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Ethnocentrism and the English Dictionary Routledge
Studies in the History of Linguistics 3 1st Edition Phil
Benson Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Phil Benson
ISBN(s): 9780203205716, 0203205715
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.50 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english
Ethnocentrism and the
English Dictionary

As dictionary users, we tend to think of dictionaries as objective records of our

language and as more or less natural artefacts of our linguistic life. Ethnocentrism
and the English Dictionary challenges these assumptions by showing how English
lexicography has evolved historically as a form of social and discursive practice
through which the English dictionary has emerged as a key aspect of the social
and political history of the English language.
A theoretical, historical and empirical analysis shows how dictionaries have
come to represent the English language in the world as a structure in which a
linguistic and cultural periphery is known and described from the perspective of
a centre corresponding to the place in which the dictionary is produced. Since
most dictionaries of English are published in Britain or the United States, this
has led to an ethnocentric representation of the language, in which knowledge is
filtered through Anglo-American perspectives on English in the world.
The book covers three main areas. Part one deals with theories of the dic-
tionary and their relationship to theories of language. Part two presents a
historical treatment of the evolution of English lexicography from its origins in
the seventeenth century to the present day, focusing on the lexicographical
treatment of the language in its relations to the world. Part three presents an
empirical study of the most recent edition of the Oxford English Dictionary and its
treatment of China (one of the most frequently mentioned countries in the
dictionary) as a case study of ethnocentrism in action.
This book will be essential reading for linguists, social and cultural historians
or anybody with an interest in the relationship between language and culture.

Phil Benson is an assistant professor of English at the University of Hong

Kong. He has published widely in the areas of language studies and language
learning.
Routledge Studies in the History of Linguistics
Series editor: Talbot Taylor

1 Linguistics and the Third Reich

Mother-tongue fascism, race and the science of language
Christopher M. Hutton

2 Women, Language and Linguistics

Three American stories from the first half of the twentieth century
Julia S. Falk

3 Ethnocentrism and the English Dictionary

Phil Benson
Ethnocentrism and the
English Dictionary

Phil Benson

London and New York

First published 2001
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

This edition is published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002.

© 2001 Phil Benson

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or

reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Benson, Phil.
Ethnocentrism and the English Dictionary/Phil Benson.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. English language–Lexicography–History. 2. English language–
United States–Lexicography–History. 3. Ethnocentrism–Great Britain.
4. Ethnocentrism–United States. I. Title.

PE1611 .B47 2000

423’.028–dc21 00-059138

ISBN 0–415–22074–2 (Print Edition)

ISBN 0-203-20571-5 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-20574-X (Glassbook Format)
Contents

List of tables vi
Acknowledgements vii
List of abbreviations and dictionary names viii

Introduction 1

1 Dictionaries and theories of language 8

2 The semiotics of the dictionary 24

3 The centre–periphery metaphor in action 43

4 The monolingual English dictionary up to Johnson 61

5 From Johnson to the OED 83

6 The lexicography of English as an international language 105

7 China in the OED: the wordlist 132

8 China in the OED: associating words with China 144

9 China in the OED: definitions 163

10 China in the OED: quotations 178

11 Conclusion 205

Notes 211
References 216
Index 229
Tables

4.1 Estimated number of entries in English dictionaries, 1600–1755 74

7.1 Lexico-semantic categories of words associated with China
in the OED2 and the CollED3 135
7.2 Distribution of dates of first record for items associated with
China in the OED2 138
7.3 Distribution of dates of most recent record for items associated
with China in the OED2 139
7.4 Chinese sources of citations in the OED2 141
8.1 Uses of the words China and Chinese in OED2 definitions 145
Acknowledgements

The influences on this book are many. Among those whose comments and
conversations have been especially valuable, I would like to mention Reinhart
Hartmann, Anthony Cowie, Talbot Taylor, Susan Butler, Arthur Delbridge,
Bruce Moore, Kingsley Bolton, Peter Grundy, Braj Kachru, Alastair Pennycook
and three anonymous Routledge reviewers. Special thanks go to Hiroko Itakura,
who has helped me in countless ways over the 10 years it has taken to complete
the book. Extracts of definitions from The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition,
1989) are reprinted by permission of Oxford Univerity Press and are © Oxford
Univerity Press 1989.
Abbreviations and dictionary
names

The names of dictionaries published in the twentieth century are followed by an

abbreviation and are listed under their abbreviations in the bibliography. These
abbreviations are also used after the first appearance of the dictionary in the
text. A number following an abbreviated dictionary name indicates the edition
number. For example, OED2 refers to the second edition of the Oxford English
Dictionary. In the course of writing this book I discovered that dictionary
abbreviations can also be a matter of ethnocentrism. For example, the Dictionary
of American English is typically DAE, while the Australian National Dictionary is
typically AusND. I have chosen to use abbreviations for the names of regions that
clearly distinguish those with the same initial letter: American is Am, Australian is
Aus and African is Af.
Dictionaries published before 1900 are normally referred to by the names of
their compilers. I have followed this practice and listed them accordingly in a
separate section of the bibliography.
Introduction

According to recent estimates, between 1.2 and 1.5 billion people, almost a
quarter of the population of the world, can be counted as fluent or competent in
the English language (Crystal, 1997). Whether as a first, second or foreign
language, English plays a role in almost every urbanised region of the world.
These are the bare facts of English as an international language, beneath which
lie important issues of debate ranging across the various disciplines associated
with the study of English. For some, the globalisation of English is in essence a
continuation of Anglo-American imperialism within the cultural sphere; the
English language is the Trojan horse of imperialism in the post-imperialist
world. For others, English as an international language is a post-imperialist
phenomenon sui generis, which promises to undermine the cultural authority of
the old linguistic centres as the cultural products of new varieties of English
come to enrich the language as a whole. A third position in the debate accepts
the globalisation of English as a fact of the modern world and focuses on the
need to reconceptualise and revise the ways in which we represent and study the
English language for the post-imperialist world.
Certainly, few scholars of the English language would now agree with the
irredentist position advanced by British politician Enoch Powell in 1988:

Others may speak and read English – more or less – but it is our language
not theirs. It was made in England by the English and it remains our dis-
tinctive property, however widely it is used or learned.1

Many, perhaps the majority, would prefer to align themselves with the position
advanced by McArthur in the preface to his Oxford Companion to the English
Language:

English is the possession of every individual and every community that in

any way uses it, regardless of what any other individual or community may
think about it.
(McArthur, 1992: xvii)
2 Introduction
A problem remains, however. Both the English language as we know it and
the disciplines associated with its study are historical products of an age in which
Powell’s position was the norm. We may declare that English is the universal
property of all of its users, but the ways in which we represent it within our
disciplines may, nevertheless, be constrained by assumptions and practices that
lead us to act as if it remained the property of its traditional linguistic centres.
This book is concerned with a field of practice that has possibly been less
subject to critique in the light of the globalisation of English than any other.
Dictionaries are, in many respects, among the most taken-for-granted linguistic
artefacts of the English-speaking world. Almost every literate English speaker
owns one and consults it from time to time. For the learner of English, a good
dictionary is almost a necessity. But because dictionaries are so eminently and
transparently useful, we seem reluctant to criticise them except in regard to their
usefulness. Yet the history of English lexicography is, in many respects, more
closely intertwined with the history of English as a language of empire than that
of any other field within the study of English. The practice of making English
dictionaries for English-speaking and non-English-speaking readers stretches
back 400 years and pre-dates the rise of English as an independent object of
academic study by several hundred years. Two of the greatest landmarks in the
history of the dictionary, Johnson’s A Dictionary of the English Language and
Webster’s An American Dictionary of the English Language, were in their time widely
regarded as monuments to their respective national versions of the language.
The greatest landmark of all, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which was more
or less explicitly a project of British imperialism concerned with the consolida-
tion of English as the dominant language of the world, continues to set the
standard for the modern English dictionary. And by the end of the twentieth
century English lexicography has become an international industry with a
structure that bears a remarkable similarity to the structure of the English-
speaking empires in their heyday.
None of this is to say that the modern English dictionary is the Trojan horse
of a latter-day linguistic imperialism or that modern English lexicographers
harbour imperialistic designs beneath their overtly internationalist aims. But it
must also be acknowledged that lexicographers frequently underplay the
possible ideological implications of the historical development of the dictionary.
In a paper that is largely critical of the adequacy of British learner’s dictionaries
to overseas markets, for example, the British lexicographer Janet Whitcut
argues:

Although it purports to describe a world language, any dictionary of English

must in practice deal chiefly with the English of its own place of origin.
This is only reasonable, and is obvious at all stages of the dictionary entry:
in headword selection; probably in pronunciation; in the choice and differ-
entiation of senses; and, most strikingly, in the use of examples.
(Whitcut, 1995: 253)
 Introduction 3
There are three possible objections to the argument that the dictionary’s focus
on the language of its place of origin is ‘reasonable’. The first of these
objections is that the reasonableness of the assumption must be set in the context
of the fact that the vast majority of English dictionaries continue to be produced
either in Britain and the United States or under the direction of British and US
publishers. Moreover, economic obstacles to the successful independent
production of dictionaries elsewhere in the world are such that few local
publishers are prepared to risk the investment that the publication of a large
competitive dictionary requires. In countries such as Australia, Canada, India,
New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore and South Africa, a local dictionary
would not only have to contend with the relatively small size of the market, it
would also need to compete against the products of its British and American
rivals. Dictionaries dealing primarily with the English of Britain and the United
States exercise, in effect, a stranglehold over the world market for the English
dictionary.
The second objection is that British and US dictionaries do not, in practice,
openly deal primarily with the language of Britain and the United States. On the
contrary, the versions of the language that they present to their readers are often
assumed to be ‘comprehensive’ or ‘international’. When sold at home, the British
or US dictionary is simply ‘the dictionary’. When sold overseas, although its
users may well be aware of its geographical origins, the assumption is that they
are getting an international version of the language, not simply a version of the
language as it is used in Britain or the United States. Some of the more recent
British dictionaries, in a rhetorical move designed to accommodate the view that
a dictionary should be local to the country in which it is sold, even imply that
they are local products when their contents are, in fact, substantially or entirely
identical to those of editions sold at home. The successful marketing of a British
or US dictionary overseas may also rely on the collusion of local users with an
ideological assumption that British or US versions of English as an international
language are the ‘authorised’ versions. Oxford University Press (OUP)
dictionaries, for example, can only benefit from the popular and widespread
assumption overseas that ‘good English’ is ‘Oxford English’. Certainly,
international publicity material for OUP dictionaries does little to challenge this
assumption, and indeed goes some way towards fostering it by emphasising the
Oxford tradition of dictionary-making.
The third, and perhaps the most important, objection is that any assumption
concerning the reasonableness of existing practices within English lexicography
implies that the English dictionary is a natural, rather than historically-specific,
form for conveying information about a language to its users. Whitcut, it should
be noted, in common with many other lexicographers, acknowledges that
English dictionaries are ethnocentric works, but she also suggests that they are
necessarily so. The current form of the dictionary is separated from the
historical processes through which it has developed and emerged such that the
scope of legitimate critique is restricted to what is possible within the current
form. However, as Henri Béjoint observes,
4 Introduction
Lexicography has obviously entered a phase of self-examination: we have
begun to wonder why the dictionaries that we have inherited from previous
generations are what they are, and whether they are adapted to our times.…
The time seems to have come when those traditions should be questioned.
(Béjoint, 1994: 2–3)

