Publications Available from the (CENTER FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY ‘of the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS eee Saeco cee ret Stee ‘Gitsioes fr Tene Panne er Ob Ste Eee See renontoces peepee SESE recteee ecerahe comin So Seca em oe eee ay Seite Rebs re cmt an AE Eon ret mentee cE Ee emrereemeram foe el SE i Re yee SES estige tenes metry See SRE cote chan es caro rotten pron SRS SE meee eto Farr a en Sp aie rie ee te tenn epee SS ee reece Sr ceeece rece tibetan yan Wig nd ee eel “Anas, Human Factors, a Homan Rey rcs Sey, 1992 eae eee ey Tes org cto rei Sampaio nr eon GUIDELINES FOR Evaluating Process Plant Buildings for External Explosions and Fires (CENTER FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY of the ‘American Institute of Chemical Engineers 345 East 47h Stet, New York, New York 10017{ho Come Cann iio Det sole tr tn ‘This tok dete he memory of Donald F. Other einent chen engine nd enstanding conto chemi cn human ogre He wat aos enctor and racer, ncn nd Piet actin the ale tons of the chemi scence “Ths ook on making Pris plat safer isin pet of extending the rns of nolege and entering racceContents Preface Acknowledgments ‘introduction 1st nd Spe 15 etl De ing Pato or as 12 ig it Sin etn Sgcceaaee Management overview 21 Eplnn adem An ea 5. Initial Screening and Consequence Screening £1. rod Pt Denon 2 al stg pel rem tan ‘thera Cnet ease 222 Sel oe ie oe ey n a SL chem one Gen Dn Specie 3 3:22 ene nny Meg ea CodeineRisk Screening {2 erent Use Rik Messe 43. Orton ohare pc 131 Pc a ating en Sha nacy 2 tml leg Danan Pi Se 4.34 fap bt ge ain Risk Assessment 5.1. Had eatin and Exon 13. ay Fats Corin ose Plan Blog Ro set 5:32 Slr Casement ‘4 Guten fk Aest $42 aoe gemy i 5:5 Guat ik Aa $51 Oceans meg ain Risk Management 61, Rak Msseoneat Over Sage Ra es Ban (62 Ring Rok Buin Pos Pas 5 Bisessenze 7. Future Developments 4.2. Bemmanton csgnt Voce Punt ttn Danse Bement of oe en Deere 274. Dokpmt apy Spe isk Tales Crea 4S impened psa tisk Harion ‘Appendix A. Explosion and Fire Phenomena and effects A ios ae eens 12 Dalty Chana of Boson 21 Ee ‘3 es of aon 0 gs ‘Appendix B. Principles of Blast-Resistant Design 312 Amat Tange Ww a 109 DSC tts Ce References Glossary Index m 17 185Preface “The Center or Chem Paces Seley [CCP was abe 1985 ye Ameen Inte of Cael Exner the epee pares ‘lasting day soning or maging atastopic smal es ‘dts Toschee th pal CoPS has oases week om ur areas xablabing aol pulsing he lest seni engineering, and fmonaemcn pass fr peventon and mig ices [Sreling tne, fama andor reacte mate Ecieapgthe ue of machines by doserminatin ee neato seminar, mapas and comeing eluaos pro ‘pans renee [ansing esate ofthe atin enpinceing pats ad tain ‘management eboagh esearch sr peweton abd mite ‘Berdopng a courant we of undergraduate ngnscing ‘Sura eto enpeore te Sty wed and onsccasess Despite pean bulge hazardourpocetunacan presen ‘sco ak. Though these many dst pat orang Seip ‘nTsting they dbo aways appeal seco the inate to eneare ‘Stent vel sey Th practical Bakers sale alin hae ‘Sly sos he spectrum of tare and condos of at ‘Hike ire anelosion rls proces plane bulgs a eu ‘rents eral tebe "Aer ring teckpoulon ean explosion phenomenon: funanes on asesing ening. abd mang ks srs th bling design ad sang Two appends ve etensve cove of ‘losin andre phenome ap elets apni of Hast ena (ilign Aveta gary amen nthe era ae neAcknowledgments ‘The Caner for Chemial Poss Slr ofthe American Inte of Chemical Eager ome 2 gest deaf thanks to the dei pror ‘Sal ences snd set howe wih dation onthe Vapor {Choad Eplson Szram: drt derebpnen of this ueer Hooke They ae Join A Daveono nds! Rik oscar {stn ¥ Barwa (Monsann Chek Company Peter, Hotinan Hedist Celanest intl © Kit [Union Cae Carportin) Rote E Linney irri od Chemis, ec) ober A anc Amaco Coes [ney Noor [acy Mut Resear Corporation) Gary age Amerzan Cyst Comps Erlrasm A Scher [Medl esearch and Deropment Corton) ‘Reha Fh led Sil, ne Gost Sis hob Resa ad Develpeent Corporatio] “Thotiskolprpungthe tx eal ables, nd guste bok ‘was enti 0 EOE nonin San Franca The nial authors David W foes yosth Abu Seven re Stepien A hor (Gate stocker “hes whi exert i evident ought the bok, special in the ‘hk run Cher 6) and exlee snd Be phenomena and Principles of bastretane gn (Append Asn "Thc ethos ad Subeommaee ree wel served Ging tis flo by ‘ob GPa then deter of COPS, Wis | Ming povided COPS lp ad ase,Per review for hs imporan volume was prove by ‘A.W. Bich Goode 44 blah DA. Crow [ichigan Techslopal Unis E.R Dancer Aiea) ce, = 1 Introduction Catastrophic siden inthe pes indies ae uncommon events ‘Thon tha let bulldings tn meat proms ats ae even ess {lege Tlie of seriou vet sang bards mats ‘te sd ase, fest eure rage plato proces ‘ay management Spesiealy se COPS Cusine or Tecnica lan Srement of Chums Paces Set Rt, page 2 sates: ‘ee nal pe mes re etm acd wp ‘Seif we pe are nese oe me (i Sar ey cme oot ri hal kee cmc to pe SE tc ded wn oe sere Fronaay mnspa snaps abe oe “These pres sey management stems ens that cies re signal comarca prod snl masta ih spp ont ‘ne tose ses sxe Homecare puts ba {Bp ln wo hasous pene ls Rae presented erie re fone who workin tea Thicovenatnn pomp that some Fling, bese of thor deen and cect, ate else wes bjotel compactly eden mesenger trio sbe ocipan, Coney, geen nats ht pone ested atom andanny orc us fsbo tesame Dl, ‘ahve we lod a cs nyo aly ‘Oreste on asodents ve ose, prompngesmpeie, ns ‘ey ssi and sures to popes ling des or siting ads Etna of topoving sey Therein stands Hower ea ‘Sealy ppb tall indy sone ano no enrte sna {Rrelof sey Conseqasnty th pace ndarty gies he eed or {Sana on ulm apps the dengn ad tang contra cme Ender pln) Balding. The ndasy ao eos that ts [ince pret fe