1

OEF 101/503: Philosophy of Education

and Teaching
KNOWLEGDE AREA ONE
LECTURE 3: METHODS, FUNCTIONS AND
IMPLICATION OF PHILOSOPHY
By – Raphael Tumaini O’maitarya
0755340506/0655820165: Email - [email protected]
________________________________________________

LECTURE SUMMARY
3.1 METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY
 This lecture is about methods used by
Philosophers in Systematizing Knowledge.
 Philosophers established their methods of
thinking.
 These are known as school of thoughts.
 They use them to systematize the body
of knowledge of philosophy through
answering philosophical fundamental
questions.
 Philosophers are doing so through various
methods.
 These are like the following;
i. Speculation,
ii. Critical questions,
iii. Logical reasoning (analysis), and

1
 2

iv. Reflective methods.

Speculation – to speculate means to
contemplate or anticipate about what
you see, hear, smell, touch and taste.
Human beings were caught in wonder
about what the world is and they begin
to speculate. This leads to the raising of
several simple and complex questions
(to be explained in following sections).
Critical thinking - critical thinking doesn’t
mean being serious or dangerous as
people tend to misinterpret. Instead, it
means raising critical questions to find
out the hidden agenda. Through critical
thinking issues which need answers are
raised. Critical thinking involves
evaluating issues to weigh their
strengths and weaknesses and
proposing a way forward. While as
regards criticism, philosophers never
take claims for granted. Every noted
claim is subjected to rigorous analysis as
to discover misnomer.

2
 3

Logical reasoning or analysis – this is

about philosophers being able to
separate general things into specifics.
This is done by scrutinizing what is said.
Each statement is separated and
diagnosed as regards its essence. As
such, analysis as it will be elaborated on
functions later, it is at the heart of
philosophy.
Reflective method – This is about
introspection or self-examining on
thoughtful issues aiming at discovering
gaps and have self-improvement for
better. Reflective methods warrant
philosophy to be taken as a social
scientific discipline.
3.2 FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
 There is a growing belief among
intellectuals in higher learning institutions
who are rationalizing that philosophy is
difficult, abstract, and too western
irrelevant and hence not useful.

3
 4

 Such a belief has led to the decline of

teaching philosophy and philosophies in
most of African universities.
 The neglect of philosophy of education in

African higher learning institutions has

serious implications for both teaching and
learning.
 The following are five reasons why most

African universities avoid teaching

philosophy of education:
i. Philosophy is perceived as too
abstract and difficult:
Many university educators believe
philosophy deals with concepts that are
hard to understand and apply. This
discourages its inclusion in practical
teacher training programs.
ii. Philosophy is viewed as irrelevant to
African realities:
There is a widespread view that
philosophy, especially Western philosophy,
does not address the unique cultural,
social, and educational needs of African
societies.
iii. Lack of trained philosophers in
education faculties:
4
 5

Many universities have shortages of

experts who can competently teach
philosophy of education. This makes it
easier for institutions to drop the subject
from their curricula.
iv. The growing focus on technical and
vocational skills:
With the push for job-oriented education,
universities prioritize subjects that appear
to have direct economic value, sidelining
philosophy as non-essential.
v. Negative attitude inherited from
colonial education systems:
Colonial education often devalued African
thought systems while imposing foreign
philosophies. This legacy has left
philosophy viewed as unhelpful or
unnecessary in modern African
universities.
3.2.1 Why does this matter? What are
the effects of not teaching philosophy of
education?
When philosophy of education is neglected:
 Education becomes blind: Without
philosophy, teaching efforts lack clear
aims, principles, and direction.
5
 6

 No theoretical guide: Teachers and

policymakers operate without a foundation
to reflect on or improve educational
practices.
 Superficial understanding of
education: Educators may focus only on
techniques without understanding the
deeper purposes and ethical issues in
education.
 Limited critical thinking: Both teachers
and students miss out on opportunities to
question, analyze, and refine educational
ideas and systems.
 Poor adaptation to societal needs:
Without philosophical reflection, education
systems fail to connect meaningfully with
the values, traditions, and goals of society.
3.2.2 What can be done to improve the
teaching of philosophy of education in
African universities?
 Include philosophy of education as a core
course in teacher education programs.
 Train more lecturers with expertise in
philosophy and philosophy of education.