Asking fundamental questions about why dictionaries ‘are as they are’ necessarily
involves asking questions about the historical contingency of the dictionary as a
form for the representation of information about the English language. It also
involves asking whether forms and practices that emerged in periods when an
ethnocentric view of the language was the norm are adequate to a period in
which such a view is subject to critique.
In view of the often explicit internationalist orientation of the current
generation of English dictionaries, the contention argued in this book that
dictionaries are ethnocentric stands in need of clarification. The substance of
the contention is not that dictionaries exhibit racism or prejudice against
particular ethnic groups, although there is some evidence that dictionaries are
occasionally ethnocentric in this sense of the word. Rather, the argument is that
the English dictionary is a historically specific form of discourse embedded
within broader discourses that represent knowledge of the world in terms of
metaphors of centre and periphery. In this sense, ethnocentrism implies a set of
structures that position one’s own culture as a centre for the production and
distribution of knowledge of other cultures, which are to various degrees
peripheral to it. Ethnocentrism in the dictionary is thus not simply a question of
the content of the statements that the dictionary makes about the English
language. It is equally a question of the structures that make those statements
possible. Because the dictionary is a book about language, however, the discourse
of the dictionary involves a particular interaction between content and structure.
Centre–periphery metaphors are characteristic of the production and
dissemination of Western knowledge in the fields of geography, natural science
and social science and the processes of abstraction, classification and hierachisa-
tion on which they are typically based. One of the aims of this book is to
demonstrate how the structures of the dictionary function as vehicle for the
representation of the English language as an object with a clearly defined
regional centre and periphery. But at the same time, there is a recognition that
the dictionary incorporates other discourses such that centre–periphery views of
the geographical, natural and social world are inextricably bound up with the
centre–periphery view of the language. The modern dictionary is, in this sense,
not simply a book about words, but also a book about the world viewed through
the particular window of the word. Ethnocentrism in the dictionary thus
becomes a question both of the representation of the language and of the
representation of the world as it is inscribed within the structured version of the
language that the dictionary presents to the user.
Dictionaries are surrounded by myths of ‘objectivity’ and ‘authority’. Dic-
tionaries objectify language and, in the process, objectify themselves, such that it
 Introduction 5
becomes difficult for us to conceive of how the forms and structures of the
dictionary could be anything other than they are. In particular, we are faced with
a dominant paradigm for the practice of lexicography as a descriptive procedure
for the identification and presentation of the ‘facts’ about a language. Investiga-
tion of ethnocentrism in the English dictionary therefore calls for procedures of
deconstruction at three levels, which correspond to the three major sections of
this book. The first section deals with the structures of the English dictionary at
the theoretical level. It explores relationships between theories of the dictionary
and theories of language and proposes that we view dictionaries in terms of
semiotics and discourse, as representations of language rather than as descrip-
tions of language ‘as it is’. It also explores in detail the ways in which the
structures of the dictionary function as vehicles for the representation of
language and knowledge in centre–periphery terms. The second section
approaches the English dictionary from a historical perspective and outlines how
the structures of the modern dictionary have evolved from the seventeenth
century to the present day. The third section presents a detailed empirical
analysis of the treatment of China in the second edition of the OED, published
in 1989. This analysis aims to explore the ways in which ethnocentrism operates
through the interaction of structure and content within one of the most
influential dictionaries in the English-speaking world.
Green (1996: 29) observes that there are probably more than 15,000 English
dictionaries currently on the market. This study is, therefore, necessarily limited
in its focus. First, it deals almost exclusively with the monolingual general English
dictionary. In the modern age, the monolingual dictionary is perhaps the
canonical form of the dictionary, but in historical terms it is a recent develop-
ment. The first monolingual dictionaries of English were compiled in the early
seventeenth century, a late beginning if we agree with Green that lexicography
has a history of more than 4,000 years. The monolingual dictionary may also
only be the canonical form for the native speaker of English. In spite of the
success of the monolingual learner’s dictionary, it is likely that the majority of
non-native speakers of English rely on bilingual or ‘bilingualised’ versions of
monolingual dictionaries, which are not treated in any depth in this study. The
notion of the ‘general’ dictionary is theoretically vague, but in this study it refers
to dictionaries that aim to cover either the language as a whole or a representa-
tive sample of it. This distinguishes the general dictionary from the specialist
dictionary, which is explicitly limited to a specialised field, but it should not be
taken to imply that the general dictionary is not selective. Perhaps a better way of
defining the general dictionary would be as one that aims to cover, to varying
degrees of depth, the common words of the language. In this sense, the learner’s
dictionary is just as much a general dictionary as the standard desk dictionary.
Similarly, the OED is, in spite of its size and historical specialism, considered a
general dictionary for the purposes of this study.
A note may also be added on the choice of the treatment of China in the
OED as a subject for detailed empirical investigation, which might at first seem to
be an arbitrary, even ethnocentric, choice. The OED was conceived and
6 Introduction
compiled during the heyday of British imperialism. Although the second edition
of the dictionary, used for this study, was published in 1989 and was considerably
revised, a substantial proportion of the contents of the first edition remain. The
OED is, therefore, a relatively easy target for an analysis of ethnocentrism in the
English dictionary. Moreover, in view of both the circumstances of its compila-
tion and its sheer size, the OED can hardly be considered representative of the
English dictionary in general, either in Britain or the United States. Nevertheless,
the OED retains a special importance within modern lexicography. It continues
to be highly regarded by lexicographers, who often see it as an exemplar of the
modern descriptive method. Beyond the field of lexicography also, the OED
continues to set the standard for the English dictionary. Simon Winchester’s
assessment of the contemporary relevance of the OED, for example, is by no
means unusual:

The book remains in all senses a truly monumental work – and with very
little serious argument is still regarded as a paragon, the most definitive of
all guides to the language that, for good and ill, has become the lingua
franca of the civilized modern world.
(Winchester, 1998: 25)

To be sure, the imperialist origins and purposes of the dictionary are acknowl-
edged, but it is as if this historical context should not be allowed to interfere with
a true appreciation of the value of the scholarship contained within it. As
Winchester again puts it:

There is some occasional carping that the work reflects an elitist, male,
British, Victorian tone. Yet even in the admission that, like so many
achievements of the era, it did reflect a set of attitudes not wholly harmonic
with those of prevalent at the end of the twentieth century, none seem to
suggest that any other dictionary has ever come close, or will ever come
close, to the achievement that it offers.
(Winchester, 1998: 221)

Perhaps most important of all, however, is the fact that the OED is not only in
the process of transforming itself into a dictionary for the twenty-first century
through the proposed publication of the New Oxford English Dictionary, but has
also taken upon itself a particular role in relation to the coverage of English as
an international language, described by one of its current editors as one of the
two major policy questions for the new dictionary (Weiner, 1986).
Within the OED, China is one of the best represented countries of the world
in terms of mention in definitions and quotations. Indeed, China is mentioned
more frequently than many countries in which English is used as a native or
second language, reflecting the dictionary’s special concern with the Orient. One
of the arguments that I will seek to develop in this study is that ethnocentrism in
the English language is not necessarily a question of neglect of peripheral
 Introduction 7
cultures or language varieties. On the contrary, ethnocentrism is often most
apparent in the bringing of the periphery to light as a reflection of the
knowledge of the centre. The OED’s extensive treatment of China, updated in
the second edition along with other areas of interest, is particularly instructive in
this respect. Although this treatment is not necessarily representative of the
treatment of China and the world in other English dictionaries, it is nevertheless
indicative of the mechanisms of ethnocentrism within the English dictionary in
general and of the scope of the task that remains for lexicographers who aim at
a truly internationalist lexicography.
1 Dictionaries and theories
of language

The argument that English dictionaries are fundamentally ethnocentric rests on

a view of the English dictionary as a representation of the English language
organised in terms of metaphors of centre and periphery. The process of
lexicographical representation, constrained by the rules and principles of
lexicographical practice, leads not to the production of a direct reflection of the
language ‘as it is’, but to the production of a version of the language, with
definite form and shape. This version of the language both represents and
conditions our conceptions of what the language is, what it is made of and the
ways in which its component parts are related to each other.
The notion of the dictionary as representation implies a theory of the
dictionary based upon theories of semiotics, ideology and discourse that will be
outlined in more detail in Chapters 2 and 3. First, however, it has to be
acknowledged that dictionary-makers themselves do not typically view
lexicography as a process of representation. For most modern lexicographers,
lexicography is first and foremost a process of description and the rules and
principles of lexicographical practice constrain the lexicographer to ‘accuracy’
and ‘objectivity’. Moreover, twentieth-century descriptivist lexicography defines
itself as a response to the prescriptivist lexicography of earlier centuries. In
contrast to the prescriptive lexicographer, who relies on intuition and arbitrary
diktat, the descriptive lexicographer relies on evidence. In this sense, descriptiv-
ism is crucial to the self-image of modern lexicography as an endeavour in
harmony with principles of scientific inquiry. We begin, therefore, by examining
the nature of the assumptions on which descriptivist lexicography is based and
their relationship to evolving theories of language.

The descriptivist paradigm

Descriptivism has been described by Moon (1989) as the dominant paradigm for
lexicography in the twentieth century. According to the descriptive principle the
dictionary should tell the reader what the language is, not what it should be. The
descriptive principle is also, in a sense, a moral one since it constrains lexicogra-
phers to record the ‘facts of the language’ accurately and without bias and
without unjustifiably allowing their own opinions to come to the surface of the
 Dictionaries and theories of language 9
dictionary. It places the lexicographer above the interests of factions who might
wish to use the dictionary as a site for linguistic or ideological dispute. At the
same time it allows the lexicographer to submerge his or her own authority
within the authority of the dictionary as an objective record of the language.
Descriptivism also prescribes a set of procedures governing good practice,
enshrined in manuals of lexicography (e.g., Zgusta, 1971; Landau, 1989), which
define modern lexicography as a profession rather than an art.
Descriptivism does not, however, define the dictionary as a form. Indeed, up
until the mid-nineteenth century, dictionaries were, with few exceptions,
compiled by individuals with interests and careers beyond the field of lexicogra-
phy, who routinely inserted their own opinions about the meanings and value of
words and the ideas to which they referred. In the late eighteenth century in
particular, the authority of the English dictionary lay precisely in the authority of
its compiler to tell the user how the language should be used. Descriptivism as a
lexicographical principle first emerges in Archbishop Trench’s (1857) address to
the Philological Society, now taken to mark the origins of the OED, in which he
proposed that the dictionary should be ‘an inventory of the language’ and the
lexicographer ‘an historian … not a critic’. These succinct definitions of the
dictionary and the lexicographer’s role in its compilation would eventually come
to stand for the ideal of descriptive lexicography. Simpson (1990: 1961), co-
editor of the second edition of the OED, has described Trench's address as a
‘manifesto for dictionary-makers’ and Gates (1992: 268) has described the OED
itself as ‘a revolution in dictionary-making’. As a result of this revolution, Gates
remarks, ‘the editors of today’s general monolingual dictionaries see their work
as a compendium of facts about words, a scientific record of the language’
(1992: 265).
The distinction between descriptivism and prescriptivism in lexicography, and
the sharp break between the two phases implied in the idea that the OED was a
revolution in dictionary-making, is misleading however. English dictionaries
continue to prescribe both explicitly and implicitly. In his preface to OEDS3
(1982), for example, editor Robert Burchfield informs the reader that, on
occasion, ‘[I] found myself adding my own opinions about the acceptability of
certain words or meanings in educated use’. As Zgusta (1989: 76) points out,
many modern dictionaries prescribe indirectly by employing usage notes such as
‘frequently rejected, particularly by teachers of English’ and in The American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AmHDEL, 1969), controversial matters of
usage were settled by a panel of 100 writers and educators, whose opinions were
reported in percentage form. The distinction between description and
prescription is also one that tends to ignore the implications of the institutional
authority that dictionaries often claim for themselves. For Taylor, descriptive
statements of lexicographical meaning such as those given in the OED are not
descriptions of facts, but rather statements of norms:

To present normative statements of word meaning not as such, but rather as

descriptions of some institutional state of affairs, amounts only to a deceptive
10 Dictionaries and theories of language
way of attempting to enforce their normative authority: namely, by denying
that their authority comes from any other source than a purported corre-
spondence to the truth.
(Taylor, 1990: 25)

