🟢 BASIC LEVEL (Conceptual Understanding)
1. What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
Answer:
Object-Oriented Programming is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" and "classes" to
structure software. The main principles are:
● Encapsulation
● Abstraction
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
2. What are the benefits of using OOP in Python?
Answer:
● Promotes code reusability
● Encourages modular design
● Makes maintenance easier
● Enhances code readability
● Improves data security via encapsulation
3. Define class and object with an example.
Answer:
● A class is a blueprint for creating objects.
● An object is an instance of a class.
python
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class Car:
def __init__(self, model):
self.model = model
my_car = Car("Tesla")
4. What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented
programming?
Answer:
Procedural Programming Object-Oriented Programming
Follows a top-down approach Follows a bottom-up approach
Functions are the core units Objects and classes are core
units
Less secure More secure (via encapsulation)
5. What is the role of the self keyword in Python?
Answer:
self refers to the current instance of the class. It is used to access attributes and methods of
the object.
🟡 INTERMEDIATE LEVEL (Practical + Theory)
6. What is inheritance in Python?
Answer:
Inheritance allows a class (child) to acquire properties and behaviors (methods) of another
class (parent).
python
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class Animal:
def speak(self): print("Animal speaks")
class Dog(Animal):
def bark(self): print("Dog barks")
7. Explain the different types of inheritance in Python.
Answer:
● Single Inheritance
● Multiple Inheritance
● Multilevel Inheritance
● Hierarchical Inheritance
● Hybrid Inheritance
8. What is encapsulation? How is it achieved in Python?
Answer:
Encapsulation hides internal details and restricts access to them.
In Python:
● Public: var
● Protected: _var
● Private: __var
9. What is method overloading and overriding in Python?
Answer:
● Overriding: Redefining a method in a child class.
● Overloading: Python doesn’t support it directly, but can be mimicked using default
arguments or *args.
10. Difference between class method, static method, and instance method?
Answer:
Type Acces Use Case
s
Instance self Accesses/updates object
Method state
Class Method cls Accesses/updates class state
Static Method None Utility method, no state
access
11. What is the difference between is-a and has-a relationships?
Answer:
● is-a → Inheritance (e.g., Dog is-a Animal)
● has-a → Composition (e.g., Car has-a Engine)
12. What is the difference between abstract class and interface in Python?
Answer:
● Python doesn’t have interfaces like Java.
● Use abstract base classes via abc module.
● Abstract classes can have both abstract and concrete methods.
python
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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Shape(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def area(self):
pass
🔴 ADVANCED LEVEL (Deep Concepts)
13. What are magic methods (dunder methods) in Python?
Answer:
Magic methods have double underscores and enable operator overloading and custom
behaviors.
Examples:
● __init__, __str__, __len__, __add__, __eq__
14. What is MRO (Method Resolution Order)?
Answer:
MRO defines the order in which Python looks for methods in inheritance hierarchy, especially in
multiple inheritance.
You can view it using:
python
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print(ClassName.__mro__)
15. What is the purpose of super() function?
Answer:
super() gives access to methods of a parent class from a child class, often used to call the
constructor or overridden methods.
16. Explain composition with an example.
Answer:
Composition involves building complex objects using simpler ones by including them as
attributes.
python
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class Engine:
def start(self):
print("Engine started")
class Car:
def __init__(self):
self.engine = Engine()
car = Car()
car.engine.start()
17. What are data classes and why are they used?
Answer:
Data classes (from dataclasses module) reduce boilerplate code for classes that mainly
store data.
python
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from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Person:
name: str
age: int
18. What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy in Python
OOP?
Answer:
Copy Type Description
Shallow Copy Copies only outer object
Deep Copy Copies outer and all nested
objects
python
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import copy
copy.copy(obj) # Shallow
copy.deepcopy(obj) # Deep
19. How is memory managed in Python OOP?
Answer:
Python uses automatic memory management through:
● Reference counting
● Garbage collection (via the gc module)
20. Can Python OOP support multiple constructors?
Answer:
Python does not support multiple constructors directly. However, you can simulate it using
class methods.
python
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class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
@classmethod
def from_dict(cls, data):
return cls(data['name'])