pacha! and ces apne sto thespectrum of interested indi, and musta ny aunt the ce (pera ad cndions earings any pars The ppse of Uh tole Culine fr Evaluating rece Pan ings fr Exera! xpos and Bes to adds this ‘Avie vatesy fehl pd poses sty managment atc re reeeeal throughout these gulines Detaled coverage thse sues Isotade the sepe of ths bok od tests eel oter CCDS {hk formore infomation. These inde, npr. + Guidelines for Teche! Mangement of Chaical oc Saety thet) + Plane Cullens fr Tec Mangement of Chemica Process Sie Re 2 + Guele jor Meza Bvluain Procedures, Senn tio, et, ‘worked examples Re 3 + Geli for Chemical Process Quantative isk Anas Rel. 8) 2 Gautier Brotong the Chotacenisc Vopr Clad Exp ‘So: lash Pe and BLEVEs et 5), Addon, de fillowing ern abo pov pidance: “+ Ameran Pevleun Institute Recommendel Pac 752, Mon ferment of Hazards ASsocited with Lacon of Process lat ‘igs Ret 6 1+ US Amy Sree to asthe Efecto dental Expos (net 7 + Chemica Manutsrers Aseitin, Rspomble Cae®, “Codes ‘ot Management Pate” el) ‘Ax American Soe of Chil Engeets (ASCE) document ted "Desi Bs Resistant Blinn Petrocell” Rl 9) 5 remy bang deep 414. objective and Seope “The shee af thee gudetine sto provide «pata apach to ‘enahing raluaing sd managing the pcs aly conserains ‘Slt wih proces lant lang dg nd sting Thr tok spe false the explo adept pos plat bul, ‘ecpants and faction earns 4 oul of eet eter he aiding, wah the primary oss on exons, Chaps 2 presents an teri ofthis appeach, Chaps 34 and 5 dss ations seeing nd sk asesment rebound tk manapemet, Te appes 1 recess plant building i reviewed In Caper “histo does no species aes tne reste an theron “ra during theoraatonedatingies Toners bythe, ‘Gotaomallyompromie thers ney aablngandon 11 ote ane spe s scape ci e pote ont ets hah cantina of (I tatdingvenlaion only (2 bing pesnurcaton and alin ok peri [essen that pede oxapat thet wn ‘Frees pene pene oupmen ting beng Ps Tata nd [3 omerncy eoponse procedures ad tazaing. cht ‘eaon posture Fr poco pln binge ested nes where ‘hepeentiafor stn dea ext teal actos other stop {sor peeton or miso mest shold be cose Jet ‘Sunt of bling singevalston in stew sell sus, ablngmay need toe cele ore combi cao exon and one este Forme nthe cet Sta exis, bulling may retain sufcentsacral ey ‘rotor bullingoccopantrom thelr yer rer damage ee pnt {itisananlnge artist proesina fam stares ose te conjgncun wt he exlasen. fh deed daconn of he ccs of wi sca prepa Inalng twine bys the spe of ts boa apd ser COPS fleseaa ree oon tun to oalusngtine eames Thee Itehde Gustine for Use of Vapor Gasd Dupri Model R10, Godtinero Vaper Rela gon Ret ed Gaels be Chem ‘cu hte ik Arse). Rees 102 an 08 pe ‘lca pane nthe elects ee eleases on ling aps Pro lant lis by indexed o roca ais itn nit Boundaries wel lings men aren tha cul be [epsced bys eo explosion t he pees pla. tn an ow ame ‘hemi leis, the odin pcs ae often contained wath Le balding sd the coer rooms and other oxo ents are ‘Suman rbidngs wth, thems balding Tock ls ee spaallysafsune thee statins, ay ao rode dance ‘leant othe plots ad fins can acu in wile mange of poi For he proof these pudclines proce of ence ice hse ih ital oc roe cpdins ht hee the penal * Rees of nme ocmbusle mates eating ia “Aor cod expbsions (VCE) Thott ines Cndens. phase ealosions ‘Uncontechemseal actions fanaa scans) Boling bs expanding apr expen (BLEVES Prestreome UT rere. Pha exploens| Cond eons {pst adsl more ea in Chapter ad in Appendix Afn evshuting cploson and ie nga w proce plant bling scape es econ t tol the once of tk ncn ak {say ger he cepa balding shoud tbe pled at tinea vel of isk esa of th won ction Specialy the Bailing by i existe sbold nx snngropoatlyinese the wo "heooapents Inevakaing theo sk wan dtl the alia may represent one factor ong any Tato eomebuting wo Hat ee ‘hin the prs lane In seme eae, te bang May pest ‘pnt cnehson tan indo oie wanting lo (pec the ie Stl ith ther cy, the et lig onan ay ‘licen ado atin eure Chapter dees ainda ‘vention shuld bet fat onsieaton en entijng options foe sting sks Pate i a tna thet coutrcing pe Bat Iie ners st oe eistance ny not aay beet Elective means eins Soe sntons tay easter ease tee otental isto trh inborn outdone personne sk etn Isest aches by peeing the even en ecu piel, fed the eosin det +12, Background ‘As scutes inthe inti to thi chapter, poe aecdents have ‘Suested the need fo an improved pooach in sessing he sk res plat bsg apd ter ccapant Table 1) proves = woe {ecafsome sero nies inring blings pte plats. ‘Whe suri ving tn prevent sch sce, they el ay oscar However a ndatel bythe acidnt in Deve, Cad, ‘aden, Now Jey, popes deen apd sting o occ baie can ‘vunealy mac he ka fy Torsten cas ant dng the potential lors ilar bung capt the eras concern nests ballings louse alcool apupeent per eps Sasting yao epee det ae gts fe doe oo frocss ctl well as sass intarapsn ot abd roget ss From such eves 1.5, Evolution of Design and sting Practices for suldings in Process Plants Changing condos witha the procs industry hoe often aed de ‘sign and sen of lings This section cota s it woe of nds peeis onthe des al sang process lant Dulles 15 etn en asta reste Bln oc es 1S euanneang mn SS ie re | wos eStore ce Ga: ‘rors | potanas age fe | seascw, |, ianoStet Actes vg Bung Process Pants ae] ten | tees | = ‘Sed severe ast sn tre aaage fot ‘Sriaione Aleneus wet eae [nctecrstg ne tac ee = |: Ease waios Soca een ees te 1131. Brief story of Bung Desons Aspraces lan desis and management pts hare tole, bing fatons and cations ae change to eet the new operating ee meats often Teng t an incase tthe numberof ulin aed etsnnel hat were noe neat the ross unis. Ter amp ntl Fectisesheve spay nen ested win oraacent the proces ants toprorigectoae coral Otherbulngs such smite: as, rain