Grade 11 maths

Unit Four
Determinants & Their Properties
Part 1
 Grade 11 Maths Unit 4 Determinants and its properties

Main contents of the Unit Natural science Natural Science

[UEE 2016 ] [UEE 2004-2015 ]
4.1 Determinants of Matrices of Order 2 - 1

4.2 Minors and Cofactors of Elements of Matrices - 2

4.3 Determinants of Matrices of Order 3 1 2
4.4 Properties of Determinants - 11

4.5 Inverse of a Square Matrix of Order 2 and 3 - 1

4.6 Solutions of Systems of Linear Equations Using - 10

Cramer's Rule
4.7 Applications - -
Unit Outcomes
By the end of this unit, you will be able to:
* Know minor and cofactor of a matrix.
* Evaluate determinant of a matrix.
* Understand properties of a determinant.
* Apply principles of determinants to compute inverse of a matrix.
* Use Cramer's rule to solve system of linear equations.
* Apply determinant concepts to solve real-world situations.
 Determinant
• Determinant can be used to:
o Solve Systems of linear equations, if the coefficient matrix is an invertible
matrix.
o Determine whether a matrix has an inverse and, if it exists, to compute the
inverse of the matrix.
 4.1 Determinants of matrices of order 2
𝑎11 𝑎12
• Let A = 𝑎 𝑎22 be a square matrix of order 2.
21

• The determinant of Denoted by det (A) or |A| is the number defined by

det (A) = |A| = a11a22-a21a12
 𝟏 −𝟕
1. What is the determinant of the matrix 𝟔 𝟓 ? (UEE 2013/14)

A. -47 B. -37 C. 37 D. 47
 4.2 Minors and Cofactors of Elements of Matrices
• Minors of Elements of Matrices
• Minor is the determinant of a smaller matrix obtained by removing a row and a
column from a larger matrix (square matrix of order 2 or larger).
Simple Explanation
o Take a square matrix of order 2 or larger.
o Pick any element.
o Remove the row and column containing that element.
o The determinant of the remaining smaller matrix is called the minor of that element.
• For a matrix A, The det(A¡j) is called the minor of the entry aij of A, denoted by Mij·

• Steps to find the minor Mij:

1. Delete the ith row and jth column of the matrix.
2. Compute the determinant of the remaining submatrix.
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
Example: let A = minor of a12 is?
𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟑
M12 =
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟑
= a21a33-a31a23
 4.2 Minors and Cofactors of Elements of Matrices
• Cofactor of Elements of Matrices
- Cofactor → A value that works together with others to calculate the determinant of
a matrix.
- It helps in calculating determinants and finding the inverse of a matrix.
Simple Explanation:
o Find the minor
o Multiply the minor by (-1)(i + j) to get the cofactor.
NB: Cij = (-1)i+j det(Aij) is called the cofactor of aij.
• A cofactor is just a minor with a sign.
 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
Example: let A = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 Cofactor of a12 is?
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑

𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟑
C12 = (-1)1+2M 12 = − 𝒂 𝒂𝟑𝟑
= -(a21a33-a31a23)
𝟑𝟏
 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
2. Which one of the following is true about the matrix 𝟔 𝟒 𝟐 ? (UEE 2014/15)
𝟗 𝟕 𝟎
A. The minor of the entry 0 is 14 B. The cofactor of the entry 1 is -14
C. The minor of the entry 3 is 18 D. The cofactor of the entry 5 is -6.
 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
3. If A = (aij)3x3 is a square matrix with A-1 = 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 . Then what is the cofactor of
𝟎 𝟒 𝟓
a23 ? (UEE 2009)
A. – 3/14 B. -2/7 C. 2/7 D. 3/7
 4.3 Determinants of Matrices of Order 3
• Let A = (aij)3×3 be a square matrix of order 3. Then the determinant of A, det(A) or
|A|, is the number defined by
det(A) = a11C11+a12 C12+a13C13
and this sum is called the cofactor expansion of the determinant along the first row.
• Find the determinant of A using a cofactor expansion along the first
row.
• Note
- Let A = (aij)nxn be a square matrix of order n.
1.

