Static Routing

1. A PC user opens a command prompt and uses the ipconfig command to see that the

The IP address and the mask of the PC are 192.168.4.77 and 255.255.255.224. The user then
Run a test with the command ping 192.168.4.117. Which of the following responses is the
more likely to happen?

The PC sends packets directly to the host with the address 192.168.4.117.

b. The PC sends packets to its default gateway.

The PC sends a DNS query for 192.168.4.117.

The PC sends an ARP looking for the MAC address of the DHCP server.

2. Router R1 lists a route in its routing table. Which of the following

responses list a fact of a route that the router then compares with the address
from the package destination?

(Choose two answers).

Mask

b. Next hop router

C. Subnet ID

e. Outgoing interface

3. Router 1 has a Fast Ethernet 0/0 interface with IP address 10.1.1.1. The interface is
connected to a switch. Then, this connection is migrated to use the 802.1Q trunk link.

Which of the following commands could be part of a valid configuration for the
router?

Interface Fa0 / 0 of 1? (Choose two answers).

a. fastethernet interface 0 / 0.4

b. enable dot1q

C. enable dot1q 4

d. enable trunking

e. trunking enable 4

F. dot1q encapsulation 4
4. A layer 3 switch was configured to route IP packets between VLAN 1, 2 and
3, which are connected to the subnets 172.20.1.0/25, 172.20.2.0/25, and 172.20.3.0/25,
respectively. The engineer issues a command show ip route on the layer 3 switch, which
list connected routes. Which of the following answers lists a data that must be
in at least one of the routes?

Gigabit Ethernet Interface 0 / 0.3

b. Next hop router 172.20.4.1

C. VLAN Interface 2

d. Mask 255.255.255.0

5. An engineer configures a static IPv4 route on the router R1. Which of the following

The information fragments should not be included as a parameter in the command of

configuration that creates this static IPv4 route.

a. Destination subnet ID

b. The IP address of the next-hop router

C. The neighboring interface of the next hop router

d. The subnet mask

6. Which of the following commands correctly configures a static route?

a. ip route 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.130.253

b. ip route 10.1.3.0 serial 0

C. ip route 10.1.3.0 / 24 10.1.130.253

d. ip route 10.1.3.0 / 24 serial 0

7. A network engineer configures the command ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0 / 0/0 on a

router and then issue a show ip route command from enable mode. No

The routes for the subnet 10.1.1.0/24 appear in the output. Which of the following could be
right?

a. The ip route command has incorrect syntax and was rejected in mode.
configuration.

b. the interface s0/0/0 is inactive.

C. The router does not have interfaces up / up in Class A network 10.0.0.0.

The ip route command is missing an IP address of the next hop router.

Configuration of Static Routes and
Predetermined
1. CONFIGURE IPV4 STATIC ROUTES

Static routes are configured with the ip route command from global configuration. The syntax
The basics of the command are shown below:

Router(config)# ip route network-address subnet-mask { ip-address | exit-int}

Syntax of the ip route command.

Parameter Description

Network address Destination network address of the remote network that will be added to the
routing table subnet-mask

Subnet mask of the remote network that will be added to the routing table.

It can be modified to summarize a group of networks. Ip-address

Called the IP address of the next hop router.

It is usually used for connecting to a broadcast medium (Ethernet) and generally, to create a
recursive search. exit-int

Called static route directly connected.

Use the output interface to forward packets to the destination network.

It is usually used to connect in a point-to-point configuration.

The following parameters are required to configure static routing: network address:
destination network address of the remote network that is added to the routing table, also
called "prefix". subnet mask: subnet mask, or simply mask, of the network
remote that is added to the routing table. The subnet mask can be modified to
summarize a group of networks.

IP address: IP address of the connection router that will be used to forward the packet to
the remote destination network. It is often referred to as 'next hop'.

Exit-int: output interface that will be used to forward the packet to the next hop.
Summary of routes to reduce the size of the routing table

The creation of smaller routing tables makes the search process in the
the routing table is more efficient as there are fewer routes to search for. If possible
to use a static route instead of multiple static routes, the size of the table of
routing will be reduced. In many cases, a single static route can be used to
to represent dozens, hundreds or even thousands of routes.

We can use a single network address to represent multiple subnets. For example,
the networks 10.0.0.0/16, 10.1.0.0/16, 10.2.0.0/16, 10.3.0.0/16, 10.4.0.0/16, 10.5.0.0/16, up to
10.255.0.0/16 can be represented with a single network address: 10.0.0.0/8.

Summary of routes

The multiple static routes can be summarized into a single static route if:

The destination networks can be summarized into a single network address, and

All the multiple static routes use the same outgoing interface or IP address.
next jump.

This is called a route summary.