sometimes eae sian pane plant 9 ll peep ‘apg of operations Ta conthuour pest inate soho petmleum refine pet semaly inated demic aed etlieny the ang ane a [ude hae Ben lena byt uch healing Rl 2 + Tecreted uk cps edn Inger epupment. These wa ‘eal no one ena balding. + Gur ction of pce unt or uipmet equi separate ‘cto bulge non init to doping recs aie, 1 lon fnson ann ten fr adnan Proce Pons 7 + Wort sae, singer units, sole with advances in stoma fin ido the ur ofseremcianes rv pag postonine, + Siultraneminion latin af paca ctrl yes mae ‘Rescoaryto int the stnce brn he cnt Beas the tester o conte vale As eu aly cota bowser wee Teed wa rat the ig of he panes ui + The dowlopment a leant anor crputr coer made ¢ mew eonal seve poss nt om 4 ental cone ‘tr, lading wo connie eoncenuation of gent aed pe ‘Snel nent ee. + Spor set sachs iis, egicering and are {or fctons were moved ser to prcesr ants to fate ‘ncttngs, Tex fancton wero lose the coal es trim separate baling scent poe ee Al any hatch process, such tose a Ue spay chemi ‘stay eg. pharmacctels prin, abd lsc cad potas, have ‘cal lcid the conte and soporte to the process Im pi sttangeney, the press plat Duldng conta lor most ‘tthe pres, wih the sont faneon frequently hosed in cena inetd oom within te Hat hung ov die ing 1152 Standard for sulting and Eauoment sting and Separation ‘Many companies, a wll indy insurer, rade asocaons, and Standsdserancatons, hve veloped Seat cera for spacing be ‘ween plats bingy eget ad per ines. Thee ee re ‘eat sce the pct fens rer eo mains casgmst od THclcy tno acess wn and buldings Tae 1 tats the ‘de atts of pacing enters tae up “The wide anges inopcng terse Tale 1.2 eft the very of poten Ras 25 wel a he rene ebjever the ‘nous ons ha developed dhe ten fe mera, sane Uns anda are degclo pte propery ad mime bess item inthe erent fs nedent RPA stds oe deg tp Prevent the cure os fea due the pes fet act rose Indian ompun tae oct sandals nay stamp {ears oh of thse jects wel peso salty. The le Sho demonstrates thet det hela vats inthe pes psig feces, mater bonded, ad ojos (ke, equipment pcos ‘eros pmol prota osu spac sand appopte ke Mapleatons isan fe 27] pois vl cect or equipment and baling stig ad yoo sy prpose rel are ee rt oe ban deg Thexe chek ian eons conacotins ad ly [popphaloestion teseasn layout stunt lo planing acon,tected ott Pm pia ct Rosen sage es Seaton ier orpnatgnerne neees Sa TES? 1.33. standards ana tra for Bulang Design andthe Need for'ste specme evauation Desig stands for bldg in rcs plans hve alo ced ener the ‘eats apse to cents eto east a Table 1. These ‘slencs cal spel dhe deed Bulag espns to desi eens ast sich as cs esl frm a TNT detonation o apo dtd ‘olson ofa assumed seed distance fom an cei tad, A ‘pec tnd for example, muh spc ht talingbe Seg > ‘uhstand a lst equraeat a on [900 of TNT 2200 (6) Uhe Bat sure, Another tadard might rege that 2 bung be ‘Exige ora pal (1b lat onset t= dara 100 > ipa le» apo oud elven Many a ing dag td sing cera aba wp bod Han dese piensa nt gona evan of pic mat, Frese condos, or plant roger. Whe eee in any apes tions is approach eam leads dens that ae ove ens some fnntances otf to poi he deste degre protection in oer fstanes The appecach proposed this bokllows the se of appton ‘tein desig an sting tapods ht have ved err te eats ‘hd aes to acount stespeale codons. Tes noe an ea ‘Sion ofthe matralsteing nde, pees endtons balding losin sd ccapany, ting den and mater of coset, and f- ‘Seven pes ley management ote "Te tpn appt lis procs plan owner abd operators cutis sean pnt bug bcdonthae ate spericcsdons ‘Tales bling Sign ad sit sues wo be managed st he eal lev witout nponng pesca ht nay tte prope to's specie Seay. This spioach fas te eal es of prong Iniomedco eect managment he he acted th Babs2 Management Overview “This cape oes an over ofthe aproch ested in he bok forse valuing and managing the cess say conser ‘coated wth clon pd escarole st YVasour traning and sk stueement ons set help ene Iuingy ht may preset» igneant nk o ocipnt rht may be Slescer orate eens, sch pss snes nett es Gide for spying the sla the ana 0 male nskbasel ‘hebions on lle dng ad sig ata dns 2.1. explosion and Fire Phenomena ‘An accident canbe ined a an waglanacd cen or seaenec a rete that sus na undesablecomeequnce Po the pups ts ook, “indesine conmgwenc deine an epson ore ee an enon ie can oz, tain omtons mus cist. and tht cand to epson oe es se be pee I ou ‘he tha means tht Hamma combust, o tact mate, ot proccss apbldprofucag exlste ats, muse pest ‘Siecd, an tating event must ocr fo bein te en sequence ample ste human err ad equipment far. Thi emer ‘Sens mut omar alvin the sent soqunce to poe ewan an ‘htc These intermediate een flint oro cae: parting ‘rents or popping lets, and mitting evens or gating aor ‘Mopwprn set or positing aso alow he asaet mae to commun dain consequences tat re ubequenty ore seer EsSape te ft of tlese-dton stems beth pene 5 ‘enon sur "Muigoting eens or mtn fctore act sped the scent sequencing in ee soe consequences Eames inca dete ‘ian snson ofemespney shutdown ystems cpestrntnentn, ‘pllcootinment sgspment racing nation, sadreding tberue of gion thrgh the a of etc egigmnent ‘Tibbs ns pal tard and ohows examples ting rap ‘ng and mitigating erento fcr. ‘Ren event seqence cn peed to Yann ncdet une, pending on the seq of tem vent a6 shaw y Table 2 renames tse o amma voe sould est apr cot ‘pls ls ie eo arlas Capesion rhe ice ut ‘Stes tht ths bak ass sey decried bel For example the alent otcmes tat ld et en he eles a anamable corn atrial as fll + the leas shin ited evaporation he Dama ‘oat oan the wound fit, lease the mate tour above the ul sia athe oo sen in a el e Hest fom the ie erste evaporation fo the ont snp thet Damage tom poo es usually ea and