2. In determining the determinant of a square matrix by cofactor expansion along a

row, the best strategy is to use a cofactor expansion along a row with large
number of zeros.
• Compute the determinant of the matrix A
4. Which one of the following numbers is the determinant of the matrix
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
M= 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 ? (UEE 2016)
𝟕 𝟖 𝟏𝟎

A. -3 B. -6 C. 6 D. 3
 −1 1 2 −𝑥 3 2
5. If 3 2 𝑥 = 2 2 3 , then value of x ? (UEE 2011)
2 4 1 1 −1 −2

A. 2/3 B. -2/5 C. 2/5 D. -2/5

 4.4 Properties of Determinants
1. Determinants of Identity Matrices
• The determinant of the identity matrix I is always 1.
det(I) = 1
 4.4 Properties of Determinants
2. Determinants of Triangular Matrices
•For a triangular matrix (upper or lower triangular), the determinant is the
product of the diagonal elements.
det(A) = a11. a22 . a33……..ann
Find the determinant of each of the following matrices:
 4.4 Properties of Determinants
3. Determinant and Elementary Row Operations
• Let A be a square matrix of order n
• Interchanging two rows of the matrix changes the sign of the determinant;
That is A Ri Rj B for i≠ 𝒋 then |B| = -|A|

• The determinant of a matrix obtained by multiplying one row of A by a

constant gives you the same constant times the determinant of the given
matrix.
That is, if, A Ri kRj B and k is any constant, then |B| = k|A|.

• Adding a scalar multiple of one row of A to another row of A does not

change the determinant.
That is, if A Ri Ri+kRj B for i≠ 𝒋 and k is any constant then |B| = |A|
Note:

• If you multiply a square matrix of order n by a scalar k, then the determinant of the
new matrix is kn times the determinant of the given matrix.
* That is, if A is a square matrix of order n and k is a scalar, then|kA|= kn |A| .
• If matrix A has identical rows or column , then its determinant is zero.
• If A contains a row of zeros or column of zero, then its determinant is zero.
 4.4 Properties of Determinants
4. Determinant of Product of Matrices and Determinant of a Transpose
• Let A and B be two square matrices of order n. then
a. det(A) = det(At) b. det(AB) = det(A)det(B)
• Let A and B be square matrices of order 3 with |A| = 4 and |B| = 5. Then compute
each of the following:
a. det(AB) b. det(3A) c. det(2ABt) d. det(A5)
 4.4 Properties of Determinants
5. Determinant of Inverse of an Invertible Matrix
• If A is an invertible matrix of order n, then det(A) is not zero and the
determinant of A-1 is given by
𝟏
det(A-1) =
det(A)
• Let A and B be two invertible matrices of order 3. suppose det(A) = 4 and det(B) =
3, then find
a. det(A-1) b. det(A-1B)
6. Let A and B be 3x3 matrices such that

𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
A= 𝟏 𝟓 𝟎 and |B| = 1/10. which one of the following is equal to
𝟏
𝟎 −𝟏
𝟐
|2ABT|(UEE 2004)
A. 4 B. 1 C. 𝟏𝟎𝟎 D. 400
 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
7. If M = 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟎 and ATM=2I. Where A is a 3x3 matrix and I is the identity matrix
𝟓 𝟐 𝟒

of order 3. then what is det(A)? (UEE 2006)

A. 0.2 B. 4/7 C. 0.8 D. 1/7
8. Suppose that A and B are 3x3 matrices, I is the identity matrix of order 3 such that
AB=2I. If det (B) = |B|=6. what is det(AT)? (UEE 2005)
A. 4/3 B. 12 C. 𝟏/𝟑 D. 48
 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟖
9. If A = 𝟎 𝟔 𝟕 then det(ATA) is equal to ____ (UEE 2007)
𝟎 𝟒 𝟓

A. 12 B. 36 C. 30 D. 15
10. Let A be a 3x3 invertible matrix and B be any 3x3 matrix. If |A|= a and [B] = b,
then which one of the following is NOT true? (UEE 2010)
A. IAT Al = a2 C. IKA|= K3 IAI, for any k ∈R
B. IA-1 BI = ab D. If b=0, then B is not invertible
11. For any n x n square matrix A, which one of the following is true? (UEE 2008)
A. det(A) = – det(AT) where AT is the transpose of A
B. If k is a scalar, then det(kA) = kndet(A)
C. If B is a matrix obtained from A by interchanging of two rows of A, then det(B) =
det(A)
D. If A is invertible, then det(A) = det(A−1)
12. A is 3x3 matrix and det (A) = 5, then how much is det (2ATA)? (UEE 2011)

A. 100 B. 200 C. 50 D. 20
13. Which one of the following is NOT true about the determinant of a given square
matrix A? (UEE 2013/14)
A. If A has identical rows, then its determinant is zero.
B. If A contains a row of zeros, then its determinant is zero.
C. Interchanging two rows of A gives the same determinant.
D. The determinant of A is equal to the determinant of its transpose.
14. If A is a 3x3 matrix with det(A) = 5, then what is the determinant of 2AT? (UEE
2014/15)

