainly, Older adults- osteoporosis. (Increased risk of bone fractures)due to long-term effect of calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency,
Other conditions that are precipitated by Vit D deficiency included increased cardiovascular risk, low immunity & chronic renal failure.
Elevated levels may be seen in patients taking supplements( hence recommended to repeat after 3 months for estimation of accurate levels), Vitamin D intoxication,
sarcoidosis and malignancies containing non regulated 1-alpha hydroxylase in the lesion.
Recommendations
1.To prevent biotin interference the patient should be atleast 8 hours fasting before submitting the sample 2.25(OH)D is the analyte of choice for determination of the
Vitamin D status as it is the major storage & active form of Vitamin D and has longer half-life. 3. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiatives (KDOQI) and Kidney Disease
Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) recommend activated vitamin D testing for CKD patients.
Note-Our Vitamin D assays is standardized to be in alignment with the ID-LC/MS/MS 25(OH)vitamin D Reference Method Procedure (RMP), the reference procedure for the
Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP). The VDSP, a collaboration of the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institute of Technology
and Standards, Centers for Disease Control and Ghent University, is an initiative to standardize 25(OH)vitamin D measurement across methods.
Reference:
1.Wallach's Interpretation of diagnostic test, 10th edition.
CALCIUM, SERUM-
Commom causes of decreased value of calcium (hypocalcemia) are chronic renal failure, hypomagnesemia and hypoalbuminemia.
Hypercalcemia (increased value of calcium) can be caused by increased intestinal absorbtion (vitamin d intoxication), increased skeletal reasorption
(immobilization), or a combination of mechanisms (primary hyperparathyroidism). Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy accounts for 90-95% of all cases of
hypercalcemia.
Values of total calcium is affected by serum proteins, particularly albumin thus, latter’s value should be taken into account when interpreting serum calcium
levels. The following regression equation may be helpful.
Corrected total calcium (mg/dl)= total calcium (mg/dl) + 0.8 (4- albumin [g/dl])*
because regression equations vary among group of patients in different physiological and pathological conditions, mathematical corrections are only
approximations. The possible mathematical corrections should be replaced by direct determination of free calcium by ISE (available with srl) a common and
important source of preanalytical error in the measurement of calcium is prolonged torniquet application during sampling. Thus, this along with fist clenching
should be avoided before phlebotomy.
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Serum Triglyceride are a type of fat in the blood. When you eat, your body converts any calories it doesn''''''''''''''''t need into triglycerides, which are stored in fat cells. High
triglyceride levels are associated with several factors, including being overweight, eating too many sweets or drinking too much alcohol, smoking, being sedentary, or having
diabetes with elevated blood sugar levels. Analysis has proven useful in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus, nephrosis, liver obstruction, other
diseases involving lipid metabolism, and various endocrine disorders. In conjunction with high density lipoprotein and total serum cholesterol, a triglyceride determination
provides valuable information for the assessment of coronary heart disease risk.It is done in fasting state.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. This is sometimes called the ""good"" cholesterol because it helps carry away LDL cholesterol, thus keeping arteries open and
blood flowing more freely.HDL cholesterol is inversely related to the risk for cardiovascular disease. It increases following regular exercise, moderate alcohol consumption
and with oral estrogen therapy. Decreased levels are associated with obesity, stress, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus.
SERUM LDL The small dense LDL test can be used to determine cardiovascular risk in individuals with metabolic syndrome or established/progressing coronary artery
disease, individuals with triglyceride levels between 70 and 140 mg/dL, as well as individuals with a diet high in trans-fat or carbohydrates. Elevated sdLDL levels are
associated with metabolic syndrome and an ‘atherogenic lipoprotein profile’, and are a strong, independent predictor of cardiovascular disease.
