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 Based on Merriam-Webster's
Collegiate" Dictionary, Eleventh Edition

The
Merriam-
Webster
Dictionary;

NEW EDITION
I 2,000 new words
I Clear and precise
I Over 75,000 definitions
 The
Merriam-
Webster
Dictionary
 The
Merriam-
Webster
Dictionary

Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
Springfield, Massachusetts
 A GENUINE MERRIAM-WEBSTER
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 PREFACE
This new edition of The Merriam-Webster Dictionary is the
sixth in a line of Merriam-Webster paperback dictionaries
which began in 1947. It is based on and preserves the best
aspects of preceding editions, but it also offers much that is
new, drawing specifically on Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Every entry and every section has
been reexamined and revised in light of the most current
information available. Definitions have been based on exam-
ples of actual use found in the Merriam-Webster citation files,
which now contain more than 15,000,000 examples of English
words in context from a wide range of printed sources, and
more than 75 million words available through electronic
searching. The editors of this book have created it with the
same careful, serious attention that has gone into every
Merriam-Webster dictionary.

The 65,000 entries in this dictionary give coverage to the

most frequently used words in the language. The heart of the
dictionary is the A-Z vocabulary section, where readers will
find information about meaning, spelling, pronunciation, ety-
mology, and synonyms. This section is followed by others that
users have long found useful: the section Foreign Words and
Phrases covers words and phrases from other languages that
often occur in English texts but have not become part of the
English vocabulary; the section Biographical Names identifies
individuals from history and contemporary culture, as well as
biblical, legendary, and mythological characters; the section
Geographical Names identifies places of importance in the
United States and the world, along with current population
figures.

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary has been created by a com-

pany that has been publishing dictionaries for more than 150
years. It has been edited by an experienced staff of lexicogra-
phers, who believe it will serve well those who want a concise
and handy guide to the English language of today.
 EDITORIAL STAFF
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 EXPLANATORY NOTES
The dictionary contains so much information, that it is necessary to con-
dense much of it to accommodate the limitations of the printed page.
This section provides information on the conventions used throughout
the dictionary, from the styling of entries and pronunciation to how we
present information on usage and meaning. An understanding of the in-
formation contained in these notes will make the dictionary both easier
and more rewarding to use.

ENTRIES
A boldface letter or a combination of The guide words are usually the al-
such letters, including punctuation phabetically first and the alphabeti-
marks and diacritics where needed, cally last entries on the page:
that is set flush with the left-hand
margin of each column of type is a animosity • another
main entry. The main entry may con-
sist of letters set solid, of letters joined Occasionally the last printed entry is
by a hyphen or a diagonal, or of let- not the alphabetically last entry. On
ters separated by one or more spaces: page 171, for example, cropper is the
last main entry, but cropping, an in-
alone . adj
. .

flected form at crop, is the alphabeti-

avant-garde n . . .

cally last entryand is therefore the

and/or conj
. . .

second guide word. The alphabetical-

assembly language . . . n
ly lastentry is not used, however, if it
av*a*Ianche n . . .

follows alphabetically the first guide

The material in lightface type that fol- word on the succeeding page. Thus on
lows each main entry on the same line page 209 distressful is not a guide
and on succeeding, indented lines word because it follows alphabetically
presents information about the main the entry distress which is the first
entry. guide word on page 210.
The main one another
entries follow Any boldface word a main entry —
in alphabetical order letter by letter: with definition, a variant, an inflected
bill of attainder follows billion; Day of form, a defined or undefined run-on,
Atonement follows daylight saving —
or a run-in entry may be used as a
time. Those containing an Arabic guide word.
numeral are alphabetized as if the nu- When one main entry has exactly the
meral were spelled out: 4-H comes be- same written form as another, the two
tween fourfold and Four Hundred; 3-D are distinguished by superscript nu-
comes between three and three-dimen- merals preceding each word:
sional. Those that often begin with the 1
melt vb
abbreviation St. in common usage
. . .

2 melt n
have the abbreviation spelled out: 1
pine . n. .

Saint Valentine's Day. Main entries 2 pine vb

that begin with Mc
are alphabetized
just as they are spelled. Full words come before parts of
A pair of guide words is printed at words made up of the same letters;
the top of each page. These indicate solid compounds come before hy-
that the entries falling alphabetically phenated compounds: hyphenated
between the words at the top of the compounds come before open com-
outer column of each page are found pounds; and lowercase entries come
on that page. before those with an initial capital:
Explanatory Notes viii

2 super n used according to personal inclina-

super- . . . prefix tion:
run. down . . . n
ocher or ochre
run-down . . . adj
run down vb If two variants joined by or are out of
dutch . . . adv alphabetical order, they remain equal
Dutch . . . n variants. The one printed first is, how-
ever, slightly more common than the
The centered dots within entry
second:
words indicate division points at
which a hyphen may be put at the end 1
plow or plough
of a line of print or writing. Thus the
When another spelling is joined to
noun cap>puc*cUno may be ended on
the main entry by the word also, the
one line and continued on the next in
is a secondary vari-
spelling after also
this manner:
ant and occurs less frequently than
cap- the first:
puccino
absinthe also absinth
cappuc-
cino Secondary variants belong to standard
cappucci- usage and may be used according to
no personal inclination. Once the word
also is used to signal a secondary vari-
Centered dots are not shown after a ant, all following secondary variants
single initial letter or before a single
are joined by or.
terminal letter because typesetters sel-
dom cut off a single letter: 2 wool«ly also wool-ie or wooly

abyss . . . n Variants whose spelling puts them al-

flighty . . . adj phabetically more than a column
idea . . . n away from the main entry are entered
at their own alphabetical places as
Nor are they usually shown at the sec- well as at the main entry:
ond and succeeding homographs un-
less they differ among themselves: 2gage var of gauge

1
sig*nal . . . n 1
gauge also gage
2
signal vb
3 signal adj Variants having a usage label appear
but only at their own alphabetical places:
1
min*ute . . . n me.tre . . . chiefly Brit var of meter
2 mi-nute . . . adj
To show the stylings that are
all
There are acceptable alternative found for English compounds would
end-of-line divisions just as there are require space that can be better used
acceptable variant spellings and pro- for other information. So this dictio-
nunciations, but no more than one di- nary limits itself to a single styling for
vision is shown for any entry in this a compound:
dictionary.
peace-mak-er
A double hyphen at the end of a line
pell-mell
in this dictionary (as in the definition
boom box
at cod) stands for a hyphen that is re-
tained when the word is written as a When a compound is widely used and
unit on one line. This kind of fixed hy- one styling predominates, that styling
phen is always represented in boldface is shown. When a compound is un-

words in this dictionary with an en common or when

the evidence indi-
dash, longer than an ordinary hyphen. cates that two or three stylings are ap-
When a main entry is followed by proximately equal in frequency, the
the word or and another spelling, the styling shown is based on the compar-
two spellings are equal variants. Both ison of other similar compounds.
are standard, and either one may be A main entry may be followed by
 IX Explanatory Notes
one or more derivatives or by a ho- Defined phrases of this sort are run on
mograph with a different functional at the entry defining the first major
label.These are run-on entries. Each word in the phrase. When there are
isintroduced by a long dash and each variants, however, the run-on appears
has a functional label. They are not at the entry defining the first major
defined, however, since their mean- invariable word in the phrase:
ings are readily understood from the
meaning of the root word:
1
seed . n. . .
— go to seed or run
to seed 1
fear- less aaj ... — fear-less-ly
. . .

— fear.less.ness n
adv
Boldface words that appear within
hie- cup n — hiccup vb
. . . . . .
parentheses (as co-ca at co.caine and
jet engine and jet propulsion at jet-
A main entry may be followed by propelled) are run-in entries.
one or more phrases containing the Attention is called to the definition
entry word or an inflected form of it. of vocabulary entry on page 811. The
These are also run-on entries. Each is term dictionary entry includes all vo-
introduced by a long dash but there is cabulary entries as well as all boldface
no functional label. They are, howev- entries in the back sections headed
er, defined since their meanings are "Foreign Words Phrases," "Bio- &
more than the sum of the meanings of graphical Names," and "Geographical
their elements: Names."
iset . . vb .
— set sail : . . .

1
hand . .
— at hand : . .

PRONUNCIATION
The matter between a pair of reversed speakers pronounce words the same
slashes \ \ following the entry word way. A second-place variant is not to
indicates the pronunciation. The sym- be regarded as less acceptable than
bols used are explained in the chart at the pronunciation that is given first. It
the end of this section. may, in fact, be used by as many edu-
A hyphen is used in the pronuncia- cated speakers as the first variant, but
tion to show syllabic division. These the requirements of the printed page
hyphens sometimes' coincide with the are such that one must precede the
centered dots in the entry word that other:
indicate end-of-line division:
apri-cot Va-pra-.kat, 'a-\
ab.sen-tee \,ab-S3n-'te\ for.head Vfor-ad, 'f6r-,hed\

Sometimes they do not: Symbols enclosed by parentheses

represent elements that are present in
met-ric \'me-trik\
the pronunciation of some speakers
A high-set mark '
indicates major but are absent from the pronuncia-
(primary) stress or accent; a low-set tion of other speakers, or elements
mark indicates minor (secondary)
, that are present in some but absent
stress or accent: from other utterances of the same
speaker:
heartbeat \'hart-,bet\
1
om*ni*bus \'am-ni-(,)b3s\
The stress mark
stands at the begin-
ad'di-tion.al \3-'di-sh(3-)n9l\
ning of the syllable that receives the
stress. Thus, the above parentheses indicate
A syllable with neither a high-set that some people say Vam-ni-,b3s\
mark nor a low-set mark is unstressed: and others say Vam-ni-basX; some \a-
'di-sha-nalV others Xa-'di-shnalV
1
structure Vstrak-charX
When a main entry has less than a
The presence of variant pronuncia- fullpronunciation, the missing part is
tions indicates that not all educated to be supplied from a pronunciation
Explanatory Notes x
in a preceding entry or within the nunciation if their pronunciations are
same pair of reversed slashes: the same:

cham.pi-on.ship \-,ship\ 1
re- ward \ri-*w6rd\ vb
pa-la-ver \p3-'la-var, -'la-\ 2
reward n
The pronunciation of the first three
The absent but implied pronuncia-
syllables of championship is found at
tion of derivatives and compounds
the main entry champion. The hy-
run on after a main entry is a combi-
phens before and after \'la\ in the pro-
nation of the pronunciation at the
nunciation of palaver indicate that
main entry and the pronunciation of
both the first and the last parts of the
the other element as given at its al-
pronunciation are to be taken from
phabetical place in the vocabulary:
the immediately preceding pronuncia-
tion. — quick-ness n
In general, no pronunciation is indi- — hold out
cated for open compounds consisting
of two or more English words that Thus, the pronunciation of quickness
have own-place entry: is the sum of the pronunciations
given at quick and -ness; that of hold
witch doctor n
out, the "sum of the pronunciations of
Only the first entry in a sequence of the two elements that make up the
numbered homographs is given a pro- phrase.

FUNCTIONAL LABELS
An indicating a part of
italic label not traditional parts of speech in-
speech or another functional classifi- clude:
cation follows the pronunciation or, if
no pronunciation is given, the main
AT abbr
self- comb form
entry. The eight traditional parts of
un- . . . prefix
speech are indicated as follows:
-ial adj suffix
bold adj . . .
2 -ly adv suffix
forth-with . . . adv 2-er . . . n suffix
1
but conj . . . -ize . . . vb suffix
ge.sund.heit . . . interj Fe symbol
bcle.ro n . . . may . . . verbal auxiliary
2
un«der prep . . .

Functional labels are sometimes com-

1
it .pron
. .

bined:
slap ...vb
afloat . . . adj or adv
Other italicized labels used to indi-
cate functional classifications that are

INFLECTED FORMS
NOUNS
The plurals of nouns are shown in this that pluralizes any element but the
dictionary when suffiXation brings last, when a final consonant is dou-
about a change of final -y to -/'-, when bled, when the noun has variant plu-
the noun ends in a consonant plus -o rals, and when it is believed that the
or in -ey, when the noun ends in -oo, dictionary user might have reasonable
when the noun has an irregular plural doubts about the spelling of the plural
or an uninflected plural or a foreign or when the plural is spelled in a way
plural, when the noun is a compound contrary to what is expected:
 XI Explanatory Notes
2 spy n, pi spies changed by suffixation, when the
sMo n,pl silos
. . . noun is a compound whose second el-
val-ley n, pi valleys . . . ement is readily recognizable as a reg-
2 shampoo //, pi shampoos ular free form entered at its own
mouse ... n, pi mice place, or when the noun is unlikely to
moose . . . n,pl moose occur in the plural:
cri-te-ri-on . . . n, pi -ria
night . . . n
son-in-law . . . n, pi sons-in-law
fore-foot . . . n
'quiz . . . pi quiz-zes
n,
mo-nog-a-my . . . n
1
fish . . . n,pl fish or fishes
pi ... /i, p/ pis Nouns that are plural in form and that
3 dry n, pi drys are regularly construed as plural are
labeled n pi:
Cutback inflected forms are used
when the noun has three or more syl- munch- ies . . . n pi
lables:
Nouns form but that
that are plural in
ame-nMy . . . n, pi -ties are not always construed as plurals
are appropriately labeled:
The plurals of nouns are usually not
shown when the base word is un- lo.gis.tics . . . n sing or pi

VERBS
The principal parts of verbs are shown 1
al»ter Vol-tarX vb aLtered; alter-
in this dictionary when suffixation ing \-t(3-)rin\
brings about a doubling of a final con-
Cutback inflected forms are usually
sonant or an elision of a final -e or a
used when the verb has three or more
change of final -y to -/-, when final -c
changes to -ck in suffixation, when the
syllables, when it is a two-syllable
word that ends in -/ and has variant
verb ends in -ey, when the inflection is
spellings, and when it is a compound
irregular, when there are variant in-
whose second element is readily rec-
flected forms, and when it is believed
ognized as an irregular verb:
that the dictionary user might have
reasonable doubts about the spelling eliminate vb -nat-ed; -nat-ing
. . .

of an inflected form or when the in- 2 quarrel vb -reled or -relied; -rel-

flected form is spelled in a way con- ing or -rel-ling
trary to what is expected: 1
re4ake vb -took . . . . . . -tak-en . . .

-tak.ing
2 snag vb snagged; snag.ging
1
move vb moved; mov.ing
. . . The principal parts of verbs are usu-
1
cryvb cried; cry.ing
. . . ally not shown when the base word is
1
froMc vb froLicked; frol.ick.ing
. . . unchanged by suffixation or when the
sur.vey vb surveyed; survey- . . . verb is a compound whose second
ing element is readily recognizable as a
1
drive vb drove driv-en
. . . . . . . . . regular free form entered at its own
driv-ing place:
2
bus vb bused or bussed; bus.ing
or bus.sing
1
jump . . . vb
2 visa pre. judge . ..vb
vb vi-saed vi-sa-ing . . .

2 chagrin vb cha-grined
. . . cha. Another inflected form of English
grin-ing verbs is the third person singular of
The the present tense, which is regularly
principal parts of a regularly in-
flected verb are shown when it is de-
formed by the addition of -s or -es
sirable to indicate the pronunciation
to the base form of the verb. This
inflected form is not shown except
of one of the inflected forms:
at a handful of entries (as have and
learn . . . vb learned Vlarnd, MarntX; do) for which it is in some way un-
learn. ing usual.
Explanatory Notes XII

ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

The comparative The inclusion of inflected forms in -er and superlative
forms of adjectives and adverbs are and -est at adjective and adverb en-
shown in this dictionary tries means nothing more about the when suffixa-
tion brings about a doubling of a final use of more and most with these ad-
consonant or an elision of a final -e or jectives and adverbs than that their
a change of final -y to -/-, when the comparative and superlative degrees
word ends in -ey, when the inflection may be expressed in either way: lazier
is irregular, and when there are vari- or more lazy; laziest or most lazy.
ant inflected forms: At a few adjective entries only the
form is shown:
superlative
1
red adj red«der; red-dest
. . .

1
tame adj tam-er; tam-est . . .
2 mere adj, superlative merest
1
kind«ly adj kind-li-er; -est . . .

The absence of the comparative form

hors.ey also horsy adj hors-i*er; . . .

indicates that there is no evidence of

-est
its use.
1
good adj bet«ter
. best. . . . .

The comparative and superlative

1
far . adv farther
. . or fur-ther . . .

forms of adjectives and adverbs are

. . . farthest or furthest
usually not shown when the base
The superlative forms of adjectives word is unchanged by suffixation,

and adverbs of two or more syllables when the inflected forms of the word
are usually cut back: are identical with those of a preceding
3
homograph, or when the word is a
fancy adj fan.ci.er; -est
compound whose second element is
1
ear«ly adv earli-er; -est . . .

readily recognizable as a regular free

The comparative and superlative form entered at its own place:
forms of regularly inflected adjectives
and adverbs are shown when it is de- 'near adv
1

sirable to indicate the pronunciation

3 good adv
of the inflected forms: un- worthy . . adj

1
young Vyan\ adj youn.ger Vyan- Inflected forms are not shown at un-
gar\ youn-gest Vyan-gastX defined run-ons.

CAPITALIZATION
Most entries in this dictionary begin similarly indicated by the form of the
with a lowercase letter. A few of these entry or by an italicized label:
have an italicized label often cap,
dry goods npl
. . .

which indicates that the word is as F

french fry n, often cap 1st
likely to be capitalized as not and that
un-Ameri.can . . . adj
it is as acceptable with an uppercase
Parkin-son's disease . . . n
initial as it is with one in lowercase.
lazy Su-san n . . .

Some entries begin with an uppercase Jack Frost n

letter, which indicates that the word is
usually capitalized. The absence of an A word that is capitalized in some
initial capital or of an often cap label senses and lowercase in others shows
indicates that the word is not ordinar- variations from the form of the main
ily capitalized: entry by the use of italicized labels at
the appropriate senses:
salnvon . . . n
Trin-i-ty ... n ... 2 not cap
gargantuan . . . adj, often cap
To-ry ... /i ... 3 often not cap
Mo. hawk n . . .

tUtan ... /i 1 cap

The capitalization of entries that are re-nais-sance ... /i ... 1 cap ... 2
open or hyphenated compounds is often cap
 XIII Explanatory Notes

ETYMOLOGY
This dictionary gives the etymologies ML salvaticus, alter, of L silvaticus
for a number of the vocabulary en- of the woods, wild . . .]

tries. These etymologies are inside

An etymology beginning with the
square brackets preceding the defini-
name of a language (including ME or
tion. Meanings given in roman type
OE) and not giving the foreign (or
within these brackets are not defini-
Middle English or Old English) form
tions of the entry, but are meanings of
indicates that this form is the same as
the Middle English, Old English, or
the form of the entry word:
non-English words within the brack-
ets. le-gume . . . [F]

The etymology gives the language 1

jounney . . . [ME, fr. OF . . .]

from which words borrowed into An etymology beginning with the

English have come. It also gives the name of a language (including ME or
form of the word in that language or a OE) and not giving the foreign (or
representation of the word in our al- Middle English or Old English) mean-
phabet if the form in that language ing indicates that this meaning is the
differs from that in English: same as the meaning expressed in the
first definition in the entry:
philo.den.dron [NL, fr. Gk, neut. . . .

of philodendros loving trees ] . . . ug.ly . . . adj [ME, fr. ON uggligr

. . .

1
sav«age . . . [ME sauvage, fr. MF, fr. . . . ] 1 : FRIGHTFUL, DIRE

USAGE
Three types of status labels are used in region, and a double label is used to
this dictionary — temporal, regional, indicate considerable currency in
and stylistic word or — to signal that a each of two specific regions:
a sense of a not part of the word is
2 wash «... 8 West
standard vocabulary of English.
do.gie . . . n, chiefly West
The temporal label obs for "obso-
lete" means that there is no evidence
cruMer ....... 2 Northern & Midland
of use since 1755: Words current in all regions of the
3 post
U.S. have no label.
« 1 obs
A word or sense limited in use to one
The label obs is a comment on the of the other countries of the English*
word being defined. When a thing, as speaking world has an appropriate re-
distinguished from the word used to gional label:
designate it, is obsolete, appropriate
chem.ist ....... 2 Brit
orientation is usually given in the def-
loch n, Scot . . .

inition: 2 wireless«... 2 chiefly Brit

cat«a*pult « 1 an ancient mili- . :
. .

The label dial for "dialect" indicates

tary machine for hurling missiles
that the pattern of use of a word or
The temporal label archaic means sense is too complex for summary la-
word or sense once in common
that a beling: it usually includes several re-
use is found today only sporadically gional varieties of American English
or in special contexts: or of American and British English:
1
mete . . . vb ... 1 archaic
2 mind vb 1 chiefly dial
1
thou . . . pron, archaic The slang is used with
stylistic label

A word or sense limited in use to a words or senses that are especially ap-
propriate in contexts of extreme in-
an ap-
specific region of the U.S. has
formality:
propriate label. The adverb chiefly
precedes a label when the word has 3 can .vb .2 slang
. . . .

some currency outside the specified 2 grand «... slang

 .

Explanatory Notes XIV

2 deal
There is no
satisfactory objective test vb . . .2 . . . him a blow>
(dealt
for slang, especially with reference to drum up vb 1 ... (drum up business)
a word out of context. No word, in
Definitions are sometimes followed
fact, is invariably slang, and many
by usage notes that give supplemen-
standard words can be given slang ap-
tary information about such matters
plications.
as idiom, syntax, and semantic rela-
The stylistic labels offensive and dis-
paraging are used for those words or
tionship. A usage note is introduced
by a lightface dash:
senses that in common use are intend-
ed to hurt or that are likely to give of- 2 cry n 5 — usu. used the
. . . . . . in
fense even when they are used with- phrase a far cry
out such an intent: 2 drum vb 4 — usu. used with . . . . . .

out
dumb . . . adj 1 often offensive 1
jaw ...n...2... — usu. used in pi.
half-breed . . . n, often disparaging 1
ada«gio adv or adj — used as. . . ...
Definitions are sometimes followed a direction music in
by verbal illustrations that show a typ- hajji n . — often used as a
. . . . title

ical use of the word in context. These

Sometimes a usage note is used in
illustrations are enclosed in angle
place of a definition. function Some
brackets, and the word being illustrat-
words (as conjunctions and preposi-
ed is usually replaced by a lightface
tions) have chiefly grammatical
swung dash. The swung dash stands
meaning and little or no lexical mean-
for the boldface entry word, and it
ing; most interjections express feel-
may be followed by an italicized suf-
ings but are otherwise untranslatable
fix:
into lexical meaning; and some other
1
jump .vb 5 . . . . . . . . <-^ town> words (as honorific titles) are more
all-around adj 1 . . . . . <best ~~
. amenable to comment than to defini-
performance> tion:
1
can-on n 3 . . . . . . . . . <the ^s of or . .— used as a function
. conj
good taste>
word to indicate an alternative
en.joy . . . vb . . . 2. . . (~~ed the
— used to indicate a
1
at prep
. . . 1
concert)
point time or space in
The swung dash is not used when the auf Wie»der»seh*en ... — . . . interj
form of the boldface entry word is used to express farewell
changed in suffixation, and it is not sir ... n ... 2 — used as a usu. re-
used for compounds: spectful form of address

SENSE DIVISION
A boldface colon is used in this dic- A particular semantic relationship
tionary to introduce a definition: between senses is sometimes suggest-
ed by the use of one of the two italic
equine . . . adj ... : of or relating to
sense dividers esp or also.
the horse
The sense divider esp (for especially)
It isalso used to separate two or more is used to introduce the most common

definitions of a single sense: meaning included in the more general

preceding definition:
no-ti»fy . . . vb . . . 1 to give notice :

of : report the occurrence of crys.tal ....... 2 something re- :

sembling crystal (as in transparen-

Boldface Arabic numerals separate
cy); esp a clear colorless glass of :
the senses of a word that has more
superior quality
than one sense:
add . . . vb 1 : to join to something The sense divider also is used to in-
else so as to increase in number or troduce a meaning related to the pre-
amount 2 to say further ... 3 to : : ceding sense by an easily understood
combine (numbers) into one sum extension of that sense:
 .

XV Explanatory Notes
chi-na n porcelain ware; also
. . . : It does not apply to any other bold-
domestic pottery in general
: face numbered senses:

The order of senses is historical: the

craft ....... 3 pi usu craft
sense known to have been first used in 1
fa«ther ....... 2 cap ... 5 often cap
English is entered first. This is not to dul-ci.mer n ... 2 or duLci-more
. . .

be taken to mean, however, that each \-,mor\

sense of a multisense word developed 2 lift n. .5 chiefly Brit
.

from the immediately preceding

sense. It altogether possible that
is At craft the pi label applies to sense 3
sense 1 of a word has given rise to but to none of the other numbered
sense 2 and sense 2 to sense 3, but fre- senses. At father the cap label applies
quently sense 2 and sense 3 may have only to sense 2 and the often cap
developed independently of one an- label only to sense 5. At dulcimer the
other from sense 1 variant spelling and pronunciation
When an italicized label follows a apply only to sense 2, and the chiefly
boldface numeral, the label applies Brit label at lift applies only to sense
only to that specific numbered sense. 5.

CROSS-REFERENCE
Four different kinds of cross-refer- A synonymous cross-reference indi-
ences are used in this dictionary: di- cates that an entry, a definition at the
rectional, synonymous, cognate, and entry, or a specific sense at the entry
inflectional. In each instance the cross-referred to can be substituted as
cross-reference is readily recognized a definition for the entry or the sense
by the lightface small capitals in in which the cross-reference appears.
which it is printed. A cross-reference following an italic
A cross-reference following a light- var of ("variant of) is a cognate cross*
face dash and beginning with see is a reference:
directional cross-reference. It directs
pick-a-back . . . var of piggyback
the dictionary user to look elsewhere
for further information: Occasionally a cognate cross-refer-
ence has a limiting label preceding var
eu.ro . -see money table
o/as an indication that the variant is
A cross-reference following a bold- not standard American English:
face colon is a synonymous cross-ref- aero-plane . . . chiefly Brit var of air-
erence. It may stand alone as the only plane
definition for an entry or for a sense
of an entry; it may follow an analyti- A cross-reference following an italic
cal definition; it may be one of two or label that identifies an entry as an in-
more synonymous cross-references flected form (as of a noun or verb) is
separated by commas: an inflectional cross-reference:
calves pi of calf
pa- pa . . . n : father
woven past part of weave
1
par*tic*u-lar . . . adj . . . 4 : attentive
to details : precise Inflectional cross-references appear
2 main adj chief, principal
1 : only when the inflected form falls at
1
fig*ure ... n ... 6 shape, form, : least a column away from the entry
OUTLINE cross-referred to.
Explanatory Notes xvi

SYNONYMS
A bold italic Synonyms preceded by a Synonyms are not definitions al-
small black diamond figure near the though they may often be substituted
end of an entry introduces words that for each other in context.
are synonymous with the word being
defined:

alone .adj . Synonyms lone-

. . . .

ly, LONESOME, LONE, SOLITARY

COMBINING FORMS, PREFIXES,

& SUFFIXES
An entry that begins or ends with a Combining forms, prefixes, and suf-
hyphen is a word element that forms fixes are entered in this dictionary for
part of an English compound: two reasons: to make understandable
the meaning of many undefined run-
-wise adv comb form . <slant-
ons and to make recognizable the
. . . . .

wise>
meaningful elements of words that
ex- prefix
. . . . . .2 . . . <ex-president>
are not entered in the dictionary.
-let n suffix 1 . . . <book/£?/>

LISTS OF UNDEFINED WORDS

Many words that begin with the pre- form and a word entered elsewhere in
fixes or combining forms anti-, in-, the dictionary, and they are listed un-
non-, over-, re-, self-, semi-, sub-, super-, defined at the bottom of the page or
and un- are self-explanatory combi- spread on which they would normally
nations of the prefix or combining appear if defined.

ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS

Abbreviations and symbols for chemi- to one form. In practice, however,
cal elements are included as main en- there is considerable variation in the
tries in the vocabulary: use of periods and in capitalization (as
vhf, v.h.f., VHF, and V.H.F.), and
RSVP abbr . . . please reply
stylings other than those given in this
Ca symbol calcium
dictionary are often acceptable.
Abbreviations have been normalized
 XVII

ABBREVIATIONS IN THIS WORK

at about masc masculine
abbr abbreviation MD Middle Dutch
abl ablative ME Middle English
ace accusative MexSp Mexican Spanish
AJ>. anno Domini MF Middle French
adj adjective MGk Middle Greek
adv adverb mi miles
alter alteration ML Medieval Latin
Am, Amer American modi/ modification
AmerF American French MS manuscript
Amerind American Indian Mt Mount
AmerSp American Spanish n noun
Ar Arabic neut neuter
Aram Aramaic NewEng New England
B.C. before Christ NGk New Greek
Brit British NHeb New Hebrew
C Celsius NL New Latin
ca circa No North
Calif California Norw Norwegian
Canad Canadian npl noun plural
CanF Canadian French obs obsolete
cap capital, capitalized OE Old English
Celt Celtic OF Old French
cen central OH Old Italian
cent century ON Old Norse
Chin Chinese OPer Old Persian
comb combining orig originally
compar comparative part participle
conj conjunction Per Persian
D Dutch pern perhaps
Dan Danish Pg Portuguese
dot dative Pi plural
deriv derivative Pol Polish
dial dialect PP past participle
dim diminutive prep preposition
E English pres present, president
Egypt Egyptian prob probably
Eng English pron pronoun, pronunciation
esp especially prp present participle
est estimated pseud pseudonym
F Fahrenheit, French r reigned
fern feminine Russ Russian
ft flourished Sc Scotch, Scots
fir from Scand Scandinavian
ft feet ScGael Scottish Gaelic
G, Ger German Scot Scottish
Gk Greek sing singular
Gmc Germanic Skt Sanskrit
Heb Hebrew Slav Slavic
Hung Hungarian So South
Icel Icelandic Sp, Span Spanish
imit imitative St Saint
imper imperative superl superlative
interj interjection Sw Swedish
Ir Irish syn synonym, synonymy
irreg irregular trans translation
It, Ital Italian Turk Turkish
Jp Japanese US United States
K Kelvin USSR Union of Soviet Socialist
km kilometers Republics
L Latin usu usually
LaF Louisiana French var variant
LG Low German vb verb
LGk Late Greek VI verb intransitive
LHeb Late Hebrew VL Vulgar Latin
lit literally vt verb transitive
LL Late Latin W Welsh
m meters
 '

PRONUNCIATION SYMBOLS
3 abut, collect, suppose oi toy
'3, » humdrum p pepper, lip
3 3
(in 1, n) battle, cotton; (in P, r rarity
m 3
, r )
3
French table, prisme, S source, less
titre sh shy, mission
operation, further t tie, attack
a map, patch th thin, ether
a day, fate Jh then, either
a bother, cot, father u boot, few \'fyu\
ar car, heart u put, pure \'pyur\
au now, out ur boor, tour
b baby, rib IE French rue, German fullen,
ch chin, catch fiihlen
d did, adder v vivid, give
e set, red w we, away
er bare, fab- y yard, cue \'kyu\
e beat, easy y indicates that a preceding \n\,
\1\,
f fifty, cuff or \w\ modified by having the
is

g go, big tongue approximate the position

h hat, ahead for \y\, as in French digne XdenA

hw whale z zone, raise

i tip, banish zh vision, pleasure

ir near, deer \ slant line used in pairs to mark

the beginning and end of a tran-
T site, buy
scription: Vpen\
J job, edge 1
mark at the beginning of a sylla-
k kin. cook
ble that has primary (strongest)
k German Bach, Scots loch
stress: \'sh3-f3l-,b6rd\
1 lily, cool
mark at the beginning of a sylla-
m murmur, dim
,

ble that has secondary (next-

n nine, own strongest) stress: Vsh3-f3l-,bdrd\
indicates that a preceding mark of a syllable division in
vowel is pronounced through pronunciations (the mark of end=
both nose and mouth, as in of-line division in boldface en-
French bon \bo n \ tries is a centered dot •)
rj sing, singer, finger, ink ( ) indicate that what is symbolized
6 bone, hollow between sometimes occurs and
6 saw sometimes does not occur in the
or boar, port pronunciation of the word: bak-
ery \'ba-k(3-)re\ = Vba-ks-re,
CE French bceuf, feu, German
'ba-kre\
Holle, Hohle
 >

'a \'a\ n, pi a's or as \'az\ often cap 1 : the \'a-be\ n, pi abbeys 1

ab-bey monas- :

1st letter of the English alphabet 2 : a tery 2 convent 3 an abbey church

: :

grade rating a student's work as superior ab-bot Va-b3t\ n [ME abbod, fr. OE, fr.
2 a \a, (')a\ indefinite article : one, some — LL abbat-, abbas, fr. LGk abbas, fr. Ara-
used to indicate an unspecified or uniden- maic abba father] the superior of a
tified individual <there's man out- ~ monastery for men
:

side) abbr abbr abbreviation

3 a abbr, often cap 1 absent 2 acre 3 ab-bre-vi-ate \3-'bre-ve-,at\ vb -at-ed;
alto 4 answer 5 are 6 area -at-ing shorten, curtail; esp to re-
j :

AA abbr 1 Alcoholics Anonymous 2 duce to an abbreviation

antiaircraft 3 associate in arts ab-bre-vi.a.tion Xa-.bre-ve-'a-shanX n 1
AAA abbr American Automobile Associ- . the act or result of abbreviating 2 a :

ation shortened form of a word or phrase used

A and M abbr agricultural and mechani- for brevity esp. in writing
cal 1
ABC X.a-Obe-'seA n, pi ABC's or ABCs
A and R abbr artists and repertory \-'sez\ 1 : alphabet usu. used in — pi.
aard-vark \'ard-,vark\ n [obs. Afrikaans,
fr. Afrikaans aard earth + vark pig]
2 : rudiments —
usu. used in pi.
a : 2 ABC abbr American Broadcasting Com-
large burrowing African mammal that pany
feeds on ants and termites with its long Ab-di-as \ab-'di-3s\ n obadiah :

sticky tongue ab-di-cate \'ab-di-,kat\ vb -cat-ed; -eat-

1
ab \'ab\ n an abdominal muscle
2 ab abbr about
:
ing to give up (as a throne) formally
:
—
ab-di-ca-tion ^ab-di-'ka-shanN n
AB abbr 1 able-bodied seaman 2 air- ab-do-men Vab-da-man, ab-*do-\ n 1
man basic 3 [NL artium baccalaureus] : the cavity in or area of the body be-
bachelor of arts
tween the chest and the pelvis 2 the
ABA abbr American Bar Association part of the body posterior to the thorax in
:

aback Na-'bakX adv by surprise <taken

—
:
an arthropod —
ab-dom«i>nal \ab-'da-
aba-cus Va-ba-kasX n, pi aba-ci \-,si, -,ke\
m3-n*l\ adj —
ab-dom-UnaMy adv
ab'duct Xab-'ddktX vb to take away (a
or aba-cus-es an instrument for mak-
:
person) by force kidnap adduc-
:

—
ing calculations by sliding counters along
rods or grooves
tion V'dak-shanX n
:

—
ab-ductor \-tar\
n
1
abaft \3-'baft\ prep : to the rear of
2 abaft adv toward or at the stern aft
: :
abeam Xs-'bemX adv or adj on a line at :

right angles to a ship's keel

ab»a-lo*ne \,a-b3-'16-ne, 'a-b9-,\ n any of :

a genus of large edible sea mollusks with abed \3-'bed\ adv or adj in bed :

a flattened slightly spiral shell with holes Abe-na-ki \,a-bo-'na-ke\ also Ab-na-ki
along the edge \ab-'na-ke\ n, pi Abenaki or Abenakis
1
aban-don \3-'ban-dan\ vb [ME aban- also Abnaki or Abnakis : a member of a
dounen, fr. AF abanduner, fr. (mettre) a group of American Indian peoples of
bandun to hand over, put in someone's northern New England and southern
control] : to give up completely : FOR- Quebec
SAKE, desert —
aban-don-ment n
2 abandon n : a thorough yielding to natu-
ab*er*ra«tion Xga-ba-'ra-shanX n 1 devia-
tion esp. from a moral standard or nor-
:

ral impulses; esp exuberance :

mal state 2 failure of a mirror or lens to
:

abandoned Xa-'ban-dandX adj : morally produce exact point-to-point correspon-

unrestrained Synonyms profligate, dence between an object and its image 3
DISSOLUTE, REPROBATE unsoundness of mind derangement
abase Xa-'basX vb abased; abashing
— ab.er.rant \a-'ber-ant\ adj
: :

: humble, degrade abase-ment n — abet \a-'bet\ vb abet-ted: abet-ting [ME

abetten, fr. AF
abeter, fr. beter to bait] 1
abash Xa-'bashX vb to destroy the com-
posure of embarrass
: abash-ment
:

— : incite, encourage 2 : to assist or

support in the achievement of a purpose
n
abate \o-'bat\ vb abat-ed; abat-ing 1 <^ a fugitive) —
a bet-tor or abet-ter
: to put an end to </">* a nuisance> 2 to :
V'be-taA n
decrease in amount, number, or degree abey.ance Xa-'ba-ansX n : a condition of
abate.ment Xa-'bat-mantN n 1 : de- suspended activity — abey*ant \-ant\
crease 2 an amount abated; esp : a
:
adj
deduction from a tax ab-hor Xab-'hor, ab-\ vb ab.horred. ab-
ab.aMoir Va-ba-,twar\ n [F] slaugh- : horring [ME abhorren, fr. L abhorrere.
terhouse
ab-ba-cy Va-ba-seA n, pi -cies the office :
fr.
detest — ab.hor.rence \-ans\ nloathe,
ab- + horrere to shudder] :

or term of office of an abbot or abbess ab*hor*rent \-ant\ adj loathsome, de- :

ab-be \a-'ba, 'a-,\ n a member of the testable <~ crimes)

French secular clergy used as a title
:

— abide \3-*bId\ vb abode \-'bod\ or abid-

ab«bess Va-basX n the superior of a con- ed; abiding 1 bear, endure 2
vent for nuns
:

: dwell, remain, last

:

— abide by : to
 ability • abreast
conform or acquiesce to (abide by the abom-i-na-ble Xa-'ba-ma-na-balX adj
law) :ODIOUS, LOATHSOME, DETESTABLE
abil-i-ty \3-'bi-l3-te\ n, pi -ties : the quali- abominable snow.man V'sno-man,
ty of being able : power, skill -,man\ n, often cap A&S a mysterious :

-ability also -ibility n suffix : capacity, fit- creature with human or apelike charac-
ness, or tendency to act or be acted on in teristics reported to exist in the high Hi-
a (specified) way <flammflM/fy> malayas
ab-ject Vab-Jekt, ab-'jekt\ adj : low in abom-i-nate Xa-'ba-ma-.natX vb -nat-ed;
spirit, hope, or state <~~ poverty) ab- — -nat-ing [L abominari, lit., to deprecate
jection \ab-'jek-shan\ n ab.jecMy — as an ill omen, fr. ab- away + omen omen]
adv —
ab-ject-ness n : LOATHE, DETEST
ab-jure \ab-'jur\ vb ab-jured; abjur- abom-i-na-tion \3-,ba-m3-'na-sh3n\ n 1
ing 1 to renounce solemnly recant : something abominable 2 disgust, :

—
: :

2 to abstain from
: ab-ju-ra-tion \,ab- LOATHrlsiG
J3-'ra-shan\ n origi- ab-orig-i-nal X.a-bs-'ri-ja-nalX adj :

abl abbr ablative nal, INDIGENOUS, PRIMITIVE

ab.late \a-'blat\ vb ab-lat-ed; ab-lat-ing ab-orig.j.ne \,a-b3-'ri-J3-ne\ n a member :

: to remove or become removed esp. by of the original race of inhabitants of a re-

cutting, abrading, or vaporizing gion NATIVE :

ab-la-tion \a-'bla-shan\ n 1 surgical aborn-ing \a-'b6r-nin\ adv while being

: :

cutting and removal 2 loss of a part (as born or produced

:

the outside of a nose cone) by melting or 1

abort \3-'b6rt\ vb 1 to cause or undergo :

vaporization abortion 2 to terminate prematurely

ab-la-tive \'ab-ls-tiv\ adj of, relating to, a spaceflight)
: abor-tive V'bor- <^
:

—
or constituting a grammatical case (as in tiv\ adj
2 abort n
Latin) expressing typically the relation of ; the premature termination of a

separation and source ablative n —mission of or a procedure relating to an

ablaze \a-'blaz\ adj or adv being on fire aircraft or spacecraft
:

:BLAZING abor-tion Xa-'bor-shanX n the sponta- :

able \'a-bol\ adj abler \-b(o-)tar\: ablest neous or induced termination of a preg-
\-b(3-)last\ [ME, fr. AF, Jr. L habilis apt, nancy after, accompanied by, resulting
fr. habere to hold, possess! 1 having : in, or closely followed by the death of the
sufficient power, skill, or resources to ac- embryo or fetus
complish an object 2 marked by skill abor-tion-ist \-sh(a-)nist\ n one who in-
or efficiency —
ably \-ble\ adv
:

duces abortions
:

-able also -ible adj suffix 1 capable of. : abound \3-'baund\ vb 1 to be plentiful :

fit for, or worthy of (being so acted upon : teem 2 to be fully supplied :

or toward) <breakaWe> <collect/6fe> 2 1

about \3-'baiit\ adv 1 reasonably close :

: tending, given, or liable to <knowledge- to; also on the verge of

: to join the <~
abley (perishable) army) 2 on all sides 3 nearby : :

able-bod* ied \,a-b3l-'ba-ded\ adj hav- :

2
about prep 1 on every side of 2 near : :

ing a sound strong body to 3 CONCERNING

:

abloom \3-'blum\ adj BLOOMING : about-face \-'fas\ n a reversal of direc-

ab-lu-tion Xa-'blii-shan, a-\ n the washing : tion or attitude about-face vb — :

of one's body or part of it 1

above \9-'b3v\ adv 1 in the sky; also in : :

ABM \,a-(,)be-'em\ n, pi ABM's or ABMs or to heaven 2 in or to a higher place; :

:ANTIBALLISTIC MISSILE also higher on the same page or on a

:

Abnaki var of abenaki preceding page

ab-ne.gate \'ab-ni-,gat\ vb -gat-ed; -gat- 2 above prep 1 in or to a higher place
~ the bay) -^2
:

ing 1 DENY, RENOUNCE 2 SURREN- than over <storm clouds

:

DER, relinquish <~ her powers)

:

— :
:

superior to <he thought her far

ab«ne»ga»tion \,ab-ni-'ga-sh3n\ n him) 3 more than EXCEEDING 4 as
: : :

ab-nor-mal Xab-'nor-malX adj deviating distinct from the noise) <~

from the normal or average ab-nor- —
:

above-board \-,bord\ adv or adj without

—
:

mal.i.ty \,ab-n6r-'ma-l3-te\ n ab-nor- concealment or deception OPENLY :

mal- y adv1 abp abbr archbishop

1
aboard \3-'bord\ adv 1 alongside 2 : abr abbr abridged; abridgment
: on, onto, or within a car, ship, or air- ab-ra-ca-dab-ra ^a-bra-ka-'da-braX n 1
3 in or into a group or association
craft : : a magical charm or incantation against
<welcome new workers ~> calamity 2 gibberish :

2 aboard prep on. onto, within

: abrade \a-'brad\ vb abrad-ed; abrad-
abode \9-'bod\ n 1 stay, sojourn 2 ing 1 to wear away by friction 2 to
HOME. RESIDENCE
:
: :

wear down in spirit : irritate — abra- :

abol-ish \3-'ba-lish\ vb to do away with sion \-'bra-zhan\ n

: annul <~ slavery)
:

— ab-o-li-tion 1
abra-sive \a-'bra-siv\ n a substance (as :

\,a-b9-'li-sh3n\ n pumice) for abrading, smoothing, or pol-

ab-o-li-tion-ism X.a-bs-'li-sha-.ni-zamX n ishing
advocacy of the abolition of slavery — 2 abrasive adj tending to abrade
:

ab-o-li-tion-ist \-'li-sh(3-)nist\ n or adj irritation <~

:

relationships) —causing
:

abra-
A-bomb \'a-,bam\ n atomic bomb :
— sively adv abra-sive-ness n —
A-bomb vb abreast \a-'brest\ adv or adj 1 : side by
 abridge • abstractedly
siilc2 up to a standard or level esp. of absolute pitch n 1 the position of a
—
: :

knowledge <kept of the news) tone in standard scale independently

a
abridge \o-'brij\ vb abridged; abridg- determined by its rate of vibration 2
ing ME atrtgen fr. AF aoreger, fr. LL
| ,
: the ability to sing a note asked for or to
abbrcviarc, fr. I. ad to + brcvis short] : to name a note heard
iessen in length or extent SHORTEN :
— absolute value n a nonnegative number :

abridgement or abridgement n equal to a given real number with any

abroad \o-'brod\ adv or adj 1 over a : negative sign removed
wide area 2 away from one's home 3
: absolute zero n a theoretical tempera- :

: outside one's country ture marked by a complete absence of

ab-ro-gate \'a-bn>-,gaf\ vb -qat-ed; -gat- heat and motion and equivalent to exact-
ing : annul, revoke — ab-ro-ga-tion ly -273.1 5°C or -459.67°F
\,a-br3-'ga-sh3n\ n absodu-tion X.ab-so-'lu-shanX n the act :

abrupt \3-'br3pt\ adj 1 broken or as if of absolving; esp a remission of sins pro-

broken off 2 : SUDDEN, HASTY <an
:

~ :

nounced by a priest in the sacrament of

turn) 3 : so quick as to seem rude <an reconciliation
~ reply) 4 disconnected 5 steep ab-sodutdsm Vab-so-.lii-.ti-zomN n 1
— abruptly adv : :

: the theory that a ruler or government

abs abbr absolute should have unlimited power 2 govern- :

ab-scess \'ab-,ses\ n, pi ab-scess-es [L ment by an absolute ruler or authority

abscessus. lit., act of going away, fr. ab- ab-solve Nnb-'zalv. -'salv\ vb absolved;
scedere to go away, fr. abs-, ab- away + ab-solv-ing to set free from an obliga-
:

cedere to go] : a localized collection of tion or the consequences of guilt

pus surrounded by inflamed tissue ab- — ab-sorb \ob-'sorb. -'zorb\ vb 1 to take :

scessed \-,sest\ adj in and make part of an existent whole 2

ab-scis-sa \ab-\i-so\ n. pi abscissas : to suck up or take in in the manner of a
also ab*scis*sae \-'si-(,)se\ the horizon- : sponge 3 to engage (one's attention)
:

tal coordinate of a point in a plane coor- : ENGROSS 4 to receive without recoil

:

dinate system obtained by measuring par- or echo <a ceiling that ^s sound) 5 as- :

allel to the x-axis sume, bear <~ all costs) 6 to trans- :

ab-scis-sion Xab-'si-zhanX n 1 the act : form (radiant energy) into a different

or process of cutting off 2 the natural form esp. with a resulting rise in temper-
separation of flowers, fruits, or leaves
:

ature —ab-sorbdng adj ab-sorb- —

from plants —
ab-scise Xab-'sizX vb ingdy adv
ab-scond \ab-'skand\ vb to depart se- : ab-sor-bent also ab-sor-bant \ob-
cretly and hide oneself 'sor-bant, '-zor-\ adj able to absorb <~~
ab.se nee Vab-sansX n 1 the state or : cotton) —
ab.sor.ben-cy \-ban-se\ n
:

—
time of being absent 2 want, lack 3 : absorbent also absorbant n
inattention
: ab.sorp.tion Xab-'sorp-shan, -'z6rp-\ n 1
1
ab*sent Vab-santX adj 1 not present 2 a process of absorbing or being ab-
LACKING 3 INATTENTIVE
: :
: :

sorbed 2 concentration of attention

:
—
2 ab*sent \ab-'sent\ vb to keep : ab-sorp-tive \-tiv\ adj
(oneself) away abstain \ab-'stan\ vb to refrain from an
3 ab*sent Vab-saniKprep in the absence of : action or practice abstain. er n — :

—
: WITHOUT abstention V'sten-chanX n
ab*sen*tee \,ab-s3n-'te\ n one that is ab- : abste*mi*ous \ab-'ste-me-3s\ adj spar- :

sent or keeps away ing in use of food or drink TEMPERATE

absentee ballot n a ballot submitted (as:
— abste.mi.ousdy adv — abste-mi- :

by mail) in advance of an election by a ous-ness n

voter who is unable to be present at the abstinence Vab-sta-nansX n voluntary :

polls refraining esp. from eating certain foods,

ab*sen«tee*ism ^ab-san-'te-J-zsmX n drinking liquor, or engaging in sexual in-
: chronic absence (as from work or tercourse —
abstinent \-nant\ adj
school) abstr abbr abstract
ab-sent-mind-ed X.ab-sant-'min-dadX adj 1
abstract \ab-'strakt, 'ab-,strakt\ adj 1
unaware of one's surroundings or ac-
:

tions rNATTENnvE
ed- ly adv
:

— ab-sent-mind-
ab.sent.mind-ed.ness n
— : considered apart from a particular in-
stance 2 expressing a quality apart
:

from an object (whiteness is an word) ~

ab.sinthe also ab-sinth \'ab-,sinth\ n [F] 3 having only intrinsic form with little
:

a liqueur flavored esp. with wormwood or no pictorial representation paint- <^

:

and anise ing) —

abstractdy adv abstract- —
ab-sodute X'ab-sa-.lut, .ab-sa-'liitX adj 1 ness/i
: free from imperfection or mixture 2 2 ab.stract \'ab-,strakt; 2 also ab-'strakt\ n
: free from control, restriction, or qualifi- 1 : summary, epitome 2 : an abstract
cation <^* power) 3 lacking grammat- : thing or state
ical connection with any other word in a 3 abstract \ab-*strakt, *ab-,strakt; 2 usu
sentence <~ construction) 4 positive : 'ab-,strakt\ vb 1 : remove, separate 2
<^- proof> 5 relating to the fundamen-
: : to make an abstract of : summarize 3
tal units of length, mass, and time 6 : to draw away the attention of 4 : steal
: FUNDAMENTAL, ULTIMATE abso- — — ab-stract-eddy Xab-'strak-tad-le, "ab-
lute, ly adv ,strak-\ adv
 abstract expressionism • access
abstract expressionism n : art that ex- ciated with schools or colleges 2 liter- :

presses the artist's attitudes and emotions ary or general rather than technical 3
through abstract forms abstract ex- — : theoretical rather than practical ac- —
pressionist n a.dem.i-caUly \-mi-k(a-)le\ adv
abstraction Xab-'strak-shanN n 1 : the ac-a.de«mi«cian ^a-ka-da-'mi-shan, a-,ka-
act of abstracting : the state of being ab- da-\ n 1 : a member of a society of schol-
stracted 2 an abstract idea 3 an ab-
: : ars or artists 2 : academic
stract work of art ac»a*dem*i*cism ^a-ka-'de-ma^si-zpmX
ab-struse \ab-'strus\ adj hard to under- also acad*e*mism Xa-'ka-da-.mi-zsmx n
stand recondite ab-struse-ly adv — :

1 a formal academic quality 2 purely

— : : :

ab-struse.ness n speculative thinking

ab.surd Xab-'sard, -'zard\ adj [MF ab- acad.e.my Xa-'ka-da-meA n, pi -mies [Gk
surde, fr. L absurdus. fr. ab- from + sur- Akademeia, school of philosophy found-
dus deaf, stupid] : ridiculous, unrea- ed by Plato, fr. Akademeia, gymnasium
sonable —
ab-sur-di-ty V'sar-da-te, where Plato taught, fr. Akademos Greek
-'zar-X n — ab.surd-ly adv mythological hero] 1 a school above :

abun.dant Xs-'ban-dantX adj [ME, fr. AF, the elementary level; esp a private high :

fr. L abundant-, abundans. prp. of abun- school 2 a society of scholars or artists

:

dare to abound, fr. ab- from + unda acan-thus Na-'kan-thasX n, pi acanthus

wave] more than enough amply suffi-
: : 1 any of a genus of prickly herbs of the
:

cient Synonyms copious, plentiful, Mediterranean region 2 an ornamenta-

ample, bountiful — abun-dance tion (as on a column) representing the
:

\-dans\ n —
abun-danMy adv leaves of the acanthus
1
abuse \3-'byus\ n 1 a corrupt practice : a cap-pel. la also a ca-peMa X.a-ka-'pe-bX
2 misuse <drug
: 3 coarse and in- ~) : adv or adj [It a cappella in chapel style]
sulting speech 4 mistreatment <child : : without instrumental accompaniment
~> ace abbr accusative
2 abuse \3-'byuz\ vb abused; abusing 1 ac-cede \ak-'sed\ vb ac-ced-ed; acced-
:to put to a wrong use MISUSE 2 to : : ing 1 to become a party to an agree-
:

use excessively (fy alcohol) 3 mis- ment 2 to express approval 3 to

treat 4 to attack in words revtle
:

— :

enter upon an office Synonyms

:

abus.er n
:

—
abu-sive \-'byu-siv\ adj
:

— AGREE, ACQUIESCE, ASSENT, CONSENT,

abu-sive-ly adv abu.sive-ness n — SUBSCRIBE
abut \3-'b3t\ vb abut-ted: abut-ting to : ac-ceUer.ate \ik-'se-l3-,rat, ak-\ vb -at-
touch along a border border on : ed; -at*ing 1 to bring about earlier 2
abut-ment Xa-'bat-mantX n the part of a : : to speed up quicken :
:

ac»cel.er.a- —
structure (as a bridge) that supports tion \-,se-l3-'ra-sh3n\ n
weight or withstands lateral pressure ac>cel*er»a*tor Xik-'se-la-.ra-tar, ak-\ n 1
abut-ter X^-'ba-tarX n one that abuts; esp : :one that accelerates 2 a pedal for con- :

:the owner of a contiguous property trolling the speed of a motor-vehicle en-

abuzz Xa-'bazX adj filled or resounding gine 3 an apparatus for imparting high
with activity or excitement <an office
:

~ :

velocities to charged particles

with rumors) ac*cel«er-om*e>ter Xik-.se-la-'ra-ma-tar,
abys*mal Xa-'biz-malX adj 1 immeasur- : ak-\ n :an instrument for measuring ac-
ably deep bottomless 2 absolutely
: : celeration or vibrations
wretched <~ living conditions of the 1
accent \'ak-,sent, ak-'sent\ vb stress,
poor) —
abys-mal-ly adv EMPHASIZE
:

abyss the bottomless pit \n

Xa-'bisX n 1 : 2 accent \'ak-,sent\ n 1 : prominence
old accounts of the universe 2 an im- : given to one syllable of a word esp. by
measurable depth stress 2 a distinctive manner of pro-
:

a by s« sal Xa-'bi-salX adj of or relating to : nunciation <a foreign ^>

3 a mark (as :

the bottom waters of the ocean depths ', \ *) over a vowel used usu. to indicate a

ac abbr account difference in pronunciation from a vowel

-ac n suffix : one affected with hypochon- not so marked —
accen-tu-al \ak-'sen-
driac) cha-walX adj
Ac symbol actinium ac.cen-tu.ate \ak-'sen-ch3-,wat\ vb -at-
AC abbr 1 air-conditioning 2 alternat- ed; -at.ina, stress, emphasize
: ac- —
ing current 3 [L ante Christum] before cen-tu.a.tion V.sen-cha-'wa-shanX n
Christ 4 [L ante cibum] before meals 5 accept \ik-'sept, ak-\ vb 1 : to receive
area code willingly 2 to agree to 3 to assume an
: :

aca.cia Xa-'ka-shaX n any of a genus of : obligation to pay

leguminous trees or shrubs with round ac-cept-able Xik-'sep-ta-bal, ak-\ adj ca-
white or yellow flower clusters and often pable or worthy of being accepted ac- — :

feathery leaves ceptability \ik-,sep-t3-'bi-l3-te, ak-\ n

acad abbr academic; academy ac.cep.tance \ik-'sep-tans, ak-\ n 1 the :

ac.a.deme X'a-ka-.dem, ,a-k3-'\ n act of accepting 2 the state of being ac-

:

: school; also academic environment : cepted or acceptable 3 an accepted bill :

ac-a-denvic ^a-ka-'de-mikX n a person : of exchange

who is academic in background, outlook, ac.cep.ta.tion X.ak-.sep-'ta-shanX n the :

or methods generally understood meaning of a word

2
academic adj 1 : of, relating to, or asso- 1
ac*cess \'ak-,ses\ n 1 capacity to enter :
 access • accoutre
or approach 2 : a way of approach : en- accom.pa.ny \-ne\ vb -nied; -ny-ing 1
trance to go or occur with attend 2 to
2 access vb : gain access to
to get at :
:

play an accompaniment for ac-com-

:

— :

ac-ces-si-ble Xik-'se-sa-bal, ak-, ek-\ adj pa-nist \-nist\ n

1 capable of being reached
: by <~ ac-com-plice X^-'kam-pbs, -'kamA n : an
train> 2 capable of being used or seen
: associate in wrongdoing
<~ archives) 3 capable of being un- accom-plish Na-'kam-plish, -'kam-X vb
derstood <an film) ~
aoces-si-bil-i-
:

— : to bring to completion Synonyms

ty \-,se-s9-'bi-l3-te\ n ACHIEVE, EFFECT, EXECUTE, PERFORM
ac-ces.sion \ik-'se-shan, ak-\ n 1 in- : — accom-plish-er /;
crease by something added 2 some- : ac-com.plished \-plisht\ adj 1 : ex-
thing added 3 the act of coming to a : pert, SKILLED <an ~~ pianist) 2 estab-
~
:

high office or position lishedbeyond doubt <an fact)

ac-ces.so.ry also ac-ces-sa-ry \ik-'se- ac-com-plish-ment Na-'kam-plish-mant.
sa-re, ak-\ n, pi -ries 1 a person who :
-'kam-N n 1 completion 2 some-
: :

though not present abets or assists in the thing completed or effected 3 an ac- :

commission of an offense 2 something :

quired excellence or skill
helpful but not essential Synonyms 1
accord \a-*k6rd\ vb [ME, fr. AF acorder,
APPURTENANCE, ADJUNCT, APPENDAGE, fr. VL *accordare, fr. L ad- to + cord-, cor
appenddc —
accessory adj heart] 1 grant, concede 2 agree,
accUdent Vak-sa-dantX n 1 an event
occurring by chance or unintentionally
:
harmonize
:

— accordant \-'k6r-d nt\

:

adj
2 chance <met by
: 3 a nonessen- ~> : 2 accord n 1 : agreement, harmony 2
tial property : willingness to act <gave of their own
'acci-dervtal X.ak-sa-'den-t'lX adj 1
~>
happening unexpectedly or by chance
:
ac-cor-dance \3-'k6r-d 3 ns\ n 1 : ac-
2 happening without intent or through
:
cord 2 : the act of granting
carelessness Synonyms casual, for-
tuitous, INCIDENTAL,
3
CHANCE — aC-Ci- ac-cord.ing.ly \9-'kor-din-le\ adv 1
accordance 2 consequently, so :
in :

dervtaMy \-'den-t l-e\ also ac-ci-denMy according to prep 1 in conformity with :

\-'dent-le\ adv m
<paid according to ability) 2 as stated :
Accidental n : a musical note foreign to a
or attested by (according to you)
key indicated by a signature 1
ac*cor*di*on Na-'kor-de-anX n [G Akkor-
ac« claim \3-'klam\ vb 1 applaud, :
dion, fr. Akkord chord] a portable key- :
praise 2 to declare by acclamation
:
board instrument with a bellows and
Synonyms extol, laud, commend,
hail —
acclaim n
reeds
2 accordion adj
—
ac-cor-di-on-ist \-a-nist\ n
folding like the bellows of
:
ac*cla*ma*tion \,a-kl9-'ma-shan\ n 1
loud eager applause 2 an overwhelm-
: :
an accordion pleats) <~
ing affirmative vote by shouting or ap- accost \9-'kost\ vb [MF accoster, ultim.
fr. L ad- to + costa rib, side] to approach
plause rather than by ballot :

accli.mate Va-kla-.mat, a-'kll-matN vb and speak to esp. aggressively

-mat.ed; -mat.ing : to accustom or be- 'account \3-'kaunt\ n 1 : a statement of
come accustomed to a new climate or sit- business transactions 2 a formal busi- :

uation —
ac-cli*ma*tion \,a-kl3-'ma- ness arrangement for regular dealings or
services 3 : a statement of reasons, caus-
shan, -,klI-\ n
ac-cli-ma-tise Brit var of acclimatize es, or motives 4 : value, importance
ac-cli-ma-tize \3-'klI-m3-,tiz\ vb -tized; 5 : a sum of money deposited in a bank
-tiz«ing : acclimate ac-cli*ma*ti*za- and
tor
subject to —
withdrawal by the deposi-
on account of : because of — —
tion V.kll-ma-ta-'za-shanX n
on no account under no circum-
ac»cliv»i*ty \3-*kli-v9-te\ n, pi -ties : an as-
cending slope stances
:

on one's own account : on —

ac-co-lade Va-k3-,lad\ n [F, fr. accoler to one's own behalf
embrace, ultim. fr. L ad- to + collum account vb 1 : consider <I
2 him ~
—
neck] : an expression of praise : award lucky) 2 : to give an explanation used,
accom.mo.date Xs-'ka-ma-.datX vb -dat- with for
ed; -dat.ing 1 : to make fit or suitable accountable Xs-'kaun-ts-balX adj 1
ADAPT, ADJUST 2 HARMONIZE, REC- ANSWERABLE, RESPONSIBLE 2 EXPLI-
:

ONCILE 3 to provide with something

:
:
:

CABLE —
accountability V.kaun-ta-
:

needed 4 to hold without crowding 5

:
'bi-la-teA n
to undergo visual accommodation accountant \s-'kaun-t 3 nt\ n a person
:

accom-rno-dat-ing adj : obliging skilled in

3
accounting — accoun-tan.cy :

accom-mo-da-tion Xa-.ka-ma-'da-shanN \-t n-se\ n

n 1 something supplied to satisfy a account executive n : a business execu-
:

need; esp lodgings

: usu. used in pi. — tive in charge of a account client's
2 the act of accommodating adjust-
: : accounting \3-'kaun-tin\ n
the art or :

ment 3 the automatic adjustment of

: system of keeping and analyzing financial
the eye for seeing at different distances records
ac.com.pa.ni.ment Xa-'kam-pa-ne-mant, ac.cou.tre or accou-ter Na-'kii-tarX vb
-'kamp-ne-V n something that accompa-
: -cou-tred or -countered; -cou-tring or
nies another; esp subordinate music to : -cou-ter.ing \- ku-t(a-)rin\ equip, out-
,
:

support a principal voice or instrument fit

 accoutrement • acidosis 6
ac-cou.tre.ment or accou-ter-ment \o- lower blood pressure by relaxing the ar-
"ku-tra-mant, -'kii-tarA n [F] 1 an ac- teries
—
:

cessory item usu. used in pi. 2 an : acer-bic Xa-'sar-bik, a-\ adj : acid in tem-
identifying characteristic per, mood, or tone <~ wit)
ac.cred.it Na-'kre-datN vb 1 to endorse acer.bUty Xa-'sar-ba-teA n, pi -ties sour-
or approve officially 2 CREDIT ac- :
:

— ness, BITTERNESS
:

cred.i.ta.tion V.kre-da-'ta-shanX n acet-amin-o-phen X^se-ta-'mi-na-fanX n

ac.cre.tion Xa-'kre-shanX n 1 growth or : : a crystalline compound used in chemi-
enlargement esp. by addition from with- cal synthesis and in medicine to relieve
out 2 a product of accretion
: pain and fever
accretion disk n a disk of usu. gaseous
: ace-tate Va-s3-,tat\ n 1 a salt or ester :

matter surrounding and gradually accu- of acetic acid 2 a textile fiber made
:

mulating onto a massive celestial object from cellulose and acetic acid; also a :

ac.crue Xa-'kruX vb accrued; accru- fabric or plastic made of this fiber

ing 1 to come by way of increase 2 ace*tic acid \3-'se-tik-\ n a colorless
:
:

to be added by periodic growth ac- — pungent liquid acid that is the chief acid
:

crual \-al\ n of vinegar and is used esp. in making

acct abbr account; accountant chemical compounds
ac-cul-tur-a-tion Xa-.kal-cha-'ra-shanX n ace-tone Va-s3-,t6n\ n a volatile flam- :

:cultural modification of an individual or mable fragrant liquid compound used in

group by borrowing and adapting traits making other chemical compounds and
from another culture as a solvent
ac-cu.mu.late Xa-'kyu-mya-.latX vb -lat- ace-tyl-cho-line Xs-.se-t'l-'ko-.lenX n a :

ed; -lat*ing [L accumulare, fr. ad- to + compound that is released at nerve end-
cumulare to heap up] to heap or pile up : ings of the autonomic nervous system
Synonyms amass, gather, collect, and is active in the transmission of nerve
stockpile — accu-mu-la.tion \-,kyu- impulses
mya-'la-shanX n —
accu-mu-la-tive acet-y.lene Xa-'se-t'l-an, -t'l-.enN n a col-
X-'kyu-mya-la-tivX adj ac-cu-mu. la- — orless flammable gas used as a fuel (as in
:

tor X-'kyii-mya-.la-tarX n welding and soldering)

accurate X'a-kya-ratX adj free from ace-tyl.sal.i.cyl.ic acid Xa-'se-t'l-.sa-ls-
error exact, precise accuracy — :

,si-lik-\ n ASPIRIN 1
\-r»-se\
:

n — accu*rate«ly adv — accu- ache \'ak\ vb

:

ached; ach-ing 1 : to suf-

rate. ness n fer a usu. dull persistent pain <an aching
ac« cursed Xa-'karst, -'kar-sadX or ac- back) 2 long, yearn (aching to go
curst X^-'karstX adj 1 : being under a home) — ache n —
:

ach-ing.ly Va-kin-
curse 2 damnable, execrable
: le\ adv
accus.al Xa-'kyu-zalX n accusation : achieve \3-'chev\ vb achieved; achiev-
accu.sa.tive \3-'kyu-z^-tiv\ adj of, : re- ing [ME acheven, fr. AF achever to finish,
lating to, or being a grammatical case fr. a- to (fr. L ad-) + chef end, head, fr. L
marking the direct object of a verb or the caput] to gain by work or effort Syn-
object of a preposition accusative n — :

onyms ACCOMPLISH, ATTAIN, REALIZE

ac.cu.sa.tcry Xa-'kyu-za-.tor-eA adj ex- — achievable \-'che-va-bal\ adj —
pressing accusation <an tone> ~ :

achievement n — achiever n
accuse X^-'kyiizX vb ac.cused; accus- AchiMes' heel \3-,kMez-\ n [fr. the story
ing to charge with an offense blame that the Greek warrior Achilles was vul-
—
:

ac.cu.sa.tion X.a-ky^-'za-shanX n
:

— nerable only in the heel] : a vulnerable

accuser n point
accused Aa-'kyuzdN n, pi accused : the AchiMes tendon \a-,ki-lez-\ n : the ten-
defendant in a criminal case don joining the muscles in the calf of the
ac.cus.tom Xs-'kas-tamX vb : to make fa- leg to the bone of the heel
miliar through use or experience ach.ro.mat.ic \,a-kr3-'ma-tik\ adj giving :

ac.cuS'tomed Xa-'kas-tamdX adj usual, : an image almost free from extraneous

customary <with ~~ grace); also being : colors <~ lens)
in the habit <~e<i to winning) achy \'a-ke\ adj ach-i-er; ach-i*est af-
— ach*i-ness n
:

1
ace X'asX n [ME as a die face marked with flicted with aches
one spot, fr. AF, fr. L, unit, a copper 1
acid \'a-sad\ adj 1 sour or biting to the
:

coin] 1 a playing card bearing a single taste; also sharp or sour in manner 2
:

large pip in its center 2 a point (as in of or relating to an acid

:

acid*i*ty \s- —
tennis) won on a serve that goes un-
: :

'si-da-teA n
2 acid n
acid-ly adv —
touched 3 a golf score of one stroke on
: 1 a sour substance 2
: a usu. :

a hole 4 : a combat pilot who has water-soluble chemical compound that

downed five or more enemy planes 5 has a sour taste, reacts with a base to
one that excels 6 the best pitcher on a form a salt, and reddens litmus 3 LSD
:

baseball team
:

— acid-ic \a-*si-dik\ adj

:

2 ace vb aced; acing to score an ace 1 : acid-i-fy Xa-'si-da-.fiA vb -tied; -fy.ing 1

against (an opponent) or on (a golf hole) to make or become acid 2 to change
2 : to defeat decisively 3 to perform ex- :
:

into an acid —
acid-i-fi-ca.tion \-,si-d»-
:

tremely well in or on (aced the quiz) fe-'ka-shanX n

3 ace adj : of first rank or quality ac-i-do-sis X.a-sa-'do-sasN n, pi -do«ses
ACE in-hib-i-tor Xja-.se-'e-in-'hi-ba-tar, \-,sez\ an abnormal state of reduced al-
:

as-\ n : any of a group of drugs that kalinity of the blood and body tissues
 acid precipitation • acrylic resin

acid precipitation n precipitation with \ parent to offspring in the genes <~ char-
above normal acidity that is caused esp. acteristics>
by atmospheric pollutants acquired immune deficiency syn-
acid rain n acid precipitation in the form
: drome n : AIDS
of rain acquired immunodeficiency syn-
acid test n : a severe or crucial test drome n : AIDS
acid*u*lous Na-'si-ja-lasX adj somewhat : acquire. ment \3-'kwT(-3)r-m3nt\ n 1
acid or harsh in taste or manner : ATTAINMENT, ACCOMPLISHMENT 2
ack abbr acknowledge; acknowledgment :the act of acquiring
acknowledge \ik-'na-lij, ak-\ vb acqui.sUtion \,a-kwa-'zi-sh3n\ n 1 : ac-
-edged; -edg-ing 1 to recognize the :
quirement 2 something acquired :

rights or authority of 2 : to admit as acquis- i-tive \3-'kwi-za-tiv\ adj eager to

greedy — acquisitively
:

true 3 : to express thanks for; also : to acquire

report receipt of
acknowledgement—(^
a letter> 4 to rec- :
adv — acquisitiveness
:

n
ognize as valid acquit \a-'kwit\ vb acquitted; acquit-
or acknowLedge-ment n ting 1 to pronounce not guilty 2 : to
ACL X.a^se-'elN n : anterior cruciate
:

conduct (oneself) usu. satisfactorily —

LIGAMENT acquit- tal \3-'kwi-t 3 l\ n
ACLU abbr American Civil Liberties acre \'a-kar\ n 1 pi : lands, estate 2
Union
ac-me Vak-me\ n [Gk akme] the highest
— see weight table
:
acre*age \*a-k(3-)rij\ n area in acres :

point acrid Va-kradX adj 1 sharp and biting

ac.ne \'ak-ne\ n [Gk akne, MS var. of
:

in taste or odor
deeply bitter caus- 2
akme, lit., point] a skin disorder marked
:
tic —
acridity Xa-'kri-da-teX n ac-
: :

—
by inflammation of skin glands and hair
follicles and by pimple formation esp. on
ridly adv acrid-ness n —
acri-rno-ny \'a-kr3-,m6-ne\ n, pi -nies
the face
harsh or biting sharpness of language or
aco.lyte \'a-k3-,lit\ n 1 : one who assists
:

—
a member
service 2 :
of the clergy in a liturgical
follower
feeling
ne-as\ adj —acri-mo*ni-ous
acri*mo*nUous*ly adv
X.a-kra-'mo-
—
ac.ri.mo-ni.ous-ness n
aco-nite \'a-k3-,nit\ n monkshood
1 :
ac.ro.bat \'a-kr3-,bat\ n [F acrobate, fr.
2 the dried root of a
: common Eurasian Gk akrobates, fr. akros topmost + bainein
monkshood used formerly as a drug
to go] a performer of gymnastic feats —
acorn \*a-,korn, -karn\ n
the oak
the nut of :
:

acro*bat*ic \,a-kr3-'ba-tik\ adj ac- —

ro-bat*i*cal*ly \-ti-k(»-)le\ adv
acorn squash n an acorn-shaped dark :

green winter squash with a ridged surface

acro.bat'ics \,a-kr3-'ba-tiks\ n sing or pi
the performance of an acrobat
and yellow to orange flesh :

acous-tic \a-'ku-stik\ or acous.ti-cal ac«ro. nym \'a-kr3-,nim\ n a word (as :

\-sti-kal\ adj 1 of or relating to the :

radar) or abbreviation (as FBI) formed
sense or organs of hearing, to sound, or to from the initial letter or letters of each of
the science of sounds 2 deadening :
the successive parts or major parts of a
sound <~
tile> 3 operated by or utiliz- :
compound term
ing sound waves 4 having a sound that :
acro.pho«bia \,a-kr3-'f6-be-3\ n abnor- :

is not electronically modified guitar> <~ mal dread of being in a high place fear :

— acous-ti.caMy \-kO)le\ adv of heights

acrop.o.lis \9-'kra-p3-tos\ n [Gk akropo-
acoustics \a-*ku-stiks\ n sing or pi 1
lis, fr. akros topmost + polis city] the
: the science of sound 2 the qualities in :
:

a room that make it easy or hard for a upper fortified part of an ancient
person in it to hear distinctly Greek city
acquaint \a-'kwant\ vb [ME, ultim. fr. L 1
across \3-'kros\ adv 1 to or on the op- :

ad- + cognoscere to know] 1 to cause to :

posite side 2 so as to be understandable
:

know personally 2 inform :

<get the point ~>
acquaintance \a-'kwan-t a ns\ n per-
2 across prep 1 to or on the opposite side
sonal knowledge 2 a person with
1 :

whom of <ran ~
the street) 2
:

on so as to
one is acquainted —
:

acquaintance- cross or pass at an angle <a log the

:

~
ship « road>
acquaintance rape n rape committed : across-the-board adj placed to win 1 :

by someone known to the victim if a competitor wins, places, or shows <an

acqui.esce \,a-kwe-'es\ vb -esced; ~*-< bet> 2 including all classes or cate-
:

-escing to accept, comply, or submit

: gories <an r»* wage increase)
without open opposition Synonyms acros.tic \9-'kros-tik\ n a composition
—
:

CONSENT, AGREE, ASSENT, ACCEDE usu. in verse in which the initial or final
acqui.es.cence \-'e-s 3 ns\ n acqui- — letters of the lines taken in order form a
escent \-s 3 nt\ adj acqui*es*cent*ly — word or phrase acrostic adj —
adv acryl.ic \9-'kri-lik\ n 1 acrylic resin :

acquire \3-'kwi(-3)r\ vb acquired, ac- 2 a paint in which the vehicle is acrylic

quiring to gain possession of GET
: :
— :

resin 3 a quick-drying synthetic textile

:

acquirable V'kwi-ra-balX adj fiber

acquired adj 1 gained by or as a result
: acrylic resin n a glassy thermoplastic :

of effort or experience 2 caused by en- : used for cast and molded parts or as coat-
vironmental forces and not passed from ings and adhesives
 act • adapt 8
1
act \'akt\ n 1 a thing done deed 2 existing — ac-tu-al-i-ry \,ak-ch»-
real
-sh»-\ n — ac-tu-al-i-za-tion
: : :

statute, decree 3 a main division •wa-la-te,

^ak-cha-wa-l^-^-shan, -sh»A n — actu-
: :

of a play; also an item on a variety pro-

:

gram 4 an instance of insincere behav-

: al-ize Vak-cha-wa-.liz, -sha-\ vb
ior : PRETENSE actu.aMy Vak-ch^-wa-le, -sha-\ adv : in
2 act vb to perform by action esp. on
1 : fact or in truth : really
the stage; also : feign, simulate, pre- actu-ary Vak-cha-.wer-e, -sha-\ n, pi -ar-
tend 2 : to take action 3 : to conduct ies : a person who calculates insurance
oneself : behave 4 : to perform a speci- risks and premiums actu-ar-i-al \,ak- —
fied function 5 to produce an effect : ch»-*wer-e-3l, -sha-\ adj
3 act abbr 1 active 2 actual act u -ate Vak-cha-.watX vb -at-ed, -at-
ACT abbr Australian Capital Territory ing 1 : to put into action 2 : to move to
actg abbr acting action — actu-a-tion X.ak-cha-Sva-shan,
ACTH ,
\,a-( l )se-( l )te- ach\ n : a protein hor- -sha-\ n— actu-a-tor Yak-cha-.wa-tar,
mone of the pituitary gland that stimu- -sha-\ n
lates the adrenal cortex act up vb 1 : misbehave 2 : to function
act.ing \'ak-tin\ adj : doing duty tem- improperly
porarily or for another president> <~ acuity \3-'kyu-3-te\ n, pi -ities : keenness
ac.tin.i.um \ak-'ti-ne-3m\ n a radioac- : of perception
tive metallic chemical element acu-men X^-'kyu-manX n mental keen- :

action Vak-shanX n 1 a legal proceed- : ness and penetration Synonyms dis-

ing 2 the manner or method of per-
: cernment, INSIGHT, PERCIPIENCE, PER-
forming 3 AcnvrrY 4 act, deed 5 : : SPICACITY
:the accomplishment of a thing usu. over acu-pres-sure Va-kyu-,pre-sh3r\ n a fin- :

a period of time, in stages, or with the ger massage of those points on the body
possibility of repetition 6 pi stimulated in acupuncture
:CONDUCT 7 COMBAT, BATTLE 8 the : ! acu-puncture V.papk-charX n an orig. :

events of a literary plot 9 an operating : Chinese practice of inserting thin needles

mechanism <the ~~ of a gun>; also the through the skin at specific points esp. to
way it operates <stiff '-^'>
:

cure disease or relieve pain acu-punc- —

action-able Vak-sh(3-)n3-b3l\ adj af- : tur-ist Xja-kyu-'pank-chs-ristX n
fording ground for an action or suit at acute \d-'kyut\ adj acut-er; acut-est
law —
action-ably \-ble\ adv IME, fr. L acutus, pp. of acuere to sharp-
acti-vate \'ak-t3-,vat\ vb -vat-ed; -vat- en, fr. acus needle] 1 sharp, pointed
ing 1 to spur into action; also
: to : 2 containing less than 90 degrees <an
:
:

~
make active, reactive, or radioactive 2 angle) 3 sharply perceptive; esp men-
: :

:to treat (as carbon) so as to improve ad- tallykeen 4 severe <~~ distress); also :

sorptive properties 3 to set up (a mili- : : having a sudden onset, sharp rise, and
tary unit) formally; also to call to active short duration <~ inflammation) 5 of,
duty — ac-ti-va-tion X.ak-ta-'va-shanX n :

marked by, or being an accent mark hav-

:

— ac.ti- va.tor N'ak-ta-.va-tarX n ing the form acutely adv acute-

' — —
ac.tive \'ak-tiv\ adj 1 : causing or involv- nessn
ing action or change 2 : asserting that acy.clo.vir XOa-'si-klo-.virX n a drug :

the grammatical subject performs the ac- used esp. to treat the genital form of her-
tion represented by the verb <"h voice) pes simplex
3 brisk, lively 4 erupting or likely
: : ad \'ad\ n advertisement :

to erupt <'*^ volcano) 5 presently in : AD abbr 1 afterdate 2 [L anno Domini]

operation or use 6 tending to progress : in the year of our Lord often printed —
or to cause degeneration tuberculo- <~ in small capitals and often punctuated 3
sis) —
active n actively adv ac- — — assistant director 4 athletic director
tive-ness n ad- age\'a-dij\ n an old familiar saying :

active-ma.trix Vak-tiv-.ma-triksX adj PROVERB, MAXIM

:

: of, relating to, or being an LCD in which 1

ada.gio \3-'da-j(e-,)6, -zh(e-,)6\ adv or adj
each pixel is individually controlled [It] at a slow tempo
: used as a direc- —
active- wear \*ak-tiv-,wer\ n clothing : tion in music
designed for recreation or informal wear 2 adagio n, pi -gios 1 an adagio move- :

activ-ism Vak-ti-,vi-z3m\ n a doctrine : ment 2 a ballet duet or trio displaying

:

or practice that emphasizes vigorous ac- feats of lifting and balancing

tion for political ends activ-ist \-vist\ — ad-a-mant Va-da-mant, -,mant\ n [ME, fr.
n or adj AF, fr. L adamant-, adamas hardest
activity \ak-'ti-v3-te\ n, pi -ties 1 : the metal, diamond, fr. Gk] a stone believed
quality or state of being active 2 force- : to be impenetrably hard adaman-
:

—
ful or energetic action 3 an occupation : tine X.a-d^-'man-iten, -,tin\ adj
in which one
engaged is 2 adamant adj inflexible, unyielding
actor Vak-tarN n a person who acts in a : — ad*a*man*cy Va-da-man-seA n — ad- :

play or motion picture a-mant-ly adv

actress Vak-trasX n a woman who is an : Ad.ams apple Va-damz-N n : the projec-
actor tion in front of the neck formed by the
Acts \'akts\ or Acts of the Apostles n largest cartilage of the larynx
— see bible table adapt \a-'dapt\ vb 1 : to make suitable or
actu-al Vak-cha-wal, -sha-\ adj : really fit (as for a new use or for a different sit-
 9 adaptability • ad hoc
uation) 2 : environmental
to adjust to addn abbr addition
conditions Synonyms adjust, ac- addnl abbr additional
commodate, conform — adaptabili- add—on \'ad-,6n, -,an\ n something (as a
—
:

ty \3-,dap-t3-'bi-lo-te\ n adapt-able feature or accessory) added esp. as an en-

adj —
ad.ap.ta-tion N.a-.dap-'ta-shanX n
— hancement
— ad-ap-ta-tion-al \-sh(3-)nal\ adj 1
ad. dress \3-'dres\ vb 1 to direct the at-
—
:

adaptive \a-*dap-tiv\ adj ad-ap-tiv-i- tention of (oneself) 2 to direct one's re- :

ty \,a-,dap-'ti-v3-te\ n marks to deliver an address to 3 to

: :

adapt.er also adaptor Xa-'dap-tarX n 1 mark directions for delivery on 4 to :

: one that adapts 2 : a device for con- identify (as a memory location) by an ad-
necting two dissimilar parts of an appara- dress
tus 3 an attachment for adapting appa-
:
2 ad*dress Xa-'dres, 'a-,dres\ n 1 skillful :

ratus for uses not orig. intended management 2 a formal speech LEC- : :

adaptive optics n sing or pi a telescopic : TURE 3 the place where a person or or-
:

system that improves image resolution by ganization may be communicated with 4

compensating for distortions from atmos- : the directions for delivery placed on
pheric turbulence mail; also the designation of a computer
:

ADC abbr aide-de-camp

1 2 Aid to De- account from which one can send or re-
pendent Children ceive e-mail 5 a location (as in a com-:

add Vad\ vb 1 to join to something else

: puter's memory) where particular data is
so as to increase in number or amount 2 stored; also URL
~
:

: to say further <let me this) 3 to : ad.dress.ee \,a-,dre-'se, 3-,dre-'se\ n

combine (numbers) into one sum : one to whom something is addressed
ADD abbr attention deficit disorder ad.duce \3-'dus, -'dyus\ vb ad-duced:
ad.dend \'a-,dend\ n a number to be : ad.duc.ing to offer as argument, rea-
:

added to another son, or proof advance, Synonyms

ad-den- dum Xa-'den-danA n, pi -da \-da\ allege, cite, submit ad-duc-er n —
[LI something added; esp
: : a supplement -ade n suffix 1 act action <block<2cfe> : :

to a book 2 product; esp sweet drink (limeade)

: :

1
ad*der \'a-dar\ n [ME, alter, (by false divi- ad.e.nine Va-d3-,nen\ n a purine base :

sion of a naddre} of naddre, fr. nxd- OE that codes genetic information in the mo-
dre] 1 a poisonous European viper or a
: lecular chain of and DNA RNA
related snake 2 any of various harmless
: ad.e.noid \'a-d3-,n6id, 'ad-,n6id\ n an :

No. American snakes (as the hognose enlarged mass of tissue near the opening
snake) of the nose into the throat usu. used in —
2 add«er \'a-dar\ n one that adds; esp a
: : pi. — adenoid or ad-e-noi-dal \,a-da-
device that performs addition 'noi-d 3 l\ adj
1
ad»dict \a-'dikt\ vb 1 to devote or sur- : aden-o-sine triphosphate Na-'de-ns-
render (oneself) to something habitually ^en-tri-'fas-jfatN n ATP :

or excessively 2 to cause addiction to a ad«e.no«vi.rus \,a-d 3 n-6-'vI-r3s\ n any of

.

substance in (as a person)

:

ad-dic.tive — a family of viruses causing infections of

:

\-'dik-tiv\ adj the respiratory tract, conjunctiva, and

2 ad*dict \'a-(,)dikt\ n one who is addicted : gastrointestinal tract
esp. to a substance 1
ad*ept \'a-,dept\ n : expert
ad.dic.tion Xa-'dik-shanX n 1 2 adept
the quali-
ty or state of being addicted 2 compul-
:

: pert — adept-ly adv — adept.nessex-n

\a-'dept\ adj highly skilled : :

sive need for and use of a habit-forming adequate Va-di-kwst\ adj equal to or
requirement —
:

substance (as heroin, nicotine, or alcohol) for a

sufficient specific
characterized by well-defined physiologi- ad-e.qua.cy \-kwa-se\ n — adequate-
cal symptoms upon withdrawal; also lyadv — ad-e-quate.ness n
persistent compulsive use of a substance
: ad. here \ad-'hir\ vb ad.hered; adher-
known by the user to be harmful ing 1 to give support maintain loyal-
ad.di.tion Xa-'di-shanX n t : the act or ty 2
:

to stick fast cling adher-

:

—
process of adding; also something
.