Both descriptive and prescriptive lexicographers purport to tell the truth about
the meanings of words (and in practice their definitions rarely differ either in
content or form). The difference between the two lies mainly in the ways in
which this truth is conceptualised as fact or norm.
Nevertheless the break between the prescriptive and descriptive dictionary is
crucial to the self-image of the modern dictionary. The important distinction,
however, lies not so much in whether the modern dictionary prescribes or not as
in the basis on which it claims authority. As Sinclair, editor of Collins COBUILD
English Language Dictionary (CCELD, 1987) (a dictionary that has claimed
revolutionary status for itself in its use of corpus evidence), argues:

Eventually, structural statement contains an element of what should be the

case, which can contrast with what is the case. Prescriptive studies fall into
disrepute only when they ignore or become detached from evidence.
(Sinclair, 1991: 61)

The authority of the descriptive dictionary thus rests upon the lexicographer’s
examination and presentation of evidence. Descriptivism thus implies more than
the abrogation of the lexicographer’s right to prescribe. The OED was not
simply the first descriptive dictionary, it was also the first to locate its enterprise
within the discourse of science. The eighteenth-century prescriptive lexicogra-
phers, it could be argued, were equally concerned with the description of the
language, but they shared a conception of language as an object of description
that was particular to their time. More important than the shift from prescription
to description was the shift implicit within the idea of the OED to a conception
of language as object that could be subjected to scientific inquiry.
The conception of language underpinning descriptivist lexicography is
illustrated in a definition of the dictionary, cited by Béjoint (1994: 9), from
Zgusta’s influential Manual of Lexicography:

A dictionary is a systematically arranged list of socialized linguistic forms

compiled from the speech-habits of a given speech-community and com-
mented on by the author in such a way that the qualified reader understands
the meaning … of each separate form, and is informed of the relevant facts
concerning the function of that form in the dictionary.
(Zgusta, 1971: 17)

The definition is as much a definition of a language as it is a definition of the

dictionary. A language consists, in the terms of this definition, of a set of
‘socialized linguistic forms’ common to a ‘speech community’. It consists of
 Dictionaries and theories of language 11
separate ‘forms’ with distinct ‘functions’. The dictionary itself is simply a
description of the ‘relevant facts’ of the language. The point to note, however, is
that the description of these facts is dependent upon the language being as it has
been defined. If a language is, in fact, a far more fluid and diffuse object than it
appears to be from the definition, the process of description becomes
problematic.
Zgusta’s definition of a language, however, is framed within theoretical
assumptions about the nature of language that have been widely accepted in
twentieth-century descriptive linguistics. The most important of these is the
assumption that languages exist prior to, and independently of, their description
– an assumption that is crucial to the constitution of language as an object of
scientific inquiry. To this extent, Zgusta’s definition is supported by scientific
linguistics. This raises important issues concerning the relationship between
lexicography and linguistics, however, for the definition of language underlying
the definition of the dictionary is essentially a definition of language as it appears
in the form of the dictionary. Indeed, if Béjoint (1994: 25) is correct in his argument
that ‘the lexis of a language has no concrete existence apart from the dictionary’,
the notion of the dictionary as a description of the language ‘as it is’ may be
based on a tautology. At the very least, we need to explore in greater depth the
role of the dictionary in sustaining the conceptions of language on which it is
based.