6
 7

 Develop locally relevant philosophical

content that reflects African values and
contexts.
 Raise awareness among educators and
policymakers about the importance of
philosophy in guiding educational practice.
 Encourage research and dialogue on the
role of philosophy in addressing
contemporary educational challenges.
3.2.3 “Without philosophy, education is
a blind effort. Without education,
philosophy is crippled.”
 Reasons why without philosophy,
education is a blind effort
i. No clear goals
Philosophy defines the aims of
education (e.g., individual
growth, social justice). Without it,
teachers lack a target and teach
by rote.
ii. Lack of guiding principles
Philosophy provides principles
(e.g., learner-centeredness,
critical inquiry). Without these,
methods become arbitrary.

7
 8

iii. Absence of critical reflection

Philosophy trains us to question
assumptions. Education without
reflection repeats errors and
outdated practices.
iv. No ethical foundation
Philosophy grounds education in
values (e.g., fairness, respect).
Without ethics, schools may
perpetuate injustice.
v. Fragmented knowledge
Philosophy unifies disciplines
under cohesive worldviews.
Without it, subjects remain silos
with no integrated purpose.

 Reasons why without education,

philosophy is crippled:
i. No testing ground
Education acts as a “laboratory” for
philosophical ideas. Without
classrooms and curricula, theories
remain untested abstractions.
ii. Limited dissemination
Education spreads philosophical
thinking to new generations. Without
8
 9

teachers and schools, ideas never

reach a wider audience.
iii. Lack of practical feedback
Educators and students challenge and
refine philosophical claims. Without
educational contexts, philosophers get
no corrective input.
iv. No applied context
Education applies philosophy to real
problems (e.g., teaching methods,
curriculum design). Without it,
philosophy stays purely theoretical.
v. Weak societal impact
Education channels philosophical
insights into policy and practice.
Without educational institutions,
philosophy’s influence on society
shrinks.
Functions of Philosophy
 Philosophy plays a central role in
education and society because of its
unique functions.
 These functions reflect its descriptive,
normative, critical, and analytic nature,
which aligns with the nature of human
reasoning.
9
 10

 The main functions of philosophy are:

a. Analytical function:
Philosophy helps break down complex
ideas, concepts, and arguments into
simpler parts for better understanding.
b. Descriptive function:
Philosophy provides clear descriptions
of human experiences, beliefs, values,
and educational processes.
c.Norm ative function:
Philosophy guides what ought to be
done by setting standards and
principles for good and just actions in
education and life.
d. Critical function:
Philosophy evaluates beliefs, systems,
and practices, pointing out errors,
inconsistencies, and areas for
improvement.
3.3 IMPLICATIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
 Philosophy is often seen as a wholly
abstract field.
 However, by its nature it is not without
practical applications.
i. Philosophy provides a foundation
for applied disciplines
10
 11

o Although often viewed as abstract,

philosophy offers frameworks that
guide various fields such as politics,
law, economics, and religion.
ii. Philosophy gives birth to applied
philosophies
o When philosophy helps solve
practical problems in specific areas,
it forms applied branches like
political philosophy, philosophy of
law, philosophy of religion, and
philosophy of economics.
iii. Philosophy of education is itself
applied philosophy
o Philosophy of education focuses
directly on educational issues. It
offers principles, aims, and methods
that guide how education should be
conducted.
iv. Philosophers of education offer
practical guidance
o Through studying philosophers of
education, we learn tested ideas on
how teaching, learning, and
educational systems should function.
v. Application of philosophy
strengthens problem-solving
11
 12

o Applying philosophy to various

fields, including education, helps
address complex challenges by
offering critical, analytical, and
normative insights.