esas "aan ea and et ame cota + Ihe reese bans st he soe of the Fea an he system ‘peratingat sunt hgh pressures reat ite A the etent of mae me to the sea the vy che Mme Highyelcty jes fe lately unaleted by ind, whe Tow sch scanbetid and shonenedby nd Fors ewophuse spon ofthe gad ny na out the et Stream, ng pa ie 411 the mene formes fapor lod that pei wih Boe fants ccna trbulene eloped oe amy by the ‘hme tent propuesting tog poses sauce he Dane seed ca acer scent to cause 9 Bast Ths eve ‘led o 2 Yoel explosion In on 0 st let ‘ant eat and ceatat lcs abo uc Fasc ‘hesouce may ease pol ser ete + tte release hms aor the mies sliced wh itt crete 2 smaller, and po inion tte i ne sue. Turblone orsign o corte te ame al poe Wists fs fe veut Damage gun eased by ada beat And et Hae cea, bu the ated area ay Be moh get than fora pao ee + Wain of fact iste osu the reese wl ur a 9 fb Burning wl cos primary i eke ater Ir of the Fictnih cout As the fuoyacy ofthe ho aves see, Ue ‘wing ltrs epee and assumes phercalhape Dat tesa ose det ane ont and raane en Foc more complete dacs of thee events Reece 5 ‘onl evens sncern tat my may ot ole Basra oc combustible mates cndenaed pee explo acon ‘hemes ection, Ring hg expanding vapor exon BLEVES, ae Be "| ew ee Se Freee | eee [ee SS | =. SS |= a | E-| S— | S— —— (salsa | So |=. | 0 = Some eetoee | See1" 2. Muroerentovnten pressure-volume FV) rues, phys explosions, and coatned egh- Sons These ae bey dsr below + Fare of ese sotsning hgld temperate sore sumo fling pont may pofuce 4 BLEVE, wih seul ase and apment sect If Oammable mater ole, ALEVE my as proce ral + Unconile cheracal reactions es, polyetaton ean ese sulicne enc to nun stare the connate Se, iting to Bast nd ramen eins + Arp loss of containment of + prom pa oF wpa foe ecsunlyfszmabe mstal, cled 2 PV pare (a Oe Pystal expos may rode rpment les sla at Inaveas the pil qn id ompsses the surouning a Whe acne arab FV rsp ay ao be Iaowel by ical ‘+ Amer Se of pyc! eosin can our pon pi spo ‘on of id when once wth sian he atria {et water aed o vse containing ht ol Ths elered {oa mpi phasetreaon epson. Inala las psd ‘cols cm also sence pent eh ntl eid + Sime snencs ean vleasenigean ew they deenposs. Unie cenain soniions, thr dampotion can tans # oh . Went nin ed emp cag tsp penton pt orn org rt oe enc + eta ‘Shemp nt can ots te get AL, ‘hepnowlarsesposon camo cote ced TOS ‘haar an opsnigpecemes amp eae etre ol Runt tae ming eer ero we ce ‘mmr ptelpnon ne ad cst en of pening is inched scr coul ei an pon igang bing he Dlg san Gong rat ‘ape eases ery eps prem n pe ‘Sting ecuton ithe nts: Conry he pact ‘Sesiegccynttoms tr ewan, andrteeon sree auldbeompanaed t gulatcncan: esr s aly nove fm Rte ora hve bg whe he “Sar dus epee sper th ste ae ‘Sede, gan sues pert sey cs apo the low cals ptt of NFPA Class IB mabe lil when banded tude the conto aes. 5522, ouanttatwe Consequence Scroning Based fn ste Spec conatons ‘Aguanstatie cnseurnc seening ean be permed by evoking the Inherent propery the mates eng ha cjunction mah Suite of the qoutes svi, sp casero ef the cule Turion snd fayoat of the pene cgreent A caculton i hen pele dctrmin penta stl, lang to acount te spe ‘Se eos conrtutng to ce mlagting the ott onseleess ee orVCEs dee ofcotnemeat span layout and saci. The uke ‘Medien eds dtp which baking ae appro desig sd Sed and wash quite fer evaton Vapor Clo Exlsion Modeling For VCE, consequence seein sperma in 2 mur of rent ‘way depending aon the level of decal Scd and he nl ovale {he ane VCE cnseunce seeing Hed om an enim he Ihe parameter tha cl esol cece gen coset oni ‘ns shout he gut and ature ofp se Cabig the Mas in th laminae Ragin th Vp lo a ‘har mos gars om, VCE cleans se Stal dspion mode. Ing with sums of cool sz, dou mes sh dstances the eens ‘wl wave Tis tft then eo determine the pote art umes tht ca be shined bsed ons evasion Of step ‘tions, ng cer the TNT equnalecy met. he Mluety tod the Bake Seblow mode Ret, toler alae odes ix Steve cass, alter etal ispeion deli and sere othe Tigo tay be ovale thatthe tee hate Say, exponen, oat cus of the ck of eongetion or oninerent a he od Danries oy made Stespeincondons ” MOMs acground ‘Mama ocation gs tats ye ha proces ata all ‘Sy An fice ig ated 731015 fom he proces ‘Sure Bn othe othe acy, mo perc oa “Sulicay seedeqpmert are inte area at can ste conienent “ngs a eee oc Furr he amma proceed tow [were and amine angen= {tat Seng scone Sei ‘eer circled td on dpnin mada the pe dd ae Pcie rete elt ck ‘tings Spe be ie enn no eters war eae In some css, deta perm modeling tal may aot be ease orth ie sat wstated, Tocakite he softies prion {nthe vapor cad eer ss pete, though suliccnly consestNe, etd rane orc ssi omni, ‘Suid base toe ian explodon or fe Some conser oP roaches tr determining the ans tera lesb or a go vapor les, the potential amount of materi the ad ‘a be decried by one a the lang og 1 Mate leas ine rsuieo ope ek wher theme ised stop the lak functn fslating potemes fency ves, depesriag systems and ther mgation se ty eke rate tie for eo achive delayed non) «The ul invetry f mate as fied Wy a single rin Ineneeyem or by an inerooeaed ys] of mara For nonfsing ie ls, the mutes the cloud eu tigi eeaporton rte [time for claw schieve delayed ition} ‘easel thatthe caption ate depends up the quay of mata Spl the ster re, and torte condibas. The quay ‘pil promt by [Rate of mlense] ee eguiedt stop the ek] ‘The tne meine to sop the Kak 5 fancton of ating pins, fmergncy tales depending, er ini sae Foca worse o asa as, he mate in he od ithe sera 2 taco vaporize fate fees] equed 0 stop ‘belek 1,1 aon vapor te of ese] x me fr dod © chev del easton 55 commence » Delton vapor al inventoy of mateal 4 Toulinvenory ‘Noe The facto on tems scab secon for the esl formation anensainment