Dictionaries and the ontology of language

In the preface to his book, The Language Myth, Harris (1981) calls the advent of
scientific linguistics ‘one of the most revealing and disturbing episodes in the
intellectual history of the twentieth century’. Harris’s critique of scientific
linguistics forms part of a growing body of critical work that challenges the
assumption that language is capable of objective description and views the
practice of linguistics as a historically and culturally situated form of discourse
(see, for example, Fairclough, 1989, 1992; Fowler, et al., 1979; Hodge and Kress,
1988; Kress and Hodge, 1979; Mey, 1985; Pêcheux, 1982; van Dijk, 1993;
Wodak, 1989). The term critical discourse analysis is increasingly used to refer to
this body of work. Although Harris does not describe himself as a critical
linguist or discourse analyst, I will take his critique of scientific linguistics,
together with that of Williams (1992), as representative of the philosophical
premises underlying a critical approach to the ontology of language and its
representation in linguistic and lexicographical work.
In Harris’ view, scientific linguistics is subject to two fallacies, both of which
have their roots in Aristotelian philosophy: the ‘telementational fallacy’ and the
‘determinacy fallacy’. The telementational fallacy lies in the assumption that
linguistic communication is a matter of a sender encoding thought in the form of
a message that a recipient decodes at the other end. The determinacy fallacy
accounts for the possibility of such a form of communication by an assumption
that words are arbitrary signs corresponding to thoughts that are a determinate
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Life Ins r 183 Westwood av (E Y) GE 3455 — Doris M stenog Candn
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typist Communications Dept CPR r 6, 21 Avenue rd KI 4815 — Edith
Mrs h 466 Millwood rd MA 3404 — Edmund J fire alarm div TFD h 43
Fielding av HA 5490 — Edna E (wid Geo N) h 59 Llnnsmore cres HA
0952 — Edwd r 36 King Edward av (E Y) — Edwd H trk drvr Jones
Paper Co h 198 Hallam — Edwd W slsmn Aird, Macleod and Co h
544 Rushton rd (Wych) LA 9043 — Edwin shpr H & W Perrin r 15
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r 47 Ennerdale rd (Frbk) — Elizth B tchr Duncan B Hood Pub Schl r
295 Harvie av (Erls) —Ella Mrs li 1128 College — Ella H cash
Simpsons r 45 Fairview boulevard — Elmore M C trk drvr h 351
Riverdale avenue — Elwood fetry supt Premier Vacuum Cleaner Co r
'1*68 Forman av — Emily stenog Dept of Municipal Affrs r 61 The
Kingsway (Kngswy Pk) — Ernest firemn TFD h 54 Evelyn av LY 8251
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mgr Salada Tea Co h 9 Traymore cres (H Crest) JU 4539 — Ernest G
gro and confy 2 Bernice cres (La M) h same JU 0362 — Esmay elk
Natl Trust r 41 Helena av — Ethel A h 171 Beaconsfleld av — Ethel B
elk Public Trustee of Ont h 97 Roxborough w RA 4880 Simpson
Everard messr IBank of Mont '(Tor Br) h 47 Lambton av (Mt (D) JU
536*8 — F & Sons (Harry G and Harry E Cook) gros 736-38 Yonge
KI 3154-5-6 — F V h 264 Montrose av ME 7888 — Flora (Fiona
Simpson Beauty Salon) r 2309 Bloor w LY 3555 — Flora Beauty
Salon (Flora Simpson) 2309 Bloor w LY 3555 — Florence h 543
University av EL 7965 — Florence emp Bauer & Blaack Ltd r 17
Lipton av —Florence A wtrs Simpsons r 46 Fuller avenue — Francis G
pres and mgr Garfield Trading Co Ltd h 18 Traymore cres (H Crest)
LY 6940 — Francis J foremn Haynes Art Gallery h 44 Pauline av LO
0737 — Francis S h 77, 25 Sherwood av —Frank elk Wm Mitchell h
3296 Yonge — Frank emp Terminal Warehouse h 34 Austin av —
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Electric h 11 Thompson — Frank E slsmn York Glass r 3 Arundel
avenue — Frank J lab CNE h 5 Hiawatha rd — Frank M messr J E
Grasett & Co h 5, 648 Ontario RA 3515 — Frank W stenog Big
Brother Movement r 67 Symington av LL 3236 — Fred emp Ont
Laundry h 28 Geneva av — Fred marble setters hlpr h 570 Concord
av LO 4489 - — Fred W caretkr Chartered Trust r 141 Medland —
Fredk h 67 The Queensway (H Bay) — Fredk jwlr Wm F Bassett h 61
Queensbury av (Bch C) HO 6142 — Fredk prsmn h 3 Arundel av GE
3445 — Fredk A (Eglinton Radio & Furniture Co) h 1843 Eglinton av
w (Frbk) KE 4000 — Fredk W wtchmn r 314 Keele JU 5908 —
Fredericka (wid Edwd A) h 2309 Bloor w LY 3555 — Geoffrey fetry
foremn Sutcliffe & Bingham li 13 Merrill av w — Geo h 12 Emmett av
(Mt D) — Eeo h 69A Munro — Geo caretkr Pub Lib h 266 Highfleld rd
— Geo const Etobicoke Twp h 163 Lake Shore rd (H Bay) ph N T
1912W — Geo gdnr St James Cemetery h 267 Robina av (Frbk) —
Geo lab h 127 Bellwoods av — Geo mech C C C Garage h 51 Virginia
av (E Y) — Geo wtr Welcome Home Hotel h 121 Trinity — IGeo A jr r
*64 iSorauren av EE 0249 — Geo A trainmn CNR h 64 Sorauren av
KE 0249 — Geo F chauf DeLtixe Cab h 138 Hepbourne ME 7127 —
Geo F jr elk Eatons r 138 Hepboume ME 7127 — Geo F dairymn City
Dairy r 329 Broadway av MA 5885 — Geo G M assmblr Natl Cash
Register Co r 34 Jerome — Geo H cond CPR r 143 Gilmour av JU
5340 — Geo H dept supt Campbell Mfg Co h 266 Airdrie rd (Leas) •
— Geo H plmbr Bruce & Robinson h 67 Symington av LL 3236 —
:Geo M assmblr Natl Cash Register Co h 34 Jerome JU 2673 — Geo
R bldg contr h 333 Kingswood rd HO 0523 — Geo R slsmn St Clair
Motors r 134 Belsize dr — Geo S plmbr h 201 Booth av GL 1861 —
Geo T h 142 Kenwood av (Wych) LA 3105 — Geo T chauf h 3, 26
Columbus — Geo T contr (carp) 364 Harbord h same LO 0332 —
Geo W Rae acct Bank of Mont (Yonge & Queen) r 22 St Thomas RA
5141 —Geo W 1 c P O h 375 Jones av HA 4685 — Georgina h 4, 492
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Gerard R elk Dept of Highways h 1408 Danforth av HA 1797 —
Gertrude Mrs h 3, 36 Winchester — Gertrude A (wid Sydney) h 404
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(Kngswy Pk) JU 9851 —Gilbert weaver Barrymore Cloth r 451 Church
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displaymn Simpsons h 3, 36 Winchester — Gordon C elev opr Ryrle
Bldg r 4 Dingwall av — Gordon C mach r 2033 Dundas w LL 2248 —
Gordon C slsmn C C Fields & Co h 159 Mavety JU 1036 — Grace E
elk Liverpool & London & Globe Ins r '139 Albertus av MO 20169
Simpson Gwendoline (wid John) h 8i9 Hocken av LL 680*7 „ . . —
Gwendolyn B elk Bell Tel r 23 Pricefleld road — H Edgar (Eastern
Sales Co) h 11, 1 Triller av LA 5587 — H H (Frosty Shop) r 94
Medland cres — H Marjorie stenog Dept of Educ h 46, 152A Bloor w
KI 0326 — Hall 734 Yonge — Hardware (Jeanette Simpson) 2432
Bloor w JU 3114 — Harold H chauf Dom Stores h 56 Galt avenue - —
Harriett nurse Lockwood Clinic h 24, 40 Earl — Harry bldr h 94
Medland cres JU 2610 — Harry capt Fire Stn 34 h 139 Albertus av
MO 2069 — Harry emp Anaconda Amer Brass r 94 Ninth (New T) —
Harry jan New Wellington Bldgs h 3, 569% Yonge — Harry lab Can
SS Lines r 318 Wellesley MI 8035 — Harry C guard Royal Ont
Museum h 45 Fairview blvd GE 6082— Harry D acct Candn Acme
Screw & Gear h 4 Amherst av (Frbk) — Harry E roofer Boakes
Lumber h 31 Adams av LL 7813 — Harry G mgr Royal Bank (2076
Danforth av) h 94 Normandy blvd GR 6876 — Harry J carp h 357
Soudan av MO 9468 — Harry O stmftr h 195 Glebemount av (E Y)
GR 6847 — Harry W elect Robt A L Gray & Co h 310 St Johns rd
(Rnny) LY 3335 — Hector M elk Frlgidaire Sales h 650 Merton —
Helen elk-typist Prov Auditor’s Off r 55 Silver Birch av HO 7818 —
Helen A r 2, 878 Avenue rd n HY 6179 — Helen E elk Bank of Mont
(Yonge & Queen) r 2, 126 Walnter rd KI 4790 • — Helen M elk
Eatons r 115 Braemore gdns LA 1419 — Helen M sec Eatons r 87
Spadina rd MI ' 5088 — Henry G shpr Robt Bury & Co r 379 Parkside
dr ME 8116 — Henry W carp h 10 Thorndale cres (La Mills) • —
Henry W dist credit mgr Northern Elect h 484 Balliol HY 7091 —
Herbt jr artist r 127 Gladstone av LL 9863 — Herbt blocker Standard
Hat h 22 Maitland KI 9112 — Herbt bkbndr h 78 Victoria Pk av (Scar)
HO 7415 — Herbt drvr Dept St Clng h 127 Gladstone av LA 9863 —
Herbt supt Taylor Typewriter Co h 473 Scarborough rd —Herbt C
prof Trinity Coll h 635 Huron KI 7349 — Herbt E r 58 Harbord —
Herbt V h 1, 2824 Dundas w ■ — Hilda h 271 A Queen e — Howard
A emp Miracle Marketeria r 19 Ormsby cres (Fst H) HY 3896 —
Howard S bkpr Honey Dew r 25 Gillespie av JU 2662 —Hugh H shop
hand CNR h 147 Sixth (New T) — Hugo r 47 Ennerdale rd (Frbk) KE
2551 — Ida nurse r 79 Charles e MI 2786 — Ina emp Ont Boys
Clothing Co r 354 Wa liner rd MI 5296 —Ina C r 265 Van Horne LL
8101 — Irene (wid Wm) h 45 Afton av — Irwin r 18, 7-9 Broadway
av MA 5796 —Isabel r 123 South dr RA 3058 — Isabel Mrs slsldy
Helens House of Corsetry r 46 Woodmount av — Isabel! M nurse r
251 Dovercourt rd LO 4386 — Isabella J fnshr Wm R Warner & Co r
1081 Queen w LA 8552 — Isadore tinsmith 695 College h same ME
0974 — J C elk Dept of Pub Welfare r 41 Helena avenue — J
Matthew bldr h 1, 319 Lauder av (Oak) — J Stanley slsmn
Macdonald Mfg h 131 Briar Hill av MO 2977 — J Verne brkr Norris
Grain Co h 122 Latimer av MO 6705 — Jack app W R Johnston Co —
Jack mach Clark Litho Wks r 5 Raglan av LA 0164 — Jack mech
Riverdale Garage Ltd h 68 Springdale blvd (E Y) — Jacobina h 126
Pauline av ME 8586 — Jas r 90 Chisholm av (E Y) HO 6511 — Jas h
55 Ellerbeck GE 6035 — Jas r 37 Madelaine av (Scar) — Jas appr
Harper & Co r 9 Bansley av (Frbk) — Jas bkr h 5 Riverdale av HA
7166 — Jas barr and sol 28 Marehmount rd (h same LA 3063 ■ —
Jas btehr Municipal Abattoir h 283 Blackthorn av JU 9375 — Jas elk
h 114 Alameda av (Frbk) — Jas comp R G McLean r 22 Eighth (New