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS

FOR MTT & A.E
1. One of the methods used by
philosophers in systemizing the body of
knowledge of philosophy is speculation.
Clarify with vivid examples.
Philosophy is a social science discipline
that explores fundamental questions about
reality (existence), knowledge, values, and
12
 13

the nature of argument. It involves rigorous

inquiry, critical thinking, and reflection to
understand the underlying principles that
govern human thought and experience.
Philosophers are individuals who
engage in the systematic study and
exploration of philosophical inquiries. They
seek to unravel the complexities of existence,
knowledge, morality, and various aspects of
the human experience.
The following is how philosophers use
speculation in systemizing the body of
knowledge of philosophy:
Understanding what actually exists:
Philosophy deals with understanding what
actually exists (ontology) after contemplating
how it happens to exist (speculation). A
philosopher may speculate on the nature of
reality, questioning whether the physical
world is the only reality or if there are other
dimensions beyond our perception.
Limits of Knowledge: Philosophy quests
after wisdom to understand what is known
and what the limits of knowledge are.
Philosophers might speculate on the extent of
human knowledge, questioning whether there

13
 14

are inherent limits to what we can know or if

knowledge is continually expandable.
Guiding Action: Philosophy is meant to
guide action or prescribe how scientific
research can be done to accumulate
knowledge (speculation). Philosophers may
speculate on ethical principles, providing
guidance on how scientific research should be
conducted, considering moral implications
and societal consequences.
Confusion and distortions: Philosophy
is intellectually carried out to speculate on
confusion, assumptions, presuppositions,
positions, distortions, and conceptual
frameworks. A philosopher might engage in
speculative analysis of societal norms,
questioning commonly held assumptions and
revealing hidden biases within cultural
practices.
Responding to Society's Demand for
Wisdom: Philosophy responds to society's
demand for wisdom by bringing together
speculations to understand how we should
communicate and what we should value.
Philosophers may speculate on the nature of
justice, exploring societal values and

14
 15

contributing to the development of ethical

frameworks that guide human behavior.
Discovering Fundamental Reasons
and Unifying Insights: The subject matter
of philosophy is to discover the absolute
fundamental reason for everything or to unify
and transcend insights given by science and
religion. A philosopher might speculate on the
relationship between science and spirituality,
seeking to uncover a unified understanding of
the nature of existence.
Goal of Philosophy: The goal of
philosophy is to make explicit or clarify the
nature and significance of ordinary and
scientific beliefs. Philosophers may speculate
on the underlying assumptions in scientific
theories, aiming to make explicit the
foundational beliefs that shape our
understanding of the world.
In conclusion, philosophy is a dynamic
and multifaceted discipline that engages in
speculation to unravel the mysteries of
existence, knowledge, morality, and human
experience. Philosophers employ speculative
methods to explore, question, and clarify
fundamental aspects.

15
 16

2. How critical function of philosophy

empower capacities for self-expression,
reflection, debating ideas and dealing
with problems for which it is not easy to
answer?
Philosophy is a systematic inquiry into
fundamental questions about existence,
knowledge, values, reason, mind, and
language. It involves a critical examination of
assumptions and an exploration of the
underlying principles that govern human
thought and experience.
Philosophy has several functions, which
include the critical function. This involves the
rigorous analysis and evaluation of beliefs,
assumptions, and ideas.
The following is how critical function of
philosophy pays a crucial role in empowering
individuals with capacities for self-
expression, reflection, debating ideas,
and dealing with complex problems for
which easy answers may not be readily
available.
Empowering Capacities for Self-
Expression: Philosophy encourages
individuals to articulate their thoughts,
beliefs, and values with clarity and precision.

16
 17

Through the critical examination of ideas,

individuals develop the ability to express
themselves coherently and persuasively. This
empowerment in self-expression is crucial for
effective communication and contributes to
the development of one's intellectual identity.
Facilitating Reflection: The critical
function of philosophy involves questioning
assumptions and reflecting on the underlying
principles of one's beliefs. This reflective
process allows individuals to gain deeper
insights into their own convictions and the
world around them. Philosophical reflection
fosters self-awareness, helping individuals
understand the reasons behind their beliefs
and behaviors.
Debating Ideas: Philosophy encourages
the skill of engaging in reasoned and
respectful debates. Through the critical
examination of various viewpoints, individuals
learn to articulate and defend their ideas
while also considering opposing perspectives.
This ability to engage in constructive debate
is essential for fostering intellectual growth,
expanding one's perspective, and contributing
to a vibrant and diverse discourse.

