MA1521 Cheatsheet Maximum & Minimum Trigonometric Identities

for AY23-24, Sem 1 ∀x ∈ dom(f ), f (x) ≤ f (c): absolute maximum sec2 x − 1 = tan2 x sin( π2 − A) = cos A
m. zaidan ∀x ∈ dom(f ), f (x) ≥ f (c): absolute minimum csc2 x − 1 = cot2 x cos( π2 − A) = sin A
∀x ∈ (a, b), c ∈ (a, b), f (x) ≤ f (c): local maximum sin A cos A = 21 sin 2A tan( π2 − A) = cot A
Axa + ... a<b 0 ∀x ∈ (a, b), c ∈ (a, b), f (x) ≥ f (c): local minimum
lim = A
cos2 A = 21 (1 + cos 2A)
x→∞ Bxb + ... a=b B sin2 A = 12 (1 − cos 2A)
a>b ∞/ − ∞ Extreme Value Theorem: if f is continuous on sin A cos B = 21 (sin(A + B) + sin(A − B))
limx→c g(x) = 0, [a, b], f attains an absolute max and min somewhere.
cos A sin B = 21 (sin(A + B) − sin(A − B))
limx→c sin(g(x))
g(x) = 1 | limx→c tan(g(x))
g(x) =1 Critical Point: not an end point &
f ′ (c) = 0 ∨ f ′ (c) does not exist cos A cos B = 21 (cos(A + B) + cos(A − B))
if g(x) ≤ f (x) ≤ h(x) for all x for some (a, b), sin A sin B = 21 (cos(A − B) − cos(A + B))
limx→c g(x) = limx→c h(x) = L, 1st Derivative for Absolute Extrema sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
limx→c f (x) = L f ′ (x) > 0 ∀ x < c f ′ (x) < 0 ∀ x > c : abs max cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B
′ ′
f (x) < 0 ∀ x < c f (x) > 0 ∀ x > c : abs min tan A±tan B
tan(A ± B) = 1∓tan
Derivatives 1st Derivative for Local Extrema A tan B
d d 1 f ′ changes from + to − : local max
sin(x) = cos(x) sin−1 (x) = √ RSubstitution: Let Ru = g(x), ∴ du = g ′ (x)dx,
dx dx 1 − x2 f ′ changes from − to + : local min ′
f (g(x))g x(dx) = f (u)du
d d −1 2nd Derivative for Local Extrema
cos(x) = − sin(x) cos−1 (x) = √ Integration: Let f (x) R= g(x)h′ (x),
dx dx 1 − x2 f ′ (c) = 0 f ′′ (c) < 0 : local max
f (x)dx = g(x)h(x) − g ′ (x)h(x)dx
R
d d 1 f ′ (c) = 0 f ′′ (c) > 0 : local min
tan(x) = sec2 (x) tan−1 (x) = f (x)
dx dx 1 + x2 L’Hopital Rule if limx→c g(x) = 0 or ∞, Partial fractions:
d ′
ax + b A
dx
sec(x) = sec(x) tan(x) limx→c fg(x)
(x)
= limx→c fg′ (x)
(x)
2 A
ax+b
B
d (ax + b) ax+b + (ax+b)2
csc(x) = − csc(x) cot(x) Standard integration 2 2
ax + bx + c, b − 4ac < 0 Ax+B
dx R ax2 +bx+c
d sin(x)dx = − cos(x) + C Rules for integration:
cot(x) = − csc2 (x)
R
dx R cos(x)dx = sin(x) + C Logarithmic Differentiate
d −1 tan(x)dx = ln | sec(x)| + C Inverse trigonometric Differentiate
cot−1 (x) = R
Algebraic (Polynomials) Differentiate
dx 1 + x2 sec(x)dx = ln | sec(x) + tan(x)| + C
d 1
R
csc(x)dx = − ln | csc(x) + cot(x)| + C Trigonometric Differentiate