A. 40 B. 30 C. 10 D. 2/5
15. Let A be a square matrix of order n and let B be a matrix obtained by multiplying
one row of A by 2 and C be a matrix found by adding one row of A to another row
of A. If det(A) = 10, what are det(B) and det(C) respectively? (UEE 2015)
A. 10 and 10 B. 10 and 20 C. 20 and 0 D.20 and 10
Thank You!!!
 Grade 11 maths
Unit Four
Determinants & Their Properties
Part 2
 4.5 Inverse of a Square Matrix of Order 2 and 3
• Adjoint of a square matrix
• A matrix that is "attached" to the original matrix through its cofactors is called
Adjoint matrix.
•The transpose of cofactor matrix is called the adjoint of the matrix.
• it's used in finding the inverse of a matrix.
 4.5 Inverse of a Square Matrix of Order 2 and 3
• Inverse of matrix
𝟏
A-1 = (adj(A))
|A|
Note:
• det(adj(A))=(det(A)) n−1
 𝟏 𝟐
• Determine the Adjoint of A =
𝟑 𝟒
 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
• Determine the Adjoint of A = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟎
 𝟏 𝟐
• Let A = 𝟑 𝟒
. Find the inverse of A ( if it exists)
 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
• Let A = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟑 . Find the inverse of A ( if it exists)
𝟏 𝟐 𝟎
16. Let A be a 3x3 matrix and |A|= -2. Then what is the value of ladj(A)| (UEE 2010)
A. -8 B. -1/2 C. 4 D. -2
17. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and det(A) = 5, then what is the value of
det(A.adj (A))? (UEE 2010)
A. 3 B. 125 C. 5 D. 25
 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
If A = (aij)3x3 is a square matrix with A-1 = 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 . Then what is the cofactor of
a23 ? (UEE 2009) 𝟎 𝟒 𝟓

A. – 3/14 B. -2/7 C. 2/7 D. 3/7

 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
If A = (aij)3x3 is a square matrix with A-1 = 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 . Then what is the cofactor of
𝟎 𝟒 𝟓
a23 ? (UEE 2009)
A. – 3/14 B. -2/7 C. 2/7 D. 3/7
 4.6 Solutions of Systems of Linear Equations Using Cramer's Rule
• Consider a system of n linear equations AX = B, where A is a square matrix of order
n. If A is invertible, then the system has a unique solution and this unique solution
is given by
X = A-1B.
 Cramer's Rule for Two Variables
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 = 𝒆
• Given the system ቊ
𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒇
in two variable x and y, if ad – bc ≠ 0 , then the given
system has a unique solution and it is given by

𝑒 𝑏 𝒂 𝒆
𝑓 𝑑 𝒄 𝒇
x= y=
𝒂𝒅−𝒃𝒄 𝒂𝒅−𝒃𝒄
• Solve the following system of linear equations:
𝑥+𝑦 =1
ቊ
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
 Cramer's Rule for Three Variable
𝒂𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝒂𝟏𝟑𝒛 = 𝒃𝟏
• Given the system ቐ𝒂𝟐𝟏𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐𝒚 + 𝒂𝟐𝟑𝒛 = 𝒃𝟐
in three variable x, y, z,
𝒂𝟑𝟏𝒙 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐𝒚 + 𝒂𝟑𝟑𝒛 = 𝒃𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
if 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ≠ 0, then the given system has a unique solution given by
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑

𝑫𝒙 𝑫𝒚 𝑫𝒛
x= , y= and z = where
𝑫 𝑫 𝑫

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑏1 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑏1 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑏1

𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑏2 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑏2 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑏2
D= 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
, Dx = , Dy = , Dz=
𝑏3 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑏3 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑏3
• Solve the following system of linear equations:
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 1
ቐ 𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 =2
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8
• In finding the solution set of a system of n linear equations in n variables using
Cramer's Rule, we have to evaluate n + 1 determinants. For systems with large
number of equations, Gaussian Elimination Method is more efficient.
 Note:
• Cramer's Rule is suitable for solving a system of linear equations if and only if the
following conditions are met:
 The system has the same number of equations as variables (i.e., it is a square
system).
 The coefficient matrix A is invertible (i.e., det(A)≠0), meaning the system has
a unique solution.
• If det(A) = 0, there will be two possibilities………
• The system may have no solution or
• The system may have an infinite number of solutions.
From this, we can say that at least one of the numerator determinants is 0 (that
means infinitely many solutions) or none of the numerator determinants is 0
(that means no solution)
 𝒂 𝟐 𝜷 𝑥 −5
18. If 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝑦 = 5 and the determinate of the coefficient matrix is -
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝑧 0
5, then the value of x is equal to (UEE 2004)
A. -5𝜶 B. 3 C. 𝜶 + 𝜷 D. 5
 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 = 𝟐
19. Consider the following system of equations ቐ𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟎 . If the determinant of
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟎

the coefficient matrix is 2, then what is the solution set of the system? (UEE 2007)