Toronto) Simpson Jas cpntr h 2217 Wychwood av (Wych) (LO 1986
— Jas drop hammer man Henry Disston & Sons h 3, 104 Spencer av
LL 7392 — Jas foremn steel rm Moffats Ltd r Fifth av (Wstn) — Jas
jan Granada Apts h 4, 1636 Queen e GR 8890 —Jas jan Northern
Aluminum Co h 217 Perth av LL 4918 — Jas lab Gas 'Co h 90
'Chisholm av (E Y) HO 6511 — Jas mech Underwoood Elliott Fisher r
34, 794 Carlaw av —Jas turret lathe opr Coulter Copper & Brass res
Thornhill — Jas A h 101 Chester av GE 1568 — Jas A drvr h 330
Dundas e - — Jas A mach Wonder Bakeries h 98 Russett av LO 9185
— Jas A prsr h 367 Carlton • — Jas A staty firemn h 3 Wilmot av —
Jas B h 36 Ashburnham rd ME 6237 — Jas B stkpr Eatons h 360
Bleecker MI 8828 — Jas F (Simpson’s Meat Market) r Scarlett rd (La
M) — Jas H stmftr U of T h 138 Westlake av (E Y) GR 2791 — Jas I
pres and genl mgr Dunlop Tire & Rubber Goods Co Ltd h 244
Dunvegan rd (Fst H) MA 2106 — Jas J bkpr Allen & White h 434
Lauder av (Frbk) — Jas M purch agt Anglin-Norcross h 570 Briar Hill
av (Fst H) HY 9135 — Jas M rep Sun Life h 2 Elderwood dr (Fst H)
MO 4978 — Jas P bkpr Ont Hydro r 94 Lawrence av w (Wstn) — Jas
S surg 610, 86 Bloor w KI 1352 h 70 Rose Pk dr HY 4966 — Jane r
20 Wheeler av — Janet (wid Rupert M) h 155 Hudson dr HY 4913 —
Janet M r 536 Arlington av (Cedarvale) — Jean r 15 Dearbourne av
GE 2687 — Jean r 104 Eastern av — Jean r 69 Humewood dr (Wych)
LA 6742 — Jean stenog Henry Disston & Sons r 516 Gladstone av —
Jean (wid Wm C) h 69 Humewood dr (Wych) LA 6742 — Jean B
entertainer r 989 Dufferln LO . 2284 — Jean I h 18, 7-9 Broadway av
MA 5796 —Jean M r 187 Pacific av JU 7154 — Jemima (wid Alfred) r
5 Hugo av — Jennie opr Candn H W Gossard r 61 Earl Grey rd —
Jennie (wid Edwd) h 36 King Edward av (E Y) — Jennie (wid John) h
247 Roxton rd — Jessie (Greenwood Delicatessen) h 1364 Queen e
— Jessie acetg elk Empire Universal Films r 143 Macpherson av RA
5222 — Jessie H tchr Perth Ave Schl r 716 Indian rd JU 6337 — John
r 247 Jarvis (active ser) — John (Simpson’s Scotch Bakery) h 1058
Bloor w KE 7771 — John asst stkpr Ont Hydro h 3192 Yonge — John
cabt mkr 242 Cedarvale av (E Y) h same GR 9204 —John chef Can
SS Lines h 467 Church MI 8894 — John elk Dept Natl Def h 10
Snowdon av MA 5791 — John emp Tor Golf Club h 48 Tenth (New
Toronto) — John hlpr Rolph-Clark-Stone r 41 Wolcott av (Scar) GR
8285 — John mach Aluminum Co of Can h 14 Abbott av LY 2970 —
John slselk Eatons h 60 Sellers av KE 2509 — John timekpr Gair Co r
375 Jones av — John A r 19 Ormsby cres (Fst H) HY 3896 — John A
ins slsmn Dom Life h 2, 125 Walmer rd RA 4790 — John A slsmn
Super Health Co h 37 Branstone rd (Frbk) — John A with Tor Hydro r
42 Charles e RA 6660 — John B radio servlcemn Eatons h 526
Victoria Pk av — John C bkpr Loblaws h 2033 Dundas w LL 2248 —
John C carp h 143 Macpherson av RA 5222 — John C toolmkr Candn
Elevator Equip r 61 Earl Grey rd — John E foremn Telfer Paper Box h
80 Spencer av LA 3420 — John G prin Winchester St Pub Schl h 187
Pacific av JU 7154 — John H r 109 Lambton av (Mt D) — John H nt
wtchmn Dom Motors h 115 Braemore gdns LA 1419 ■ — John L r
466 Millwood rd MA 3404 - — John L serv stn attdt North End
Motors r 45 MacLean av - — John L supt Premier Vacuum Co h 200
Belsize dr HY 9989 — John N emp Barrymore Cloth Co h 39 Hunter
HA 9343 —1276—
 Solvay The Standard Fuel Co. AH qim COKE OF TORONTO
LIMITED AMERICAN AND WELSH ANTHRACITE ALL GRADES
BITUMINOUS FUEL OIL Fuels 01111 ELGIN 7151 SATISFACTION —
SERVICE — COURTESY ELGIN 7151 SIMS Simpson \John R chairman
benefits dept Imp Oil Ltd h 103 (Heath e IHU 4468 — John W
druggist Abbott Laboratories r 383 Madison av MI 4109 - — Jos bkpr
Wilcox Engnrg r 127 Isabella — Jos dir Paulore Gold Mines Ltd (357
Bay) — Jos drvr Mutual Supply r 1049 Bathurst — Jos mech h 200
Riverdale av — Jos purch agt CIL h 24, 1652 Bathurst (Cedarvale)
MA 4828 —Jos & Sons Ltd Catherine Conlin pres, Thos A Doherty
vice-pres and genl mgr, Gordon E Hanks sec-treas knitted gds 8-12
Berkeley EL 7307 — (Jos C billiards 643 Dupont h 643A same LO
9779 ■ — Jos E brush mkr Candn Natl Inst for the Blind h 338 St
Johns rd (Rnny) LY 7436 — Jos F slsmn Wm Jessop ’& ISons Ltd h
62 Alb'ani (Mim) —Jos I r 99 Sparkhall av GL 2614 — Jos T
(Runnymede Welding Wks) it 129 Beresford av (Swan) LY 5180 —
Jos W h 73 Olive av —Julia M elk Star r 467 Church Ml 8894 — June
opr Helena Rubinstein r 19 Leeds —June slsclk Eatons r 123
Sunnyside av — Kate Mrs r 81 Duke — Kathleen tchr Kew Beach Pub
Schl li 36, 85 Silver Birch av HO 1782 —Kathleen E dental nurse Wm
D Cavanagh r Botany Bldg, U of T MI 6521 — Kenneth W h 60
Boulton dr RA 7623 SIMPSON L J, M.D., HON, Minister Department
of Education, Parliament Buildings, Queen’s Park, h 479 Oriole
Parkway, Phone MAvfair 2375 — L Jean stenog Henry Disston & Sons
r 516 Gladstone av LO 7084 — Laura r 159 Mavety JU 9084 ■ —
Leah I stenog Travelers Ins r 130 Glebemount av (E Y) GR 9929 —
Leo A with Tor Hydro h 106 Hogarth av — Leonard H r 89 Hocken av
LL 6807 - — Leonard S credit suprvsr Genl Motors Acceptance h 71
Donegal dr (Leas) HY 5806 — Leslie F sis agt li 73 Anderson av HY
4060 — Leslie G sign writer Art Neon Displays h 874 Broadview av —
Leslie J elk Ont Hydro h 6, 321 Tweedsmuir av (Wyeh) RA 2876 —
Lewis B insp Purity Bread h 184 Rosemount av KE 5262 —Lillian Mrs
h 379 Parkside dr ME 8116 —Lillian (wid Peter) h 1000 Ossington av
- — (Lillian A elk Lever Bros h 331 St Johns rd (Rnny) LY 4866 —
Lionel W traininn CNR h 40 Redwood av GE 6297 - — Louis lirdrsr
Simpsons li 2, 330 Clinton LO 0450 - — Louisa J (wid Geo)
postmistress Todmorden P O h 1022 Broadview av (E Y) GE 6137 —
Lucinda (wid Wm) r 600 Spadina av RA 1734 — Lynda bkpr
Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator h 35. 2393 Queen e HO 7142 — M
Avis (wid Albt E) h 3, 651 Lake Shore rd (Mim) - — M Lenore sec
Ont Hydro r 479 Oriole Parkway — M M Janet nurse West End
Creche r 197 _ Euclid av IWA 9717 — Mabel F Mrs tel order cllc
Eatons h 2, 19 Leeds — Margt emp Barrymore Cloth r 1241 King w
LA 1077 - — Margt nurse St Josephs Hosp r 3 Bradley av (H Crest)
LY 5804 - — Margt tlrs r 18 Rossmore rd LA 1919 - — Margt Mrs h
254 Christie - — Margt Mrs r 43 Orchard Park blvd HO 3052 —Margt
(wid David) r 570 Briar Hill av (Fst H) HY 9135 — Margt (wid Jas) li
925 Gerrard e HA 8744 — Margt (wid John) r 136 Fairlawn av HU
2436 —Margt (wid IRobt) h 32.9 Broadway av MA 5885 — Margt
(wid Wm) h 8, 79 Oriole rd HU 0126 — Margt E tchr Dept of Educ
(Ont) r 49 Highfleld rd GE 6249 —Margt H h 202, 190 Colin av MO
2880 —Margt H elk York Twp h 402, 1554 Bathurst (Wych) LO 6225
- — Margt M sis elk Eatons r 31, 21 Glenfern av — Marguerite A (wid
Geo W H) h 308, 400 Avenue rd MI 7882 — Marian Mrs pekr L C
Tobias r 9 Thyra av i(E Y) - — Marion Mrs mini- Ritz Hat r 5, 1152%
Queen e HA 8794 — Marion C r 12 Emmett av (Mt D) - — Mariorie
elk Dept of Educ (Ont) r 152 Bloor w — Mary sis elk Eatons r 123
Sunnyside av — Mary stenog Robt Henry & Son h 45, 1621 Queen w
—Mary Mrs r 16 Burnfleld av LO 5947 Simpson Mary Mrs r 128
Harrison — Mary (wid Jas) r 147 Sixth (New T) — Mary (wid Walter
N) h 491 Broadview av GL 0642 — Mary A h 58 Harbord — Mary A
stenog Gutta Percha r 5 Spencer av LA 2253 — Mary E elk Dept of
Educ (Ont) r 11 St Leonards av HU 0039 — Mary F, Mrs h 5W, 1585
Bloor w — Mary F priv sec Fairweathers r 9 Webster av KI 2829 —
Mary J (wid John T) h 96 Winchester MI 6086 — Maxine A elk Dept
of Pub Welfare r 91 Indian rd LO 8061 — May alteration hand John
Northway & Son r 18 Elm — Mayme (wid Frank) h 2, 414 Parliament
— Melville A bakery emp Hunts r 8 Elmwood av LL 8189 — Michl G
sec and mgr Can Dairies Ltd li 234 Glenview av HU 2331 - — Mildred
h 13, 36 Elm — Mildred (wid Harold I) h 45 Normandy blvd GR 5277
— Mina h 2, 223 Indian rd — Morris I vice-pres Tor Footwear Co Ltd
h 321 Glenayr rd (Fst H) HY 4797 — Muir r 31 Pembroke EL 9714 —
Muriel J tchr Northern Vocational Schl r 23 Burnfleld av LO 2841 —
Myra E soc wkr Dept Pub Welfare r 17 Madison av KI 2493 — Myrtle
tchr Duncan B Hood Pub Schl r 164 Rosemount av (Wstn ph 297W)
— Myrtle L elk Workmens Comp Bd li 32 Ellerbeek HA 2392 — Nellie
M sec Dept Health (Prov) h 443 Ileloraine av (Nth Y) MA 3646 —
Noel attdt Jack M Stewart r 261 Beresford av LY 2698 — Noreen V
filing elk Royal Bank (Super Dept) r 27 Colin av — Norman H tchr
Queen Victoria Pub Schl h 421 Willard av LY 7143 — Norman M r
244 Dunvegan rd (Fst H) MA 2106 — Norman V carp R W Binnie h
325 Forman av HY 0070 — Norman W with Bell Tel h 15 Warland av
(E Y) GL 3182 — Olga nurse Cottage Nursing Home r 104 Main n
(Wstn) ph Zone 4-334 — Olive r 28 Marehmount rd LA 3063 — Olive
Mrs prsr J B Home Mfg Co h 44, 1836 Queen e — Pamela R stenog
Bank of Mont (Bay St Br) r 28 McMaster av MI 2151 — Peter r 1434
Bloor w Peter A acct Dom Bank (Spadina & Adelaide) r 157 Madison
av KI 7004 — Peter L r 143 Mac.pherson av RA 5222 — Planing Mill
Co Ltd Alex Rhind pres and mgr. H Bruce Duthie sec-treas lumber
828 Kingston rd GR 1412 — Prudence h 2, 223 Indian rd — Rachel r
34 Bellefair av — Rav btehr h 164 Rosemount av (Wstn ph 297 W)
— Regd W agt Can Life h 63 Walmsley blvd HU 0593 — Rene Mrs
hsekpr Candn Mothercraft Society r 112 College KI 0928 - — Richd B
bldg supt Can Life h 567 Greenwood av GL 1791 —Rita elk Shell Oil r
308, 400 Avenue rd MI 7882 — Robt h 33 Ashland av — Robt r 35
Charles w KI 1903 —Robt r 257 King e TR 0259 — Robt h 611
Ossington av LO 9086 — IRobt jr r 41 Wolcott av (Sear) GR 8285 —
Robt bkr Can Bread h 64 Uxbridge av — Robt emp Harper & Co r 9
Bansley av (Frbk) — Robt hostler CNR li 41 Wolcott av (Scar) GR