sec−1 (x) = √ R Combination of Trigonometric Integrate
dx |x| x2 − 1 cot(x)dx = − ln | csc(x)| + C Exponential Integrate
d −1
R 2
csc−1 (x) = √ R sec (x)dx = ln | tan(x)| +C Riemann Sum: for sufficiently large n,
dx 2
|x| x2 − 1 csc (x)dx = − cot(x) + C Rb Pn
f (x)dx ≈ k+1 ( b−a b−a
a n ) + f (a + k( n ))
R
d dy sec(x) tan(x)dx = ln | sec(x)| +C
g(y) = g ′ (y) R
dx dx csc(x) cot(x)dx = ln | csc(x)| + C FTC1: If f is continuous on [a, b] &
1 R 1 1 −1 x+b Rb
(f −1 )(f (x))) = ′ 2 2 dx = tan ( ) + C F is anti-derivative of f , a F ′ (x)dx = F (b) − F (a)
f (x) R a +(x+b) a a

v du dv
√ 2 1 dx = sin−1 ( x+b a )+C
FTC2:RIf f is continuous on [a, b] &
d v dx −u dx a −(x+b)2 x
Quotient rule: dx u = v2 1 −1 x+b
g(x) = a f (t)dt, a ≤ x ≤ b, f (x) = g ′ (x)
√
R
− 2 dx = cos ( a ) + C d
R x
dx a f (t)dt = f (x)
dy d dy a −(x+b)2
dy d2 y dt ( dx )
Parametric Equations dx = dt
dx | dx2 = dx
R
2
1 1 x+b+a
2 dx = 2a ln | x+b−a | + C
dt dt
R a −(x+b)
1 1 x+b−a Type I: Infinite limits of integration
d (x+b)2 −a2 dx = 2a ln | x+b+a | + C f (x) continuous on [a, ∞):
y = f (x)g(x) : get ln(y) and solve for dy/dx p R∞
dx √ 1 2 2 dx = ln |(x + b) + (x + b)2 + a2 | + C
R Rb
(x+b) +a a
f (x)dx = limb→∞ a f (x)dx
if f is differentiable on (a, b) continuous on [a, b] p f (x) continuous on (−∞, b]:
√ 1 2 2 dx = ln |(x + b) + (x + b)2 − a2 | + C
R
f ′ (x) > 0 → increasing | f ′ (x) < 0 → decreasing (x+b) −a
Rb Rb
f ′′ (c) > 0 → concave upward on c R√ √ 2 −∞
f (x)dx = lima→−∞ a f (x)dx
x a −1 x
f ′′ (c) < 0 → concave downward on c a2 − x2 dx = 2 a2 − x2 + 2 sin a + C fR (x) continuousR on (−∞, ∞): R
R√ √ 2 √ ∞ c ∞
f ′′ (c) = 0 → point of inflection on (c, f (c)) x2 − a2 dx = x2 x2 − a2 + a2 ln |x + x2 − a2 | + C −∞ f (x)dx = −∞ f (x)dx + c f (x)dx
 P∞ n
Type II: Integrals that become ∞ somewhere Taylor series f (x) = n=0 f n!(a) (x − a)n Chain Rule: dz ∂f dx ∂f dy
dt = ∂x dt + ∂y dt
f (x) continuous on (a, b], discontinuous at a: 1
P∞ n x = g(s, t), y = h(s, t)
1−x = Pn=0 x , |x| < 1
Rb Rb
f (x)dx = limc→a+ c f (x)dx ∂z ∂f dx ∂f dy ∂z ∂f dx ∂f dy
∂t = ∂x dt + ∂y dt & ∂s = ∂x ds +
a 1 ∞ n n
1+x = n=0 (−1) x , |x| < 1
∂y ds
f (x) continuous on [a, b), discontinuous at b: ∞ xn ∂z −Fx (x,y,z) ∂z −Fy (x,y,z)
Rb Rc x
P
e = n=0 n! ∂x = Fz (x,y,z) & ∂y = Fz (x,y,z)
a
f (x)dx = limc→b+ a f (x)dx
x2n+1
P∞
f (x) discontinuous at c, a < c < b: sin(x) = n=0 (−1)n (2n+1)! △z = f (x + △x, y + △y) − f (x, y)
Rb Rc Rb P∞ x2n dz = fx (x, y)dx + fy (x, y)dy
a
f (x)dx = a f (x)dx + c f (x)dx cos(x) = n=0 (−1)n (2n)!