inte ahing lear Aso when determining ‘the mater in he sud sul fom» tm pha osha le ‘idration shoul be gen ode content the lo ih ol wpa, “Theres upper limit the mas ol math can onset» explosion, etl oleae drat Ths pes ale sprint, which due te Osianale mat st the dsl ttedanes to coneratone below he lower Ramses ‘Gelade reba numero bugs on urease ‘tak cui the pony st ey hein of sng A Seed {oleae ll baldings with sn pnt Below tha of Balding A sy sh before, Akematvey s ucet concoct nth dt ‘repro the sk sone al, wer may wile bes ‘rom thereat nado he ofthe sega 4.1. Dertvation and Presentation of Ek ik «mest of human injury or cmos vrs of bat Ince Ilion’ Vequeny nd the ape of he sso ary [eensemencs "Todtemine the ik from paring een te eit cutcome orci the rent ao heen ater“ | acs timated The mune sk expel a the capes namber of ‘uid cums pr wnt ne Fer same fanning (ret nist he creat ld ao sess nue every 150 ‘ar he sk eaten 21503 10 enn per et Tsk can be mare apd expel ina numberof me CCT: ‘Guilin or Chemical Pes asatie Risk Anas Rte ‘uber thee main tee ak meu Rak Indes, Indl Rsk ed Sos Re isk Indices express rk 6 singe numbers o auations, sully, applied wo groups of poe eae i sao tle ate. Tw thetmare common ends + Average Rae of Dea Re. 3), elie a he areas saber of {aes eae might be expe pr ui ne fall pose incfetsThe Average ate of eth i srntimes presented 2 Death ar, which repens the toa aero ee, fall 2ccents, er 10000 workers peat in a en yo work ‘Houp At split the chemical processing dusty fr expe ‘Meathrterskindexmipheespesthe tal aur deaths ovet 2 pei af time rach a ne Yer foe all ole wooing in the Infos, inlting ar work and ocr who se no ry {posed to pnt! precast saidents Depending apo the ‘rotk poup bing menue the death ate may may ct elles “heat mist exposed segment the population nce ee opi a high ak nay be sve wih any pone apa Seek Pe ite Act Rte ANI el 39) da he ae false: per 10 exposure tous We spite acamulsed oo sre hors fra poup of 1,00 pons na weng Meine! Agi, ‘pening pen th work ou eg meas FAR my ote thesis to the met expose epee he OUP, Indira Risk expenses the sik pero expos os haat ‘somal ate the urn af sr or npr per eat Utter The of he ror eomtnon inde sk morte + Movi India ik eid he rl the mst eps Indirdaia anexsnepopalton Inthe cre! prone ngs ln bing, hs the eran aspen he ee Inigo sy The ko thst excel Causey einige eee uncer ‘hat ean eae sllcent bude danse oon seus o a uy, muting the poy seas era ay an en ‘ulpping this vale y the psn facondeupancy [e,fe ‘mol tne enn the bulking, The ta ito tat exposed {nda thes ofthe sealed fo each patie ent “+ vragen! ik exposed pop), eine 4 the in ‘ln erage oe the option that sexes he ik [eg cretody wo wnt a large plan) Th n= we sk ‘pet fmm eth ppalsten Pangea The ‘erage inal skis dcalypopruonltothe FAR kinds, ‘Tiepopaltins inzmeasued rete same Massed hat the aagesqel aval present in th workle 2.00) Bs inser the FAR most te mull bya ra 2000108 ee 10 determine wera neal + vero nda ak otal poplin eed athe india fs over proletermined pupa, wheter or ht ppl ate ‘uly exposed the sk the population ie ar te ‘measure canbe desing 8 mt dpe very ow a wee Timed pons othe ppulton nt exposed to gh Slt lak meas the potenti for incidents wo aft many ple Is histone ppd a ear ito the gh Filipe othe ue tyatar sents Scala when ected alegrncy dotsntnel maine cauay cetyl NING Showin th equa of cents (ein to or more alien Wie socal aks geal apie to cents at cam gut he rable, major sede in chemi processing lt ay abo ave te Fete wo allele noes of peple In arte sie mvor ent eold leet mule Dulin aid mn dal nse each ‘ding Thay, he cnc of mca rak ca be apple Yo ort ak ‘altos al afte evstons ‘As wl shown in Socio 42, puishd data ae alse 0 he plato of scl rl messes inning the cope 0 ik ‘Satya Neves Hower nos pandence hasbeen ‘Ecler chamctersing va to the secral ple and wold ot ‘smal be ecard a abso abcting raat eve Ferenc Tes appopaae, thew to suggat sour ck mean a 8 ‘aoc to soe oop pisos to rss lant bing + Aepept Rk isa meu lth ko prone wiki sing Gr bailing or wits ey lepending wea the nk ng alist who ae mpuctey the amecrenakingintosccunt ‘etal ume spent nthe Balding} aly. aegis wed to measure the calletive sik o people in ‘acy wh sold be exposed fon event or eet I nests the frsurney that aspen! number a ole wil ler pie ot arm eg, death ast aie the cane aso skate cn etapa in tems he eqoeny dntbaon of male camay In general, consideration of iol kets the ee ase hat each buldig ecg ot epesed oot tak Ageeisk addesses those situations whe, bea of sing eset many {nding oecpant oul eat ak ete busine at» wile may Be ‘pose oan nora Bhindi ssp fk oye ‘ee cnndero when dass concerning balding at emake ‘42 Interpretation and Use of Risk Mestures Inusing ny ie ess shoul be membered ht ik ness at eat ateony exists lpi even fgueny an easeences All ‘uk menarements hue teres tone stunts the era "scan be gh span The it het tk mearuemen pee Should fe a cnscraton iy oy kbd decom making pecs. {Chapter ol Reference pres hurr dacston of enn in ak (con aking Rak Asha it most tts eo compat lentes, With compre te, wlsing the same mets sod suse the unease naka ted to be eed Risk anaes ‘toes tht ae aot being sed compare teats can blithe ‘kevlomenu ese or melo again which he ata icreseunbe luda There maybelimel aes underakingan abode ‘ksrolyunlesone knows ia sdenes aw oe willanesn the spose ofthe reeling nck estnses "his Guideline Gv sk othe cmt of whether o ot che perce level of kerb Aste the Used Ree 10) Fests ed ey Excatine HSE| t 26 ov paw cu Wa se aes ae ee ge Shy dasa muerte cna ea Recommending rik terane ceteris is bond he ope ofthis ok Forte sk trance is eampenyspeciie ad ach company shoal ‘onsae esabshing eet that rer company pal and bjt ‘alc ra actance tte vrata