8285 — Robt lab Anchor Cap r 54 Dynevor rd (Frbk) — Robt lab
Grossman & Hartzman Fruit Mkt r 666 Parliament MI 2895 . — Robt
letter ctr Tor Stamp & Stencil Wks h 494 Caledonia rd (Frbk) KE
0813 — Robt mach lilpr h 31 Somerset av LO 2436 — Robt mgr
Hudsons Bay Co h 21 Poplar Plains rd RA 7791 — Robt mech r 14
Grenville KI 1941 — Robt mech L C Smith r 536 Arlington av
(Cedarvale) —Robt with Tor Hydro h 74 Boultbee av — Robt A carp li
9 Bansley av (Frbk) — Robt B L r 11 St Leonards av HU 0039 — Robt
C foremn Imp Varnish h 17 Rainsford rd GR 2631 — Robt C plmbr
Bruce Robinson r 67 Symington av LL 3236 — Robt G li 1 Juniper av
—Robt G drvr Dept of St Clng li 30 Florence —Robt H h E. 239
Dovercourt rd LO 9610 (active serv) —Robt J lab h 1245% Queen e
HA 1013 — Robt J D insp Dom of Can Genl Ins h 496 Castlefleld av
HU 6577 — Robt M blksmth Aluminum Co of Can h 61 Earl Grey rd
GE 1826 Simpson Robt R jr, elk Bank of Tor (313 Eglinton av w) r 63
Walmsley iblvd IHU 0593 — Rose Mrs emp F N Burt Ltd r 22 Robert
(Wstn ph 579M) — Rosie M r 301 St Clarens av LO 7712 — Ross A
acct Brokenshire, Scarff & Co r 319 Quebec av JU 0848 — Roy elk
Fred !M flogle & iCo r 3 Arundel avenue — Roy golf prof Summerlea
Golf Club h 38 Denison rd w (Wstn ph 481) — Roy C tel opr h 11
Prust av —Roy L emp Chas Simpson h 64 Hampton avenue — Roy W
phy 160 Bloor w KI 2128 h 42 Scholfleld av MI 8859 — Rupert
customers mn Watson, Wallace & Co h 11 St Leonards av HU 0039
— Russell A foremn Henry Disston & Sons h 821 Windermere av
(Rnny) LL 7958 — Russell C saw mkr app Henry Disston & Sons r
821 Windermere av i(Rnny) LL 7958 — Russell G druggist Owl Drug
h 52 Whitmore av (Fst H) MO 4860 — Ruth elk Home for Incurable
Children r same MI 7610 — Ruth wtrs Two Minute Lunch r 376
Berkeley — Ruth R slsldy Biacake Food Shop r 283 Blackthorn av JU
9375 — S lab J A Peer & Son r 370 Berkeley — S mailer Globe & Mail
h 35 Warland av (East York) — Sami r 219 Chisholm av (E Y) —
tSaml 'Rev r 174 Front w AD 4151 — Sami deputy chf Fire Stn 10 r
250 Carlton — Sami lab h 184 Rosethorn av (Silv) — Sami V nt
wtchmn S F Bowser Co h 109 Lambton av (Mt D) - Sarah (wid Jas) r
84 Russett av LO 4588 — Sarah (wid Percy) h 68 Springdale blvd (E
Y) — Sarah (wid Robt) r 57 Crawford WA 6853 - Sarah A (wid Thos)
r 399 Ossington av LO 4683 Sarah E stenog Bank of Com (Head Off)
— Sarah J B (wid Herman) h 55 Westmount av LL 0874 - Sarah McD
r 32 Ellerbeek HA 2392 — Sidney lab it 23 Gloucester —Stanley emp
Dibble Coal Co h 48 Wardell — Stanley sjlsmn Norman MacDonald r
271 Kennedy av LY 4900 — Stanley I) sis mgr Variety Nut Stores Ltd
h 806 Millwood rd (Leas) HY 0583 — Stanley G studt Hilborn
Williams & Co r 67 Symington av LL 3236 — Stella opr C G E r 222
Winnett av (Cedarvale) — Susan nurse r 1257 King w' LL 0215 —
Susie r 183 Westwood av (E Y) GE 3455 — Susie M stenog Frankel
Bros r 60 Sellers av KE 2509 -Sybil elk typist Dept of Highways h
307, 83 St Clair av w — Sydney slsmn Gardiner-McCrea h 141
Priscilla av (Rnny) JU 2141 — Sydney H drftsmn T T C h 26
Kimboume av (E Y) GE 2732 — T Ralph emp Peerless Carbon h 34
Scarlett rd (La M) - — Theodore A chart acct Glendinning, Gray &
Roberts h 11, 365 Bayview av (Leas) — Thos elk Wearever
Aluminum Co r 5 Spencer av LA 12253 — Thos emp Simpsons r 34
Humberside av — Thos golf prof r 213 Mutual — Thos routing aide C
N Tel r 244 St Clarens av — Thos A plmbr li 21 Hocken av ME 6243
—Thos B r 242 Cedarvale av (E Y) GR 9204 — Thos D mach Can
Wire & Cable h 8 Forsyth rd - Thos J tote box attdt Y M C A r 127
Gladstone av LL 9863 — Thos J trav Lewis Ltd h 55 Silver Birch av
HO 7818 — Thos P plant supt Can Metal h 24 Hartford av HO 2873
— Thos R elect CNR h 54 Ashbury av (Frbk) — Thos R supt Dom
Stores h 1, 302 Kingsway s (Swan) JU 4780 — Thos W slsmn
Williams & W’ilson h 727A Millwood rd (Leas) MA 4726 —Transport
(Bruce T Simpson) 489 Eglinton av e HY 8022 — Vera M stenog
United Drug r 92 Birch av KI 0625 • — Viola r 45 Afton av — Viola
Mrs h 35, 320 Lonsdale rd (Fst H) — Violet emp Barrymore Cloth r
1241 King — Violet (wid Wm) h 437 King e — Violet E r 301 St
Clarens av LO 7712 — W D wtchmn B A Oil r 56 Holly — W G Mrs r
611 Sherbourne RA 8316 — W Robt furnace mn h 807 Dundas w WA
7774 — Walter shpng elk Viceroy Mnfg h 534 Perth av Walter trk
drvr Simpson Transp h 489 Eglinton av e HY 8022 - -Walter A r 44
Pauline av LO 0737 -Waiter J elev opr h 15 Cambrai av (E Y)
Simpson Walter IS elk Dom Bank (King & Yonge) r 2, 125 Walmer rd
RA 4790 — Wilfred J shpng elk Scales & Roberts r 45 Afton av —
Willard F teller Bank of Com (St Clair & Yonge) h 15 Gresham rd HU
1045 — Willard N plstr h 17 Gordon — Wm r 46 Alexander KI 6056
— Wm h 536 Arlington av (Cedarvale) — Wm r 75 Dearbourne av GE
2687 — Wm h 209, 387 Sherbourne — Wm btehr r 402 Sherbourne
MI 3671 — Wm chkr Hinde & Dauch h 47 Ennerdale rd (Frbk) KE
2551 — Wm elk Can Starch h 33 St Clair av e HY 1204 — Wm elk
Genl Accident Fire & Life Assce h 5 Spencer av LA 2253 — Wm elk
Natl Drug h 26 Arlington av — Wm det Pol Dept h 658 Rhodes av GL
2654 — Wm elev erector h 175 Collier MI 9239 — Wm fire alarm div
T F D h 659 Carlaw av HA 1537 — Wm ftr Gas Co h 75 Berkshire av
HA 0791 — Wm glass fnshr Vitrolite Products h 3 Greyton cres —
Wm hlpr Tor Type Fndry r 329 Broadway avenue — Wm A h 143
Indian gr — Wm B messr Natl Trust h 16 Seymour av — Wm E
ldgrkpr Imp Bank (Adelaide & Victoria) r 63 Walmsley blvd — Wm G
roofer 69 Morse h same HA 6039 — Wm H L acct Swifts h 141
William (Wstn) — Wm J h 65 Austin av — Wm .1 gdnr h 240
Vaughan rd (Wych) — Wm J mach CNR h 333 Perth av Wm J pres
and mgr Golden Summit Mines Ltd h 397 Willard av LY 6768 — Wm
J trk drvr Hodgson-Taylor h 78 Munro — Wm J S emp Tor Type r 989
Dufferin LO 2284 — Wm N off suprvsr Natl Trust h 121 Glenview av
HU 7097 — Wm O phy 314% Queen e EL 6866 h 53 Clifton rd HY
3471 — Wm It r 437 King e — Wm R acct British Drug Houses r 290
Wright av LO 9636 — Wm R air brake insp M P & C Equip CNR h 50
Moore av MO 9321 — Wm S elk P O r 92 Birch av KI 0625 — Wm S
elk Royal Bank (Y’onge & Richmond) r 2, 125 Walmer rd RA 4790 -
Wm W carp h 198 Woburn av — & Kerr (Alfred C Kerr) job and
comm prntrs 322-4 King w WA 9553 — & Shields Coal Co (Herbt J
Shields) 886 Eastern av GE 6969 Simpson's Ladies Wear (Mrs Bessie
Massey) 1246 St Clair av w LA 1852 — Meat Mkt (Jas F and Thos R
Simpson) gro and btehr 21 Main n (Wstn ph 20) — Scotch Bakery
(John Simpson) 1058 Bloor w KE 7771 SIMPSON’S— THE ROBERT
SIMPSON COMPANY LIMITED, Charles L Burton President, Edgar G
Burton General Manager, James H Gundy Vice-President, Frank Hay
Secretary, Departmental Store, 160-178 Yonge, Phone TRinity 9111,
1-27 Queen west, 6-42 Richmond west and 379-389 Bay, Mail Order
108-128 Mutual. Phone TRinity 9811. Branch Office 877 Lake Shore
rd (New Toronto), Phone New Toronto 1120, Used Furniture
Department. 99-101 Queen e. Phone TRinity 1150 Simpson-Ray
Dorothy M tchr Wellesley Pub Schl r 67 Albany av LO 9577 — Thos J
chf engnr and caretkr Central Tech h 67 Albany av LO 9577 Simrod
Harvey B r 4, 340 College KI 0873 — Israel btehr h 4, 340 College KI
0873 — Louis btehr h 572 Dufferin LO 9979 +Sims see also Sim and
Syme — A Haig elk Harrison & Co r 86 Rosedale Heights dr HY 3978
— Agnes dress opr Sportswear r 129 Humbercrest blvd (H Crest) LY
5600 — Albt linemn Ont Hydro h 22 Emmott av (Scar) - — Albt H
drvr Ont Hydro h 81 Robinson av (Scar) — Alfred J shoe repr 186
Caledonia rd li same — Alfred T drvr Cedarvale Dairy h 17
Manchester av LO 3149 — Alfred T jr slsmn Singer Sewing Mach r 17
Manchester av LO 3149 — Allan elk C G E r 2274 Queen e - — Allen
R W mech leather mkr Monarch Belting r 36 High (H Bay) — Amy S
stenog S A Prntg Dept r 1925 Dufferin KE 6063 — Anna slsldy Laura
Secord Candy r 12 Thorburn av — Arthur G wire drawer Can Wire &
Cable h 244 Airdrie rd (Leas) - — Arthur J T pattern mkr Massey-
Harris h 62 St Dunstans dr (Scar) — Audrey B stenog r 23
Sutherland av (E Y) Alphabetical, White Page 1277
 SIM THORNE, MULHOLLAND, HOWSON & McPHERSON
CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS E. J. Howson and R. S. McPherson,
Licensed Trustees FEDERAL BUILDING TORONTO Telephone
ADelaide 0661 SIMS Sims Caroline E tchr Duke of York Schl h 1505,
2837 Yonge — Chas h 243 Sumach — Chas pntr h 11B Salisbury ay
—Chas H pres Louvic Ltd h 37 Lark HO 1512 — Dorothy emp
Westons Biscuits r 81 Robinson ay (Scar) — Dorothy hrdrsr Yvonne
Beauty Salon r 41 Woodycrest av - — Edna M bkbndr MacLean Pub r
186 Caledonia rd — Ernest with S A h 1925 Dufferln KE 6063 — Etta
(wid Frank) h 139 Jameson ay — Eugene trk drvr h 67 Robinson —
Florence (wid John) h 113 Mavety JIT 9403 - — Frances L off elk
Allen Stores r 606 Ontario — Frank typesetter h 1349 Danforth av —
Fredk h 23 Sutherland av (E Y) — Fredk drvr slsmn Silverwoods r 3
Richardson — Geo S contr and bldr h 46 Denison rd w (Wstrn ph
244W) — Gilbert weaver Tor Carpet Mfg h 50 Mould av (Rnny) JU
4804 — Gladys M bndry wkr Candn Sales Check Book r 17
Manchester av LO 3149 — Hamilton (Sims & Suzuki) h 158 Lytton
blvd HU 1500 —Henry W h 110 Millwood rd HY 4043 — Herbt constn
foremn Bell Tel h 37 Lessard av (H Crest) LY 4113 - — Jack emp
Massey-Harris r 36 High (H Bay) — Jas r 104 McCaul — Jas opr
Blachford Shoe Mfg h 315 Rhodes avenue — Jas with Tor Hydro r
545 Sherbourne — Jas with Underwood Elliott Fisher h 74 Edith dr
MA 5193 — John B meteorological asst Meteorological Serv r 113
Mavety JU 9403 —John F h 36 High (H Bay) — L Rowan pres E H
Walsh & Co Ltd li 86 Rosedale Heights dr HY 3978 — Leonard ctr
Buchan Sinclair h 137 Priscilla av (Rnny) — Lillian L (wid Percy) rep
