FCGS 1

Section A: Answer any two questions from this section

1 (a) Define the phrase first ionisation energy. [1]

(b) Explain why
1. Beryllium has a higher first ionisation energy than boron.
2. Oxygen has a lower first ionisation energy than nitrogen. [4]
(c) Fig below shows the trend in the boiling points of the hydrides of Group (V)
elements, nitrogen to antimony

Explain the trend in the boiling points of the hydrides. [2]

(d) Draw the dot and cross diagram for ClO4- hence deduce the shape and bond angle. [3]

(e) The Fig below shows mass spectra for an organic compound.

0.328 g of an organic compound was burnt completely in excess oxygen, producing 0.880g of
carbon dioxide and 0.216 g of water. Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
[5]

FCGS 2
2 (a) Give any one applications of buffers.

(b) Calculate the pH of a buffer solution prepared by adding 20.00cm3 of 0.40 mol dm-3
HCl(aq) to 30.00 cm3 of 0.65 mol dm-3 NH3(aq), given that Kb(NH3) = 1.81 x 10-5 mol dm-3.

(c) Describe how the buffer solution made in (b) controls pH. [8]

(d)Define the term common ion effect

(e) Deduce whether a precipitate will form or not when 100 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm-3 solution of
magnesium chloride is mixed with 300 cm3 of 0.001 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution.
[Ksp (Mg(OH)2 = 7.16 x 10-11 mol3 dm-9] [7]

3 (a) Define the term rate of reaction. [1]

(b) A mechanism suggested for the reaction is as shown below

O O

Step 1 C + H+ slow C H
H 3C +O
H 3C OH
H
O H H OH H
fast
Step 2 H +O
C
+O
H + C C OH H 3C C
H 3C H
H H +O
H
H C 2H 5

OH H O
fast
H 3C C +O
H 3C C O C 2H 5 + H2O + H+
Step 3 H
+O

H C 2H 5

(i) Write the overall chemical equation for the reaction.

(ii) Identify species reacting in the rate determining step.
(iii)Give the rate expression for the reaction.
(iv) State the role of H+ ions in this reaction? [4]

FCGS 3
 (c) When the reaction was carried out in a water bath at a constant temperature, the results
were as shown below
0.3

0.25
[CH3COOH] in mol dm-1

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Time/ 104 seconds

(i) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to CH3COOH. [3]

(ii) Comment on the consistency of the experimental results with the mechanism of the
reaction given in part (b). [1]
(iii)Explain why a constant temperature water bath was used in the experiment. [1]
(iv) Suggest the technique which can be used to study the kinetics of this reaction. [1]

(d) Copper (I) compounds tend to disproportionate as shown by the following reaction.

$
Cu+(aq) ⇌ Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s) E!"## = 0.37V

Describe and explain the effect of adding copper shavings to the reaction mixture on the EØ
value. [2]

(e) Calculate the enthalpy change of formation of propan-1-ol, C3H7OH(l) given the following
enthalpy changes of combustion.

Substance Enthalpy change of combustion/kJ mol-1

C(s) -393.5
H2(g) -285.8
C3H7OH(l) -2021.0
[3]

FCGS 4
 Section B: Answer any one questions from this section

4 (a) (i) Sketch graphs of variation in melting points of the substances listed
below:
1. sodium, magnesium, aluminium and silicon.
2. sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, aluminium chloride and silicon tetrachloride.

(ii) Explain the trends in the melting points shown in each graph in terms of structure and
bonding. [7]

(b) Nitrogen is an unreactive gaseous element whereas phosphorous forms a white solid that
ignites spontaneously at 35°C.

(i) Explain,
1. the unreactivity of nitrogen,
2. the differences in physical states of the two elements.
(ii) Write equations for the
1. combustion of phosphorous
2. reaction of the product of combustion with water. [5]
(c) Ammonia is largely used in the making of fertilisers, explosives and dyes.
(i) State any two other uses of ammonia.
(ii) Write a balanced equation to show the formation of ammonia by the hydrolysis of
magnesium nitride, Mg3N2.
[3]

FCGS 5
5 (a) An element X, forms an oxide, X2O3, and a chloride, XCl. The oxide X2O3 is a
solid at room temperature and is amphoteric.
(i) Write chemical equations to show how X2O3, reacts with
1. HCl(aq)
2. NaOH(aq).