teeming ste seiaons, and ie mance antlale en tis tps Tha cos ‘Seo siktaeranc cient have ben ped ewe to pve $ pepe thar might ast nual spans eth tak 421, Use of nal Rk Measures ‘When considering indivi sk, he commonly conse o be ‘per tound,aore which the jd oe see and fe which Sato mat be ken to rr the lke Page taken th HSE (Ret tartare thi concep fhe ie se he gn se the Forze, the aces, cna, eased tea eee Re sles ofthe Beit assist wth he sen, Hiedcton soul Eepatamed ori faling bow th ints might be made wo foter ace thea oat ty a a ow enna petal (LARP) Tn the Wosdssctves wik uk inthe ALARD gon stents farther isk redcun oth estnt ssh ik ect can e sted By che ‘ihond era quel eoachevee Fre ps that hier {isk aces nthe ALARP repo we ose t the lea evel thay te appropiate to cmpend,propstly, more sous fr tk ‘ecto athe hover ks, AUsome pt tek Bee brettSOCIETAL RS tobe dewesed ‘aos, bth in ems fk vs and slope of cue tan ‘kta Fret als showin nea hh ee ot ‘iE for ons persnnel han for lt pre lic ofthe Sega cures fo he appropiate sta ‘hounds of tiie Soc event vg paces lan gs ‘rely ntl sins few ling any, wan pess lacs ‘ch ag cncenistos af pepe Angee isk camer sea eect ‘Nespecic ondtons so rate ro Casto of zee sk rues the same cent een and ‘onsequene infomation st india nk does gee ak ‘ques defini ofthe population ats, lunges profs Forthe pryoseof easing sro pic plat ug he wold atleast as. ane AGGREGATE RISK to be decreased i é In some insane, agit Hk might ot be elecely measured ssing Neunes Foresamgle dabuldingean nf Berubjesedt ssi ‘rent oncer, sod the budig s t sbj fo complex cpa {em A cae ul ea toons em ok ‘The tsk may be beter measured by other meaos (Re. SI). Vans ‘evton lage consequence inents, One etl used is eat {Be estimate numb of tlie pe yeas By mulipnng each eat {esocncy yi eapeced oom sais) aed summing this umber‘The company has develope ral saree ik rer. corpo of ther cera halted apse peso occu ‘aera shown Fig 7 nents the lene appa cae ‘hove th pp ent of wry or hgh ese ‘On ml pein apps Bt he sponte aaa ‘eed be epany ts Howerr Fe en ee ak ‘cv tu age ma con tae eed au ore abe gpk bongs demining ogee une oases pyr oy el enh Sermo et tee an show bye cones For rening pps howe, the ans a shown tht ulin of Lele eh py ats re byte difere proces unt ay reser ane sage ‘tkand shoud be elated ber neers eonceson eel ave been abou ut the nes esta the kee aa, Secton 422 dacuzed he ofthe ter hin EN cies or ‘deeming agree sg ek enue ca be sed or ple 10 by mutism caches fqn ye pred ante io joes re Tess rt tes prot Suing the expec aes ete natal of 646310? expctd tie rte ere hs opr x 1.46.30" = 155 yas per tay 1 oe | mm | se | SE S| Be |e ne] |‘ | ht | Tse) a] ayes] TOE) ] FA ]IR) 2 Ris: Panes] a Tg [eae [essa fuze sane] gf [saa iene] fun Sng] | 8 [SSR] iSsi) do | iocee Teale 6460 5 Risk Assessment (Chapters 3 and 4 deci srs ofscening ols that can ed wo Svat the desig apd sng of bull In pos plants. The results from ee mveing rs par ulin wil al to oe of te sk 1 Theil cmseqenes orrkscening ress inated hat the Taldingwsdesgnsorsedsach hats otacooce ei {ogling fe een Asa result the bulla wa scosed ‘ut seo nelig fer canst, 2. Theil cmsoqene, rik srcning reals dl ot tly crm the the ing mas 2 mar concen, 9 cold Use tune mone entree valu on the bss faa the serene 2. Theil onsquenos rik seeningrenitsindeate the ling dco pant giant cnc -uiling i cata Irie no ational sen Beyond seecning decried ia Chaps and Balding in eaten 2 ate cae ‘nie evasion, wing qlee unntte ik asessnent ech ‘igs tema, kreducion measures could be mpenented and {he ily receened we conic that tbl el of ak hs bon ‘his Bulings in cnny# rue Seber ikem ad 7 ‘taman ik mcion bee ondacng arte na Aa scl (Chpes 2 npr, rary ung eel fen rte evan, ‘farce sy tanagement rams ke manta PSM dg Fpensure hat tea om am eet of concer ein J. "Fas chats pas nel intmation ox ering qitaive equate isk scent on ings n poses plants For aed fiancee nk sesame echniqus, the ser sted thes CCS Erk this sub ncn Reerence , Gudelns or Hazard Ev ‘on cadres, on baton. aad Relea 4, Gudetines or Chem fal Process Quant ik Anas15.1, Hazard Identfeation and Evaluation ‘The fn stpin a prceaplan bulingriskasesmet wo Men pci scent nab dat enn bgt Asc in Chapter 2nd hated in Tae? scent ar soe et that ied oan rae of enc The ci cate oer ete tnnong canbe ores ht old ep bags in ps te “The rk ascument procs eps by weting spec scent scenarios tha pp the nay under eve Step snl + Went the ests of dmable and crise mies etn the ces plat the cal coco under wih bey {fecontained Sins sey oder materi crpecs cn thotcan lea epnion cen icating conse paseo ‘tons, pha exisons, cuted ema acta + ethic et rast ong cos + Tent immediate vent that ther propaete omit the eveopg scent sear. + eres intisting ent determine the was siden pathways ‘tne bythe ebb combate etter res + enaty the rane af pie nen tems afestng procs FHsotbudingr sd the opt cng cls 0 cs that an esl fo he varus eit pty ‘+ Document the had easton proc for tera determi. ‘event fequency a consucn 5.2, Techniques Used to evatuae Hazards to Bullngs In Process Pants “he COPS pobliton Cidlines fo Hes Bratton Proedres cod taken Ih 3) ponder snide ination on ais ‘sur cauaton hes at yb tng. roseng herds ain ling poco anes my ped pa of eee ‘ocelot sage oranges rc compenae ‘ve tne ey nl vs iy bcd “ha pea pes ass rating may ee fi ‘ake nfo ta eve uty eel aps at so pce pat gs na 153. Key Factors to Consider in Proces Pant Bullding Rsk ‘Assessments Aldous qualia and quanitatie sk seamen technique der in proach they hate rome ste ncn, Reale echae mi the wershoul ease udemtandingof hex common for “Th scan pest eer ifrmaton abst eonseqencs of pres lant eps snd es and the cos hae might ts te eoency ‘tau eens 551. Selecting Scenarios for stuay Using