Elevated levels of LDL arise from multiple sources. A major factor is sedentary lifestyle with a diet high in saturated fat. Insulin-resistance and pre-diabetes have also been
implicated, as has genetic predisposition. Measurement of sdLDL allows the clinician to get a more comprehensive picture of lipid risk factors and tailor treatment
accordingly. Reducing LDL levels will reduce the risk of CVD and MI.
Non HDL Cholesterol - Adult treatment panel ATP III suggested the addition of Non-HDL Cholesterol as an indicator of all atherogenic lipoproteins (mainly LDL and VLDL).
NICE guidelines recommend Non-HDL Cholesterol measurement before initiating lipid lowering therapy. It has also been shown to be a better marker of risk in both primary
and secondary prevention studies.
Recommendations:
Results of Lipids should always be interpreted in conjunction with the patient’s medical history, clinical presentation and other findings.
NON FASTING LIPID PROFILE includes Total Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol and calculated non-HDL Cholesterol. It does not include triglycerides and may be best used in
patients for whom fasting is difficult.
BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN), SERUM-Causes of Increased levels include Pre renal (High protein diet, Increased protein catabolism, GI haemorrhage, Cortisol,
Dehydration, CHF Renal), Renal Failure, Post Renal (Malignancy, Nephrolithiasis, Prostatism)
Causes of decreased level include Liver disease, SIADH.
CREATININE, SERUM-Higher than normal level may be due to:
• Blockage in the urinary tract
• Kidney problems, such as kidney damage or failure, infection, or reduced blood flow
• Loss of body fluid (dehydration)
• Muscle problems, such as breakdown of muscle fibers
• Problems during pregnancy, such as seizures (eclampsia)), or high blood pressure caused by pregnancy (preeclampsia)
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• Muscular dystrophy
URIC ACID, SERUM-
Causes of Increased levels:-Dietary(High Protein Intake,Prolonged Fasting,Rapid weight loss),Gout,Lesch nyhan syndrome,Type 2 DM,Metabolic syndrome
Causes of decreased levels-Low Zinc intake,OCP,Multiple Sclerosis
TOTAL PROTEIN, SERUM-
Serum total protein,also known as total protein, is a biochemical test for measuring the total amount of protein in serum..Protein in the plasma is made up of albumin and
globulin
Higher-than-normal levels may be due to: Chronic inflammation or infection, including HIV and hepatitis B or C, Multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's disease
Lower-than-normal levels may be due to: Agammaglobulinemia, Bleeding (hemorrhage),Burns,Glomerulonephritis, Liver disease, Malabsorption, Malnutrition, Nephrotic
syndrome,Protein-losing enteropathy etc.
ALBUMIN, SERUM-
Human serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma. It is produced in the liver. Albumin constitutes about half of the blood serum protein. Low
blood albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) can be caused by: Liver disease like cirrhosis of the liver, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, Burns, hemodilution,
increased vascular permeability or decreased lymphatic clearance,malnutrition and wasting etc.
FREE TRIIODOTHYRONINE (FT3), SERUM-
FREE T3 :T3 is bound to thyroxine binding globulin(TBG),prealbumin, and albumin. Only 0.2-0.4% of the total T3 is present in solution as unbound or free T3.This free
fraction represents the physiologically active thyroid hormone.
Free T3 and Free T4 values therefore, provide the best indication of thyroid dysfunction, instead of Total T3 or Total T4, since these are not affected by changes in the
serum binding proteins. Free T3 is typically elevated to a greater degree than free thyroxine (T4) in Graves’ disease.
Occasionally, free T3 alone is elevated (T3 thyrotoxicosis) in about 5% of the hyperthyroid population. In contrast, levels of free T4 are elevated to a greater degree than
free T3 in toxic multinodular goiter and excessive T4 therapy. Serum free T3 is useful in distinguishing these forms of hyperthyroidism.
Free T3 may also be important in monitoring patients on anti-thyroid therapy where treatment is focused on reducing the T3 production and the T4 conversion to T3. Serum
free T3 may also be useful in assessing the severity of the thyrotoxic state.