(ii) Explain how XCl reacts with water.

(b) (i) Describe and explain the trend in the thermal decomposition of Group two carbonates.
(ii) Give any two chemical equations that can be used to estimate the amount
of calcium carbonate in a soil sample.
[6]
(c) Construct balanced chemical equations for the
(i) oxidation of S2O32- ions by chlorine to form SO42- ions,
(ii) dissolution of the silver chloride, AgCl, in dilute ammonia,
(iii) reaction of sodium halide, NaX, with concentrated sulphuric acid to produce hydrogen
sulphide gas. [5]

FCGS 6
 Section C: Answer any two questions from this section

6 (a) Explain
(i) the solubility of amines in water,
(ii) why higher members of amines are less soluble in water,
(iii)why higher members of amines are less odorous.
[3]

(b) The table shows pKb, values of phenylamine and methylamine.

Amine pKb
Phenylamine 9.30
Methylamine 3.36

(i) With the aid of an equation explain the basicity of amines.

(ii) Explain the differences in pKb values of phenylamine and methylamine. [5]

(c) The fig below shows the structures of phenylamine and nitrobenzene.
NH2 NO2

phenylamine nitrobenzene

Compare the reactions of phenylamine and nitrobenzene with bromine by

(i) stating conditions for each reaction,

(ii) giving the structural formula of the organic product. [4]

(d) Phenylamine can be synthesised from benzene (C6H6). Describe the steps, reagents and
conditions for the synthesis of phenylamine. [3]

FCGS 7
7 This question is about lactic acid, CH3CH(OH)CO2H, which occurs naturally, especially in
sour milk.
(a) Give the IUPAC name for lactic acid.

(b) Describe the isomerism exhibited by lactic acid.

(c) The compound can be synthesized from ethanol by the following route:
H H H O H OH
A B
H C C OH H C C H H C C H

H H H H CN

C
H OH

H C C H

H COOH
lactic acid

(i) Give the name of reaction, reagents and conditions for stages A, B and C.

(ii) Describe the reaction mechanism for step B.

(iii)Lactic acid can polymerise to form polylactic, draw two repeat units of
polylactic.

(d) Lactic acid is formed from pyruvic acid in muscle cells,

Pyruvic acid

(i) Name the type of chemical reaction involved in conversion of pyruvic acid
into lactic acid.

(ii) Suggest a reagent for carrying out this reaction in the laboratory.

FCGS 8
8 (a) The structural formula of an organic pesticide is shown below.
O

O HN OH

OH

(i) Deduce the molecular formula of the pesticide.

(ii) Identify any three functional groups present in the pesticide.
[4]
(b) Draw the structural formula of the organic products formed when the pesticide reacts with
(i) I2 in NaOH(aq) solution.
(ii) SOCl2
(iii) Hot NaOH
(iv) HCN
Name the type of reaction undergone in each reaction [8]

(c) Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced when 3.8g of the pesticide reacts with
excess sodium metal at 25 degrees Celsius and 1 atmosphere pressure.
[3]

Section D: Answer any one questions from this section

9 (a) Define the term

(i) partition,
(ii) partition coefficient. [3]

(b) State two conditions under which a partition coefficient varies. [2]
(c) State the oxidation state of the transition element in
(i) VO2+,
(ii) MnO42-
[2]
(d) (i) Predict the reactions, if any, that occur when acidified solutions
containing MnO4(aq)- and I-(aq) are mixed.

(ii) Suggest the effect of adding Fe3+ / Fe2+ to the reaction mixture. [8]

FCGS 9
10 (a) (i) Compare thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography.

(ii) State any two applications of gas liquid chromatography.

[5]
(b) Suggest why the use of nanomaterials in administering drugs is a better
method in medicine and health compared to the present conventional methods. [2]

(c) A mixture of four amino acids, P. Q. R and, S was placed in the middle of a plate
as shown in Fig. 10.1. The amino acids moved to positions shown in
Fig. below when electricity was switched on at pH 7.

(i) Name the technique used to separate the mixture.

(ii) State, with reasons, the

1. amino acid that predominantly exist as a Zwitterion.

2. difference between amino acid Q and S.

(iii)Explain why the results of the technique depends on pH.

(iv) Mention any two factors which affect the rate of mobility of amino acids.
[8]

FCGS 10