In our example, R3 has three static routes. The three routes send traffic from the same
Serial0/0/1 interface. The three static routes of R3 are:

ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0/0/1

ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0/0/1

ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0/0/1

If possible, we would like to summarize all these routes into a single static route. 172.16.1.0/24,
172.16.2.0/24 and 172.16.3.0/24 can be summarized in the network 172.16.0.0/22. Because the three
routes use the same output interface, they can be summarized into the single network 172.16.0.0
255.255.252.0 and we can create a single summary route.
Calculation of a summary route

This is the process to create the summary route 172.16.1.0/22, as shown in the figure:

1. Write the networks you want to summarize in binary system.

2. If you want to find the subnet mask for the summary, start with the bit that is
find more to the left.

3. Move to the right as you find all the matching bits

consecutively.

4. When you find a column of bits that do not match, stop. You are at the
summary limit.

5. Now, count the number of bits that match and that are furthest to the left.
our example is 22. This number becomes its subnet mask for the route of
summary, /22 or 255.255.252.0

6. If you want to find the network address for the summary, copy the 22 matching bits and
add at the end all the necessary 0 bits until obtaining 32 bits.

If we follow these steps, we can discover that the three static routes of R3 can
summarize into a single static route using the summary network address 172.16.0.0
255.255.252.0

ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.252.0 Serial0/0/1

Configuration of a summary route

To implement the summary route, we must first remove the three static routes.
current:
R3(config)#no ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial0/0/1

R3(config)#no ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 serial0/0/1

R3(config)#no ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 serial0/0/1

Next, we will configure the static summary route:

R3(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.252.0 serial0/0/1

Click on the Summary Path Effect in the figure.

To verify the new static route, analyze the routing table of R3 with the command
show ip route, as shown:

172.16.0.0/22 is subnetted, 1 subnet

S 172.16.0.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1

With this summary route, the destination IP address of a packet must only match the
22 bits that are located furthest to the left of the network address 172.16.0.0. Any
packet with a destination IP address that belongs to the network 172.16.1.0/24, 172.16.2.0/24
The 172.16.3.0/24 matches this summary route.

Verify summary route in the figure.

As can be seen, we can test the reconfiguration using the ping command.
We verify that we still have the proper connectivity throughout the network.

Note: As of March 2007, there are more than 200,000 routes in the core routers.
Internet. Most of these routes are summary routes.
DEFAULT STATIC ROUTE

More specific coincidence

It is possible for the destination IP address of a packet to match multiple routes in the table.
of routing. For example, what would happen if we had the following two static routes
in the routing table?:

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted into 3 subnets

S 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 and

S 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1

Consider a packet whose destination IP address is 172.16.1.10. This IP address matches

with both routes. The search process in the routing table will use the match
more specific. Because the 24 bits match the route 172.16.1.0/24 and that only
The 16 bits of the route 172.16.0.0/16 match, the static route with a match of will be used.
24 bits. This is the greatest match. The packet will then be encapsulated in a frame of
Cover 2 and it will be sent through the Serial 0/0/0 interface. Remember that the subnet mask of
the route entry is what determines how many bits must match with the IP address of
destination of the package so that this route matches.

Note: This process applies to all routes in the routing table, including the routes
states, the routes learned from a routing protocol and the connected networks
directly.

The default static route matches all packets. A default static route is
a route that will match all packets. Default static routes are used in
the following cases:

When no other route in the routing table matches the destination IP address
from the package. In other words, when there is no more specific match. They are used
commonly when the company's edge router is connected to the ISP network.

When a router only connects to another router that it is connected to. This condition is known as
as a single connection router.
Configuration of a default static route

The syntax for a default static route is similar to any other static route, except
that the network address is 0.0.0.0 and the subnet mask is 0.0.0.0

Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [exit-interface | ip-address ]

The mask and network address 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 is called a 'quad-zero' route.

R1 is a single connection router. It is only connected to R2. Currently, R1 has three routes.
statues that are used to reach all the remote networks of our topology. The three
static routes on the Serial 0/0/0 interface output that sends packets to router R2
next jump. The three static routes of R1 are:

ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0/0/0

ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0/0/0

ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0/0/0

R1 is an ideal candidate for all its static routes to be replaced with a single route.
by default. First, delete the three static routes:

R1(config)#no ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0/0/0

R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0/0/0

R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0/0/0

Next, configure the only default static route using the same Serial interface.
0/0/0 output of the three previous static routes:
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0

Verification of a default static route

Check the change in the routing table with the command show ip route:

S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

Notice the * or asterisk next to the S. As can be seen in the table of Codes in the figure,
The asterisk indicates that this static route is a default candidate route. This is why it ...
denominates route 'static by default'. The key for this configuration is the mask /0.
Previously, we said that the subnet mask of the routing table is the one that
determine how many bits must match between the destination IP address of the packet and the route
the routing table. A /0 mask indicates that no bits should match. Always and
when there is no more specific match, the default static route will match with
all the packages.

Default routes are very common in routers. Instead of storing routes for all
In Internet networks, routers can store a single default route that represents
to any network that is not in the routing table.