FREE THYROXINE (FT4), SERUM-
Thyroxine(T4)circulates in the blood as an equilibrium mixture of free and serum protein bound hormone. Less than 0.03% is present in the circulation as unbound, free T4.
This small percentage of the total T4 represents the physiologically available hormone which is biologically active.
Free T3 and Free T4 values therefore, provide the best indication of thyroid dysfunction, instead of Total T3 or Total T4, since these are not affected by changes in the
serum binding proteins. Free T3 is typically elevated to a greater degree than free thyroxine (T4) in Graves’ disease.
Occasionally, free T3 alone is elevated (T3 thyrotoxicosis) in about 5% of the hyperthyroid population. In contrast, levels of free T4 are elevated to a greater degree than
free T3 in toxic multinodular goiter and excessive T4 therapy. Serum free T3 is useful in distinguishing these forms of hyperthyroidism.
Free T3 may also be important in monitoring patients on anti-thyroid therapy where treatment is focused on reducing the T3 production and the T4 conversion to T3. Serum
free T3 may also be useful in assessing the severity of the thyrotoxic state.
TSH 3RD GENERATION ULTRASENSITIVE, SERUM-TSH stands for thyroid stimulating hormone. This hormone stimulates the Thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones that
regulate the way our body uses energy. These also play an important role in regulating weight, temperature, muscle strength, and even your mood. TSH is made in a gland
in the brain called the pituitary. When thyroid levels in our body are low, the pituitary gland makes more TSH. When thyroid levels are high, the pituitary gland makes less
TSH. TSH levels that are too high or too low can indicate that thyroid is not working correctly.
There is a circadian rhythm of TSH secretion, with peak values at the onset of sleep and nadir concentrations during the afternoon hours. Peak and nadir concentrations
differ by approximately +/- 50%. The effect on circulating T4 and T3 concentrations is not significant because of the large size of the extrathyroidal T4 pool.
In healthy subjects there is no significant impact of body weight, physical training, body habitus, posture, immobilization, mild to moderate exercise, or ambulatory status
on thyroid function, and no significant geographic environmental variation.
Nutrition also has a minimal impact except for variation in iodine intake. Subthreshold concentrations of iodine intake are associated with increased TSH secretion, goiter,
increased thyroid iodine uptake, decreased T4 production, an increased T3/T4 secretion ratio, and an increased ratio of circulating T3/T4 concentrations. Excessive iodine
intake can block thyroid hormone biosynthesis by inhibiting the enzymes involved in the biosynthetic process, resulting in reduced T4 secretion, increased TSH
concentrations, goiter, and hypothyroidism if the iodine excess is chronic.
High TSH levels can mean your thyroid is not making enough thyroid hormones, a condition called hypothyroidism. Low TSH levels can mean your thyroid is making too
much of the hormones, a condition called hyperthyroidism. A TSH test does not explain why TSH levels are too high or too low.
In cases of Subclinical hypothyroidism, a single test can be misleading, so a second test is usually done 2 or 3 months later. In both tests, the blood is taken at the same
time of day because TSH levels can fluctuate over the course of 24 hours. Subclinical hypothyroidism is diagnosed when both TSH readings are high but the thyroid
hormone thyroxine is still within the normal range.
Being severely overweight and certain medications can also increase TSH. TSH levels are likely to fluctuate more during pregnancy.
TSH values may be transiently altered because of Non thyroidal Illness like severe infections, liver disease, renal failure, heart failure, severe burns, trauma, surgery etc.
TSH levels that are slightly or only moderately elevated do not necessarily need to be treated. Some people who have high TSH levels never even develop symptoms.
It is also very common for TSH levels to return to normal in children and teenagers.
The following tables give the reference ranges in children and pregnant women.
REF: 1. TIETZ Fundamentals of Clinical chemistry 2Guidlines of the American Thyroid association during pregnancy and Postpartum,2011.
**End Of Report**
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