he ehnigues loreal in Seton 6.2, a detalles of poten ‘eden stone con be peared Ths tear then refined a ge he ‘iin numberof cane eat acd tobe seu to adage ‘lt te spctrom of posible cident ant say the eget (the sey The eps vad may le: + entiying tal ls hat do ot req fre vation 1 Gittings inoent ino abate nen pies placing ‘hem with oe equivalent eee Factor that wilinuncete oping ae smarts in inventories, comps daha ne splash esto Note tht by OUP Samir axe the fequency of aecarence of pouped sec ‘ecm ofthe nal feqnenoe ofthe opel ent 552. Explosion Consequence Evaluation Chapter 3 oles guidance om evhing the charac fe, pa ‘Sco overpressure, drat) of pteatal exbsion rie nomena ‘Addiuoalilormasn i bel sumatardin Append Ao this ‘Stument informs on pring more Sai evasion ofthe “onojcnce tse pene on bingy scr, cmt ‘eeupants prs low fxclodon Effects on Buin: ‘An apeson euler sevenl sectrlingetets which an pone “estcie nosoqucncntobuldsaodequpnent Thee consent ting minor dope oct clap, depending onthe ‘hres ay so wien the ing eet Tale 5 artis ae ‘Rect oa that lm anor explain cet Difiraction and Drag Lowding, Following an alsin, Hast wave pape trough chal ora fren teem soured produces Elen wesc inthe lst waves path. The ape ofthe ast, servedepnds onthe nature and steno the explosion andthe distance ‘Eom beeper eis gona staed to ee} a el shock srwvelpestoreeeananey es om abet ote mam ae) Torandensed pase, prsuaesoane [PV ropes, or vey ong por {lod emlsinns [VEE ca) pre wae with sian se ime lrweakee VeEe The bse ding on = soseae chads fo cosenh transient ree att indy dct and tte ‘remreure nc lol) and) dag fees alt ae ‘City sci wiht at oe agi) Reng {nebo wih sana tcl mensions bang ry tremely nee en al spel tre On Ses an rk as ks ly ol ean to ‘repress Be lnding on senda is ly permed by the oid end eet ce wre Ako ae hate ep ‘are amiss fb tv hase a ope pase The mse ‘Bhs recs ad dng te sur hoe embed with ponte pce owod case Appendices Spee nda inane iarton anos sting Impact Loading a ation to ase waves an explosion may aoe ln thecretan of apment ls ding props by ths Hae pee ae along the pound ssce, dbs maybe ke ep cared lens i Set fei i wi el wer ci hn fgmentsesuking aed rm he epson The pinay conse spec or ragment ads eae aap to walls ors och {s spling sang, o petro. Pond eomsevenes node et, ime ofthe stractare and dmapeweiment orn terion Inside the ulin rents pace na he wl or with ‘lotrel eo. Inertial Loading, When a expanion ncaa the rd lace, poruon ofthe lat energy it tanned dct othe ound and pats cura oud shock Also, a6 the lst wave poppet {rough the stmoepere aco the ound ss an poate dos! pond min wave chat propagates thug the ol or rckeo ibeloaton of Bulling, Goud mevenent Bach buking esl by the pune ofa pound shock wave wil indie seerstons trough the bang whch an um wl cine ln foes on te bung nd (mms sed in the bldg Ground shock es the bing ST ny be insane compre o Bax prsmarenaing. However [pound sok nde Ln tens inside tebulingbat ot spore Este maybe amportant nd in some sittin, may epee {He mon niguicant lee on hee eme Pontial consequences of ‘fplonnnace pound sh nce prog Kesardssch et ‘urs nrling!iling bjecslingeobeles and equipment beng ‘neuro ter ence nce te eects on sae sensitive ‘pment ea, + ay orate hanging state or png, The contents {a lwemalcimpenenes of the balding can alo be feed by tea {ees coed by te mtn fhe bing rrr fel 3 ape {Obit pesur, espa hese pm se atch wo he suc ot {icone pron the wills the srt plein eects on Peone [A int wanes dsr eects om people sndule damage to ngs and ‘and The sunday eas fexlosins vole ie conequencsal Ffanens and Gens fe 61) Tse may cade penta aps, Ferme fuling debne ring rom damage orcolspe pero the nut bug eng subjected ola were ating a Ientcan pence ohn, whe aomcweang fagmenecanleal ant Tums oo npc "Tony els of emasions ar those inhi rales cased a, eopl an Lach don or thrown by hes nts stator obs. Fees LO povies sonal pidanee oa cxplsi ets on Peon 1555, Fre consequence Evaluation Convent le depend upon the intensity and dation ofthe fi ‘Deeepatn dans, he tema expose that eeepc ‘than Forsch eve the eer ha wl ete wed or Uther comb materiale wil dead the sen of mater sh Sal Rennes 3 pve ging tera to mith le ls. ines forthe Unger prove ater OOPS pl ‘St, Celine or Chemie! Proce Quanta Rsk Anat (el ‘3. Clns for tema dation eects on peopl ay be found eksenees 62 an Thermal aio dap cena gion ates nd pone ae provided in References 0, 3, and "As duced in Chapter’ mevaluang ie conseoenee pee, consideration shuld be pen tothe sly of bag sepa 1 ‘Some andthe pene fr pesoanelerpsure dung easton,‘aking imo acount the fi, rant st an stoke ngs pats {he bling an pteaalymiatng fa, sich 8 fae poten ‘ystems andthe we of personne race gupmene NEPA TO), ie Sie ale, pron sel ncn de proton bl 554. Frequency Evaluation Allisassesomenttchniaes wht qulatverguantatire ie ‘timate of fequncy of ew cceutence Ths iegueny, whieh ‘remy sie pec can aes! by any face Factors intueeing Event Frequency Aen of Relerence # presets ist (hich des noe presume wo be nn se on sce pone ies + Oversea sponse rel cnet en (Orting vessel orkut dan (peng ols mainenans cna dsing operation Major as tpn salve term aang lange gaskets te Excess apr Mow no ven craps dap yer ‘Terps he chung ‘Pract af process ese, sing leas contents Le rp a procs ping stern Paleo vee cele Breaking off small oe ie sch an instrument oat Dra ov vent vale sree et pen ‘Condens se phoerena Altes vet, long with the ott in Reference 4, ve ‘cated inte hemi ndstyastos ocr when Sterna ‘rent equeny dade he ling + Hitory of previous incidents. equates, especialy sos ‘ney ndets below ape aly manage mate. ‘Theale athe cy y moe cyte a ince uns the rng cass hve ee tei and ‘Sec tons hae bn lane to ree tr meee "eval event fey, post