A. {(1, 3, -5)} B. {(1/a, 1/b, 0)} C. {(-2, -6, 10)} D. ∅(𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒚 𝒔𝒆𝒕)
 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏
20. Consider the system ቐ𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟎 . If the determinant of the coefficient matrix
𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟎

is 2, then what is the solution of the system of equations? (UEE 2005)

𝟏𝟗𝜶 −𝟏𝟏𝜶 𝟏𝟗 −𝟏𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟗 −𝟗
A. (3𝜶, , ) B. (3, , ) C. ( , , ) D. (3/2, , )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝜶 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
21. Suppose AX = b, where A is a 3x3 matrix, b = (b1, b2, b3)T and X = (x, y, z)T. Which
one of the following is necessarily true about this system of linear equations? (UEE
2006)
(A) The system has a solution only when det(A) # 0.
(B) The Cramer's rule is suitable to solve the system if two rows of A are identical.
(C) If det(A) # 0 and the second column of A is a multiple of b, then x = 0.
(D) If b = 0, then X = (0, 0, 0)T is the only solution of the system.
 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔
22. The solution of the system of linear equation of ቐ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟖 is (UEE 2008)
−𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟖𝒛 = −𝟓

A. x = -1 , y = -3, z = -2 B. x = -1, y = -3 , z = 2
C. x = 1 , y = -3 , z = 2 D. x = 1, y = 3, z = -2
 𝟎 𝜶 𝜷 𝟔 𝒙
23. Consider A = 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 ,b= 𝟎 and x = 𝒚 . If det(A) = 3, Then what is the solution
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝒛

set of the system AX=b? (UEE 2008)

A. {(6, -2, -8)T} B. {(0, 1/𝜶, 5/𝜷 )T} C. {(-3, 1, 4)T} D. ∅(𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒚 𝒔𝒆𝒕)
 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒙 𝟏
𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎 𝒂 −𝒂 𝒂 𝒚
24. When = a3, and a ≠ 0, what is the solution of 𝒛
= 𝟎
𝑎 𝑎 −𝑎 𝒂 𝒂 −𝒂 𝟎

? is (UEE 2009)
A. x = 0, y = 2a, z = 2a B. x = 1/a, y = -2a, z = 2a
C. x = 1/a, y = -2/a, z = 2a D. x = 0, y =2/a, z = 2/a
 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒌 = 𝟔
25. For what value of k does the system ቐ 𝒌𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟐 has a unique solution?
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟖
(UEE 2012/13)

A. k ≠ -1/3, 1/2 B. k ≠ 1/6 C. k ≠ ½ D. k ≠ - ½

 𝒙−𝒚+𝒛 =𝟑
26. What is the set of values of k so that the system ቐ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟒 has a solution?
𝒌𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟓
(UEE 2012/13)

A. R\ {-1, 1 } B. R \ {-1} C. R \ {1} D. R

 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏
27. The solution set of the system ቐ 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟓 is ? (UEE 2015)
𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = −𝟏

A. {(k, k+1, k-1): k∈ R} B. {(k+1, 2k, k-1): k∈ R}

C. {(2-2k, 3-k, k): k∈ R} D. {(-4-2k, k, 2-k): k∈ R}
Grade 11 maths
Unit Four
Polynomial interpolation
Part 3
 Polynomial Interpolation
• Polynomial interpolation is a method of estimating a polynomial function that
passes through a given set of data points.
Example:
• Consider the Data points (0,1), (1,2) and (2,22). Find an interpolating polynomial
p(x) of degree at most two, and estimate the value of p(3).
 Area of a triangle in the xy plane
• The area of a triangle with vertices A(x, y), B(x2,y2) and C(x, y) is in the plane is
given by
• Find the area of the triangle with vertices A(0,5),B(0,0) and C(5,0).
 Test for collinear points in the xy-plane
• Three points in xy -plane are said to be collinear if all the three points lie on the
same line.
• Determinant can be used to determine whether three points in the xy-plane are
collinear or not.
• Three points A(x,y), B(x2, y2) and C(x,y) in the xy-plane are collinear if and only if
• Determine if the points A(1,1), B(2, 2) and C(3,3) are collinear.
 Two point form of equation of a line in the xy-plane
• We can use determinant to find equation of a line in xy -plane passing through
two points. An equation of a line passing through two distinct points P(x1,y1) and
Q(x2, y2) is given by

where (x, y) is a point on the line.

Find an equation of the line passing through the points P(2,0) and R(0,3).
Thank you!!!