17
 18

Dealing with Complex Problems:

Philosophy equips individuals with analytical
tools to navigate and address complex
problems that lack straightforward solutions.
The critical function of philosophy encourages
a methodical approach to problem-solving,
where individuals systematically analyze,
evaluate, and synthesize information to arrive
at well-founded conclusions. This capacity is
particularly valuable in situations where easy
answers are elusive.
In conclusion, the critical function of
philosophy empowers individuals with
essential capacities for self-expression,
reflection, debating ideas, and dealing with
complex problems that may lack
straightforward solutions. By cultivating these
skills, philosophy contributes to the
development of intellectually resilient and
reflective individuals capable of navigating
the challenges of a complex and diverse
world.

3.Explain how educational philosophers

systematize their body of knowledge by
using speculation, critical thinking, logic

18
 19

reasoning or analysis and reflective

methods.
Educational philosophers are thinkers
who specialize in examining and shaping the
theories and practices of education. They
contribute to the field by systematically
organizing their knowledge through various
methods, including speculation, critical
thinking, analysis, and reflective methods.
The following is an explanation of how
educational philosophers employ these
methods:
Speculation: Speculation involves
contemplating possibilities and forming ideas
based on observations and sensory
experiences. Educational philosophers
engage in speculation by observing the
educational landscape. They use their senses
to perceive teaching methods, student
interactions, and institutional structures. For
example, they might speculate on the impact
of certain teaching strategies on student
learning or the influence of social dynamics
within classrooms.
Critical Thinking: Critical thinking is the
ability to analyze and evaluate information,
arguments, or situations in a systematic and

19
 20

logical way. Educational philosophers employ

critical thinking by asking probing questions
about educational practices. They evaluate
the strengths and weaknesses of existing
systems, policies, and pedagogical
approaches. Through critical thinking,
philosophers aim to uncover hidden
assumptions, biases, and agendas that may
influence educational decisions and policies.
Analysis (logical reasoning): Analysis
involves breaking down complex ideas or
situations into component parts, examining
them in detail, and understanding their
relationships. Educational philosophers use
analysis to scrutinize various aspects of the
education system. They may analyze the
components of a curriculum, the dynamics of
student-teacher relationships, or the impact
of educational policies. By breaking down
these elements, philosophers can identify
strengths, weaknesses, and areas for
improvement.
Reflective Method: Reflective methods
involve introspection and contemplation to
gain insights into one's thoughts,
experiences, and the subject of study.
Educational philosophers use reflective

20
 21

methods to ponder on educational theories

and practices. They engage in introspection
to identify gaps in understanding or areas
that require further exploration. By reflecting
on their own experiences and observations,
philosophers can refine their theories and
contribute to the ongoing discourse on
education.
In conclusion, educational philosophers
often employ a combination of these
methods. For instance, they might speculate
based on their observations, apply critical
thinking to evaluate educational theories, use
analysis to break down complex educational
issues, and employ reflective methods to
refine and deepen their understanding.

4. "What are the key benefits and

significance of studying philosophy in
developing critical thinking, ethical
awareness, and fostering a broader
perspective?"
Philosophy is a systematic social
science that aims at searching for
knowledge generally and technically, about
the wonder of fundamental issues on
reality, knowledge, values, and rational

21
 22

versus irrational arguments. Studying

philosophy can be highly beneficial for
student teachers. The following are some
of the key reasons why studying philosophy
is important for teachers:
Developing critical thinking skills:
Philosophy, particularly logic and
epistemology, emphasizes critical thinking
and reasoning. By studying philosophy,
teachers can enhance their own critical
thinking skills and apply them in their
teaching practice. They learn to analyze
arguments, evaluate evidence, and think
logically, which helps them engage with
complex ideas and encourage critical
thinking in their students.
Reflecting on educational theories
and practices: Philosophy of education, a
branch that draws from metaphysics and
epistemology, explores questions about the
nature and purpose of education, the role of
teachers, and the process of learning. By
studying this branch, teachers can critically
examine educational theories and
practices, reflect on their own teaching
methods, and gain insights into how to

22
 23

create meaningful and effective learning

experiences for their students.
Understanding ethical
considerations: Ethics plays a significant
role in education, guiding teachers' choices
and actions. By studying ethical theories
and principals, teachers can develop a
deeper understanding of moral values,
ethical dilemmas, and how to navigate
them in the educational context. This
knowledge helps teachers make ethically
informed decisions, promote moral
development in students, and create a
positive and inclusive learning environment.
Cultivating a broader perspective:
Philosophy, including metaphysics, provides
a broader perspective on reality, existence,
and the nature of knowledge. By studying
metaphysics, teachers can explore
fundamental questions about the nature of
reality and existence, which can broaden
their understanding of the world and the
subjects they teach. This broader
perspective enables teachers to foster
interdisciplinary connections, encourage
intellectual curiosity, and inspire students
to think beyond disciplinary boundaries.