North Amer Life h 49 Southwood dr HO 8972 — Louis H elk Confed
Life res Richmond Hill ph 122 -Margt (wid Richd) h 668 Shaw LO
2684 —Norman C mech Samuel Motors h 377 Ossington av —
Norman J br mgr RCA Victor Co Ltd h 98 Humbercrest blvd (H Crest)
JU 5943 • — Olive K swtchbd opr Samuel Motors r 377 Ossington av
—Percy D chauf r 60 First av — Regd routemn Hillside Dairies - —
Richmond W elk Simon’s Motors r 42 Keewatin av HY 0470 — Roy
trk drvr Security Transp r 903 Shaw LO 5386 ■ — Roy A acct h 12
Pinewood av (Wych) ME 1340 • — Sami W h 48 Summerhill av KI
9615 — Selwyn hlpr Reed-Candn Engrs r 49 Southwood dr — Thos A
1 c P O res Islington - — Thos G elect h 136 Soudan av —Thos M elk
Goodyear Tire r 105 Lake Shore dr (New T) —Verna emp Willards
Chocolates r 36 High (H Bay) — Victor W r 60 First av — Victoria
emp Willards Chocolates r 36 High (H Bay) — -Vivien emp Willards
Chocolates r 36 High (H Bay) — Whelmina nurse r 110 Millwoods rd
HY 4043 — Wm r 173 Concord av LO 5940 — Wm h 129
Humbercrest blvd (H Crest) LY 5600 — Wm attdt Edwd W Truelove r
226 Pitt av (Scar) • — Wm lab Tor Cadmium Plating h 103 St Johns
rd LY 6705 — Wm pntr G L Latimer h 1172 Dufferln LL 7132 — Wm
A jan Hawthorne Apts h 202, 44 Huntley — Wm C contr h 60 First av
— Wm J shpr Gold Medal Furn r 1172 Dufferin LL 7132 — Wm K acct
Leaside Municipal Offices r 244 Airdrie rd (Leas) — Winston emp
Smith’s Transp r 81 Robinson av (Scar) — & Suzuki (Hamilton Sims
and Richd Suzuki) assayers 130 Richmond w EL 3853 Simscuk
Stephanie chkr Puritan Lndry r 333 Carlton Simser Elburn W acct
Sinclair & Valentine h 1 L ’Estrange pi (H Crest) JU 4262 — Ella E
(wid Lionel) h 968B College LO 7739 —Ernest prod mgr C G E h 109
Roseneath gdns (Oak) LL 5352 —Francis M stenog C G E r 109
Roseneath gdns (Oak) LL 5352 — John W h 1 High Park blvd LO
7743 — W E Regd teller Bank of Com (268 College) res Port Credit
Simson Edwd H ins agt 3, 84 Victoria h 129 Langley av GL 2129 —
Fred T mech engnr Candn & Genl Finance h 519 St Clements av (Fst
H) HY 2964 — Geo F elect engnr Ont Hydro h 37 Heather HU 2024
— Harold r 2, 414 Parliament Slmundson Jessie H sec Tor
Convention & Tourist Assn Inc r 36 Springbank av (Bch C) HO 0400
Sin Lim lndrymn Sam Yee Co r 1210 Yonge — Yu lndrymn r 71
Walton Sinar Jos lab Dept of St Clng h 58 Amelia Sinardo Carman S
tlr 3182 Dundas w h 3182A same LY 1593 — Chas vegetables 3293
Dundas w h 3293A same LY 5665 Sincere Trading Co (H Y Lee and
Lee Wye) mfrs agts 75 Elizabeth WA 9155 ♦Sinclair see also St Clair
— A Gordon reporter Star res Islington ph Zone 9-335 — A John
slsmn Scythes & Co li 304, 1550 Bathurst (Wyeh) KE 4484 — A P ftr
Beaver Lndry Mach r 20 Evans avenue — A W slsmn r 43 Hook av JU
1666 — Agnes stenog Royal Trust r 85 Ashburnham rd LL 5671 —
Agnes (wid John) h 224 Waverley rd - — Alan M slsmn Wilkins
Smallwares r 138 Edna av LL 1065 — Albt R slsmn h 72 Glenmanor
dr HO 3585 — Albt W elk Geo H Hees r 713 Dupont LO 5787 - —
Alex r 124 Springhurst av LA 5340 — Alex r 1047 Woodbine av (E Y)
— Alex carp Telegram h 145 Rushton rd LL 5055 — Alex elk h 17
Laurler av — lAlex emp iCandn Kodak r 75 Miller av — Alex genl
reprmn Tor Genl Hosp h 80 Laughton av LL 1788 — Alex B lab asst
Gutta Percha h 88 West Lodge av ME 7544 — Alex J sr elk P O r 112
Tyndall av — Alex L trk drvr J O Moat h 94 Balmoral av KI 6304 ■ —
Alex M p c Pol Dept li 60 Milverton blvd HA 6882 - — Alex T carp h
34 Darrell av • — Alice stenog Muir Cap & Regalia r 491 Ossington
av — Alice (wid Archd J) h 25 Linden MI 7018 - — Andrew bkr
Barkers h 54 Vermont av — Andrew foremn Bradshaw's h 192
Earlscourt av KE 1989 — Andrew D S slsmn Coca Cola r 12, 987
Kingston rd GR 1774 — Andrew H mus r 281 Victoria Park av (Scar)
GR 5163 1 — Andrew J trk drvr Imp Tobacco h 32 Essex LO 9240 -
— Andy elk Empire Universal Films r 11. 227 Vaughan rd (Wych) —
Angus W elk Simon D Sinclair r 243 Kingsway s (Swan) - — Angus W
R KC (Armstrong & Sinclair) h 3 Edmund Gate RA 4372 —Anna elk
Consolidated Press r 32 Essex LO 9240 — Anna (wid Danl) h 32
Arlington av LL 3838 — Anne sec John Mackay & Co r 101, 44
Huntley RA 4675 - — Annie Mrs r 36 Marmaduke LL 1382 — Annie
(wid Duncan) h 576 Eastern av — Archd r 169 Sunnyside av KE 6467
— Archd M mach Purdy, Mansell h 449 Milverton blvd GR 6524 —
Arlle J mech Involute Gear Co h 1103% Davenport rd — Arnold P
mech Beaver Lndry Mach r 20 Evans av LY 2458 — Arthur h 43 Hook
av JU 1666 —Arthur emp X-Ray Dept Tor Western Hosp r 561
Bathurst KI 5681 — Attie r 180 Galley av LA 8391 — Barbara (wid
John) r 581 Ontario — Beatrice r 18 Tranby av KI 0807 — Belle H
(wid Wm G) h 197 Oalcmount rd JU 8614 —Bertha Mrs h 140
Boulton av — Bessie V tchr r 30 Allenvale av (Frbk) KE 5625 — Betty
emp Langleys r 210 First av — (Betty opr Kops Bros r 66 March-
mount road —Blanche M elk Birks-Ellis-Ryrie r 879 Woodbine av — C
Gordon pres Buchan-Sinclalr Ltd res Clarkson —Catherine stenog Ont
Silknit r 1047 Woodbine av (E Y) — Chas r 288 Gladstone av — Chas
r 40 Prince Rupert av KE 1725 — Chas h 281 Victoria Park av (Scar)
GR 5163 — Chas elk Liquor Control No 10 h 144 Cosburn av (E Y) —
Chas E h 608, 394 Avenue rd KI 3504 — Chas E h 176 Virginia av (E
Y) — Chas J acct Wood Fleming h 40 Prince Rupert av KE 1725 —
Chas L tlr Off of Genl Supt C N Tel r 2 Leroy av (E Y) — Chas R h 2,
733 Broadview av GE 1047 Sinclair Chas R slsmn h 15 Currie av GR
3914 — 'Chas iS elk PO -h 1>034 Logan av GE 4937 —Chas T mus h
11 Cedar av — Charlotte A (wid Fredk) h 146 Glendale av LO 9023
— Christina r 243 Kingsway s (Swan) — Christina (wid Colin) h 80
Dewson LO 3109 — Christopher H artist Dual Craft Studio h 80
Mountview av JU 5217 — Clifford R elk Cities Service Oil r 400 St
Clair av e HY 8084 — Clive M (Anderson, Bourdon & Sinclair) h 17
Kingsmill rd (Kngswy Pk) LY 2373 — Cora elk Gutta Percha r 95
Fermanagh av LL 1414 — Cora V (wid John) r 60 Manor rd e HY
1689 — D Murray Mrs h 28 Howland av ME 7168 — Daisy M (wid
Bert A) h 203 Arlington av (Wych) ME 6408 — Danl J tchr Central
High Sehl of Com h 490 Markham ME 4102 — Danl M emp Bakers
Cleaning h 82 Brandon av —David h 2062A Danforth av GR 6670 —
David C r 63 Robert (Mim) — Donald r 51 Fourth (New T ph 1558) —
Donald r 79 Granby WA 6478 — Donald furrier r 169 Sunnyside av
KE 6467 — Donald A head hsemn King Edward Hotel h 12, 987
Kingston rd GR 1774 — Donald A insp for Ont Mnfrs Life h 58
Parkhurst blvd (Leas) HU 5533 — Donald B bus drvr T T C h 160
Wolfrey av GE 1542 — Donald G elk Commercial Life Assce r 32
Essex LO 9240 — Donald J agt Prudential Ins li 439 Castlefleld av HU
2237 - — Donald J slsmn Griffiths & Co li 113 Langley av HA 9894 -
— Dora elk Loblaws h 8 Rivercrest rd (H Crest) JU 5942 — Douglas A
elk H R Bain & Co r 124 Lawton blvd MO 2027 SINCLAIR DUNCAN G,
Assistant Deputy Minister, Department of Mines, East Block,
Parliament Buildings. h 4 Westmount av. Phone LLoydbrook 0697 —
Duncan McL h 980 Greenwood av (E Y) (active serv) — Duncan S
emp Silks Ltd li 27 Chesterhill rd (E Y) GE 5217 — E Mrs h 19, 1570
Bathurst (Wych) — Edith M elk Simpsons r 16 Lavinia av (Swan) —
Edna elk Eatons r 707 Brock av — Edna emp Candn Natl Inst for the
Blind r 36 Bernard av MI 6747 — Edna hsekpr 10 Sawden av HA
5435 ■ — Edwd drvr Roselawn Dairy h 64 Alton av - — Edwin G C
(Sinclair & Sinclair) h 5, 250 Heath w (Wych) HU 2453 — Elizth r 10
Lonsdale rd MO 8728 — Elizth opr Nemo Co r 66 Marchmount rd LA
2504 — Elizth prsr Langleys r 210 First av — Elizth (wid Archd) h
145 Westmoreland av LL 7379 — Elizth (wid Malcolm) h 27
Humewood dr (Wych) LA 8694 — Elizth A emp Can Life r 124
Lawton blvd MO 2027 —Elizth F A stenog C G E r 80 Dewson LO
3109 — Elizth J (wid Jas) h 916 Dovercourt rd ME 4363 —Elmer S
Rev pastor Fairlawn United Church h 74 St Germain av HU 0486 —
Elva M sis cllc Eatons h 76 Soudan av HY 2757 —Emily nurse Christie
St Hosp r 31, 118 Vaughan rd (Wych) KE 4204 — Ena G sis elk
Eatons r 549 Dovercourt rd - — Ernest chauf h 57 Yarmouth rd —
Ernest E h 5, 66 George — Ernest H drvr Simpsons h 707 Brock av
—Esther hsekpr 98 Blythwood rd MO 3482 — Ethel F (wid Everett) h
540 Huron KI 5948 —Finley stablemn Can Bread h 129 Alcorn
avenue — Florence (Sinclair Hairdressing Parlour) h 496 Runnymede
rd JU 3938 — Florence glass blower O H Johns Glass r 68
Lansdowne av — Frances r 32 Roxborough e RA 5347 —Frances W r
423 Wellesley RA 5347 — Frank order elk Patterson Chocolates r 9
Earnbridge — Frank C bldr h 224 Glengarry av HU 8762 —Frank W
elev opr Dept Pub Wks (Dorn) h 26 Bloem av (Frbk) —Fraser A asst
head porter Royal York Hotel h 1203 St Clair av w — Fred chauf
Telegram h 420 Sumach —Fred J assmblr Inti Bus Mach r 27 Fairfield
av (Long B) — Fredk r 121 Granby WA 1264 —Fredk L tnsinth h 288
Perth av LL 4670 G Graham barr Loblaws li 54 Braemar av MO 8131
— Geo r 80 Dewson LO 3109 Sinclair Geo jr h 70 Lindsay av ME
5023 (active service) — Geo fire chf T F D h 35 Withrow av GL 2903
— Geo wrehsemn R B Hayhoe & Co r 41 Albany av — Geo A elk r 32
Arlington av LL 3838 — Geo A wood fnshr h 58 Bowden GE 1770 —
Geo G sec Dr Dafoe r 58 Bowden GE 1770 — Geo L messr Dom Bank
(King & Yonge) h 89 Condor av HA 8066 — Geo M (Sinclair &
Sinclair) r 36 Dorval rd LL 8080 — Geo P bkr Sinclairs Bakery r 163
Victor av HA 3330 — Geo R elk Simpsons r 36 Dundonald — Geo (W
mldr Dom W’heel '& Fndry h 44 McMichael av (E Y) — Gertrude elev
opr Eatons r 252 Bain av GL 1280 — Gweynneth tchr r 28 Rosehill av
KI 3071 — H Isabel emp Eatons r 685 Milverton blvd GR 6222 — H
Murray sis mgr Star Newspaper Syndicate h 26 Anderson av MO
6342 — Hairdressing Parlour (Florence Sinclair) 496 Runnymede rd