dent can prove ab septic Forampl fs paop salir a endear hs pcental lees ave dou lene and eos pump sea laure five osu eet might be seb to oad ‘hac sok a cena ie. Ths eoohsn say be valid een ‘hough rear pam nal tater did noel vor la S., koraci cansein roc in Bung Reser 1 + Proce operating condons. Some press cndtons thet many ‘anh ogy cane nae rey ih angers (eps ete) bw egal ee rea the tes handing iy mate ree, tle mate tops abet eae po emp ean ‘Caner nes that notamment es pd pester yk sty te a et 3 {ultofsemion rs pcs ao + Dp abwaneor deg inet. Akbudh processing cies Se designed snd ball to spp ces an std, any ces chal es hve sonal conaeest Palen {Ein hi can ke de fom of one wall tices pane Speaded metals oreren atonal meen capac) sch at {Eaten oll for more equcne mates Any these {Geos might decease the iced an event of ont. + Opennecomplesty. Complex opettons may intoce the 0 ‘chal for oedoning ales ac inthe desig phate nd ‘hay al present challenges opettrst acute ad guckly {Sate lant opts and esp wih appro ac, + Haman fst Frequene mama oferations may Increase che ect bea vento as Even ser peu cicamatanc, Be pabaiy of human er can be hg An earner a Section ele the ented dri of es owe vee ‘Shraning byob. ee dean anes of ute duran {Bache operator tmp to levee ea vale open whe Moding fo ther dsr the oer cl fone Yo eu and ‘ne the ve leading s deco ese + ae footy. Older eqipneat paral eqipment sbi 0 foe thermal or mechanical eng may ave higher fe {oe of are Adduoaly, nee elmer ny incrporate Ipnvemente dene ofr the potent or epee fa ‘The cmderao can be aid ot nlf naa ‘equipment to eae pace units Inspr tote that ae dosnt ayes hho logue nr Ppt deed inspec andmantaned qe Inia may hare alow kc Yar fot expences ‘ote vluble natin sacha he rans a ghosts ‘Rasta pnng snd ay ala bang abt pt deg snes "+ Oveal eevee of pretest an emergeney conta Prec sytes chat lm shtdown stems and ene! ‘ros conta oe he aya nent even and ely ‘peor esponae Protects that are poet desioned ‘Sra sad well maitined can folce the feqoeny of event ‘Sourence Contents ae atest ad manana tna esa high fgueney of een cencee 5: ache + Htesivenes of race sey management ses. The be tas a alee though 2 eye cer ey manage ‘ems. The CCPS Gusdeies or Teche Management of Cher {dlPmeces Sty fet Il Guides or mpementng Pc Sey. Menger Sams Re 68 apd Pant Cte Tend Management hema Pros Sat et 2 dnb eee teas of manazemen act ons hy oc the Heed ‘Sols’ and em The cecenear these anaes ‘Saylor in anesthe neal scan et Tacs sch shone ane may at independ fone acts: A alton event eqs shold nider sls tos pao Speen Ste-spectc Nature of Evnt Frequency and Managements Role Isla rom te are discussion tht determining event seis is ‘elton by ste set tr, since bah chlo apd an sent graces tay vty esl Hoa Ste to Stein he exe of technology the vane and cent of pres lant pesos dad ‘hac hse theese Ao dein son at mayb por Jess ‘tote, depending on the aplication, Bsc eh ppp technolo the ettvenes of ys ess ‘sey managenent systems maybe the ey fcr alec the Been of ‘Suet Freep wo sires srt ay hare eee rss for sung pss nd ent a Oe may hive an ce mechan teat atm, nclading 2 ppg coro ‘toning program, with «htc ror of iipsion Hn sad Sem or aden en enon pene Thee iy) Nie altel comson pga ands hyo uct corse al “Thellchoalcfan un ine compaon ale would esate {ote peters the send nity Sonar snipes canbe ood ay leant al component ef oe tay manapemere Pros sf) management stems are Sumie ad can Become increasing elective or meee wh tne In the xm sre, the ES with te clive consi niring program ay hares ‘Gy eded the pte eueny ol eae she ime he ga \waracvelympemente Ache in prions or esol ld eat Insrelucion of ecsary sours ore esoston en ga Tits eens the ogra ene Cold tseae. Inara, ‘stablhinent ofan ef coeson maining peor te esd {lity ov time cau decree the equen) a canon fae The Samic naar of proces sey manage pte eae ma ‘nent conn monitor he eteenes of tee ses ese that plant ke are cone ery aw eve Refence 6, OCP Guener for Autn Process Softy Manage ‘ment ad Relerenr 2, ant Gueine for Tochneal Manse of Cheat rca Sofa ler sslanaeo align actos. ‘Altooal erence mater canbe found ln COPS Gude for ‘Tesh Management of Chal Pees Sf Ret.) ‘Arana ote, istry ee operation and ete css salary managenent sens no pst ances npectg as ‘lho buns wl ot Ine th station tpn ht Khe ‘teen ace: ne i apne ad til wth kod tan net os ant th omens oop en the et ‘ecune pose say management sc aye So ow ie {ine acy Sige bling tae eel eapropesey,c tr ont ben weld sn vlan xls [chewable ol sl be ols ih 5.4, Quateative Risk Assessment uals sk sessment uses experienc, janet, al engineering ‘Smt the aun deeming even consequences and ec. ‘Gunster semen are ral the este cll ade tent of amici te of qld idl. The epee ‘eps team ness Hk Bllings procs ln mht Ince operons pron engecing consequence modeling fe Bist (etn dot beat an eilaocaral egies "The ean appach pedo, cacangecpansns anche, whe reing te ony one nan pan sei he sa “Te abvntag os quate appac tht an ually be a sed or url tas quae stay, ah er ore se Fehustncts nade, aaa nays mele aes mil [eltoc! thn ate ghaazi metas ts resg the lhe eciveand enn steed secur a hans, Quatre nays then contest a, esting po, quate ses. Memb thea ed toes od papa icone kt ‘make sone alge Wes unetkng a quate ak sessment, the team sud be canal ated on he specs pote pela ‘Thteansaucnendrkcnbe moe pam ese eoguney nt seit A tear mii ata eyo et SieSstne dace var omens This wood ruts sic, poly ang to dota ak Uy cy be nant Coc Ihe tum a deat at he val 1 ‘S2oShen pr rome gana sk alas sould be tse ‘Boman th nies quency, cosegence, oneal kena. 54.4, Quattatve Consequonce valuation ‘Qualaciveconequeceerlton ives dfning bral cater ‘Thich ne based othe eal lol of npry and damage hat coud