23
 24

Enhancing communication and

argumentation skills: Philosophy,
especially logic, focuses on the principles of
sound reasoning and effective
argumentation. By studying logic, teachers
can improve their communication skills,
learn to construct persuasive arguments,
and engage in productive discussions.
These skills are valuable for facilitating
classroom discussions, addressing diverse
perspectives, and fostering respectful and
reasoned dialogue among students.
Encouraging intellectual curiosity
and love for learning: Philosophy
encourages a sense of wonder, curiosity,
and intellectual exploration. By studying
philosophy, teachers can foster these
qualities in themselves and their students.
They can inspire a love for learning,
promote intellectual curiosity, and
encourage students to question
assumptions, seek knowledge, and engage
in lifelong learning.
In summary, studying philosophy,
encompassing its branches of metaphysics,
epistemology, ethics, and logic, equips
teachers with critical thinking skills, ethical

24
 25

awareness, a broader perspective,

improved communication and
argumentation skills, and a passion for
lifelong learning. These benefits enhance
their teaching practice, empower them to
create meaningful learning experiences,
and cultivate intellectual growth in their
students.
5. How philosophy is relevant in today’s
World? Using your country as a choice,
describe the contribution and roles of
philosophy in the construction of
world’s education systems?
Philosophy is a social science
discipline that explores fundamental
questions about the nature of reality,
knowledge, values, and correct
argumentation. It originated from human
wonder and the innate curiosity to
understand the world and our place in it.
Philosophy delves into abstract concepts,
addressing questions that go beyond
empirical observation and scientific
investigation. The key areas of
philosophical inquiry include metaphysics
(the nature of reality), epistemology (the
25
 26

nature of knowledge), ethics (the nature of

morality and values), and logic (the study
of correct reasoning).
In today's world, philosophy remains
relevant. There are several for several
reasons for this case. These are including
the following in education sector:
Curriculum aims and goals: The
philosophy of education is a sub-discipline
that examines the fundamental nature and
aims of education. It helps in defining the
purpose of education and shaping
educational policies. Philosophical ideas
influence the design of educational
curricula. The study of philosophy helps
educators develop a well-rounded and
balanced curriculum that addresses not
only factual knowledge but also critical
thinking and ethical considerations.
Sources of Knowledge and
Pedagogical Approaches: Philosophical
methods, such as the Socratic Method are
often employed in teaching to encourage
dialogue, questioning, and exploration of
ideas. This approach fosters a deeper
understanding of subject matter.

26
 27

Ethics in Education: Philosophical

discussions on ethics contribute to the
development of codes of conduct and
ethical guidelines for educators and
students. This ensures a conducive and
morally sound learning environment.
Philosophical inquiry into ethics helps
individuals and societies develop a moral
framework. In a globalized world with
diverse cultures and perspectives, ethical
considerations are essential for responsible
decision-making. Philosophy provides a
platform for understanding different
cultures, traditions, and belief systems. It
fosters tolerance and appreciation for
diversity, promoting peaceful coexistence
in a globalized society.
Promoting Critical Thinking and
argumentation: Philosophy courses
promote critical thinking skills among
students, enabling them to analyze
information, evaluate arguments, and
make informed decisions. These skills are
crucial for success in various academic and
professional pursuits. Philosophy
encourages critical thinking and analytical
skills, enabling individuals to assess and

27
 28

evaluate complex issues from multiple

perspectives. This is crucial in navigating
the complexities of modern life.
In conclusion, philosophy, rooted in
human curiosity and addressing
fundamental aspects of reality, knowledge,
values, and argumentation, remains
relevant in today's world by fostering
critical thinking, ethical decision-making,
cultural understanding, and contributing to
various aspects of education systems.

28