JU 3938 — Hannah (wid Duncan) h 35 Gilbert av KE .6628 — Harold
G elk Page-Hersey Tubes r 803 Carlaw av HA 2222 — Harriet S elk
Simpsons r 12, 987 Kingston rd GR 1774 — Harry B h 124
Springhurst av LA 5340 —Harry M r 867 Bathurst ME 5216 — Harvey
A slsmn Fowlers Candn h 122 Blantyre av (Scar) HO 5156 ■ — Hazel
stenog Scythes & Co r 32 Essex LO 9240 — Hazel E mus tchr Tor
Conserv Mus r 83 Woodside av LY 5568 — Heather B bkpr McAulay
Bros r 197 Oakmount rd JU 8614 — Helen off elk Eatons r 252 Bain
av GL 1280 — Helen Mrs h 1038 Lake Shore rd (New T) — Helen C
elk Star r 31 Madison av KI 1968 — Helen D bkpr Ridpaths Ltd r 16
Cordelia av (Mt D) — Helen M r 290 Beresford av LY 4156 — Hettie
(wid David) h 109, 100 Oriole Parkway HU 6194 — Horace V elk P 0
h 33 Kerr rd — Hugh C shpr Empire Universal Films h 11, 227
Vaughan rd (Wych) LA 0437 — Hugh L prsr Buchan & Sinclair h 491
Ossington av KE 5137 — Hyacinth H stenog New Method Lndry r 197
Oakmount rd JU 8614 — Innes G elect h 124 Milverton blvd GE 2572
— Isabell r 31, 118 Vaughan rd (Wych) KE 4204 — Islay R swtchbd
opr Bank of Mont (Bay St Br) r 24 Craighurst av MO 5480 — Isobel
M emp Laura Secord Candy r 879 Woodbine av — J H W Co (Jas H
W Sinclair) mfrs agts 3, 103-105 Church EL 8906 - — J Merril floor
trader F O’Hearn & Co r 12 Chicora av KI 4215 — J V slsmn Wickett
& Craig res Islington — Jack agt C P Communications r 422 Bedford
Park av (Nth Y) — Jack del boy A & P r 74 Balmoral av - — Jack
dsgnr Dom Glass r 6 Spadina rd - — Jack E drvr h 299 Oakwood av
(Oak) — Jas r 29 Lavinia av (Swan) LY 6978 — Jas acct Dept of Pub
Wks h 4 Lennox — Jas bkr Christie Brown h 66 Marchmount rd LA
2504 ■ — Jas del boy A & P r 73 Brandon av — Jas plate grainer
Candn Fine Color h 142 Nassau WA 9073 — Jas C elk Stedman Bros
h 138 Hanson — Jas E asst dept mgr Eatons h 19 Weller HO 8730 —
Jas H W (J H W Sinclair Co) h 290 Beresford av LY 4156 — Jas J ftr
C G E h 129 Pinewood av (Wych) — Jas L 1 c P O h 16 Lavinia av
(Swan) — Jas M h 124 Lawton blvd MO 2027 — Jas M (Sinclair’s
Bakery) h 163 Victor av HA 3330 — Jas McD mus h 876 Woodbine
av — Jas W lab Gas Co h 175 Milverton blvd — Jane (wid John) h
1829 Gerrard e — Janet (wid Wm) h 85 Ashburnham rd • LL 5671 '
— Jean nurse r 330 Brunswick av KI 5582 — Jean opr C G E r 115
East Lynn av HO 6809 —Jennie opr Eatons li 241 Christie LO 2944 —
Jennie Mrs r 209 Cranbrooke av HU 6951 — Jennie (wid Earlby) li
20% Melbourne av LA 5419 • — Jessie A r 163 Victor av HA 3330 —
Jessie M r 224 Waverley rd - — John r 111 Howland av MI 3123 —
John h 83 Woodside av LY 5568 — John elev opr Royal York Hotel r
175 Milverton blvd — John fnshr Galr Co r 129 Pinewood av (Wych)
— John jr letter ctr McIntosh Granite r 47 Dupont —John mech h 34
O’Hara av LA 2367 —1278 
 SIN DOMINION PRINTING INK & COLOR COMPANY, Limited
PEARS AVE. MANUFACTURERS OF INKS and COLORS TORONTO,
ONT. Sinclair tJahn riveter h 3, 4 25 A Church — John slsmn Belle
Ewart Ice r 1U9 Rogers rd (Frbk) — John A li 283 Avenue rd MI 2968
— John A agt C P Tel h 422 Bedford Park av (Nth Y) ■ — John A
roofing contr h 54 Bonnyview dr (H Bay) - — John A slsmn Adams
Furn h 16, 210 Wychwood av (Wych) ■ — John B jr r 233 Dewliurst
blvd n (E Y) HA 0622 — John B G prsmn Sampson-Matthews Press h
233 Dewhurst blvd n (E Y) HA 0622 - — John D h 32 Roxborough e
RA 5347 (active serv) — John D btchr Swifts h 311 Nairn av (Erls) —
John D foremu McIntosh Granite h 18 Birch av MI 1636 — John D
supt Gibsons Clnrs h 95 Peterboro av — John E emp Royal York
Hotel r 15 Grosvenor - — John J dye setter h 272 Garden av ■ —
John T p c Stn 7 h 14, 118 Egllnton av w MA 2264 - — John T slsmn
Caulflelds Dairy r 34 O'Hara av LA 2367 — Judson H furn fnshr Jas
Barr h 182A Carlton — Kathleen dsgnr Malvern Sports Wear r 24
Craighurst av MO 5480 —Kathleen opr Pepsodent Co r 176 Virginia
av (E Y) — Keith E h 18, 382 Dovercourt rd KE 8620 - — Kenneth
opr Graham Nail & Wire Products r 20% Melbourne av LA 5419 —
Kitchener G asst elect Graham Nail & Wire Products r 20%
Melbourne av LA 5419 — Laurine r 4 Westmount av LL 0697 — Leila
M r 101 Malvern av - — Leon H fish and chips 599 King w li 601
same AD 9859 — Leon K assmblr Jas R Kearney r 601 King w AD
9859 ■ — Leslie stkpr Gooderliam A- Worts r 170 York Mills rd (Nth
Y) —Lionel D off mgr Gooderliam & Worts Ltd h 80 Lawrence av e
MO 1969 • — Lorin J tlr Langleys h 5, 150 Fermanagh av LA 4844 —
Lome M h 194 Inglewood dr HY 3750 —Lorraine pckr Gutta Percha r
20% Melbourne av LA 5419 — Mabel R r 581 Ontario — Mable Mrs r
56 Rose av — Madeline M ruffler Geo H Hees r 43 Garnet av LO
1796 —Mae L tchr Chas G Fraser Schl r 28 DeSavery cres HY 5045
—Magnus h 489 Briar Hill av MA 2227 — Malcolm h 50 Pleasant blvd
HY 5435 — Malcolm ins agt h 286 High Park av — Malcolm J trav
Out Paint & Varnish h 43 Castle Knock rd HU 4451 — Margt h 123
Gough av GL 1417 — Margt r 17. 433 Sackville RA 1379 — Margt
artist h 101, 44 Huntley RA 4675 —Margt (wid Donald) h 879
Woodbine av — Margt C stenog Borden & Elliott r 138 Edna av LL
1065 — Margt E emp Eatons r 39 Oakvale av GL 3612 — Margt E
stenog Sandoz Chem Wks r 264 Bloor w —Maria (wid Geo) r 32
Roxborough e RA 5347 — Maria (wid Jas) r 47 Lascelles blvd HY
5100 —Marie A stenog Northern Can Mines Ltd r 124 Springhurst av
LA 5340 — Marion stenog Bd of Educ r 35 Withrow av GL 2903 —
Marion (wid Frank L) h 28 DeSavery cres HY 5045 — Marion E
stenog Ernest A Fall h 201, 3 Earl RA 7306 —Mary h 8 Rivercrest rd
(H Crest) JU 5942 —Mary dom 14 Ivor rd (Nth Y) HU 6968 — Mary
Mrs h 16 Cordelia av (Mt D) • — Mary (wid Wm) h 80 Woodrow ar —
Mary E dom r 16 Cordelia av (Mt D) — Mary L (wid Orrin) r 290
Beresford av LY 4156 — Mary P slsldy Sinclair's Bakery r 163 Victor
av HA 3330 — Mary V (wid Wm H) li 30 Allenvale av (Frbk) KE 5625
— Mathew B h 719 Hillsdale av e — Max off elk Can Packers r 375
Rusholme rd LO 7403 -May r 297 Sherboume RA 1776 -May Mrs h
31, 118 Vaughan rd (Wych) KE 4204 -Mildred I elk Dent of Health
(Prov) r 76 Soudan av HY 2757 -Muriel r 28 Rosehill av KI 3071 -
Muriel elk Real Estate & Business Opportunity Bureau r 14 Admiral rd
-Muriel G tchr Oakwood Coll Inst r 25 Linden MI 7018 -Murray r 47
Alexander KI 1981 -N Miss h 19, 1570 Bathurst (Wych) -Nancy coil
winder Cansfleld Elect Wks r 82 Brandon av Sinclair Nancy del and
bakery 1959 Queen e ‘GIR 5995 r 16i3 Victor av iHA 3330 —Nancy
opr Kops Bros r 66 Marchmount rd — Neil KC (Watson, Smoke,
Smith & Sinclair) r 418 Sherboume MI 3113 — Neil foremn Dept of
Wks h 450 Milverton blvd GR 6476 ■ — Nettie (wid Donald) h 36
Dorval rd LL 8080 — Neville r 56 Rose av - — Nicol organizer Sons of
Scotland h 17, 433 Sackville RA 1379 ■ — Nina slsldy Helen’s House
of Corsetry r 27 Chester Hill rd (E Y) —Niven stone mason h 27
Hewitt av LO 9030 ■ — Noel B suprvsr Eatons h 32 Parkhurst blvd
(Leas) HU 0567 — Norman K h 80 Amherst av (Frbk) — Olive E with
Tor Hydro r 32 Roxborough e RA 5347 — Percy A pmtr r 1, 1360A
Queen e —Peter r 39 Rolyat LL 4525 — Peter gdnr r 130 Eglinton av
e MO 2911 — Peter A foremn Consumers Coal & Ice h 8 Helen av
(Silv) —Peter F Rev h 867 Bathurst ME 5210 — Peter M mus Horace
Lapp Orchestra r 281 Victoria Park av (Scar) GR 5163 — Phyllis
hsekpr 95 'Crescent rd MI 6913 — Ramsay E (Acadian Realty) r 696
Markham — Regd slsmn Arlington Press h 109 Ferrier av —Robt h
704, 110 St Clair av w MA 2141 — Robt bicycle reprs 861 Bloor w LO
5583 r 211 Delaware av LO 2604 ■ — Robt jr elk A & P r 73 Brandon
av — Robt genl mgr Allis-Chalmers Rumely Ltd h 75 Elderwood dr
(Fst H) MA 2141 - Robt mach CNR li 180 Galley av LA 8391 - — Robt
A R pres Dom Alloy Steel Corp Ltd li 28 Rosehill av KI 3071 ■ — Robt
C slsmn Grolier Co h 138 Edna av LL 1065 — Robt G asst cash E Y
Hydro h 149 Queensdale av (E Y) HA 3097 — Robt J prsr West End
Lndry h 73 Brandon av — Robt S emp Neilsons r 95 Peterboro av —
Robt W jr r 1047 Woodbine av (E Y) —Robt W carp li 1047
Woodbine av (E Y) — Ross Capt emp Hall Shipping Corp (Montreal)
h 304, 41 Lorindale av MA 2953 — Ruby H studio asst Stauntons r
719 Hillsdale av e —Ruth emp Simpsons r 124 Lawton blvd MO 2027
— Sami C slsmn Eatons h 549 Dovercourt rd KE 9730 — Sami N supt
Athelma Apts h Cl, 76-80 Grosvenor KI 5217 — Sidney C millwright
Neilsons h 132 Margueretta - — Simon (Sinclair & Sinclair) (75
Victoria) — Simon trainmn CPR h 514 Durie LY 4781 —Simon D gro
2277 Bloor w LY 3426 li 243 Kingsway s (Swan) — Stinson K drftsmn
h 17 Chesterhill rd GE 1574 — Thelma relieving police matron Stn 1
r 81 Woodfield rd HA 6891 — Thos h 213 Medland — Thos mach
hlpr CNR h 493 Main (E Y) HO 2385 — Thos L tchr h 5 London LO
3494 — Vera bottle filler O-Cedar of Can r 142 Nassau WA 9073 —
Vera E tchr Rawlinson Schl r 32 Essex LO 9240 — Victor A KC barr
1203, 320 Bay EL 0801 h 49 Hillholme rd (Fst H) HY 4139 — Vida
Mrs furrier Schiller Bros r 14 Charles e MI 1788 — Violet elk Tor Genl
Trusts r 7 Jedburgh road - — W Robt slsmn Wheeler & Bain r 192
Earlscourt av KE 1989 —Wallace chauf r 21 Gibson av MI 7059 —
Walter mech Dom Carbon Brush h 29 Lavinia av (Swan) LY 6978 —
Walter stone mason h 23 Ostend av (Swan) LY 4295 —Walter A
foremn Swansea Municipal Off h 29 Lavinia av (Swan) LY 6978 —
Wilfred D slsmn C I L h 2, 1096 Avenue rd n HU 5593 — Wilfrid M
auditor 32 Standish av h same MI 9594 — Wm r 392 Sherboume RA
4135 - — Wm barber 3 Nairn av h 8 Gray av (Mt D) LY 1941 — Wm
caretkr Page-Hersey Tubes h 43 Garnet av LO 1796 — Wm elk Dom
Customs h 82 Fairlawn av MO 7255 — Wm mech Urquhart Motors r
62 Teignmouth av (Erls) ME 1635 — Wm opr Ont Hydro h 194
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