P∞ 2n+1
tan−1 (x) = n=0 (−1)n x2n+1 2nd derivative test: fx (a, b) = 0 = fy (a, b)
Area between curves
Rb P∞ n+1
ln(1 − x) = n=0 xn+1 , |x| < 1 D = fxx (a, b)fyy (a, b) − [fxy (a, b)]2
A = a |f (x) − g(x)|dx P∞ n+1 D > 0 ∧ fxx (a, b) > 0 (Local min)
Rb
A = a |f (y) − g(y)|dy ln(1 + x) = n=0 (−1)n xn+1 , |x| < 1 D > 0 ∧ fxx (a, b) < 0 (Local max)
D < 0 (saddle point), D = 0 (no conclusion)
Volume of Solid of Revolution Vector <px2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1 > RR Rb Rd
Disk f (x) > g(x)∀x ∈ [a, b], |P1 P2 | = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2 R
f (x)g(y)dA = a f (x)dx c g(y)dy
Rb
V = π( a f (x)2 − g(x)2 )dx Length ||⃗a|| R : {a < x < b, c < x < d}
Rb Standard Vectors
Cylindrical V = 2π( a x|f (x) − g(x)|)dx i =< 1, 0, 0 >, j =< 0, 1, 0 >, k =< 0, 0, 1 > Type I: D : {(x, y) : a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}
Rbp Dot Product a · b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 RR R b R g (x)
f (x, y)dA = a g12(x) f (x, y)dydx
D
Arc Length of a Curve a 1 + f ′ (x)2 dx a · b = ||a|| · ||b|| · cos θ
θ = 0 (same), θ = π (opp), θ = π2 (⊥) Type II: D : {(x, y) : g1 (y)a ≤ x ≤ g2 (y), a ≤ y ≤ b}
Squeeze Theorem for Sequence a · b = 0 ⇐⇒ a ⊥ b RR R b R g (y)
f (x, y)dA = a g12(y) f (x, y)dxdy
an ≤ bn ≤ cn ∧ limn→∞ an = limn→∞ cn = L D
→ limn→∞ bn = L Eqn. of Plane & Line Polar Coordinates x2 + y 2 = r2
P∞ Line: r(t) =< x0 , y0 , z0 > +t(a, b, c) x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
Series Limit n=1 an = limn→∞ Sn Plane: ax + by + cz = d, (r − r0 )· < a, b, c >= 0 R = {(r, θ) : 0 ≤ a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β}
∈ R (converges), ∈
/ R (diverges) Distance: |ax√
0 +by0 +cz0 −d| RR RβRb
a2 +b2 +c2 R
f (x, y)dA = α a f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ
P∞
Test for Convergence & Divergence n=1 an Cross Product a × b =
RR RR q
Surface Area D
dS = D
fx2 + fy2 + 1dA
nth term limn→∞ an ̸= 0 div, else inconclusive (a2 b3 − a3 b2 )i − (a1 b3 − a3 b1 )j + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )k
Rb a×b⊥a∧a×b⊥b Reduction to Separable Form y ′ = g( xy ), let v = y
x
integral limb→∞ 1 f (x) ||a|| · ||b|| · sin θ = ||a × b||
f (n) = an ≥ 0 check for convergence (̸= ∞) y ′ = v + xv ′
P∞ P∞ dy
comparison Pn+1 bn conv ⇒P n+1 an conv Vector Function r′ (t) =< f ′ (t), g ′ (t), h′ (t) > First Order ODE dx + P (x)y = Q(x)
∞ ∞
0 ≤ a n ≤ bn n+1 an div ⇒ n+1 bn div
Rbp R
P (x)dx
Arc Length = s = a f ′ (t)2 + g ′ (t)2 + h′ (t)2 I(X)R= e
P∞ n−1
geometric series Pn=1 ar conv ⇐⇒ |r| < 1 f (x, y): ∂f ∂f
∂x = fx , ∂y = fy y=
I(x)·Q(x)dx
∞ 1
p-series n=1 np conv ⇐⇒ p < 1 Clairaut’s Theorem: fxy = fyx I(x)

▽f =< fx , fy > dy
ratio/root
P∞
L < 1 ⇐⇒ Pn=1 an conv Bernoulli Equation dx + P (x)y = Q(x)y n , u = y 1−n
∞ Du f =< fx , fy > ·u ′
L = limn→∞ aan+1n
L > 1 ⇐⇒ n=1 an div Tangent Plane:
u + (1 − n)(p(x)u = (1 − n)q(x)
p
L = limn→∞ |an inconclusive otherwise.
n
z = f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b)
=0⇒
P∞n→∞ bn n−1
alternating series lim
bn ≥ 0, bn ≥ bn+1 n=1 (−1) bn conv f (x, y, z): ∂f ∂f ∂f
∂x = fx , ∂y = fy , , ∂z = fz
P∞
Power Series n=0 Cn (x − a) n ▽f =< fx , fy , fz >
Du f =< fx , fy , fz > ·u
Radius of convergence R : limn→∞ CCn+1 n
= R1 Tangent Plane:
|x − a| > R → conv, |x − a| < R → div z = ▽f (a, b, c)· < x − a, y − b, z − c >= 0