:
:

ence \-'hir-3ns\ n ad-her.ent \-ant\ — :

added 2 the operation of combining

: adj or n
numbers to obtain their sum Syno- ad*he*sion Xad-'he-zhanX n 1 the act or :

nyms ACCRETION, INCREMENT, ACCES- state of adhering 2 the union of bodily :

SION, AUGMENTATION tissues abnormally grown together after

ad.di.tion. al \3-'di-sh(9-)n3i\ adj coming : inflammation; also the newly formed :

by way of addition added, extra : uniting tissue 3 the molecular attrac- :

ad.di-tion.al.lv \9-'di-sh(3-)n3-le\ adv in : tion" between the surfaces of bodies in

or by way of addition furthermore : contact
1
ad.di«tive Va-da-tivX adj 1 of, relating :
1
ad-he*sive N-'he-siv, -ziv\ adj 1 tending :

to, or characterized by addition 2 pro- to adhere STICKY 2 prepared for ad-

duced by addition ad*di*tiv*i*ty — :

2
hering
: :

\,a-da-*ti-v3-te\ n adhesive n an adhesive substance

:

2 additive
n a substance added to another
: adhesive tape n tape coated on one : side
in small quantities to effect a desired with an adhesive mixture; esp one used :

change in properties <food ~.s> for covering wounds

ad-dle \'a-d 3 l\ vb ad-dled; ad-dling 1 1 ad hoc Vad-'hak, -'h6k\ adv [L, for this]
: to throw into confusion muddle : 2 for the case at hand apart from other ap-
:

:to become rotten (addled eggs> plications

 ad hoc • admonishingly 10
2 ad hoc adj concerned with or formed for
: ADM abbr admiral
a particular purpose <an ad hoc commit- ad-man \'ad-,man\ n one who writes, so- :

tee) (ad hoc solutions) licits, or places advertisements

adi-a-bat-ic \,a-de-3-'ba-tik\ adj occur- admin abbr administration; administra-
ring without loss or gain of heat — :

adi-a- tive
bat-i-cal-ly \-ti-k(»-)le\ adv ad-min-is-ter Xad-'mi-na-starX vb 1
adieu \a-'du, -'dyu\ n, pi adieus or manage, superintend 2 to mete
adieux \3-'duz, -'dyuz\ farewell :
— :

out : dispense
punishment) 3 to <'-*-'
:

often used interjectionally give ritually or remedially <<^ quinine for

ad
in.fi.ni.tum ^ad-.in-fa-'nl-tanA adv or malaria) 4 to perform the office of ad-
adj without end or limit
: ministrator — ad-min-is-tra-ble
:

Vstra-
ad in«ter«im Xad-'in-t^-ram, -,rim\ adv bsl\ adjr — ad-min-is-trant
\-strant\ n
for the intervening time
: ad interim — ad-min-is-tra-tion Xad-.mi-na-'stra- shan\
adj n 1 the act or process of administering
:

adi-os \,a-de-*6s, ,a-\ interj [Sp adios, lit., 2 : management 3 : the officials direct-
to God] —
used to express farewell ing the government of a country 4 : the
ad-i-pose \*a-dd-,p6s\ adj of or relating term of office of an administrative officer
to animal fat : fatty
:

or body —
ad-min-is-tra-tive \ad-'mi-
adj abbr 1 adjective 2 adjutant na-,stra-tiv\ adj —
ad-min-is-tra-tive-ly
ad-ja-cent \»-*ja-s 3 nt\ adj situated near : adv
or next Synonyms adjoining, con- ad-min-is-tra-tor Nad-'mi-na-.stra-tarX n
tiguous. ABUTTING, JUXTAPOSED, CON- one that administers; esp one who set-
TERMINOUS —
ad-ja-cent-ly adv
:

tles an intestate estate

:

ad-jec-tive \'a-jik-tiv\ n a word that typ- ad-mi-ra-ble Vad-mCa-jra-balX adj wor-

ically serves as a modifier of a noun
:

— thy of admiration excellent —

:

ad-
ad-jecti-val \,a-jik-'ti-v3l\ adj ad-jec- — mi-ra-bil-i-ty \,ad-m(^-)r^-'bi-l3-te\
:

n —
ti-val-ly adv ad-mi-ra-ble-ness n — ad-mi-ra-bly
ad-join \3-'join\ vb to be situated next to : adv
\-ble\
ad-join-ing adj touching or bounding at
: ad-mi-ral Vad-m(»-)r3l\ n [ME, ultim. fr.
a point or line At amir-al- commander of the (as in
ad-journ WjarnX vb 1 to suspend in- : amir-al-bahr commander of the sea)] a :

definitely or until a stated time 2 to commissioned officer in the navy ranking

transfer to another place adjourn- — :

next below a fleet admiral

ment n ad-mi-ral-ty \ ad-m(»-)r3l-te\ n 1 cap a
l
:

ad-judge WjajA vb ad- judged; ad-judg- British government department formerly

ing 1 judge, adjudicate 2 to hold
: : having authority over naval affairs 2
or pronounce to be DEEM 3 to award : : : the court having jurisdiction over ques-
by judicial decision tions of maritime law
ad-ju-di-cate \^-'ju-di-,kat\ vb -catted; ad-mire \3d-'ml(-3)r\ vb ad-mired; ad-
-cat-ing to settle judicially
: ad-ju-di- — miring [MF admirer, fr. L admirari, fr.
ca-tion \»- ju-di-'ka-shanX n ad- to + mirari to wonder] : to regard
ad-junct Va-janktX n something joined with high esteem ad-mi-ra-tion \,ad- —
or added to another but not essentially a
:

ms-'ra-shanX n ad-mir-er n —
ad-mir- —
part of it Synonyms appendage, ap- ing-ly \-'mI-rin-le\ adv
purtenance. ACCESSORY. APPENDDC — ad-mis-si-ble Xad-'mi-so-balX adj that :

adjunct adj can be or is worthy to be admitted or al-

ad-jure \d-'jur\ vb ad-jured; ad-jur-ing lowed : allowable
evidence) <-»~ —
to command solemnly
: urge earnestly : ad-mis-si-bil-i-ty V.mi-sa-'bi-la-teA n
Synonyms beg, beseech, implore ad-mis-sion Xad-'mi-shanX n 1 the act
— ad-ju-ra-tion Nja-ja-'ra-shanX n of admitting 2 the privilege of being :
:

ad-just \s- lJ3st\ vb 1 to bring to agree- : admitted 3 a fee paid for admission 4
:

ment settle 2 to cause to conform

: : :the granting of an argument 5 the ac- :

adapt, fit 3 regulate <~~ a watch) knowledgment of a fact

—:

ad-just-able adj
:

ad-just-er also — ad-mit \3d-'mit\ vb ad-mit-ted; ad-mit-

ad-jus-tor Wjas-tarN n ad-just-ment — ting 1 permit, allow 2 to recog-
: :

X^-'jast-mantX n nize as genuine or valid 3 to allow to :

ad-ju-tant Va-ja-tantX n one who assists; : enter (admitted to the club) 4 to ac- :

esp an officer who assists a commanding

: cept into a hospital as an inpatient
officer by handling correspondence and ad-mit-tance \dd-'mi-t 3 ns\ n the act or :

keeping records process of admitting permission to enter :

ad-ju-vant Va-ja-vantX n one that helps : ad-mit-ted-ly \dd-'mi-tdd-le\ adv 1 as :

or facilitates; esp something that en- : has been or must be admitted 2 it must :

hances the effectiveness of medical treat- be admitted

ment —
adjuvant adj ad-mix \ad-'miks\ vb to mix in :

1
ad-lib Vad-'libX vb ad-libbed, ad-lib- ad-mix-ture Xad-'miks-charX n 1 some-
bing improvise
2 ad—lib adj
: ad—lib n — thing added in mixing 2 mixture :
:

spoken, composed, or per-

: ad-mon-ish \ad-'ma-nish\ vb : to warn
formed without preparation gently : reprove with a warning Syno-
ad lib \'ad -*lib\ adv [NL ad libitum] 1 at nyms CHIDE, REPROACH, REBUKE. REP-
one's pleasure 2 without limit
:

RIMAND, reprove ad-mon-ish-er n —

adm
:

abbr administration; administrative — ad-mon-ish-ing-ty adv ad-mon- —

 11 admonition • adverse
ish-ment n — ad-mo-ni-tion \,ad-m3- or inferior substance — adul-ter-a-tion
'ni-shoiA // — ad-mon-i-to-ry \ad-'ma- \-,d3l-t3-'ra-sh3n\ n
n.->-,tor-e\ adj adul-tery \3-'d3l-t(3-)re\ n, pi -ter-ies
ad nau-se-am \ad-*nd-/.e-;>m\ adv [L] to sexual unfaithfulness off a married per-
a sickening or excessive degree
: :

son —
adul-ter-er \-tar-3r\ n adul- —
ado V>-'du\ n 1 heightened fuss or con- ter-ess \-t(»-)r9s\ also adul-tress \-tras\
cern 2 TROUBLE :
:

n —adul-ter-ous \-t(3-)ras\ adj

ado-be \3-'d6-be\ n 1 sun-dried brick: : ad-um-brate \'a-d3m-,brat\ vb -brat-ed:
also clay for making such bricks 2 : a
: -brat-ing 1 to foreshadow vaguely
:

structure made of adobe bricks intimate 2 to suggest or disclose par-

ad-o-les-cence \,a-d3-'le-s 3 ns\ n the :
:

tially 3 :
:

shade, obscure — ad-um-

process or period of growth between bra-tion \,a-d3m-'bra-sh3n\ n
childhood and maturity ad-o-les- — adv abbr 1 adverb 2 advertisement
cent \-s 3 nt\ adj or n ad va-lor.em \,ad-v3-'16r-3m\ adj [L, ac-
adopt \3-'dapt\ vb 1 to take (a child of : cording to the value] imposed at a per- :

other parents) as one's own child 2 to : centage of the value <an ad valorem tax)
take up and practice as one's own 3 to 1
ad-vance \ad-'vans\ vb ad- va need: ad-
accept formally and put into effect
:

— vancing 1 to assist the progress of

adopt-able V'dap-ta-balX adj adopt- — <~a cause) 2
:

to bring or move for-

er n —
adoption V'dap-shanX n ward <'->- a pawn) 3 to promote in
:

adop-tive \3-'dap-tiv\ adj made or ac- rank 4 to make earlier in time 5

quired by adoption <the father) ~
:

— :

PROPOSE 6 LEND 7 to raise in rate

—
: : :

adop-tive-ly adv increase

: ad.vance.ment n
2 advance
ador-able Xa-'dor-a-balN adj 1 worthy of : n 1 a forward movement 2 :

adoration 2 extremely charming <an improvement 3 or

~~ child) —
ador.able.ness n
:

ador- —
:

value 4 offer : —a
: rise esp. in price
in advance : be-
ably \-ble\ adv forehand
adore \3-'d6r\ vb adored; adorning [ME 3 advance adj made, sent, or furnished
:

adouren, fr. AF aurer, adourer, fr. L ado- ahead of time <~ payment)
rare, fr.ad- to + orare to speak, pray] 1 ad-van-tage \.->d- van-tij\ n 1 superiori- ,
:

WORSHIP 2 to regard with loving ad- ty of position 2 benefit, gain 3 the

:

— —
: : :

miration ir^s his wife) 3 to be ex- 1st point won in tennis after deuce ad-
tremely fond of <r~s pecan pie) ad-o-
:

— van-ta-geous \,ad-van-'ta-j9s\ a dj
ra.tion X.a-da-'ra-shanX n ad-van-ta-geous-ly adv
adorn \3-'d6rn\ vb to enhance the ap- : ad-vent \'ad-,vent\ n 1 cap a peniten- :

pearance of esp. with ornaments <blouses tial period beginning four Sundays before
>-~ed with sequins) adorn-ment n — Christmas 2 cap the coming of Christ :

ad-re-nal \3-'dre-n 3 l\ adj of, relating to, : 3 a coming into being or use
:

or being a pair of endocrine organs (ad- ad-ven-ti-tious X.ad-van-'ti-shasX adj 1

renal glands) that are located near the : accidental, incidental 2 : arising
kidneys and produce several hormones or occurring sporadically or in other than
and esp. epinephrine the usual location buds) ad»ven- <~ —
adren-a-line Xa-'dre-na-lanX n epineph- : ti-tious-ly adv
rine 1
ad-ven-ture Xad-'ven-charX n 1 a risky :

adrift \3-'drift\ adv or adj 1 afloat with- undertaking 2 a remarkable and excit-
out motive power or moorings 2 with-
:

: ing experience ad-ven-tur-ous

:

—
out guidance or purpose \-ch(a-)r9s\ adj
adroit \a-'dr6it\ adj [F, fr. OF, fr. a- to + 2 adventure vb -ven-tured: -ven-tur-ing
droit right] 1 dexterous with one's : \-'ven-ch(9-)rirj\ 1 risk, hazard : <~
hands 2 : shrewd, resourceful their capital in foreign trade) 2 : to en-
Synonyms canny, clever, cun- gage in adventure
ning, ingenious — adroiMy adv — ad-ven-tur-er \9d-'ven-ch(3-)r3r\ n 1 a :

adroit-ness n person who engages in new and risky un-

ad«sorb \ad-'sorb, -'zorb\ vb : to take up dertakings 2 a person who follows a
:

(as molecules of gases) and hold on the military career for adventure or profit 3
surface of a solid or liquid adsorp- — : a person who tries to gain wealth by
tion V'sorp-shan, -'zorpA n questionable means
ad-u-la-tion \,a-J3-'la-sh3n\ n excessive ad-ven-ture-some Xad-'ven-char-sanA
admiration or flattery ad-u-late \'a-ja- — :

adj inclined to take risks

,lat\ vb —ad-u-la-tor \-,la-tar\ n ad- — :

ad-ven-tur-ess \9d-'ven-ch(9-)r9s\ n a :

u-la-to-ry \-ta-,tdr-e\ adj female adventurer

1
adult Xa-'dalt, 'a-,\ adj [L adultus, pp. of ad-verb \'ad-,v9rb\ n a word that typi- :

adolescere to grow up, fr. ad- to + alescere cally serves as a modifier of a verb, an ad-
to grow] fully developed and mature — jective, or another adverb ad»ver»bi- —
adult-hood n
:

al \ad-'var-be-3l\ adj ad-ver-bi-al-ly —

2 adult n one that is adult; esp a human
: : adv
being after an age (as 18) specified by law 1
ad-ver-sary Vad-var-.ser-eA n, pi -sar-ies
ad u I. ter-ant Xa-'dal-ta-rantX n something : :FOE
used to adulterate another 2 adversary adj : involving antagonistic
adul-ter-ate Xa-'dal-ta-.ratX vb -at-ed; -at- parties or interests
ing [L adulterare, fr. ad- to + alter other] ad-verse Xad-'vars, 'ad-,v3rs\ adj 1 : act-
to make impure by mixing in a foreign
: ing against or in a contrary direction <~
 adversely • affably 12
winds) 2 unfavorable <~ criticism) ae-rie \'er-e, 'ir-e\ n : a highly placed nest
— ad.verse.ly adv
:

(as of an eagle)
ad-ver-si-ty \ad-'v3r-sa-te\ n, pi -ties aer-o-bat-ics Vr-a-'ba-tiksX n sing or pi
:hard times misfortune : : spectacular flying feats and maneuvers
ad* vert \ad-'v3rt\ vb refer <~~ to a pre-
: aer-o-bic Vr-'ro-bikX adj 1 living or ac- :

vious remark) tive only in the presence of oxygen <^

ad-ver-tise Vad-var-.tlzX vb -tised; -tis- bacteria) 2 : involving or increasing
ing 1 inform, notify 2 to call pub- oxygen consumption; also : of or relating
:

lic attention to esp. in order to sell ad-

:

— to aerobics —
aer-o-bi-cal-ly \-bi-
ver-tis-er n k(a-)le\ adv
ad.ver.tise.ment ^ad-var-'tlz-mant; ad- aer-o-bics \-biks\ n sing or pi strenuous :

'var-tas-mantX n 1 : the act of advertis- exercises that produce a marked tempo-

ing 2 : a public notice intended to ad- rary increase in respiration and heart
vertise something rate; also : a system of physical condition-
ad.ver-tis.ing Vad-var-.tl-zinX n the : ing involving these
business of preparing advertisements aero-drome Ver-a-.dromX n, chiefly Brit
ad-vice Xsd-'vTsX n 1 recommendation : :airport
with regard to a course of action COUN- : aero-dy-nam-ics ^er-o-di-'na-miksX n
SEL 2 : INFORMATION, REPORT : the science dealing with the forces act-
ad-vis-able Xad-'vT-z^-balX adj proper to ing on bodies motion a gas in in (as air)
be done expedient to stay fit) <~
:

— — aero-dy-nam-ic \-mik\ also aero-dy-

nam-i-cal Vmi-kalN adj — aero-dy-
:

ad-vis-abil-i-ty \-,vi-z3-'bi-l3-te\ n
ad.vlse \3d-*viz\ vb ad-vised: ad-vis- nam-j-cal-ly \-mi-k(»-)le\ adv
ing 1 : to give advice to : counsel 2 aero-naut \'er-3-,n6t\ n [F aeronaute,
INFORM, NOTIFY 3 CONSULT, CON- ultim.fr. Gk aer air + nautes sailor] one
—
: : :

FER <~ with your friends) ad-vis-er who operates or travels in an airship or
also ad-vi-sor V'vT-zarX n balloon
ad-vised \sd-'vlzd\ adj thought out aero-nau-tics Xjer-a^no-tiksX n the sci-
: considered (v/ell-advised) ad-vis-
:

— ence of aircraft operation aero-nau- — :

ed- ly V'vI-zad-leX adv ti-cal \-ti-kal\ also aero-nau-tic \-tik\

ad- vise-ment Xad-Viz-mantX n 1 : care- adj
ful consideration <take the matter under aero-pho-bia Xjer-o-'fo-be-aX n : fear or
'-^> 2 : the act of advising strong dislike of flying
ad-vi-so-ry \3d-*vi-z3-re\ adj 1 : having aero-plane \'er-3-,plan\ chiefly Brit var of
or exercising power to advise 2 : con- AIRPLANE
taining or giving advice aero- so \ , er-a-,sal, -,s61\ n 1 a suspen-
I :

1
ad-vo-cate Vad-va-kat. -,kat\ n [ultim. fr. sion of fine solid or liquid particles in a
L advocare to summon, fr. ad- to + vocare gas; also, pi the particles themselves 2
:

to call] 1 one who pleads another's

: : a substance (as an insecticide) dispensed
cause 2 : one who argues or pleads for a from a pressurized container as an
cause or proposal — ad-vo-ca-cy \-va- aerosol
ka-se\« aero-space Ver-6-,spas\ n the earth's at-
2
ad-vo-cate \-,kat\ vb -cat-ed; -cat-ing mosphere and the space beyond aero-
:

—
: to plead in favor of — ad-vo-ca-tion space adj
\,ad-v3-*ka-sh3n\ n aery \'er-e\ adj aer-i-er; -est : having an
advt abbr advertisement aerial quality : ETHEREAL <'-^ visions)
adze also adz \'adz\ n a tool with a : aes-thete also es-thete \'es-,thet\ n a :

curved blade set at right angles to the person having or affecting sensitivity to
handle that is used in shaping wood beauty esp. in art
AEC abbr Atomic Energy Commission aes-thet-ic also es-thet-ic \es-'the-tik\
ae-gis Ve-jas\ n 1 shield, protection adj 1 of or relating to aesthetics
:

~
:

<under the of the constitution) 2 ARTISTIC 2 appreciative of the beauti-

patronage, sponsorship <under the
:

ful — :

aes-thet-i-cal-ly also es-thet-i-

~
:

of the museum) cal-ly \-ti-k(a-)le\ adv

ae-o-li-an harp Ne-'o-le-anA n a box with : aes-thet-ics also es-thet-ics \-tiks\ n a :

strings that produce musical sounds when branch of philosophy dealing with the na-
the wind blows on them ture, creation, and appreciation of beauty
ae-on or eon Ve-an, -,an\ n an indefi- : ae-ti-ol-o-gy chiefly Brit var of etiology
nitely long time age : AF abbr 1 air force 2 audio frequency
aer-ate Ver-,at\ vb aer-at-ed: aer-at-ing 1
afar \3-*far\ adv : from, at, or to a great
1 :to supply, impregnate, or combine distance
with a gas and esp. air 2 : to supply 2 afar n : a great distance

(blood) with oxygen by respiration — AFB abbr air force base

aer-a-tion \,er-'a-sh3n\ n aer-a-tor — AFC abbr 1 American Football Confer-
\'er-,a-t3r\ n ence 2 automatic frequency control
1
ae-ri-al \*er-e-3l\ adj 1 : inhabiting, oc- AFDC abbr Aid to Families with Depen-
curring in, or done in the air 2 : airy 3 dent Children
of or relating to aircraft af-fa-ble Va-fa-balX adj courteous and
—
: :

2 aer-i-al
Ver-e-slX n antenna 2 agreeable in conversation af-fa-bil-i-
:

ae-ri-al-ist Ver-e-3-list\ n : a performer of ty ^a-fo-'bi-la-teX n —

af-fa-bly \'a-fo-
feats above the ground esp. on a trapeze b\e\adv
 13 affair • A-frame
af.fair \o-'fer\ n [ME afere, fr. fr. AF af.flict \3-'flikt\ vb : to cause pain and dis-
afaire, fr. a /aire to do] 1 something tress to Synonyms rack, try, tor-
that relates to or involves one : CON-
:

ment, torture — af.fliction V'flik-

CERN 2 : a romantic or sexual attach- shan\ n
ment of limited duration af.flic.tive W-'flik-tivX adj : causing afflic-
1
af*fect \3-'fekt, a-\ vb 1 to be fond of us- : tion : distressing emotions) af- <~ —
ing or wearing 2 : simulate, assume, f lic-tive-ly adv

PRETEND af.flu.ence Va-,flu-3n(t)s, a-'fluA n

2 affect vb to produce an effect on in- abundant supply; also : wealth, rich-
:

—
: :

fluence es af.f lu.ent \-ant\ adj

3 af.fect \'a-,fekt\ emotion; also
n : : an af -ford \a-'f6rd\ vb 1 to manage to bear :

observable display of emotion <an ex- or bear the cost of without serious harm
pressionless *-w> or loss 2 provide, furnish <the roof
:

af-fec-ta-tion X.a-.fek-'ta-shanN n :an atti- "^ed a fine view)

tude or behavior that is assumed by a per- af.for.es-ta.tion Xa-.for-a-'sta-shanX n
son but not genuinely felt the act or process of establishing a for-
af.fect-ed \a-*fek-t3d\ adj 1 : given to or
:

est —
af.for.est \a-'f6r-ast, -'far-\ vb
marked by affectation 2 artificially as- af.fray \3-'fra\ n fight, fray
sumed to impress others — af»fect-ed»ly
:

af.fright \a-'frit\ vb, archaic

:

frighten,
adv alarm —
affright n
:

af.fect.ing \a-*fek-tin\ adj arousing pity, af.front Na-'frantX vb 1 insult 2 con-

sympathy, or sorrow <an ~ story> —
:

af- front <~

death) affront n — : :

fecting. ly adv af.ghan \'af-,gan\ n 1 cap a native or :

af.fec.tion Xa-'fek-shanX n tender attach- inhabitant of Afghanistan 2 a blanket

ment — af.fec.tion.ate
: :

\-sh(3-)nat\ adj or shawl of colored wool knitted or cro-

— af.fec-tion.ate. adv iy cheted in sections Afghan or Af- —
af .fec.ti ve \a-'fek-tiv\ adj : relating to, in- ghani \af-'ga-ne, -'ga-\ adj
fluencing, or expressing an emotion or Afghan hound n any of a breed of tall
feeling : emotional <an disorder) ~ slim swift hunting dogs with a coat of
:

af.fer.ent Va-fa-rant, -,fer-ant\ adj bear- silky thick hair and a long silky top-knot
ing or conducting inward toward a more
:

af-ghani \af-'ga-ne\ n — see money

central part and esp. a nerve center (as table
the central nervous system) afi.cio.na.do \3-,fi-sh(e-)3-'na-d6, -se-a-\
af.fi -ance \9-'fi-3ns\ vb -anced; -ancing n, pi -dos [Sp, fr. pp. of aficionar to in-
: BETROTH, ENGAGE spire affection] : devotee, fan
af-fi.da-vit \,a-f3-'da-v3t\ n [ML, he has afield \3-'feld\ adv or adj 1 to, in, or on :

made an oath] : a sworn statement in the field 2 away from home 3 out of
: :

writing the way astray :

1
vb -at*ed; -at-ing
af.fil.i.ate \3-'fi-le-,at\ afire \3-'fi(-9)r\ adj or adv being on fire
: to associate as a member or branch — : burning
:

af.fil.i.a.tion V.fi-le-'a-shanX n AFL abbr American Football League

2 af.f
il-i-ate Na-'fi-le-atX n : an affiliated per- aflame Xa-'flamX adj or adv : flaming
son or organization AFL— CIO abbr American Federation of
af.f in.i.ty Xa-'fi-na-teA n, pi -ties 1 : kin- Labor and Congress of Industrial Organi-
ship, relationship 2 attractive force : zations
: ATTRACTION, SYMPATHY afloat Xa-'flotX adj or adv 1 borne on or :

affinity card n a credit card issued in af-

: as if on the water 2 circulating <ru- :

filiation with an organization (as a chari- mors were ~J> 3 : adrift

ty or an airline) the use of which benefits aflut.ter Xa-'fla-tarX adj 1 : fluttering
the organization or possessor of the card 2 nervously excited <~
: at the news)
af.f irm Xa-'farmXvb 1 : confirm 2 : to afoot \3-'fut\ adv or adj 1 : on foot 2 in :

assert positively 3 : to make a solemn action in progress

:

and formal declaration or assertion in afore, mentioned Xa-'for-'men-chandX

place of an oath Synonyms aver, adj : mentioned previously
AVOW, AVOUCH, DECLARE, ASSERT — af- afore«said \-,sed\ adj said or named be- :

f ir.ma.tion
X.a-far-'ma-shanN n fore
1
af.fir-ma.tive Xa-'far-ma-tivX adj : assert- afore.thought \-,thot\ adj : premeditat-
ing that the fact is so : POSITIVE ed <with malice ~>
Affirmative n 1 an expression of affir-
: a for.ti.o.ri X.a-.for-te-'or-eA adv [NL, lit.,
mation or assent 2 the side that up- : from the stronger (argument)] with even :

holds the proposition stated in a debate greater reason

affirmative action n an active effort to : afoul of \3-*faul-3v\ prep 1 in or into :

improve the employment or educational conflict with 2 in or into collision or

:

opportunities of members of minority entanglement with

groups and women Af r abbr Africa; African
1
af.fix \9-'fiks\ vb attach, add
: afraid \a-*frad\ adj 1 frightened, :
2 af.f ix
\'a-,fiks\ n one or more sounds or
: fearful 2 filled with concern or re-
:

letters attached to the beginning or end of gret <^

I won't be able to go)
a word that produce a derivative word or A—frame \'a-,fram\ n a building having :

an inflectional form triangular front and rear walls with the

af.f la.tus \3-'fla-t3s\ n divine inspiration : roof reaching to the ground
 —

afresh • agency 14
afresh \3-'fresh\ adv : anew, again af.ter.taste \-,tast\ n : a sensation (as of
Af-ri-can Va-fri-kanX n 1 : a native or in- flavor) continuing after the stimulus
habitant of Africa 2 a person of causing it has ended
African ancestry African adj — :

af-ter-tax Vaf-tar-'taksX adj : remaining

Af-ri.can-Amer.i.can Va-'mer-a-kanX n after payment of taxes and esp. of income
an American of African and esp. of tax <an profit)
—
- •
:

black African descent af*ter*thought \-,thot\ n : an idea occur-

African-American adj ring later
Af.ri-can.ized bee \'a-fre-k»-,nIzd-\ n : a af.fer.ward \-ward\ or af-ter-wards
highly aggressive hybrid honeybee acci- \-wardz\ adv at a later time :

dentally produced from Brazilian and Ag symbol [L argentum] silver

African stocks that has spread from So. AG abbr 1 adjutant general 2 attorney
America into Mexico and the general
southern U.S. again Xa-'gen, -'gin\ adv 1 : once more
Africanized honeybee n : africanized : anew (come see us 2 on the ~> :

bee other hand <we may, and ~~ we may

African violet n a tropical African plant
: not) 3 : in addition : besides
widely grown indoors for its velvety against \a-'genst\ prep 1 : in opposition
fleshy leaves and showy purple, pink, or to 2 directly opposite to : facing 3
:

white flowers as defense from 4 so as to touch or

Af-ri-kaans \,a-fri-'kans\ n a language :
:

strike <threw him the wall); also ^

:

developed from 17th century Dutch that I TOUCHING

is one of the official languages of the Re- Xa-'ga-pa, 'a-ga-.paX n (LL, fr. Gkaga-pe
public of So. Africa agape, lit., love] unselfish unconditional :

Afro n, pi Afros a hairstyle of tight curls

: love for another
in a full evenly rounded shape 2 agape X^-'gapX adj or adv : having the
At .ro-Amer.i.can Xja-fro-a-'mer-a-kanX n mouth open in wonder or surprise : gap-
:AFRICAN-AMERICAN — AfTO-AmeN- ing
canadj agar \'a- Igar\ n 1 a jellylike substance :

aft \'aft\ adv : near, toward, or in the stern extracted from a red alga and used esp. as
of a ship or the of an aircrafttail a gelling and stabilizing agent in foods 2
AFT abbr American Federation of Teach- :a culture medium containing agar
ers agar-agar \,a-,gar- a-,gar\ n AGAR ,
:

1
aMer \'af-tar\ adv : afterward, subse- ag.ate Va-gstX n 1 a striped or clouded :

quently quartz 2 a playing marble of agate or of

:
2 after prep 1 : behind in place 2 : later glass
than — dinner>
<• 3 in pursuit or search aga-ve \^-'ga-ve\ n any of a genus of
~ your job>
> : :

of <he's spiny-leaved plants (as a century plant)

3after conj following the time when <we related to the amaryllis
come ~ we make plans)
:

will agcy abbr agency

after adj later <in ~ years> 2
1 : : lo- 1
age \'aj\ n 1 the : length of time during
cated toward the rear which a being or thing has lived or ex-
af-ter.birth Vaf-tar-.barthA n : the placen- isted 2 the time of life at which some
:

ta and membranes of the fetus that are particular qualification is achieved; esp
expelled after childbirth : MAJORITY 3 : the latter part of life 4
af.ter.burn.er X-.bar-narX n : a device in- : a long time 5 : a period in history
corporated in the tail pipe of a turbojet 2 age vb aged; ag-ing or age-inq 1 : to
engine for injecting fuel into the hot ex- grow old or cause to grow old 2 : to be-
haust gases and burning it to provide come or cause to become mature or mel-
extra thrust low
af-ter-care \-,ker\ n : the care, nursing, or -age n suffix 1 : aggregate : collection
treatment of a convalescent patient <track/2#e> 2 : action : process <haul-
af-ter-deck \-,dek\ n : the rear half of the age> cumulative result of break-
3 :

deck of a ship age) 4 rate of <dosage> 5 house or

: :

aMer.ef.fect \-3-,fekt\ n : an effect that place of <orpharv2ge> 6 state rank : :

follows its cause after an interval <vassalage> 7 : fee charge <postage> :

af*ter*glow \-,glo\ n : a glow remaining aged N'a-jad^?/- 1; "ajdybr 2\ adj 1 of ad- :

where a light has disappeared vanced age 2 having attained a speci-

af«ter>im.age \-,im-ij\ n : a usu. visual fied age <a man 40 years)
:

^
sensation continuing after the stimulus age* ism Va-Ji-zanA n discrimination :

causing it has ended against persons of a particular age and

af-ter.life \-,lif\ n an existence after : esp. the elderly age-ist \-jist\ n —
death age-less Vaj-lasX adj 1 not growing old :

aMer-math \-,math\ n 1 : a second* or showing the effects of age 2 TIME- :

growth crop esp. of hay 2 conse- : LESS, ETERNAL <~ truths)

quences, effects Synonyms after- agen.cy Va-jan-seA n, pi -cies 1 one :

effect, UPSHOT, RESULT, OUTCOME through which something is accom-

af*ter*noon \l af-tar- nun\ n the time be- ,
: plished : instrumentality 2 : the of-
tween noon and evening ficeor function of an agent 3 : an estab-
af-ter- shave Vaf-tar-.shavX n : a usu. lishment doing business for another 4
scented lotion for the face after shaving : an administrative division (as of a gov-
 15 agenda • agorot
ernmcnt) Synonyms means, medi- provoked attack 2 the practice of mak- :

um, vehicle ing attacks 3 hostile, injurious, or de-

:

agen-da \,->-*jcn-do\ n a of things to structive behavior or outlook esp. when

be done : program
: list
caused by frustration ag*gres*sor —
agent \'a-jant\ n 1 one that acts 2 : V'gre-sarX n
:means, instrument 3 a person act- : ag-gres-sive \3-'gre-siv\ aaj 1 tending :

ing or doing business for another 4 a : toward or exhibiting aggression; esp

computer program designed to automate : marked by combative readiness 2
certain tasks (as gathering information : marked by driving energy or initiative
online) Synonyms attorney, : enterprising 3 more intensive or :

DEPUTY, PROXY, DELEGATE comprehensive esp. in dosage or extent

Agent Orange n an herbicide widely :
— ag-gres-sive-ly adv ag-gres- —
used in the Vietnam War that is com- sive-ness n
posed of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T and contains a ag- grieve \3-'grev\ vb aggrieved; ag-
toxic contaminant grieving 1 to cause grief to 2 to in-
: :

agent pro*vo-ca*teur \ a-,zha n -pr6-,va- ,

flict injury on : wrong
ka-'tar, 'a-jant-\ n, pi agents provoca- ay.gro \'a-,grd\ adj : aggressive or aggres-
teurs Va-.zha^pro^vak-a-'tar, "a-jants- sively daring in style or manner <~
pro-\ [F] : a person hired to infiltrate a music> <~ surfing)
group and incite its members to illegal ac- aghast \3-'gast\ adj : struck with amaze-
tion ment or horror
age of consent
legally
the age at which one is
competent to give consent esp. to
:
ag-ile \'a-J3l\ adj
and easily — able to
ag-ile-ly adv
:

—move quickly
agiUUty \a-
marriage or to sexual intercourse ji-la-te\ n
age—old Vaj-'dldX adj having existed for :
ag.i.ta Va-ja-taN n [southern It dial. pron.
ages : ancient of It acido, lit., heartburn, acidl : a feeling
ag.er-a.tum X.a-ja-'ra-tanA n, pi -turn also of agitation or anxiety
ag-i-tate \'a-J3-,tat\ vb -tat-ed: -tat.ing 1
-turns any of a genus of tropical Amer-
:

: to move with an irregular rapid motion

ican plants that are related to the daisies
and have small showy heads of usu. blue 2 : to stir up excite 3 : to discuss ear-
:

nestly 4 : to attempt to arouse public

or white flowers
age spots n pi benign flat spots of dark feeling —
ag*i-ta«tion X.a-ja-'ta-shanX n
pigmentation on the skin occurring esp.
:
— ag-i-ta.tor Va-ja-.ta-taA n
ag.it-prop \'a-J3t-,prap\ n [Russ] : politi-
among older people
cal propaganda promulgated esp. through
Ag.ge-us \a-'ge-9s\ n haggai :
the arts
'ag-glom-er-ate Xa-'gla-ma-.ratX vb -at*ed;
ag learn \3-'glem\ adj : gleaming <eyes
-at*ing [L agglomerare to heap up, join,
fr. ad- to + glomer-, glomus ball] to gath-
~ with tears>
er into a mass cluster ag.glom.er-
: — :
aglit-ter Xa-'gli-tarX adj : glittering
aglow \3-'glo\ adj glowing :
a.tion V^la-ma-'ra-shanX n
ag«nos«tic \ag-'nas-tik\ adj [Gk agnostos
2 ag«glom-er*ate \-rat\ n rock composed :
unknown, unknowable, fr. a- un- +
of volcanic fragments
gnostos known] of or relating to the be-
:
ag.glu.ti-nate \3-'glu-t 3 n-,at\ vb -nat-ed;
lief that the existence of any ultimate re-
-nat.ing 1 : to cause to adhere gather
ality (as God) is unknown and prob. un-
:

into a group or mass 2 to cause (as red

blood cells or bacteria) to collect into
:
knowable —
agnostic n ag.nos.ti- —
clumps —
ag.glu.ti.na.tion \-,glu-t 3 n-'a-
cism \-'nas-t3-,si-z3m\ n
ago \9-'go\ adj or adv earlier than the :
shan\ n
present time <10 years '-—>
ag.gran.dise Brit var of aggrandize agog \3-'gag\ adj [MF en gogues in mirth]
ag.gran.dize \3-'gran-,diz, 'a-gran-\ vb : full of excitement eager :

-dized; -diz-ing to make great or a— go—go

greater <~
an estate> ag.gran.dize-
:

— \a-'gd-,g6\ adj [Whisky a Gogo,

cafe and disco in Paris, France, fr. F a
ment Na-'gran-daz-mant, -,diz-; ,a-gran- gogo galore] go-go :
•diz-\ n
ag.o.nise Brit var of agonize
ag-gra-vate Va-grs-.vatX vb -vat.ed; -vat- ag-o-nize \'a-g3-,niz\ vb -nized: -niz-ing
ing 1 to make more severe intensi-
fy 2
:

irritate ag-gra-va-tion — :
: to suffer or cause to suffer agony ag- —
:
o.niz.ing.ly adv
\,a-gr3-*va-sh3n\ n ag.cny \'a-g3-ne\ n, pi -nies [ME agonie,
'ag.g re-gate Va-gri-gatX adj formed by :
fr. L agonia, fr. Gk agonia struggle, an-
the gathering of units into one mass guish, fr. agon gathering, contest for a
2
ag.gre*gate \-,gat\ vb -gat-ed; -gat-ing prize] :extreme pain of mind or body
: to collect into one mass Synonyms suffering, distress,
3 ag.gre«gate
\-gat\ n a mass or body of misery
—
:

units or parts somewhat

loosely associ- ago-ra \,a-g9-'ra\ n, pi ago-rot \-'rot\
ated with one another; also : the whole see shekel at money
table
amount ag-o-ra-pho-bia Xja-ga-ra-'fo-be-aX n : ab-
ag-gre-ga-tion \,a-gri-'ga-sh3n\ n 1 : a normal fear of being in a helpless, embar-
group, body, or mass composed of many rassing, or inescapable situation charac-
distinct parts 2 the collecting of units : terized esp. by avoidance of open or
or parts into a mass or whole public places —
ag*o-ra«pho*bic \-'fo-
ag.gres-sion Na-'gre-shanN n 1 an un- : bik, -'fa-\ adj or n
 agr • air conditioner 16
agr abbr agricultural; agriculture illicitintravenous drug use and in bodily
agrar.i.an Na-'grer-e-anX adj 1 : of or re- secretions (as semen) during sexual inter-
lating to land or its ownership re- <^ course
forms> 2 of or relating to farmers or AIDS-related complex n a group of
farming interests
:

agrarian n — — symptoms (as fever, weight loss, and lym-

:

agrar.i.an-ism // phadenopathy) that is associated with the

agree \3-'gre\ vb agreed; agreeing 1 presence of antibodies to HIV and is fol-
: admit, concede <~s that he was lowed by the development of AIDS in a
wrong> 2 to be similar correspond
: : certain proportion of cases
<both copies ~> 3 to express agree- : AIDS virus n hiv :

ment or approval 4 to be in harmony : ai.grette \a-'gret, 'a-,\ n [F, plume, egret]

5 to settle by common consent 6 to be
: :
: a plume or decorative tuft for the head
fitting or healthful : suit <this climate ail \'al\ vb 1 to be the matter with
— s with her> : TROUBLE 2 to be unwell :
:

agree.able Xa-'gre-a-balN adj pleas-1 ai-larvthus \a-'lan-thas\ n any of a genus

~
:
:

ing, pleasant <an fragrance) 2 of Asian trees or shrubs with pinnate

: ready to consent <I'm ~~ to their pro- leaves and ill-scented greenish flowers;
posal) 3 being in harmony conso- esp TREE OF HEAVEN
nant — :

agree.able-ness n agree- — :
:

aMe-ron \'a-l3-,ran\ n a movable : part of

ably \-ble\ adx an airplane wing used in banking
agree.ment Xa-'gre-mantX n 1 harmony ail-ment Val-msntX n a bodily disorder :
:

of opinion or action 2 mutual under- 1 aim Vam\ vb [ME, fr. AF aesmer & esmer;
:

standing or arrangement; also a docu- AF aesmer, fr. a- to (fr. L ad-) + esmer to :

ment containing such an arrangement estimate, fr. L aestimare] 1 to point a :

ag.ri.busi-ness Va-gr^biz-nas, -naz\ n weapon at an object 2 to direct one's :

: an industry engaged in the manufacture efforts aspire 3 to direct to or toward : :

and sale of farm equipment and supplies a specified object or goal
and in the production, processing, stor- 2 aim n 1 the pointing of a weapon at an :

age, and sale of farm commodities

object 2 the ability to hit a target 3
agric abbr agricultural; agriculture
object, PURPOSE <my is to win>
:

~ —
ag.ri.cuLture Va-gri-.kal-charX n farm-
ing, husbandry ag-ri*cul*tur-al —
aim. less \-las\ adj aim-less*ly adv
:
:

— —
^a-gri-'kal-chCa-KalX adj ag-ri-cul-
aim- less. ness *
AIM abbr American Indian Movement
—
tur.ist \-chO)rist\ or ag.ri-cul.tur.al.ist
not 2 not 3 am
\-ch(3-)ra-list\
agron.o.my Xa-'gra-na-meA n a branch of
n
not — though are
ain't \'ant\ 1 :

disapproved by many and

: is :

more common
:
educated speech, in less
agriculture that deals with the raising of
crops and the care of the soil ag.ro-
used in both speech and writing to catch —
nom.ic \,a-gr3-'na-mik\ adj agron-o-
attention and to gain emphasis
Ai-nu VT-nu\ n, pi Ainu or Ainus 1 a
— :
mist Xa-'gra-na-mistX n
aground \3-'graund\ adv or adj on or member of an indigenous people of :
northern Japan 2 r the language of the
onto the bottom or shore <ran '-^>
agt abbr agent Ainu people
ague Va-gyu\ n a fever (as malaria) with air \'er\ n 1 the gaseous mixture sur-
1
:
:

recurrent chills and sweating rounding the earth 2 a light breeze 3 :

ahead \3-'hed\ adv or adj 1 in or toward :

: MELODY, TUNE 4 : the outward ap-
the front 2 into or for the future <plan
:
pearance of a person or thing MANNER :

~> 3 in or toward a more advanta- 5 an artificial manner 6 COMPRESSED

: :

air <~ sprayer) 7 aircraft <traveled

:
:
geous position
ahead of prep by
1
8 : aviation
: in front
safety) 9 : the
or advance of ^> <~
2 in excess of medium of transmission of radio waves;
above
:

ahoy \a-'h6i\ interj used in hailing 2

:
also radio, —
television
air vb 1 : to expose to the air 2 : to ex-
:

<ship ~> pose to public view

Al abbr artificial intelligence
1
aid \'ad\ vb : to provide with what is use- air bag n : a bag designed to inflate auto-
ful in achieving an end assist matically to protect automobile occu-
:

2 aid n 1 : assistance 2 : assistant pants in case of collision

AID abbr Agency for International Devel- air.boat Ver-,b6t\ n a shallow-draft boat :

opment driven by an airplane propeller

aide \'ad\ n : a person who acts as an as- air.borne \-,born\ adj done or being in :

sistant; esp : a military officer assisting a the air

superior air brake n a brake operated by a pis-
1 :

aide-de-camp X.ad-di-'kamp, -'ka n \ n, pi ton driven by compressed air 2 a sur- :

aides-de-camp \,adz-di-\ [F] aide :

face projected into the airflow to lower
AIDS \*adz\ n [acquired immunodeficien- an airplane's speed
cy syndrome] : a serious disease of the air.brush Ver-.brashX n a device for ap- :

human immune system character- that plying a fine spray (as of paint) by com-
ized by severe reduction in the numbers
is
pressed air airbrush vb —
of helper T cells and increased vulnerabil- air con.di.tion-er \,er-k3n-'di-sh(3-)n3r\
and n : an apparatus for filtering air and con-
ity to life-threatening illnesses
caused by infection with HIV commonly
that is
trolling its humidity and temperature —
transmitted in infected blood esp. during air-con. di.tion V'di-shanX vb
 17 aircraft • alarm
air-craft Ver-,kraft\ n. pi aircraft : a vehi- air rage n an airline passenger's uncon-
:

cle for traveling through the air trolled anger that is usu. expressed in ag-
aircraft carrier n a warship with a deck
: gressive or violent behavior
on which airplanes can be launched and air raid n ; an attack by armed airplanes
landed on a surface target
air.drop \*er-,drap\ n delivery of cargo : air-ship \'er-,ship\ n a lighter-than-air :

or personnel by parachute from an air- aircraft having propulsion and steering

plane in flight air-drop vb— systems
Aire-dale terrier \'er-,dal-\ n any of a air-sick \-,sik\ adj affected with motion
—
: :

breed of large terriers with a hard sickness associated with flying air-
wiry coat sick-ness //
air-fare \'er-,fer\ n fare for travel by air-: air-space \-,spas\ n the space above a :

plane nation and under its jurisdiction

air-field V,feld\ n airport •
air-speed \-,sped\ n the speed of an ob- :

air-flow \-,flo\ n the motion of air rela-

: ject (asan airplane) with relation to the
tive to a body in it surrounding air
air-foil \-,foi(-3)l\ n an airplane surface :
air-strip \-,strip\ n a runway without :

designed to produce reaction forces from normal airport facilities

the air through which it moves air-tight Ver-'tUA adj 1 so tightly sealed :

air force n the military organization of a

:
that no air can enter or escape 2 leav- :

nation for air warfare ing no opening for attack

air-frame \'er-,fram\ n the structure of :
air-to— air adj launched from one air-
:

an aircraft, rocket, or missile without the plane in flight at another; also involving :

power plant; also aircraft :

aircraft in flight
air-freight \-'frat\ n freight transport by :
air-waves \'er-,wavz\ n pi air 9 :

aircraft in volume; also the charge for :

air-way \-,wa\ n 1 a regular route : for
this service airplanes 2 airline :

air gun n 1 a gun operated by com-

:
air-wor-thy V.war-lheA adj fit for opera-
pressed air 2 a hand tool that works by
:

compressed air; esp : AIRBRUSH

tion in the air <an plane) air-wor- ~ :

—
thi-ness n
air-head \'er-,hed\ n a mindless or stupid :
airy \'er-e\ adj air-i-er; -est 1 lofty :

person <~ perches) 2 lacking in reality :

airlane n : airway 1
: empty 3 : DELICATE 4 : BREEZY
n : transportation (as of
air-lift Ver-,lift\
aisle \1(-3)1\ n [ME He, fr. AF ele, lit.,
supplies or passengers) by aircraft air- — wing, fr. L ala] 1 the side of a church :

lift V/7
nave separated by piers from the nave
air-line \-,lin\ n : a transportation system
proper 2 a passage between sections of
:

using airplanes
seats
air-lin-er \-,li-n9r\ n : a large passenger
ajar \3-'jar\ adj or adv : partly open
airplane operated by an airline
air lock n an airtight chamber separating
:
AK abbr Alaska
areas of different pressure
aka abbr also known as
air- mail Ver-,mal\ n : the system of trans-
AKC abbr American Kennel Club
porting mail by aircraft; also : mail so akim-bo Xa-'kim-boX adj or adv having :

transported — airmail vb the hand on the hip and the elbow turned
air-man \-man\ n 1 aviator, pilot 2 :
outward
:an enlisted man in the air force in one of akin \a-*kin\ adj 1 : related by blood 2
the three ranks below sergeant : similar in kind
airman basic n an enlisted man of the
:
A symbol aluminum
I

lowest rank in the air force AL abbr 1 Alabama 2 American

airman first class n an enlisted man in :
League 3 American Legion
1
the air force with a rank just below that -al adj suffix : of, relating to, or character-
of sergeant ized by <directiono/>
2 -al n suffix action process <rehearsa/>
air mass n a large horizontally homoge-
:
: :

neous body of air Ala abbr Alabama

air-mo-bile Ver-,md-b3l, -,bel\ adj of, re- : al-a-bas-ter Va-l3-,bas-t3r\ n 1 a com- :

lating to, or being a military unit whose pact fine-textured usu. white and translu-
members are transported to combat areas cent gypsum
often carved into objects (as
usu. by helicopter vases) 2 a hard translucent calcite
:

air-plane \-,plan\ n a powered heavier= : a la carte \,a-l3-'kart, ,a-\ adv or adj [F]
than-air aircraft that has fixed wings from : with a separate price for each item on
which it derives lift the menu
air-play \-,pla\ n the playing of a musical
: alac-ri-ty Xa-'la-kra-teA n : cheerful readi-
recording on the air by a radio station ness BRISKNESS
:

air pocket n a condition of the atmo-

: a la mode \,a-l3-'m6d, ,a-\ adj [F, accord-
sphere (as a local downdraft) that causes ing to the fashion] 1 fashionable, :

an airplane to drop suddenly stylish 2 topped with ice cream:

air police n the military police of an air

:
1
alarm \9-'larm\ also ala-rum Xa-'lar-am,
force -'ler-\ n [ME alarme, fr. MF, fr. Olt
air- port \'er-,p6rt\ n : a place from which all'arme, lit., to arms] 1 : a warning sig-
aircraft operate that usu. has paved run- nal or device 2 : the terror caused by
ways and a terminal sudden danger
 alarm • alibi 18
2 alarm also alarum vb 1 : to warn of dan- aid abbr alderman
ger 2 FRIGHTEN
: aUder Vol-darX n any of a genus of trees :

alarm. ist \3-'lar-mist\ n a person who : or shrubs related to the birches and grow-
alarms others esp. needlessly ing in wet areas
alas \3-'las\ interj —
used to express un- aUder.man Vol-dar-manX n a member of :

happiness, pity, or concern a city legislative body

aUba.core Val-b3-,k6r\ n, pi -core or ale \'al\ n an alcoholic beverage brewed
:

-cores a large tuna that is a source of

: from malt and hops that is usu. more bit-
canned tuna ter than beer
Al*ba»nian \al-'ba-ne-3n\ n a native or : ale-a-tor.ic \,a-le-3-'tor-ik\ adj charac- :

inhabitant of Albania terized by chance or random elements

aUba-tross Val-ba-.tros,pi -,tras\ n, <~ music>
-tross or -tross.es any of a family of
:
ale-a-to-ry \'a-re-3-,t6r-e\ adj : alea-
large web-footed seabirds toric
al-be-do \al-'be-(,)do\ n, pi -dos the :
alee Xa-'leA on or toward the lee
adv :

fraction of incident radiation that is re- ale. house \'al-,haus\ n a place where ale :

flected by a body or surface is sold to be drunk on the premises

aUbe.it Xol-'be-at, al-\ conj even though : 1
alert X^-'lartN adj [It all'erta, lit., on the as-
: ALTHOUGH cent] 1 watchful against danger 2
aUbi.no \al-'bl-n6\ n, pi -nos a person or :
:

quick to perceive and act alert.ly adv —

animal lacking coloring matter in the
skin, hair, and eyes —
aUbUnism Val-ba-
— alert.ness n
:

2 alert n 1 : alarm 1 2 : the period dur-

,ni-zam\ n ing which an alert is in effect
aUbum Val-banA n 1 a book with blank : 3 alert vb 1 : warn
make aware of 2 : to
pages used for making a collection (as of
Aleut \,a-le-'ut, a-'liit\ n 1 a member of :

stamps or photographs) 2 one or more :

a people of the Aleutian and Shumagin is-
recordings (as on tape or disk) produced
lands and the western part of Alaska
as a single unit
Peninsula 2 the language of the Aleuts
:

aUbu.men Xal-'byu-msnX n 1 : the white

ale.wife Val-.wIfX n, pi ale-wives \-,wivz\
of an egg 2 : albumin : a food fish related to the herring that is
aUbu«min Xal-'byu-manX n any of numer- :
abundant esp. along the Atlantic coast
ous water-soluble proteins of blood, milk,
AUex-an-dri-an \,a-lig-'zan-dre-3rt\ adj 1
egg white, and plant and animal tissues
aUbu-min.ous Xal-'byu-ma-nasX adj con- : HELLENISTIC 2 of or relating to :
:
Alexander the Great
taining or resembling albumen or albu-
aUex-an-drine V'zan-dranX n, often cap a :
min
line of six iambic feet
aUbu.ter.ol \al-'byu-t3-,r6l, -,rol\ n a :

drug used as an aerosol or in tablet form aUfaUfa Xal-'fal-faX n a leguminous plant :

to treat asthma widely grown for hay and forage

ale abbr alcohol aUfres.co \al-'fres-ko\ adj or adv [It]
aUcaUde \al-'kal-de\ n the chief adminis-
:
: taking place in the open air
trative and judicial officer of a Spanish or alg abbr algebra
Spanish-American town aUga Val-gaX n, pi aUgae Val-(,)je\ any :

aUca.zar Xal-'ka-zar. -'ka-\ n [Sp alcazar, of a group of lower plants having chloro-
fr. Ar al-qasr the castle] a Spanish :
phyll but no vascular system and includ-
ing seaweeds and related freshwater
fortress or palace
aUche.my Val-ka-meA n medieval chem- :
plants —
aUgal \-gal\ adj
istry chiefly concerned with efforts to aUge-bra Val-ja-braX n [ML, fr. Ar al-jabr]
turn base metals into gold aUche- — : a generalization of arithmetic in which
letters representing numbers are com-
mist Val-k3-mist\ n
aUco-hol Val-k3-,h61\ n [NL, fr. ML, pow- bined according to the rules of arithmetic
dered antimony, fr. Sp, fr. Ar al-kuhul the — aUge.bra.ic \,al-j3-'bra-ik\ adj al- —
powdered antimony] 1 : a colorless ge«bra.UcaUly \-'bra-s-k(3-)le\ adv
flammable liquid that is the intoxicating AUgon-quUan Xal-'gan-kwe-an, -'gan-\ or
agent in fermented and distilled liquors AUgon.quin \-kwan\ n, 1 usu Algon-
2 any of various carbon compounds
:
quin a member of an American Indian
:

similar to alcohol 3 beverages contain-:

people of the Ottawa River valley 2 usu
ing alcohol Algonquian a family of American Indian
:

1
aUco.hoUic X.al-ka-'ho-lik, -'ha-\ adj 1 languages of eastern and central No.
caused by, or containing
of, relating to, America
:

alcohol 2 affected with alcoholism

:
— aUgo.rithm Val-g3-,ri-th3m\ n a proce- :

aUco.hoUUcaUly \-li-k(a-)le\ adv dure for solving a problem esp. in mathe-

2 alcoholic n a person affected with alco- matics or computing aUgo«rith»mic —
holism
:

X.al-ga-'rith-mikX adj — aUgo.rith.mi-

aUco.hoUism Val-ka^ho-jli-zamX n con- :
caUly \-mi-k(a-)le\ adv
tinued excessive and usu. uncontrollable
1
alias Va-le-as, 'al-yasX adv [L, otherwise,
use of alcoholic drinks; also a complex :
fr. alius other] otherwise called :

chronic psychological and nutritional dis- 2 alias n an assumed name

:

order associated with such use 1

aUUbi Va-b-.biX n [L, elsewhere, fr. alius
aUcove Val-,k6v\ n 1 a nook or small : other] 1 a plea offered by an accused
:

recess opening off a larger room 2 a : person of not having been at the scene of
niche or arched opening (as in a wall) an offense 2 an excuse (as for failure) :
 <

19 alibi • allergy

'alibi vb -bied; -bi.ing 1 manner of problems) 4 any what-

: to furnish an <~ :

excuse for 2 to offer an : ever <beyond "^ doubt) 3 nothing but

excuse :

'alien Va-le-an. 'al-yon\ adj ears) 6 being more than one per-
1 belonging <~
~
: :

to another FOREIGN 2 EXOTIC 1 son or thing <who is coming)

2
alien n 1
:

a foreign-born resident who 2 all adv 1 WHOLLY <sat

:

alone) 2 se- ~ :

—
:
:

has not been naturalized 2 extrater- lected as the best used in combination
:

restrial <«//-state champs) 3 so much the : <~

alien-able Val-ya-na-bal, 'a-le-a-no-\ adj better for it) 4 for each side <the score :

transferable to the ownership of anoth-

:
is two ^>
er <~property) 3 all pron sing or pi 1 the whole number, :

alien-ate \'a-le-3-,nat, 'al-yp-\ vb -at-ed; quantity, or amount of it is gone) 2 <~

-at-ing 1 to make hostile estrange everybody, everything <<~ are :

2
:

to transfer (property) to another

:
members)
4 all n
<that is '-^>
:

—
alien. ation X.a-le-a-'na-shan, ,al-ya-\ n the whole of one's resources <gave :

alien- ist Va-le-a-nist. 'al-yaA n : psychia- his~>

trist AMah \'a-b, 'a-; 'a-.la, a-'la\ n |Ar alldh]
1
alight V>-'lit\ vb alight-ed also alit V>-'lit\; : GOD 1 — used in Islam
alight. ing 1 to get down (as from a ve-
:
all along adv : all the time <knew it all

hicle) 2 : to come to rest from the air along}

Synonyms settle, land, perch all-Amer-i.can X.ol-o-'mer-s-kanN adj 1
2 alight adj lighted up
:
:selected as the best in the U.S. 2 com- :

A posed wholly of American elements 3

align also aline V>-'lIn\ vb
into line 2
to bring
to array on the side of or
:

: typical of the U.S. ail-American n —

against a cause align-er
:

n —
align- — all-around \,6l-D-'raund\ adj 1 : consid-
ered in all aspects <best perform- ^
ment also aline-ment n
equally <denounced ance) 2 competent in many fields
1
alike Xa-'likX adv
by teachers and students
:

~> : versatile <an

:

~ athlete)
2 alike adj like in their beliefs) <~ al.lay \a-Ma\ vb 1 alleviate 2 calm
: :
:

Synonyms akin, analogous, simi- Synonyms lighten, relieve, ease,

lar, COMPARABLE ASSUAGE
all clear n a signal that a danger has
al.i.ment Va-b-mantX n nourishment 1
:

—
:
passed
aliment vb
al-lege \r»-'lcj\ vb al-leged: aMeg.ing 1
al.i.men.ta.ry \,a-l3-'men-t(3-)re\ adj of, :
to assert without proof 2 to offer as a
relating to, or functioning in nourishment
:

reason —
al«le«ga.tion \,a-li-'ga-sh3n\ n
:

or nutrition
alimentary canal n the tube that ex- :
— al-leged Xa-'lejd, -Me-jadX adj al- —
leg-ed-ly Xa-'le-jad-leA adv
tends from the mouth to the anus and
aLle.giance \3-'le-j9ns\ n 1 loyalty :

functions in the digestion and absorption

owed by a citizen to a government 2
of food and the elimination of residues
:loyalty to a person or cause
al.i.mcny Va-l3-,md-ne\ n, pi -nies [L al- aUe.go.ry Va-la-.gor-eA n, pi -ries the :

imonia sustenance, fr. alere to nourish] expression through symbolism of truths

an allowance made to one spouse by the
:
or generalizations about human experi-
other for support pending or after legal ence —
al-le.gor-i.cal X.a-la-'gor-i-kalX
separation or divorce
A— line \'a-,lln\ adj : having a flared bot-
adj —
al.le.gor-i.cal.ly \-k(a-)le\ adv
1
al-le-gro Na-'le-gro, -'la-\ n, pi -gros an :

tom and a close-fitting top <an *-«- skirt) allegro movement

alive \3-'liv\ adj 1 having life 2 : being : 2 allegro adv or adj [It, merry] at a brisk
in force or operation 3 sensitive
to the danger) 4 alert, brisk 5 an-
: <~ lively tempo —
used as a direction in
:

imated <streets with traffic) ~

alive-
:

— :
music
al.lele \a-'lel\ n any of the alternative :

ness/i forms of a gene that may occur at a given

alk abbr alkaline
al.ka-li Val-ka-.lA n, pi -lies or -lis 1 : a
site on a chromosome — al-ledic \-'le-
lik, -'le-\ adj
substance (as a hydroxide) that has a bit- al.le-lu«ia X.a-la-'lu-yaN interj : hallelu-
ter taste and neutralizes acids 2 : a mix- jah
ture of salts in the soil of some dry re- AMen wrench \'a-lan-\ n [Allen Manufac-
gions in such amount as to make ordinary Company, Hartford, Conn.]
farming impossible —
al-ka-line \-ka-
turing an
L-shaped hexagonal metal bar of which
:

lan, -,lin\ adj — aUka*lin*i*ty X.al-ks-'li- either end fits the socket of a screw
na-te\ n or bolt
ahka.loid Val-k3-,ldid\ n any of various :
ahler.gen Va-lar-janX n something that
usu. basic and bitter organic compounds
found esp. in seed plants
causes allergy — al-ler-gen-ic :

\,a-l3r-'je-
nik\ adj
aUkane \*al-,kan\ n a hydrocarbon in :
aUer-gist \'a-tar-jist\ n : a. specialist in al-
which each carbon atom is bonded to 4 lergies
other atoms al-ler-gy \'a-lar-je\ n, pi -gies [G Allergie,
al.kyd \*al-ksd\ n any of numerous syn- : fr. Gk olios other + ergon work] : exag-
thetic resins used esp. for protective coat- gerated or abnormal reaction (as by
ings and in paint sneezing) to substances or situations
1
all \'61\ adj 1 : tne whole of <sat up ~- harmless to most people al«ler«gic \a- —
night) 2 : every member of 3 every : 'lar-jikX adj
 alleviate • aloe vera 20
aMe.vi.ate \3-'le-ve-,at\ vb -at.ed; -at.ing All Souls' Day n
a day of prayer ob-
:

relieve, lessen <~^ pain) Syno- served by some Christian churches on

:

nyms LIGHTEN, MITIGATE, ALLAY al- — November 2 for the souls of the faithful
le*vi*a*tion \3-,le-ve-'a-sh3n\ n departed
aMey \'a-le\ n, pi alleys 1 a garden or : all-spice Vol-.spIsX n the berry of a West :

park walk 2 a place for bowling 3 a

: : Indian tree related to the European myr-
narrow passageway esp. between build- tle; also the mildly pungent and aromat-
:

ings ic spice made from it

aMey-oop all-star \'61-,star\ n member of a team

\,a-le-'yup\ n a basketball
play in which a player catches a pass
:

of star performers —aall—

:

star adj
above the basket and immediately dunks all-ter.rain vehicle n : a small motor ve-
the ball hicle with three or four wheels for use on
aU ley .way \'a-le-,wa\ n alley 3 : a wide range of terrain
all-fired \'61-,fi(-3)rd\ adv extremely, :
alltold adv with everything or everyone
:

excessively <^ stubborn) counted <expecting eight guests all told}

All- hal. lows \61-'ha-16z\ n, pi Allhallows aUude \a-'lud\ vb aMud.ed; aUud.ing
ALL SAINTS' DAY [L alludere, lit., to play with] : to refer in-
:

all hours npl a very late time <stayed up directly— —

aUu-sion \-'lu-zh3n\ n al-
adj — aUu«sive.|y adv
:

lu-sive \-'lii-siv\
until all hours)
al.li>ance W-'lI-ansN n a union to pro-
:
— aMu-sive.ness n
mote common Synonyms al.lure vb aMured; aMur.ing
\3-'lur\
charm, entice — allure n — aUur-
interests
LEAGUE. COALITION, CONFEDERACY, :

FEDERATION ing.ly adv

al-li.ga.tor X'a-ls-.ga-tarX n [Sp el lagarto
al-lu.vi.um Xa-'lu-ve-anA n, pi -vi*ums or
-via \-ve-a\ soil material (as clay) depos-
the lizard] : either of two large short*
legged reptiles resembling crocodiles but
:

ited by running water al»lu«vi«al \-ve- —

al\ adj or n
having a shorter and broader snout
all—wheel Vol-'welX adj acting indepen-
alligator pear n avocado :
:

dently on or by means of all four wheels

al-lit.er.ate Xa-'li-ta-.ratX vb -at.ed; -at-
of a vehicle
ing 1 :to form an alliteration 2 to :
al-ly \3-'li, 'a-.liX vb al-lied; aUy-ing to
arrange so as to make alliteration
aLlit.er.a.tion Xa-.li-ta-'ra-shanX n the :
enter into an alliance aMy Va-,11, a-'lA — :

n
repetition of initial sounds in adjacent
words or syllables —
al«lit*er-a>tive \-'li-
-ally adv suffix 2-LY <specifictftfy>
:

al-ma ma.ter \,al-m3-'ma-t3r\ n rL, foster-

ta-,ra-tiv\ adj
ing mother] 1 an educational institute
:
al.lo.cate \'a-b-,kat\ vb -cat.ed; -cat.ing
: allot, assign al-lo-ca-tion \,a-la- — that one has attended 2
hymn of an alma mater
the song or :

'ka-shanX n
aUma.nac Vol-ma-.nak, 'al-\ n 1 a pub- :

aUlot \a-Mat\ vb aUot.ted: al-lot.ting to :

lication esp. of astronomical and meteo-
distribute as a share Synonyms as-
sign, APPORTION, ALLOCATE — allot-
rological data 2 a usu. annual publica-
tion of miscellaneous information
:

ment /z al-man.dite Val-man-.dhA n a deep red :

all—out \'61-'aut\ adj : made with maxi- garnet

mum effort al-mighty \6l-'ml-te\ adj 1 often cap
1
all over adv everywhere
:
: having absolute power over all Al-
2 all over prep 1 in eagerly affectionate,
:
mighty God) 2 relatively unlimited in
attentive, or aggressive pursuit 2 : in or
into a state marked by excessive criticism
power —
al- mightiness n
:

Almighty n god 1 :

aMow \3-'lau\ vb 1 : to assign as a share al-mond Va-mand, "a-; 'al-\/i a small tree :

<-^ time for rest) 2 to count as a de- :

related to the peach; also the edible nut- :

duction 3 to make allowance

: for <~ like kernel of its fruit
expansion) 4 ADMIT, CONCEDE <^->ed : al.mo.ner Val-ma-nar, 'a-maA n a per- :

was serious) 5 PER-

that the situation son who distributes alms
MIT <~s the dog to roam) a Mow- — :

al-most Vol-.mdst, 61-'m6st\ adv very :

able adj nearly but not exactly

aMow.ance \-ans\ n 1 an allotted : alms Vamz, 'almz\ n, pi alms [ME
share 2 money given regularly for ex-
: almesse, almes, fr. OE aelmesse, aelms, fr.
penses 3 a taking into account of ex-
: L eleemosyna alms, fr. Gk eleemosyne
tenuating circumstances pity, alms, fr. eleemon merciful, fr. eleos
aUloy \'a-,16i, 3-'16i\ n 1 : a substance pity] something given freely to relieve
:

composed of metals melted together 2 the poor

: an admixture that lessens value — al- almshouse \-,haus\ n : poorhouse
loy \3-'16i, 'a-JoiX vb al-oe \'a-16\ n 1 any of a large genus of
all right adv 1 —
used interjectionally
:

succulent chiefly southern African plants

esp. to express agreement or resignation related to the lilies 2 pi the dried juice :

or to indicate the resumption of a discus- of the leaves of an aloe used esp. former-
sion <a// right, let's go) 2 beyond : ly as a laxative
doubt 3 satisfactorily <does all right aloe vera Vver-a, -*vir-\ n : an aloe with
in school)
:

—
all right adj leaves that yield a jellylike emollient ex-
All Saints' Day n a Christian feast on : tract used esp. in cosmetics; also this ex- :

November 1 in honor of all the saints tract

 21 aloft • altruism

aloft \3-'16ft\ adv 1 : high in the air 2 al.so-ran \-,ran\ n 1 : a horse or dog
: in flight that finishes out of the money in a race 2
alo-ha \3-M6-3, a-'16-ha\ interj [Hawaiian] : a contestant that does not win

—
used to greet or bid farewell aWabbr 1 alternate 2 altitude
alone \3-*lon\ adj 1 separated from oth- : Alta abbr Alberta
ers 2 not including anyone or anything aUtar Vdl-tarX n 1 : a structure on which
else : only
:

<she knows why> ~ Syn- sacrifices are offered or incense is

onyms lonely, lonesome, lone,
'
burned 2 a table used as a center of
solitary alone adv — ritual or worship
:

1
along \9-'16n\ prep 1 in a line matching altar server n a boy or girl who assists
the direction of <sail the coast> 2 at ~ : :

the celebrant at a church service

a point on or during <stopped the ~ :

1
al-ter Vol-tarN vb al-tered; al-ter-ing
way> \-t(3-)rin\ 1 to make or become differ-
2 along adv 1 forward, on <move ~> ent 2
:

castrate, spay aUter-able —

2 as a companion <bring her ~> 3 at
:
:

:
:

Vol-ta-ra-balX adj —
al-ter-a-tion \,61-t9-
an advanced point <plans are far ~> 'ra-shanX n
along.shore Xa-'lon-'shorN adv or adj 2 alter abbr alteration
along the shore or coast <walked ~>
: aLter.ca.tion \,61-t3r-'ka-sh3n\ n : a noisy
1
along-side \-,sid\ adv along or by : or angry dispute
the side aUter ego N.ol-tar-'e-goX n [L, lit., second
Alongside prep 1 along or by the side : I] : a second self; esp : a trusted friend
2 in association with
of : al.ter-i.ty \61-'ter-3-te\ n : the quality or
alongside of prep alongside : state of being radically alien to the con-
aloof \a-Muf\ adj removed or distant scious self or a particular cultural orien-
physically or emotionally aloof.ly adv
:

— tation
—
aloof-ness n 1
'al-\ adj
al-ter.nate Vol-tar-nat, 1 : ar-
al-o-pe-cia \,a-l3-'pe-sh(e-)3\ n bald- ranged or succeeding by turns 2 every
ness
:

other 3 being an alternative <an

:

~
aloud \3-'laud\ adv with the speaking : route> — :

al.ter.nate-ly adv
voice <read ~> 2 al.ter-nate \-,nat\ vb -nat-ed; -nat-ing

alp \'alp\ n a high rugged mountain

: to occur or cause to occur by turns
:
—
al-paca \al-'pa-ka\ n a domesticated al.ter.na-tion X.ol-tar-'na-shan, ,al-\ n
:

mammal esp. of Peru that is related to the Alternate n substitute :

llama; also its woolly hair or a thin cloth alternating current n

: an electric cur- :

made from this hair rent that reverses its direction at regular
al.pha Val-faN n 1 the 1st letter of the intervals
Greek alphabet — :

A or a 2 something aUter.na.tive Xol-'tar-na-tiv, al-\ adj 1

^
:

first BEGINNING
: offering a choice <several plans> 2 :

al.pha. bet Val-fa-.betX n the set of letters different from the usual or convention-
or characters used in writing a language al alternative n
: :

—
al.pha. bet-i-cal X.al-fa-'be-ti-kalV or al- alternative medicine // any of various :

pha-bet.ic \-'be-tik\ adj 1 arranged in systems of healing (as homeopathy) not :

the order of the letters of the alphabet 2 typically practiced in conventional West-
of or employing an alphabet
: al.pha- ern medicine —
bet.i.caj.ly \-ti-k(3-)le\ adv al.ter.na-tor Vol-tar-.na-tar, 'al-\ n an :

al.pha. bet.ize Val-fa-ba-.tlzX vb -ized; electric generator for producing alternat-

-iz.ing to arrange in alphabetical order ing current
— :

al.pha- bet.iz-er n although also al-tho \61-'th6\ corn : in

al.pha. nu.mer.ic X.al-fa-nu-'mer-ik, spite of the fact that : even though
-nyu-\ adj : consisting of letters and num- al.tim.e.ter Xal-'ti-ma-tar, 'al-ta-.me-tarX n
bers and often other symbols <an ^ : an instrument for measuring altitude

code>; also being a character in an al-

: al.ti.tude X'al-ta-.tiid, -,tyiid\ n 1 : angu-
phanumeric system lar distance above the horizon 2 : verti-
alpha particle n a positively charged : cal distance : height 3 : the perpendi-
particle identical with the nucleus of a he- cular distance in a geometric figure from
lium atom that is ejected at high speed in the vertex to the base, from the vertex of
certain radioactive transformations an angle to the side opposite, or from the
alpha rhythm n alpha wave : base to a parallel side or face
alpha wave n an electrical rhythm of the
: aLto Val-to\ n, pi altos [It, lit., high, fr. L
brain often associated with a state of altus] : the lower female voice part in a
wakeful relaxation 4-part chorus; also a singer having this
:

Al.pine \'al-,pln\ adj 1 relating to, lo- : voice or part

cated in, or resembling the Alps 2 often 1
aUto.geth.er \,61-t3-'ge-!h3r\ adv 1
not cap of, relating to, or growing on up-
: : wholly <stopped raining 2 : in all ~>
land slopes above timberline 3 of or re- : <spent $100 ~>
3 : on the whole <~
lating to competitive ski events consisting their efforts were successful)
of slalom and downhill racing Altogether n nude <posed in the
: ~>
al- ready \6l-'re-de\ adv by this time : al-tru-ism \'al-tru-,i-zam\ n [F altruisme,
: PREVIOUSLY fr. autrui other people, fr. OF, oblique
aUright \6l-'rit\ adv all right case form of autre other, fr. L alter] : un-
aUso \'6l-so\ adv in addition TOO
:
:

: selfish interest in the welfare of others —

 altruist • ambrosial 22
al-tru-ist \-ist\ n — al-tru-is-tic \,al-tru- herb widely grown for its large showy red
'is-tik\ adj — al-tru-is-ti-cal-ly \-ti- to whitish flowers
k(a-)le\adv amass \a-*mas\ vb accumulate :

al-um Va-lamX n either of two colorless : am.a.teur \'a-m3-(,)t3r, -,tiir, - t tyur,

crystalline aluminum-containing com- -,chur, -char\ n [F, fr. L amator lover, fr.
pounds used esp. as an emetic or as an as- amare to love] 1 : a person who engages
tringent and styptic in a pursuit for pleasure and not as a pro-
alu-mi-na Xa-Mu-ma-naX n the oxide of : fession 2 : a person who is not expert —
aluminum occurring in nature as corun- am-a-teur-ish X.a-ma-'tar-ish, -'tur-,
dum and in bauxite -'tyur-, -'chur-, -'charA adj — amateur-
al.u.min.i.um X.al-ya-'mi-ne-smX n, ism Va-ma-Otar-i-zam, -,tiir-, -,tyur-,
chiefly Brit : aluminum -,chiir-, -,char-\ n
alu-mi-nize Xa-'lu-ma-.nlzX vb -nized; am-a-tive \'a-ma-tiv\ adj indicative of
-niz-ing to treat with aluminum
: love amorous
: —
am-a-tive-ly adv
:

—
alu-mi-num Xa-'lu-m^-namX n a : silver* am-a-tive-ness n
white malleable ductile light metallic ele- am-a-to-ry Va-ma-.tor-eA adj of or ex- :

ment that is the most abundant metal in pressing sexual love

the earth's crust amaze \>'maz\ vb amazed; amaz-ing
aluminum oxide n : alumina :to fill with wonder astound Syno- :

alum-na nyms SURPRISE, DUMB-

woman
Xa-'lam-naX n, pi -nae \-(,)ne\ a
graduate or former student of a
:

FOUND —ASTONISH,
amaze.ment n — amazing-
college or school ly adv
alum-nus Xa-'lam-nasX n, pi -ni X-,nA [L, am-a-zon ,
\ a-m3-,zan, -zan\ n 1 cap a :

foster son, pupil,fr. alere to nourish] : a member of a race of female warriors of

graduate or former student of a college or Greek mythology 2 : a tall strong often
school masculine woman — am-a-zo-ni-an
al-ways Vol-wez, -waz, -{JwazX adv 1 at : Vi-ma-'zo-ne-anX adj, often cap
all times invariably 2 forever
: : amb abbr ambassador
Alz-hei-mer's disease Valts-.hl-marz-, am-bas-sa-dor Xam-'ba-sa-darX n
'alts-X n a degenerative brain disease of
: resentative esp. of a government —a am-
: rep-

—
unknown cause characterized esp.
that is bas-sa-do-ri-al V.ba-sa-'dor-e-alX adj
by progressive mental deterioration and am-bas-sa-dor-ship n
memory loss am«ber Vam-barX n a yellowish or :

am pres 1st sing of be brownish fossil resin used esp. for orna-
1
Am abbr America; American mental objects; also the color of this :

2 Am symbol americium resin

1
AM \'a-,em\ n a broadcasting system us-
: am-ber-gris Vam-bar^gris, -,gres\ n a :

ing amplitude modulation; also a radio :

waxy substance from the sperm whale
receiver for broadcasts made by such a used in making perfumes
system am.bi.dex.trous \,am-bi-'dek-str3s\ adj
2 AM abbr 1 ante meridiem — often not : using both hands with equal ease am- —
cap. and often punctuated 2 [NL artium bi-dex-trous-ly adv
magister] master of arts am-bi-ence or am-bi-ance Vam-be-ans,
AMA abbr American Medical Associa- a n -'bya n s\ n a pervading atmosphere
:

tion 1
am*bi*ent \'am-be-3nt\ adj existing on :

amah \'a-(,)ma\ n a female servant in : all sides

eastern Asia; esp : a Chinese nurse 2
ambient n : music intended to serve as an
amain \9-'man\ adv, archaic : with full unobtrusive accompaniment to other ac-
force or speed tivities
amai-gam Xa-'mal-gamX n 1 an alloy of : am-big-u-ous Xam-'bi-gya-wasX adj ca- :

mercury with another metal used in mak- pable of being understood in more than
ing dental cements 2 a mixture of dif- one way —
am-bi-gu-i-ry Vun-ba-'gyu-
ferent elements
:

a-te\ n —
am«big*u*ous»ly adv
amal-gam. ate N^-'mal-ga-.matX vb -at.ed; anvbi-tion Xam-'bi-shanX n [ME, fr. MF or
-at-ing to unite or merge into one body L; MF, fr. L ambition-, ambitio, lit., act of
— :

amal*ga-ma*tion V.mal-ga-'ma-shanX soliciting for votes, fr. ambire to go

n around] : eager desire for success or
aman-u-en-sis Xa^man-y^-'wen-sasX n, pi power
-en-ses \-,sez\ one employed to write am-bi-tious \-shas\ adj characterized by
from dictation or to copy what another
:

ambition —
am-bi-tious-ly adv am-
:

—
has written : secretary bi-tious-ness n
am-a-ranth Va-m3-,ranth\ n 1 any of a : am-biv-a-lence Xam-'bi-va-lansX n si- :

large genus of coarse herbs sometimes multaneous attraction toward and repul-
grown for their showy flowers 2 a : sion from a person, object, or action —
flower that never fades am-bi v-a-lent \-lsnt\ adj
am-a-ran-thine \,a-m3-'ran-th3n, -,thln\ 1
am.ble Vam-balX vb am. bled; am-bling
adj 1 relating to or resembling an ama-
: \-bO-)lin\ to go at an amble
:

ranth 2 undying :
2 amble n an easy gait esp. of a horse
:

am-a-ryl-lis \,a-m3-'ri-l3s\ n any of vari- am-bro-sia \am-'bro-zh(e-)3\ n the food

ous plants related to the lilies; esp an au-
:

: of the Greek and Roman gods am-

:

—
tumn-flowering South African bulbous bro-sial \-zh(e-)al\ adj
 23 ambulance • amnesty
ambu-lance \'am-by»-l3ns\ n a vehicle : am.er.i-ci.um V.am-a-'rish-e-am, -'risA n
equipped for carrying the injured or sick :a radioactive metallic chemical element
am-bu-lant Yam-bya-lantX adj ambula- : produced artificially from plutonium
tory Amerind abbr American Indian
1
am.bu.la.to-ry Vam-bya-la-.tor-eA adj 1 Am.er.in-di.an X.a-ma-'rin-de-anX n
:of, relating to, or adapted to walking 2 : American Indian —
Amerindian adj
:able to walk or move about am-e-thyst Va-ma-thastX n (ME amatiste,
2 ambulatory n, pi -ries : a sheltered place fr. AF & L; AF, fr. L amethystus, fr. Gk
(as in a cloister) for walking amethystos, lit., remedy against drunken-
am.bus-cade \'am-b3-,skad\ n AMBUSH : ness, fr. a- not + methyein to be drunk, fr.
am-bush \'am-,bush\ n a trap in which : methy winel a gemstone consisting of
:

concealed persons wait to attack by sur- clear purple or bluish-violet quartz

prise — ambush vb ami.a.ble Va-me-a-balX adj 1 agree-
~
:

amdt abbr amendment able <an comedy) 2 having a

ameba, ameboid var of amoeba, amoe- friendly and sociable disposition ami-
:

—
boid a-bil-i'ty \,a-me-3-*bi-l3-te\ n ami-a- —
ame-lio-rate Xa-'mel-y^ratX vb -rat-ed; ble*ness n —
ami.a.bly Va-me-a-bleA
-rabing to make or grow better im- adv
prove — :

ame-lio.ra.tion V.mel-ya-'ra-
:

am.i.ca.ble Va-mi-ka-balX adj friend-

~
:

shan\ n ly, peaceable <an settlement of dif-

amen XOa-'men, (,)a-\ inter] used esp. — ferences) — am-i-ca-biUi'ty \,a-mi-k3-
at the end of prayers to affirm or express n — am*i*ca*bly Va-mi-ka-bleA
'bi-l3-te\
approval adv
ame-na-ble Xa-'me-na-bal, -'me-\ adj 1 amid \3-'mid\ or amidst \-'midst\ prep
: answerable <~ to the law> 2 : com- : or into the middle of among
in :

pliant amid* ships \3-'mid-,ships\ adv in or :

amend \a-'mend\ vb 1 : to change for the near the middle of a ship

better improve 2 to alter formally in ami.no acid Xs-'me-noA n any of nu-
phraseology
:

—
amend-able V'men-da-
:

merous nitrogen-containing acids that in-

:

bal\ adj clude some which are used by cells to

amend. ment Xa-'mend-mantX n 1 : cor- build proteins
rection of faults 2 the process of :
amir var of emir
amending a parliamentary motion or a 1
amiss \3-'mis\ adv 1 : wrongly 2
constitution; also : the alteration so pro- astray <something had gone -^> 3
:
posed or made IMPERFECTLY
:

amends \3-'mendz\ n sing or pi compen- :

2 amiss adj 1 wrong 2 out of place
: :

sation for injury or loss

am.i-ty Va-ma-teA n, pi -ties : friend-
ame-ni-ty Xa-'me-na-te, -'me-\ n, pi -ties
ship; esp : friendly relations between na-
1 agreeableness 2 a gesture ob-
: :
tions
served in social relationships 3 some- :

thing that serves as a comfort or conven-

am.me.ter Va-.me-taA n : an instrument
for measuring electric current esp. in am-
ience
peres
Amer abbr America; American
amerce Xa-'marsX vb amerced; amerc- am.mo \'a-mo\ n ammunition :

ing 1 to penalize by a fine determined

am.mo.nia Xa-'mo-nyaX n [NL, fr. L sal
by the court
:

2 : punish — amerce- ammoniacus sal ammoniac (ammonium

chloride), salt of Ammon, fr. Gk
ment n lit.,

Amer.i.ca.na Xa-.mer-a-'ka-na, -'ka-\ n pi

ammoniakos of Ammon, fr. Ammon
: materials concerning or characteristic Ammon, an Egyptian god near one of
of America, its civilization, or its culture whose temples it was extracted] 1 a :

American Indian n a member of any of :

colorless gaseous compound of nitrogen
the aboriginal peoples of No. and So. and hydrogen used in refrigeration and in
America except the Eskimos the making of fertilizers and explosives
Amer*i-can«ism \3-'mer-3-k3-,ni-z3m\ n 2 a solution (ammonia water) of am-
:

1 : a characteristic feature of English as

monia in water
used in the U.S. 2 attachment or loyal- :
am*mo*ni*um Xa-'mo-ne-amX n an ion or :

ty to the traditions, interests, or ideals of chemical group derived from ammonia

the U.S. 3 a custom or trait peculiar to
:
by combination with hydrogen
the U.S. or to Americans ammonium chloride n a white crys- :

Amer*i*can*ize \9-'mer-3-k3-,niz\ vb : to talline volatile saltused in batteries and

make or become American — Ameri- as an expectorant
am.mu.ni.tion X.am-ys-'ni-shanX n 1
can, i-za-tion Xa-.mer-a-ka-na^za-shanX
n : projectiles fired from guns 2 explo- :

Amer*i*can*ness Va-'mer-a-kan-nasX n sive items used in war 3 material for :

: the quality or state of being American use in attack or defense

American plan n a hotel plan whereby : Amn abbr airman
the daily rates cover the cost of room and am-ne.sia \am-'ne-zh3\ n 1 : abnormal
three meals loss of memory 2 the : selective over-
American Sign Language n a sign lan- looking of events or acts not favorable to
guage for the deaf in which meaning is
:

one's purpose —
am*ne*si*ac \-zhe-,ak,
conveyed by a system of hand gestures -ze-\ or am-ne.sic Vzik, -sik\ adj or n
and placement am.nes-ty Yam-na-steA n, pi -ties an act :
 amnesty • amusement 24
granting a pardon to a group of individu- self (stands for the word) and] a charac-
—
:

als amnesty vb ter & used for the word and

am*nio~cen*te«sis \,am-ne-6- l sen-'te-s3s\ am.phet.amine Xam-'fe-ta-.men, -man\ n
n, pi -te»ses \-,sez\ the surgical inser- : :a compound or one of its derivatives
tion of a hollow needle through the ab- that stimulates the central nervous sys-
dominal wall and uterus of a pregnant fe- tem and is used esp. to treat hyperactive
male esp. to obtain fluid used to check children and to suppress appetite
the fetus for chromosomal abnormality am.phib-i.an Xam-'fi-be-anX n 1 : an am-
and to determine sex phibious organism; esp any of a class of :

am-ni.ot.ic fluid \,am-ne-'a-tik-\ n the : vertebrate animals (as frogs and salaman-
watery fluid in which the embryo or fetus ders) intermediate between fishes and
is immersed reptiles 2 an airplane that can land on
:

amoe-ba also ame-ba Xa-'me-baX n, pi and take off from either land or water
-bas or -bae any of various tiny
\-(,)be\ : am.phib.i>ous \am-'fi-be-3s\ adj [Gk am-
one-celled protozoans that lack perma- phibios, lit., living a double life, fr. amphi-
nent cell organs and occur esp. in water + bios mode of life] 1 : able to live both
and soil —
amoe-bic \-bik\ adj on land and in water 2 adapted for :

amoe«boid also ame.boid \-,boid\ adj both land and water 3 : made by joint
:resembling an amoeba esp. in moving or action of land, sea, and air forces invad-
readily changing shape ing from the sea; also : trained for such
amok Xa-'mak, -'mak\ or amuck V'makN action
adv in a violent, frenzied, or uncon-
:
am.phi.bole Vam-fo^bolX n any of a :

trolled manner <run ~> group of rock-forming minerals of similar

among WmanX V'manstX also amongst crystal structure
prep 1 in or through the midst of 2 in
: :
am.phi-the.ater \'am-fo-,the-3-t3r\ n 1
the number, class, or company of 3 in :
: an oval or circular structure with rising
shares to each of 4 by common :
tiers of seats around an arena 2 a very :

action of large auditorium

amon-til-la-do U-.man-ta-'la-doX n, pi am.pho.ra Vam-fe-reN n, pi -rae \-,re\ or
-dos [SpJ a medium dry sherry :
-ras an ancient Greek jar or vase with
:

amor-al \a-'mor-3l\ adj 1 neither moral :

two handles that rise almost to the level
nor immoral; esp being outside the :
of the mouth
sphere to which moral judgments apply am-ple Vam-palX adj am-pler \-plar\: am-
2 lacking moral sensibility
: amoral- — plest \-plast\ 1 large, capacious 2
ly adv
anvo-rous X'a-ma-rasX adj 1 inclined to
: enough to satisfy ABUNDANT
:

am- : —
:
ply \-ple\ adv
love 2 being in love 3 : of or indicative
of love
:

—
anvo-rous«ly adv — anvo-
am.pli.fy Vam-pla-.fTX vb -tied; -fy-ing 1
:to expand by extended treatment 2 to :

rous-ness n increase in magnitude or strength; esp : to

amor-phous Xa-'mor-fasX adj 1 shape- :
make louder —
am-pli.fi.ca.tion \,am-
less, formless 2 not crystallized
anvontize Va-mar-.tlz, >'m6r-\ vb -tized;
:
pl^-fa-'ka-shanX n —
am.pli.fi.er \'am-
pl3-,fi(-3)r\ n
-tiz-ing to extinguish (as a mortgage)
:
am-pli-tude \-,tud, -,tyud\ n 1 : ample
usu. by payment on the principal at the
time of each periodic interest payment — extent fullness 2 the extent of a vi-
:

bratory movement (as of a pendulum) 3

:

amor*ti*za*tion V.a-mar-ta-'za-shan, 3-
: the height or depth of an oscillation (as
,mor-\ n
Amos V'a-masX see bible table — of an alternating current or a radio wave)
compared to its average value
1
amount \3-*maunt\ vb 1 to be equiva- :
amplitude modulation n modulation of :
lent 2 to reach a total add up
: :
the amplitude of a radio carrier wave in
2
amount n 1 the total number or quan- :
accordance with the strength of the sig-
tity 2 a principal sum plus the interest
:
nal: also a broadcasting system using
:
on it
such modulation
amour \3-'mur, a-. a-\ n 1 : a love affair
am-poule or am-pule also anvpul Vam-
esp. when
illicit 2 LOVER :
,pyul, -pul\ n a small sealed bulbous
amour pro. pre ^a-.mur-'propr*, ,a-,
:

glass vessel used to hold a solution for hy-

-•prdprA n [F] self-esteem :
podermic injection
1
amp \'amp\ n 1 ampere 2 amplifi- : :

am.pu.tate \'am-py»-,tat\ vb -tat»ed; -tat-

er; also a unit consisting of an electron-
:

ic amplifier and a loudspeaker

ing to cut off
: a leg> <~
am.pu-ta- —
2 amp vb excite, energize <tried to
:
~ tion \,am-py3-'ta-sh3n\ n
am.pu.tee \,am-py^-'te\ n one who has
up the crowd) :

am-per.age \'am-p(»-)rij\ n the strength :

had a limb amputated
of a current of electricity expressed in AMSLAN abbr American Sign Language
amperes amt abbr amount
am.pere \'am-,pir\ n a unit of electric :
amuck var o/amok
current equivalent to a steady current am-u*let Vam-ya-latX n : an ornament
produced by one volt applied across a re- worn as a charm against evil
sistance of one ohm amuse Na-'myuzX vb amused; amus-ing
am.pensand Vam-par-.sandX n [alter, of to entertain in a light or playful manner
and per se and, spoken form of the phrase
:

divert —
amuse.ment n amusing —
& per se and, lit., (the character) & by it-
:

adj — amus.ing.ly adv

 >

25 amusement park • anatomy

amusement park n a commercially op-
\ an-adogue or an-a-log Va-no-.log. -,lag\
ereted park having various devices (as ;i n 1 :something that is analogous to
roller coaster) for entertainment and something else 2 an organ similar in
:

booths for selling refreshments function to one of another animal or

AM-VETS \'am-,vets\ abbr American plant but different in structure or origin
Veterans (of World War II) anal-o-gy \3-'na-b-je\ n, pi -gies 1 in- :

am-y-lase \'a-mo-,las, -,laz\ n any of sev- : ference that if two or more things agree
eral enzymes that accelerate the break- in some respects they will probably agree
down of starch and glycogen m others 2 a likeness in one or more
an \on, (')an\ indefinite article A used —
:

ways between things otherwise unlike —

before words beginning with a vowel
:

arva-log-i-cal \,a-n3-'la-ji-k3l\ adj — an-

sound a-log-i-cal-ly \-k(^-)le\ adv
1
-an or -ian also -ean n suffix 1 one that :
anal-re-ten-tive Va-n'l-ri-'ten-tivX adj
belongs to <Americ#/i> <crustac^a«> 2 : anal 3
: one skilled in or specializing in <pho- an-adyse chiefly Brit var of analyze
netic/a/i> anal-y.sis \3-'na-l3-s3s\ n, pi -y-ses
2 -an or -ian also -ean adj suffix 1 of or :
\-,se/.\ [NL, fr. Gk, fr. analyein to break

belonging to (American) 2 character- :

up, fr. ana- up + lyein to loosenj 1 sep- :

istic of resembling <Mozartean>

:
aration of a thing into the parts or ele-
AN abbr airman (Navy) ments of which it is composed 2 an ex- :

an-a-boldc steroid N.a-na-'ba-likA n any :

amination of a thing to determine its
of a group of synthetic steroid hormones parts or elements; also a statement :

sometimes abused by athletes in training showing the results of such an examina-

to increase the size and strength of their tion 3 psychoanalysis — an-adyst
:

\'a-n3-list\ n —
an-adyt-ic \,a-n3-'li-tik\
muscles
anach-ro.nism Xa-'na-kra-.ni-zamX n 1 or an.a-lyt.i.cal \-ti-kal\ adj an-adyt- —
i.caldy adv
: the error of placing a person or thing in
the wrong period 2 : one that is chrono-
an.adyte \'a-n3-,llt\ n a chemical sub- :

logically out of place —

anachronis- stance that is the subject of chemical
tic \3-,na-kr3-'nis-tik\ adj — anach-ro- analysis
an-adyze Va-na-.lIzX vb -lyzed; -lyz-ing
nous V'na-kra-nasX adj
an-a.con.da \,a-n9-'kan-d3\ n a large So. : to make an analysis of
:

American snake that suffocates and kills an.a-pest \'a-n3-,pest\ n a metrical foot :

of two unaccented syllables followed by

its prey by constriction
anad*ro*mous Na-'na-dr^-masX adj as- :
one accented syllable an-a-pes-tic —
\,a-n3-'pes-tik\ adj or n
cending rivers from the sea for breeding
an.ar.chism \'a-n3r-,ki-z3m\ n the theo-
<shad are -

— ry that all government is undesirable

:

—
anae-mia, anae-mic chiefly Brit var of
ANEMIA, ANEMIC
an-ar-chist \-kist\ n or adj an-ar- —
chis-tic \,a-n3r-'kis-tik\ adj
an*aer*obe \'a-n3-,rdb\ n an anaerobic :
an.ar-chy Va-nar-keA n 1 a social struc- :
organism
ture without government or law and
an*aer*o*bic X^a-na-'ro-bikX adj living, :
order 2 utter confusion an«ar«chic —
active, occurring, or existing in the ab-
sence of free oxygen
\a-'nar-kik\ adj
:

—
an-ar-chi-caldy \-ki-
k(3-)le\ adv
an.aes.the-sia, an-aesdhet-ic chiefly anas«to*mo*sis Xa^nas-ta-'mo-sasX n, pi
Brit var of anesthesia, anesthetic
mO'Ses \-,sez\ 1 the union of parts or:

ana*gram \'a-n3-,gram\ n a word or :

branches (as of blood vessels) 2 net- :
phrase made by transposing the letters of work
another word or phrase anat abbr anatomical; anatomy
1
anal Va-n 3 l\ adj 1 of, relating to, situat-
:
anath*e*ma Xa-'na-tha-maX n 1 a :

ed near, or involving the anus 2 of, re- :

solemn curse 2 a person or thing ac-
:
lating to, or characterized by the stage of cursed; also one intensely disliked
:

psychosexual development in psychoana- anath.e.madize \-,t!z\ vb -tized: -tizdng

lytic theory during which one is con- : to pronounce an anathema against
cerned esp. with feces 3 of, relating to, :
: curse
or characterized by personality traits (as anat.o.mise Brit var of anatomize
frugality and neatness) considered typical anat.o-mize Na-'na-ta-.mlzN vb -mized;
of fixation at the anal stage of develop- -mizdng to dissect so as to examine the
ment
2 anal
—
anaMy adv
:

structure and parts; also ANALYZE :

abbr 1 analogy 2 analysis; analytic anat*o-my \3-*na-t3-me\ n, pi -mies [LL

an-al-ge-sia \,a-n 3 l-'je-zh3\ n insensibil- anatomia dissection, fr. Gk anatome, fr.
ity to pain —
an-al-ge.sic \-*je-zik, -sik\
:

anatemnein to dissect, fr. ana- up + tem-

adj nein to cut] 1 a branch of science deal-
:

an*al-ge*sic \-*je-zik, -sik\ n an agent for : ing with the structure of organisms 2
producing analgesia : structural makeup esp. of an organism
analog computer n a computer that op-
: or any of its parts 3 a separating into
erates with numbers represented by di- parts for detailed study analysis an-
:

: —
rectly measurable quantities (as voltages) a-tomd.cal X.a-na-'ta-mi-kalX or an-a-
anal-o-gous Xa-'na-la-gasX adj similar in tomdc \-mik\ adj —
an-a-tomd-caldy
one or more respects anal«o.gousdy— :

\-mi-k(3-)le\ adv —
anat-o-mist \a-'na-
adv ta-mist\ n
 anc • angel 26
anc abbr ancient an-dan-te \an-'dan-,ta, -te\ adv or adj [It,
-ance n suffix 1 action or process <fur- lit., going, prp. of andare to go] moder-
therance) instance of an action or
:
:

ately slow
2 andante
—
used as a direction in music
:

process (performance) 2 quality or : n an andante movement

:

state instance of a quality or state (pro-

: and-iron \'an-,dl(-3)rn\ n one of a pair of :

tuberance) 3 amount or degree (con- metal supports for firewood in a fireplace

—
:

ductance) and/or Vand-'oA conj used to indicate

an»ces«tor \'an-,ses-t3r\ n [ME ancestre, that either and or or may apply <men ~*~
fr. AF, fr. L antecessor predecessor, fr. women means men and women or men or
antecedere to go before, fr. ante- before + women)
cedere to go] one from whom an indi-
: an.dro.gen Van-dra-jarA n : a male sex
vidual is descended hormone (as testosterone)
an»ces«tress \*an-,ses-tr3s\ n a female : an-drog.y.nous Xan-'dra-ja-nasX adj 1
ancestor : having the characteristics of both male
arvces-try \'an-,ses-tre\ n 1 line of de- and female 2 suitable for either sex <~
scent LINEAGE 2 ANCESTORS
: an-:
:

— clothing) — :

an-drog.y.ny \-ne\ n
ces.tral Xan-'ses-tralX adj an-droid \'an-,droid\ n a mobile robot :

arvcho \'an-cho\ n. pi anchos a : usu. with a human form

poblano chili pepper esp. when mature an-ecdot.al X.a-nik-'do-t'lN adj 1 relat- :

and dried to a reddish black ing to or consisting of anecdotes 2

1
arvchor Van-karN n 1 a heavy metal de- based on reports of an unscientific na-
vice attached to a ship that catches hold
: :

ture —
an.ecdot-aUly adv
of the bottom and holds the ship in place an-ec-dote Van-ik-,d6t\ n, pi -dotes also
2 : something that serves to hold an ob- -dota \,a-nik-'do-t3\ [F, fr. Gk anekdota
ject firmly 3 anchorperson 4 : a: unpublished items, fr. a- not + ekdidonai
large store that attracts customers and to publish] a brief story of an interest-
:

other businesses to a shopping mall ing,amusing, or biographical incident

2 anchor vb to hold or become held in
: ane*mia Na-'ne-me-sX n 1 a condition in :

place by or as if by an anchor which blood is deficient in quantity, in

arvchor.age \'an-k(^-)rij\ n : a place suit- red blood cells, or in hemoglobin and
able for ships to anchor which is marked by pallor, weakness, and
an-cho-rite \'an-k^-,rit\ n hermit irregular heart action 2 lack of vitality
an*chor*man Varj-kar-.manX n 1 the
:

:
— ane-mic \3-'ne-mik\ adj :

member of a team who competes last 2 an*e»mom>e*ter ^a-na-'ma-ma-tarX n an :

: an anchorperson who is a man instrument for measuring the force or

an.chor.penson \-,par-s3n\ n a broad- : speed of the wind
caster who reads the news and introduces anem.o-ne Xa-'ne-ma-neA n any of a :

the reports of other broadcasters large genus of herbs related to the butter-
an-chor-wom-an V.wii-manX n 1 a : cups that have showy flowers without
woman who competes last 2 : an an- petals but with conspicuous often colored
chorperson who is a woman sepals
an*cho*vy \'an-,cho-ve, an-*chd-\ n, pi anent \a-'nent\ prep concerning :

-vies or -vy : any of a family of small an-es-the-sia \,a-n3s-*the-zh3\ n loss of :

herringlike fishes often used as food bodily sensation

an.cien re.gime \a n s-ya n -ra-'zhem\ n 1 an.es.the.si.oUo.gy \-,the-ze-'a-l3-je\ n
: the political and social system of France a branch of medical science dealing with
before the Revolution of 1789 2 : a sys-
:

anesthesia and anesthetics an*es»the- —

tem no longer prevailing si.oUo.gist \-jist\ n
1
an«cient Van-shantX adj 1 : having ex- 1
an.es«thet.ic \ia-nas-*the-tik\ adj of, re- :

isted for many years customs) 2 (^ lating to, or capable of producing anes-
: belonging to times long past; esp : be- thesia
longing to the period before the Mid- 2
anesthetic n an agent that produces
:

dle Ages anesthesia

2
ancient n 1 an aged person 2 pi : the
: anes-the-tist \^-'nes-th»-tist\ n one who :

peoples of ancient Greece and Rome; esp administers anesthetics

: the classical authors of Greece anes.the.tize \3-'nes-th^-,tiz\ vb -tized;
and Rome -tiz-ing to subject to anesthesia
:

arvciMary Van-s^-.ler-eX adj 1 subor- an-eu-rysm also an.eu.rism Van-ya-.ri-

dinate, subsidiary <a factory's
:

— zam\ n an abnormal blood-filled bulge

:

plants) 2 auxiliary, supplemen- of a blood vessel

<~ evidence) — ancillary n
:

tary anew Xa-'nu, -'nyu\ adv 1 over again :

-ancy n suffix : quality or state (flamboy- <begin ^>2 : in a new form <this film
ancyy tells the story ~>
and \and, (*)and\ conj 1 used to indi- — an.gel \'an-j3l\ n [ME, fr. OE engel AF &
cate connection or addition esp. of items angele, both fr. L angelus, fr. Gk angelos,
within the same class or type or to join lit., messenger] 1 :a spiritual being su-
words or phrases of the same grammati- perior to man 2 : an attendant spirit 3
cal rank or function 2 used to join — :a winged figure of human form in art 4
one finite verb to another so that togeth- : HARBINGER
MESSENGER, of <~
er they are equivalent to an infinitive of death) 5 a person held to resemble an
purpose (come see me) ^ :
:

angel 6 a financial backer an»gel-ic —

 27 angelfish • animistic
\an-'jc-lik\ or an-gel-i-cal \-li-kal\ adj — glo-phil \-,fil\ n one who greatly ad-
:

an.gel.i-cal-ly \-k(o-)le\ adv mires England and things English

an-gel.fish Van-jal-.fishX n any of sever- : An-glo.phobe Van-gl3-,f6b\ n one who :

al brightly colored tropical fishes that are is averse to England and things English

flattened from side to side An-glo-Sax.on X.arj-glo-'sak-sonX n 1 a :

an-gel-i-ca \an-*je-li-k;>\ n a biennial : member of any of the Germanic peoples

herb related to the carrot whose roots who invaded England in the 5th century
and fruit furnish a flavoring oil A.D. 2 a member of the English people
1
an*ger Varj-gaA vb to make angry
:
:
:

3 Old English —
Anglo-Saxon adj
2 anger n [ME, affliction, anger, fr. ON an.go.ra \arj-'gor-3, an-\ n 1 yarn or :

angr grief] : a strong feeling of displeas- cloth made from the hair of an Angora
ure Synonyms wrath, ire, rage. goat or rabbit 2 cap any of a breed of :

FURY, INDIGNATION cats, goats, or rabbits with a long

an-gi-na Xan-'jT-naX n a disorder (as of
:
silky coat
the heart) marked by attacks of intense an-gry \'arj-gre\ adj an.gri-er; -est feel- :

pain; esp : angina pectoris an-gi- — ing or showing anger Synonyms en-
raged. WRATHFUL, IRATE, INDIGNANT,
na! \an-'ji-n 3 l\ adj
angina pec.to-ris \-'pek-t(9-)r3s\ n a :
MAD — an.gridy \-gra-le\ adv
heart disease marked by brief attacks of angst Varjst\ n [GJ a feeling of anxiety:

sharp chest pain caused by deficient oxy- ang. Strom Varj-stramX n a unit of length :

genation of heart muscles equal to one ten-billionth of a meter

an.guish \'arj-gwish\ n extreme pain or
an-gio-gen-e-sis \,an-je-6-'je-n3-s3s\ n
:the formation of blood vessels an- — distress esp. of mind an.guished
:

—
gio.gen.ic \-'je-nik\ adj \-gwisht\ adj
an.gio.gram Van-je-3-,gram\ n : a radio-
an.gu.lar Van-gya-laA adj 1 sharp-cor- :

graph made by angiography nered 2 having one or more angles 3

an.gi.og.ra.phy \,an-je-'a-gr3-fe\ n the :
:
:

being thin and bony an.gu.|ar.i«ty —

Xiarj-gya-'ler-a-teA n
use of radiography to make blood vessels
visible after injection of a substance
An.gus any of a breed of usu.
\'arj-gas\ n :
black hornless beef cattle originating in
opaque to radiation
Scotland
an.gio.plas-ty \'an-je-3-,plas-te\ n surgi- :
an.hy.drous Xan-'hl-drasN adj free from :
cal repair of a blood vessel esp. by using
water
an inflatable catheter to unblock arteries
an. Mine Va-n'l-anX n an oily poisonous :
clogged by atherosclerotic deposits
liquid used in making dyes, medicines,
an.gio.sperm V.sparmX n flowering :
and explosives
plant an.i.mad.vert X.a-na-.mad-'vartX vb to
1
an*gle Van-galX n 1
corner 2
a sharp projecting
:

the figure formed by the

:
remark critically express censure
: an- — :

i-mad-ver-sion V'var-zhanX n
meeting of two lines in a point 3 a :
1
an.i«mal Va-na-malX n 1 any of a king- :

point of view 4 a special technique or

plan gimmick
: —
:

an.gled adj
dom of living things typically differing
2 angle
from plants in capacity for active move-
vb an.gled, an.gling \-g(3-)lin\ to :
ment, in rapid response to stimulation,
turn, move, or direct at an angle
3 angle vb an.gled; an.gling \-g(3-)lin\
and in lack of cellulose cell walls 2 a :

to
fish with a hook and line an.gler — :
lower animal as distinguished from
human mammal
\-gbr\ n —
an.gling \-glin\ n 2
animai adj 1
beings; also :

of, relating to, or derived

:

an.gle.worm Varj-gal-.warmX n earth- :

from animals 2 of or relating to the
:

worm physical as distinguished from the mental

An.gli.can Van-gli-kanX adj of or re- 1 :
or spiritual Synonyms carnal,
lating to the established episcopal Church FLESHLY, SENSUAL
of England 2 of or relating to England
or the English nation
:

Anglican n — — an.i.mal.cule ^a-na-'mal-kyuiX n a tiny

animal usu. invisible to the naked eye
:

An> gli.can.ism Vka-.ni-zamX n 1

an*i*mate Va-na-matX adj having life :

an.glUcize Van-gla-.sIzX vb -cized; -ciz- 2 an*i*mate \-,mat\ vb -mat.ed; -mat.ing

ing often cap 1 to make English (as in
:
1 to impart life to 2 to give spirit and
: :

habits, speech, character, or outlook) 2 vigor to 3 to make appear to move <^

: to borrow (a foreign word or phrase)
:

a cartoon for motion pictures) an.i- —

into English without changing form or
spelling and sometimes without changing
mat-ed adj —
an*i*mat*ed*ly adv
an.i.ma.tion X.a-na-'ma-shanV n 1
pronunciation — an-gli»ci*za*tion \,arj- vacity, liveliness 2 a motion picture
vi-
:
:

gla-sa-'za-shanX n, often cap made from a series of drawings simulat-

An.glo \'ap-glo\ n, pi Anglos a non-His- :
ing motions by means of slight progres-
panic white inhabitant of the U.S.; esp sive changes
:one of English origin and descent an*i*ma*tron*ic \,a-n3-m3-'tra-nik\ adj
An.glo-cen.tric X.an-glo-'sen-trikX adj of, relating to, or being an electrically
:

: centered on or favoring England or animated mechanical figure (as a puppet)

things English an.i.mism Va-n3-,mi-z3m\ n attribution :

An.glo- French N.an-glo-'frenchX n : the of conscious life to objects in and phe-

French language used in medieval Eng- nomena of nature or to inanimate objects
land — an. i. mist \-mist\ n an-i.mis.tic —
An.glo.phile Van-gl3-,fi(-3)l\ also An- \,a-n3-*mis-tik\ adj
 —

animosity • another 28
an-i-mos.i.ty \,a-n3-'ma-s3-te\ n, pi -ties ing the life cycle in one growing season
:ILL WILL, RESENTMENT <— plants) —
an-nu-al-ly adv
arvUmus Va-na-masX n deep-seated re- :
2 annual // 1 a publication appearing
:

sentment and hostility once a year 2 an annual plant:

an- ion Va-.ni-an, -,ni-,an\ n a negatively : annual ring n the layer of wood pro-
:

charged ion duced by a single year's growth of a

an*ise \'a-nas\ n an herb related to the: woody plant
carrot with aromatic seeds (aniseed an-nu.i.tant Xa-'nu-a-tant, -'nyu-\ n a :

\-sed\) used in flavoring beneficiary of an annuity

an«is«ette \,a-n3-'set, -'zet\ n [F] a usu. :
an-nu.i.ty Xa-'nii-a-te, -'nyu-\ n, pi -i-ties
colorless sweet liqueur flavored with : an amount payable annually; also the :

aniseed right to receive such a payment

ankh \*ank\ n a cross having a loop for an-nul WnolX vb an-nulled; an-nuMing
:

upper vertical arm and serving esp. in

its : to make legally void an-nul-ment n —
ancient Egypt as an emblem of life an-nu-lar Van-ya-laA adj ring-shaped :

an-kle Van-kalN n the joint or region be- :

an-nun-ci.ate X^-'nan-se-.atX vb -at-ed;
tween the foot and the leg -at-ing : announce
an-kle-bone Van-kal-.bonX n the bone :
an-nun-ci-a-tion Na-.nan-se-'a-shanX n 1
that in human beings bears the weight of cap March 25 observed as a church fes-
:

the body and with the tibia and fibula tival commemorating the announcement
forms the ankle joint of the Incarnation 2 : announcement
an-klet Van-kbtX n 1 something (as an :
an-nun-ci-a-tor \3-'n3n-se-,a-t3r\ n one :

ornament) worn around the ankle 2 a :

that annunciates; specif a usu. electri- :

short sock reaching slightly above the cally controlled signal board or indicator
ankle an. ode \'a-,n6d\ n 1 the positive elec-
:

ann abbr 1 annals 2 annual trode of an electrolytic cell 2 the nega- :

an-nals \'a-n 3 lz\ n pi 1 a record of :

tive terminal of a battery 3 the elec- :

tron-collecting electrode of an electron

events in chronological order 2 histori-
cal records —
an-nal-ist \-n'l-ist\ n
:

tube —
an.od.ic \a-*na-dik\ also an-od-
al V'no-d'lX adj
an-neal \^-'nel\ vb 1 to make (as glass :
an.od-ize \'a-na-,dlz\ vb -ized; -iz-ing
or steel) less brittle by heating and then
: to subject (a metal) to electrolytic action
cooling 2 STRENGTHEN, VOUGHEN:

as the anode of a cell in order to coat with

1
an«nex \a-'neks, 'a-,neks\ vb 1 to attach :
a protective or decorative film
as an addition 2 to incorporate (as a
territory) within a political domain
:

— an-o-dyne Va-ns-.dlnX n : something that

relieves pain : a soothing agent
an.nex-a.tion ^a-.nek-'sa-shanN n
anoint \»-'noint\ vb 1 : to apply oil to
2 aivnex \'a-,neks, -niks\ n

supplementary structure
a subsidiary or :
esp. as a sacred rite 2 : consecrate —
anoint-ment n
an-nexe chiefly Brit var of annex anom-a-lous Xa-'na-ma-lasX adj : deviat-
an.ni-hi.late Xa-'ni-^-.latX vb -lat-ed; -lat-
ing from a general rule ABNORMAL
ing to destroy completely
: an.ni.hi- — anom.a.ly \3-'na-m»-le\ n, pi -lies some-
:

la-tion \-,ni-3-'la-sh3n\ n
thing anomalous IRREGULARITY :

an*ni*ver>sa*ry X.a-na-'var-sa-reA n, pi 1
anon \a-'nan\ adv soon :

-ries the annual return of the date of a

: 2 anon abbr anonymous; anonymously
notable event and esp. a wedding anon-y.mous Xa-'na-na-masX adj of un- :

an«no Do«mi.ni \,a-n6-'da-m»-ne, -'do-, known or undeclared origin or author-

-,nA adv, often cap A [ML, in the year of
— ship — an-o«nym«i-ty ^a-na-'ni-ma-teA n
the Lord] used to indicate that a time
division falls within the Christian era
— anon.y.mous.ly adv
anoph.e-les Xa-'na-fa-JezX n [NL, genus
an.no-tate Va-na-.tatN vb -tat-ed; -tat-ing name, fr. Gk anopheles useless, fr. a- not
to furnish with notes an«no>ta-tion — + ophelos advantage, help] any of a
:

^a-na-'ta-shanX n an-no-ta-tor Va-na- — genus of mosquitoes that includes all

:

,ta-tar\ n mosquitoes which transmit malaria to

an-nounce \3-'nauns\ vb an-nounced; human beings
an»nounc*ing 1 : to make known pub- an.o.rectic \,a-n3-'rek-tik\ adj an-
licly
presence of
2
to give notice of the arrival or
:

an«nounce«ment n— orexic —
anorectic n
:

an.orex.ia X.a-na-'rek-se-aX n 1 loss of :

an.nounc-er \3-'naun-s3r\ n a person :

appetite esp. when prolonged 2 AN- :

who introduces radio or television pro- OREXIA NERVOSA

grams, makes commercial announce- anorexia ner.vc-sa \-n3r-*vo-s3\ n : a se-
ments, or gives station identification rious disorder in eating behavior marked
an.noy \^-'noi\ vb : to disturb or irritate esp. by a pathological fear of weight gain
esp. by repeated acts vex Synonyms leading to faulty eating patterns, malnu-
IRK, BOTHER. PESTER, TEASE, HARASS
:

— trition, and usu. excessive weight loss

an-noy-ing.ly adv an*orex*ic \,a-n3-'rek-sik\ adj 1 lacking :

an-noy.ance X^-'noi-ansX n 1 the act of or causing loss of appetite 2 : affected

annoying 2 the state of being annoyed
:
:

with or as if with anorexia nervosa —

3 nuisance <the delay was a minor ~~>
: anorexic n
1
an«nu«al Van-ya-walXo^ 1 covering the 1
an.oth-er Xa-'na-tharV adj 1 some other
~
: :

period of a year <• rainfall) 2 occur- •

: <do it time) 2 : being one in addition
ring once a year yearly 3 complet- : : :one more <~
piece of pie)
 29 another • anthropology
'another pron 1 an additional one one : i which the actual writing or signing is
more 2 one that is different from the
: done 2 to precede in time
:

it st Of present one
I an-te-di-lu-vi-an X.an-ti-d.v'lu-ve-nn, -di-\
ans ahbr answer adj 1 of the period before the biblical
:

'an-swer \'an-snr\ n 1 something spoken : flood 2 ANTIQUATED :

or written in reply to a question 2 a so- : an-telope Van-to-, lop\ n, pi -lope or

lution of a problem -lopes [ME. fabulous heraldic beast,
2 answer vh 1 to speak oi write in reply
:
prob. fr. Ml antelop savage animal with
to 2 to be responsible 3 to be ade- sawlike horns, fr. ML
anthalopus, fr. LGk
— an-swer-er n
: :

quate antholops] 1 any of various deerlike ru-

:

an-swer-able \'an-so-r.vbol\ adj 1 sub- : minant mammals that chiefly inhabit

ject to taking blame or responsibility 2 Africa and have a slender build and horns
: capable of being refuted extending upward and backward 2
answering machine n : a machine that : PPONGHORN
receives telephone calls by playing a re- an-te me-ri-di-em Van-ti-mo-'ri-de-anA
corded message and usu. by recording adj (LI : being before noon
messages from callers an-ten-na Xan-'te-naX n, pi -nae \-(,)nCA or
answering service // : a commercial -nas [ML, fr. L, sail yardl 1 one of the - :

service that answers telephone calls for its long slender paired segmented sensory
clients organs on the head of an arthropod (as an
1
ant \'ant\ n : any of a family of small so insect or crab) 2 pi usu -nas a metallic- :

cial insects related to the bees and living device (as a rod or wire) for sending out
communities usu. in earth or wood
in or receiving radio waves
2 ant abbr antonym an-te-pe-nult X.an-ti-'pe-.naltN also an-te-
Ant abbr Antarctica pen-ul.ti.ma Vpi-'nal-ta-maV n the 3d :

syllable of a word counting from the end

1
ant see anti-
-ant n suffix 1 one that performs or pro- :
— an-te-pen-ul-ti-mate Vpi-'nal-ta-matX
motes (a specified action) (coolant} 2 adj or n
an-te-ri.or \an-'tir-e-3r\ adj 1 situated
: thing that is acted upon (in a specified :

manner) <inhakm/> before or toward the front 2 situated :

2 -ant adj suffix 1 : performing (a specified

near or nearer to the head 3 coming :

action) or being (in a specified condition)

before in time Synonyms preceding,
<propella/if> 2 : promoting (a specified
PREVIOUS, PRIOR, ANTECEDENT
anterior cruciate ligament n a cross* :
action or process) <expectora/if>
ant-ac.id \ant-'a-sad\ n : an agent that
shaped ligament of the knee that con-
counteracts acidity antacid adj — nects the tibia and femur
an*te*room \'an-ti-,rum, -,rum\ n a :
an-tag.o-nism \an-'ta-g3-,ni-z3m\ n 1
room forming the entrance to another
: active opposition or hostility 2 oppo-
sition in physiological action an-tag- — :
and often used as a waiting room
an*them \*an-tham\ n 1 a sacred vocal
:
o-nis-tic \-,ta-g3-'nis-tik\ adj
composition 2 a song or hymn of praise
:
an-tag-o-nist \-nist\ n : adversary, op- or gladness
ponent another Van-thar\ n the part of a stamen
:
an-tag-o-nize Xan-'ta-ga-.nlzX vb -nized;
of a seed plant that produces and con-
-niz-ing to provoke the hostility of
:
tains pollen
ant-arc.tic \ant-'ark-tik, -'ar-tik\ adj, ant-hill \'ant-,hil\ n a mound thrown up
:
often cap of or relating to the south pole
:
by ants or termites in digging their nest
or the region near it an.thoLo.gy \an-'tha-l3-je\ n, pi -gies
antarctic circle n, often cap A&C the :
[NL anthologia collection of epigrams, fr.
parallel of latitude that is approximately
MGk, fr. Gk, flower gathering, fr. anthos
66 !/2 degrees south of the equator flower + logia collecting, fr. legein to
1
an«te \'an-te\ n a poker stake put up be- :
gather] a collection of literary selections
fore the deal to build the pot; also
amount paid price
an : — :

an.thoho.gist \-jist\ n an-thol-o-—

:
gize \-Jiz\ vb
2 ante vb an-ted: an-te-ing
1 to put up :
an-thra-cite \'an-thr3-,slt\ n a hard :

(an ante) 2 pay :

glossy coal that burns without much
ant*eat*er \'ant-,e-t3r\ n any of several :
smoke
mammals (as an aardvark) that feed an*thrax \'an-,thraks\ n an infectious
:

mostly on ants or termites and usu. fatal bacterial disease of warm*

an-te-bel-lum X.an-ti-'be-bmX adj exist- : blooded animals (as cattle and sheep) that
ing before a war; esp existing before the :
is transmissible to humans; also a bac- :

U.S. Civil War of 1861-65 terium causing anthrax

an-te-ced-ent \,an-t3-'se-d 9 nt\ n 1 a : an*thro*po*cen*tric X.an-thra-pa-'sen-
noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause referred trik\ adj : interpreting or regarding the
to by a personal or relative pronoun 2 world in terms of human values and expe-
: a preceding event or cause 3 pi the : riences
significant conditions of one's earlier life an.thro.poid Van-thr3-,pdid\ n any of
4 pi ancestors antecedent adj — 1 :

several large tailless apes (as a gorilla)

— anthro-2
:

an4e.cham.ber Van-ti-.cham-barX n an- : :a person resembling an ape

teroom poid adj
an-te-date Van-ti-,dat\ vb 1 to date (a : an-thro.pol.o.gy X.an-thra-'pa-la-jeA n
paper) as of an earlier day than that on :the science of human beings and esp. of
 anthropomorphic • antineutron 30
their physical characteristics, their origin n a substance that hinders the clotting of
and ancestry, their environment and so-
:

blood —
anticoagulant adj
cial relations, and their culture an- — — an-ti-cy-clone \,an-ti-'si-,kl6n\ n a sys- :

thro.po-loq.i.cal Vpa-'la-ji-kalX adj tem of winds that rotates about a center

an.thro.pol-o.gist V'pa-l3-jist\ n of high atmospheric pressure an»ti»cy- —
an.thro.po.mor.phism \,an-thra-p3- clon-ic \-si-'kla-nik\ adj
'mdr-.fi-zamX n an interpretation of : an-ti-de-pres-sant \,an-ti-di-'pres- 3 nt,
what is not human or personal in terms of ,an-,ti-\ n a drug used to relieve psychic
human or personal characteristics HU- depression
:

—
antidepressant adj
manization — an-thro-po-mor-phic
:

an. ti« dote \'an-ti-,dot\ n a remedy to :

\-fik\ adj counteract the effects of poison

an»ti \'an-,ti. -te\ n, pi antis : one who is an. ti. drug Van-.tl-.dragX adj acting :

opposed against or opposing illicit drugs

anti- \,an-ti, -te, -,ti\ or ant- or anth- pre- an-ti-fer-til-i-ty X.an-ti-far-'ti-la-teA adj
fix 1 opposite in kind, position, or
: : tending to reduce or destroy fertility
action 2 opposing : hostile toward 3
: : contraceptive <~ agents)
: counteractive 4 preventive of cura- : : an-ti.freeze \'an-ti-,frez\ n a substance :

tive of added to a liquid to lower its freezing

arvti-abor-tion \,an-te-3-'b6r-sh3n, ,an- temperature
,t!-\ adj opposed to abortion an«ti- — an. ti. fun. gal X.an-te-'fan-gal, ,an-,ti-\ n
:

abor-tion-ist \-sha-nist\ n : fungicide —

antifungal adj
an-ti-bal.lis.tic missile \,an-ti-b3-Mis- an-ti.gen Van-ti-janX n any substance (as:

tik-, ,an-,tT-\ n a missile for intercepting a toxin) foreign to the body that induces
and destroying
:

ballistic missiles an immune response an»ti.qen.ic —

an-ti-bi-oMc n a sub-
\-bi-'a-tik, -be-\ : \,an-ti-'je-nik\ adj —
an-ti-ge-nic-i-ty
stance produced by or derived by chemi- \-J3-'ni-s^-te\ n
cal alteration of a substance produced by an.ti.grav-i.ty \,an-ti-'gra-v3-te, ,an-,ti-\
a microorganism (as a fungus or bacteri- adj reducing or canceling the effect of
:

um) that in dilute solution inhibits or kills gravity

another microorganism — antibiotic an-ti.he.ro Van-ti-.he-ro, 'an-,ti-\ n a :

adj protagonist who is notably lacking in

an*ti*body \'an-ti-,ba-de\ n any of a \ heroic qualities (as courage)
large number of proteins of high molecu- an.ti.his.ta.mine \,an-ti-'his-t3-,men, ,an-
lar weight produced normally by special- ,tT-. -man\ n any of various drugs used in
ized B cells after stimulation by an anti-
:

treating allergies and colds antihista- —

gen and acting specifically against the mine adj
antigen in an immune response an-ti-hy.per.ten.sive V.hT-par-'ten-sivX n
1
an*tic \'an-tik\ n [It antico ancient thing a substance that is effective against high
or person, fr. antico ancient, fr. L antiqu-
:

blood pressure —
antihypertensive adj
us] an often wildly playful or funny act an.ti-in.flam.ma.to.ry Vin-'fla-ma-.tor-
:

or action e\ adj counteracting inflammation

:
—
2 antic adj, 1 archaic : grotesque 2 anti—inflammatory n
: PLAYFUL an-tMn-teUlec-tu-alV^n-ta-'lek-cha-walX
an-ti»can*cer \,an-ti-'kan-s3r, ,an-,ti-\ adj adj opposing or hostile to intellectuals
:

:used against or tending to arrest or pre- or to an intellectual view or approach

vent cancer drugs> <^ an- ti- lock \'an-ti-,lak, 'an-,tI-\ adj being :

An.ti.christ \'an-ti-,krist\ n 1 one who : a braking system designed to prevent the

denies or opposes Christ 2 a false : wheels from locking
Christ an.ti.log.a«rithm X.an-ti-'lo-ga-.ri-iharn,
an.tic.i.pate \an-'ti-sa-,pat\ vb -pat-ed; ,an-,tl-, -*la-\ n the number correspon-
:

-pat*ing 1 to foresee and provide for

: ding to a given logarithm <if the loga-
beforehand (^s problems> 2 to look rithm in base x of a equals b then the an-
forward to — an*tic>i*pa*tion \-,ti-sa-
:

tilogarithm in base x of b equals a>

'pa-shanX n — an.tic.i.pa.to.ry \-'ti-sa- an.ti-ma.cas.sar \,an-ti-m3-'ka-s3r\ /; a :

pa-,tor-e\ adj cover to protect the back or arms of fur-

an-ti-cli-max Xjan-ti-'kll-.maksN n : some- niture
thing (as the ending of a story) that is an-ti.mat.ter Van-ti-.ma-tar, 'an-,tT-\ n
strikingly less important or dramatic than matter composed of antiparticles
expected —
an«ti»cli*mac»tic Vkll-'mak-
:

an.ti-mo.ny Van-ta-.md-neA n a brittle :

tik\ adj silvery white metallic chemical element

an.ti.cline Van-ti-.klinX n : an arch of lay- used esp. in alloys
ers of rock in the earth's crust an.ti-neu.tron \,an-ti-'nu-,tran, ,an-,ti-,
an.ti.co-ag.u.lant X.an-ti-ko-'a-gya-lantX -'nyu-\ n the antiparticle of the neutron
:

antiaging antibacterial anticommunist anti-imperialism

anti-AIDS anticapitalist antidemocratic anti-imperialist
antiaircraft anti-Catholic antidiscrimination antiknock
antialcohol anticholesterol antiestablishment antilabor
anti-American anticlerical antifascist antimalarial
antianxiety anticolonial anti government antimicrobial
antiapartheid anticommunism anti-HIV antinausea
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 CHAPTER 4: RAW EDITOR ROUND-UP ID Bibble -
DSC_0221 .NEF - n\B Bibble Web: www.bibblelabs.com Cost:
US$129.00 (Pro) $69.00 (Lite) Trial download available: yes A long
time favorite with the raw shooters, Bibble provides a quick and easy
way to convert and enhance your raw files. It has support for Nikon,
Fuji, Olympus, Kodak and Canon cameras. The program can be used
in stand alone mode or as a plug-in for Photoshop, allowing raw files
to be opened from the program, processed via Bibble and then
loaded into Photoshop. Bibble is a good performer with a long
history of dedicated supporters. Image adjustments include One
Click White Balance, Advanced Highlight Recovery, RGB Color
Balance, HSV Balance, Contrast/Brightness, Hi-quality Image Size
Re-sampling, Image Rotation, Image Equalize and Image Auto-level.
Image processing filters include: Blur, Sharpen, Median Cut, Unsharp
Mask and Magenta Fix. The latest Pro version now also provides
Noise removal and a cool technology called Perfectly Clear. What's
more this software comes in Pro and Lite versions and editions that
are suitable for Windows, Macintosh and Linux platforms. Yes, you
heard, even Linux is included!
 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging SUv&Fast DC*t» l| SilverFast
Web: www.silverfast.com Cost: DCSE US$49.00, DCVLT US$85.00,
DC PRO US$399.00, DC PRO Studio US$499.0 Trial download
available: yes Probably more well known for their scanner control
programs than their camera software, SilverFast produces a range of
products designed specifically for the digital photographer. There are
no less than four different versions of their products ranging in price
and sophistication from entry level to die-hard professional. The
program is based around the concept of a virtual light table where
files can be viewed, organized and managed; the software provides
automated raw conversions for a range of supported camera
formats. Double-clicking a thumbnail on the table moves the file into
the full SilverFast editing workspace. In addition auto raw conversion
of each of the products includes a variety of essential image
correction tools such as red-eye removal, color correction, white
balance adjustment and exposure control. As you move up the
SilverFast DC product range the sophistication and power of the
included tools increases. The highest level products include facilities
for IT8-calibration of cameras, smart removal of defects, selective
color correction, adaptive color restoration, grain and noise
elimination, and removal of multiple casts. In this way SilverFast DC
products provide good image enhancement control but limited
control over the raw conversion itself.
 CHAPTER 4: RAW EDITOR ROUND-UP :•. U : to - m * ^ *G
t Tut 1 K FM rtillp Arrfnn* J Aperture Web: www.apple.com Cost:
US$299.00 Trial download available: No Built from the ground up as
a complete workflow solution for the professional photographer
Aperture is one of the new breed of raw-enabled software. Unlike
other programs, where you need to convert from raw to another
format such as TIFF or JPEG before commencing the real work,
Aperture maintains the original raw file throughout the many
enhancement and management tasks possible within the program. It
is a true lossless workflow from capture to archive. The interface is
slick and well designed (well what else would expect from Apple?)
and provides easy access to the main functions provided by the
software, namely, importing, editing, cataloging, organizing,
retouching, publishing and archiving. The program supports all the
major camera brands and provides quality interpolation of their
native raw files as well as providing the opportunity for saving all
your hard work to the DNG format. As you would expect from a
professional level program Aperture contains multiple tools for
tweaking your raw file including those designed for adjusting, white
balance, exposure, tonal levels, the position of highlights and
shadows, saturation, conversion to black and white, sharpening,
straightening and cropping. For a step-by-step walkthrough of
Aperture go to Chapter 14.
 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging Lightroom Web:
labs.adobe.com Cost: Unknown Trial download available: Beta
download available from the website at time of writing Lightroom
too offers the working photographer the chance to use a full raw
workflow from capture to print or web without the need at any point
to convert the file from its original capture format. At the time of
writing the program was still in beta release but this new Adobe
software is so important to the world of raw shooters that we
couldn't not include it here. Even in this development stage the
product structure is plain to see. The main functions are separated
into four different modules Library, Develop, Slideshow and Print.
Download, management and organizational functions are taken care
of in the Library module. Editing and enhancement tasks are
performed in the Develop module and selected pictures are output
to either a slideshow or prints via the last two modules. The
program is very fast and, as you would expect from the company
who brings you Photoshop and Adobe Camera Raw, contains a host
of powerful editing and enhancement settings that allow the user to
fine tune the color, tonal distribution, sharpness, white balance,
convert to gray and cropping of the image. In addition metadata can
be added quickly to individual and groups of images and whole
collections of photographs sorted and managed with ease. To see
Lightroom in action go to Chapter 13.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 15.64%
accurate

i? £' .# & f ^ •N. Establishing a Rami Workflow

 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging )y now you have plenty of
information with which to start to make a decision on what type 'of
digital raw workflow will work for you. At least you have some sort
of idea whether you want to do everything yourself or let your
converter do most of the work for you. You probably have an initial
idea whether camera, Photoshop, third-party software or some
combination is right for you. What you may not yet have in place is a
list of the basic raw workflow components in order of execution. This
chapter will fulfill that remaining piece of the puzzle. What is a digital
raw workflow anyway? Workflow for just about anyone in any
profession, vocation or serious hobby is an established set of steps
one routinely and efficiently goes through to achieve a specified task
of the highest possible quality and outcome (and often at the lowest
possible expense). A digital raw workflow is a subset of the master
digital imaging workflow that specifically includes steps for
capturing, converting, processing, outputting and archiving image
files from digital raw files, files that are not processed in the camera.
The digital raw workflow overlaps with, and often includes, other
types of standalone imaging workflows: DNG, color management (or
color managed workflow), printing, and archiving. All four are
integral parts of the essential components of a basic digital raw
workflow. Establishing a workflow that works for you As with many
things digital there are a range of different ways to process your raw
files. Here we will present a variety of workflow approaches, all
designed for specific photographic environments. It will be your task
to pick the approach that fits best with how you work. Like an old
glove, the workflow that you choose should fit comfortably. Most
workflows fit within two different methods of working. To get us
started let's look at each of these approaches as well as the generic
components that form the base of all workflows. The Convert then
Edit approach is the most popular workflow currently used by raw
shooting photographers. The raw file is downloaded from the
camera and the first task in the process is to convert the file to a
type that is more readily supported by photo editing programs such
as TIFF or PSD.
 CHAPTER 5: ESTABLISHING A RAWWORKFLOW The
"Convert then Edit1 approach Until recently, the only way to deal
with raw files was to convert them from their unprocessed format to
a file type that could be manipulated by photo editing software. The
conversion process was handled by specialist software such as
Adobe Camera Raw, Pixmantec Raw Shooter or the raw utilities
supplied with the camera. As we already know there are a variety of
global enhancements (contrast, brightness, color, white balance etc.)
that can be applied to the photo during the conversion process but
for many photographers the real work only commenced after this
process was finished. For this reason this workflow is often referred
to as a Convert then Edit approach. The workflow structure sits well
with new raw users as it allows them to carry on with their standard
editing approach after the conversion is complete. It also mimics the
traditional photographic process where a single negative (raw file)
could be processed in many ways providing a variety of different
outcomes. The process takes full advantage of the quality gains
available from careful processing of the raw file and it is still the
primary way that most photographers unleash visual power of their
raw files. The disadvantages of this approach is that once the
conversion has taken place the ability to adjust the conversion
settings are lost. Yes it is possible to reconvert the file with different
settings to facilitate a different outcome but essentially the core of
the workflow is that at a specific stage in the process the raw file will
now longer be the base reference for the image. The processing that
used to occur in the camera is delayed and handled, albeit more
consciously and carefully, on the desktop but the result is the same -
the raw file is converted to another file type and factors such as
white balance become fixed and irreversible in the conversion. In
contrast to the previous approach, programs that provide a full
workflow approach, maintain the raw file throughout the whole
digital imaging process. This completely non-destructive workflow is
the way of the future for raw shooters as is growing in support with
both Apple and Adobe releasing dedicated raw workflow products for
the professional photography market. Not to be left out, new editing
and enhancement techniques and 'workarounds' for Photoshop CS2
and Bridge users that adopt this workflow approach are being
promoted all the time.
 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging Full raw workflow options
Until the release of Aperture, Lightroom and, to a lesser extent,
Bridge and Photoshop CS2, Convert then Edit was the only option
open to dedicated raw shooters. But that was then, and this is
definitely now! Raw shooting and processing is no longer in its
infancy and along with the area's growing maturity has come new
ways of working and new products to facilitate new workflows. With
the new full workflow programs it is possible to maintain the raw
state of the picture file throughout the whole digital imaging
process. The multitude of raw conversion settings can be edited,
reversed or even cleared at any time in the process. The primary
image data is never destructively altered, only the way that this data
is interpolated and previewed on screen is changed. This is the
future of raw processing and more and more image editing products
will adopt a full workflow attitude as raw shooting becomes the
norm, rather than the exception, for quality hungry shooters. New
complete raw workflow products like Adobe's Aperture provide end
to end processing of the raw file without the need to convert the file
type to any other picture format. More details later To provide you
with a good overview of these two fundamentally different ways of
working with raw files we have dedicated the next two sections to
these workflow types (see contents list for details): Section Two:
Processing Raw Files Section Three: Complete Raw Workflow
Options Workflow components Behind every workflow is a basic
skeleton to: (a) capture; (b) organize and download; (c) process and
store; (d) share, print and send to web; and (e) archive. You can
make a raw workflow simple or complex, short or long. Here are the
steps involved in a basic raw workflow:
 CHAPTER 5: ESTABLISHING A RAWWORKFLOW I Raw
capture: Take your best shots with proper settings, particularly focus
and exposure • Check captures by zooming in on portions of image
and analyzing histogram • Delete poor images in camera Raw file
organization and management: Download Sort Organize, tag, rank,
and caption, if desired Add metadata Back up as DNG in separate
storage location Automate repetitive tasks, such as batch renaming,
batch captioning Raw processing, conversion and optimization in raw
converter Process to obtain maximum quality Color balance Crop,
straighten and sharpen, if desired Save converted raw files to DNG
and back up converted files to offline storage Raw file, or converted
file, optimization in image editing program Open image and perform
any required image enhancements Clean up any flaws Perform
creative enhancements Apply actions and batch procedures Prepare
for printing, web, PDF documents, and other output ; Image output
Print enhanced file • Create online gallery or slideshow with
processed files Raw file archiving and cataloging • Establish and
implement an archival plan, using Adobe Bridge, Extensis Portfolio,
or iView Pro for Photoshop CS2, the Elements 4.0 Organizer or other
archival and image management software Save files on external
devices and media for easy access and retrieval
 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging Workflow timesavers Whilst
we are talking about workflows it is good to consider the fact that
many photographers don't like capturing in raw as they feel that the
extra time taken to process the file format is time they can ill afford
in their already busy lives. So when considering which workflow
approach to adopt ensure that there are opportunities to speed up
the task of raw processing. One such opportunity for saving time is
to use any batch processing features contained in your raw software.
Some even offer the opportunity to have the batch functions
operating in the background while you are performing other tasks in
the foreground. Of course, using actions, droplets, automated
scripting and keyboard shortcuts can also be equally helpful. The
following is an example of how raw processing can be performed
quicker and more efficiently. Synchronize settings across images
When we go on a specific shoot, or off to a particular destination,
often the lighting conditions for a series of images on the same
subject are very similar. We might use the exact same exposure
settings for every image in the series. Why not put together a group
of settings for the entire series and apply them simultaneously?
Photoshop CS2, using Bridge, has this type of batch processing
function. It's called synchronization. 1 . First create the settings to
be synchronized across the folder. Open Adobe Bridge to locate the
folder with shots made under similar conditions. Select All. Then go
to File > Open in Camera Raw. 2 . When the Camera Raw window
opens, you will see a filmstrip of images on the left hand side. Select
an image. Using the settings here make changes to the raw file that
is active in the thumbnail window: white balance, exposure slider
and others.
 CHAPTER 5: ESTABLISHING A RAWWORKFLOW 3. 4. Next
synchronize the settings across all images in the selected folder.
Choose Select All and then click Synchronize. Select the settings you
want to apply to the images. For example, choose Everything from
the pop-up menu and then click OK. 5 . You can also apply new
settings to I the selected images simultaneously. Go to the Curve
panel, for instance, and make some adjustments to the tone curve.
Click Done and the tonal curve changes will be made to all selected
images in the filmstrip. [ Synch rc^i^ | cc = "rtO"*&"s !'o,CR2 IX I \
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 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging Now let's have some files
working in the background. Open six images in Camera Raw and
select three of them in the filmstrip. Now click the Save 3 Images
button. Make some changes, such as format options and file naming,
and click OK. Go back to what you were doing in Camera Raw and
the three selected files will be processed in the background while
you are working on other images. ^ / / / / 0 / y P □ ■»**□ | Sawe 3
linages... | Cancel 1 ->'*p *< ■""■*" 1 Done More techniques for
batch processing and multi-file conversions that are guaranteed to
save you time and effort can be found in Chapter 9.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 9.18%
accurate

sw !ffl£ jHfc J CO 3e' 3 .- rhr Camera-based Converters

 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging All camera companies that
manufacture models with raw capture capabilities also supply picture
management and raw processing software. In most cases, the
applications include a dedicated image browser, a workspace where
photos can be enhanced and edited, some raw conversion utilities,
management and sorting options and a means for outputting to print
and screen. The sophistication, features list and abilities of these
programs vary from company to company and camera model to
model. In addition there are often several different levels of
conversion and management functions depending on if you are using
the free package that came with the camera or the upgraded pro
version that is purchased and shipped separately. In the Nikon
system for instance basic browsing, management, conversion and
output options are all available with the software that accompanies
the camera drivers on the freely supplied install disk. However,
professionals can opt to purchase an upgrade to this software which
provides more functionality for the end user. The upgrade provides
more options for raw processing plus the ability to control the
camera remotely for tethered shooting scenarios. In this chapter we
will look at how these camera-based converters work and how they
compare with other raw workflow solution options. Camera-based
converters software Camera Software make Nikon Capture Editor
Capture Camera Control Canon Digital Photo Professional Sigma
Photo Pro Leica SilverFast DC Samsung Photofun Studio Kodak
EasyShare Camera Software make Olympus Olympus Studio Pentax
Photo Laboratory Sony Image Data Converter Fuji Hyper-Utility
Samsung Digimax Master
 CHAPTER 6: CAMERA-BASED CONVERTERS Which is better
- the raw conversion software that came with your camera or the
one that is included in your favorite editing program? Advantages
and disadvantages of a camera-based system As digital photography
authors one of the questions we are asked constantly is 'Which is
better, converting and editing my raw files with software created by
my camera manufacturer, or with utilities produced by the maker of
my editing software?' This is not an easy question to answer as
there are advantages and disadvantages with each approach.
Camera-based converters are arguably better able to handle the
conversion of raw files than their generic counterparts. After all, the
guys that are deciding how the image details will be encoded in the
raw file are the same guys who are producing the raw conversion
software for the camera. If anyone should understand how to get
the best from the camera files it should be these folks. 'So I should
go with my camera-based software?' 'Well, maybe?' Keep in mind
that the accumulated image processing knowledge that a company
like Adobe has developed over the last decade or so provides a
substantial foundation for the creation of their own conversion
programs. Add to this the fact that a product like Adobe Camera Raw
fits so snugly in the Bridge/Photoshop workflow that using any other
utility seems like too much hard work to be seriously contemplated
and you start to see how compelling the argument is for adopting an
all Adobe workflow. Does it sound like I am hedging my bets? Well,
yes I am! At the moment there is no definitive answer to this
question. The best advice is to try each approach and see which is
the best fit for you and the way you work. When testing don't forget
to compare the quality of the converted files, the ease of working
and the size and range of the feature and tool set. Most software
producers supply free trials of their products. So don't be backward,
download several candidate programs and spend some time
comparing the way they work. ^
 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging Different levels of support -
the Nikon system The Nikon system for handling raw provides a
good example of how a camera-based conversion system can
function in conjunction with your normal image editing workflow.
Basic features A basic level of raw support is installed onto your
system when you first load the utilities that came with your camera.
During this process, not only are camera drivers installed on your
computer but Nikon also loads a browsing application called Nikon
View. The program is used to view the photos that are downloaded
onto your computer. The interface contains thumbnail previews of
the pictures including those captured in the Nikon raw format (.NEF),
a display area where shooting data is listed along with a modest
range of tools in a simple toolbar. The features grouped here are
designed for tagging (rating), searching, printing, emailing and
creating slideshows. No editing tools are available in the browser
application or even the enlarged preview window which is displayed
when ^ff£ Nikon Browser J:\lmages backup\2006\d50 examples File
Edit View Image Folder Tools Window Help - n|X| & ^ Eg l?i a a a ^
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2006 aoo& ■_}*fadDNG Q Joys 50th i£) JurtfiSton l£)Mds birthday
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pictures fetop aeneral picti^es JMAGE-DATA-TRJP04 3PE-Z karen's
fav + _i meciainraqes i _) pans t p'hto Fav t scanned pictures 4 i_3
stock kt&&$ i wet stes mm 1 images Se The Nikon View browser
interface - (1) Toolbar. (2) Menu and title bars. (3) Shooting or
metadata area. (4) File/ folder navigation area. (5) Thumbnail
previews.
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