Child Welfare for the Twenty first Century Gerald P.

Mallon - PDF Download (2025)

https://ebookultra.com/download/child-welfare-for-the-twenty-
first-century-gerald-p-mallon/

Visit ebookultra.com today to download the complete set of

ebooks or textbooks
Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at ebookultra.com

Child Welfare for the Twenty first Century A Handbook of

Practices Policies and Programs Second Edition Gerald
Mallon (Editor)
https://ebookultra.com/download/child-welfare-for-the-twenty-first-
century-a-handbook-of-practices-policies-and-programs-second-edition-
gerald-mallon-editor/

Careers for the Twenty First Century Biotechnology 1st

Edition Patrice Cassedy

https://ebookultra.com/download/careers-for-the-twenty-first-century-
biotechnology-1st-edition-patrice-cassedy/

The Education of Historians for Twenty First Century 1st

Edition Thomas Bender

https://ebookultra.com/download/the-education-of-historians-for-
twenty-first-century-1st-edition-thomas-bender/

Twenty First Century Submarines and Warships Darman Peter

https://ebookultra.com/download/twenty-first-century-submarines-and-
warships-darman-peter/
Practical Intrusion Analysis Prevention and Detection for
the Twenty First Century 1st Edition Ryan Trost

https://ebookultra.com/download/practical-intrusion-analysis-
prevention-and-detection-for-the-twenty-first-century-1st-edition-
ryan-trost/

Questioning the Human Toward a Theological Anthropology

for the Twenty First Century 1st Edition Lieven Boeve

https://ebookultra.com/download/questioning-the-human-toward-a-
theological-anthropology-for-the-twenty-first-century-1st-edition-
lieven-boeve/

Christians in the Twenty First Century 1st Edition George

D. Chryssides

https://ebookultra.com/download/christians-in-the-twenty-first-
century-1st-edition-george-d-chryssides/

Bible Translation on the Threshold of the Twenty First

Century Athalya Brenner

https://ebookultra.com/download/bible-translation-on-the-threshold-of-
the-twenty-first-century-athalya-brenner/

Neuroliberalism Behavioural Government in the Twenty First

Century 1st Edition Mark Whitehead

https://ebookultra.com/download/neuroliberalism-behavioural-
government-in-the-twenty-first-century-1st-edition-mark-whitehead/
Child Welfare for the Twenty first Century Gerald P.
Mallon Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Gerald P. Mallon, Peg McCartt Hess
ISBN(s): 9780231130721, 0231130724
Edition: Kindle
File Details: PDF, 3.91 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
CHILD WELFARE FOR THE

T W E N T Y- F I R S T C E N T U R Y

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
CHILD WELFARE
FOR THE
T W E N T Y- F I R S T
CENTURY

A Handbook of
Practices, Policies, and Programs

Edited by

G E R A L D P. M A L L O N
AND P E G MCC A R T T H E S S

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

New York
Columbia University Press
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
© 2005 Columbia University Press
All rights reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mallon, Gerald P.
Child welfare for the twenty-first century : a handbook
of practices, policies, and programs / edited by Gerald
P. Mallon and Peg McCartt Hess.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-231-13072-4 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Child welfare—United States. I. Hess, Peg
McCartt. II. Title.
HV741.M336 2005
362.7′0973—dc22 2005049351

Columbia University Press books are printed on

permanent and durable acid-free paper.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To our parents and our children, who have
taught us so much about the meaning of family:

Gerald P. Mallon and Madge Gallagher Mallon

Travis Keller, Ian Keller, and Leslie Fuller
and
Rev. J. Spurgeon McCartt and Jan Taylor McCartt
Jeremy Hess and Kristen Hess
❖ CONTENTS Preface xi
Acknowledgments xvii

Introduction 1

Historical Evolution of
Child Welfare Services 10
BRENDA G. McGOWAN

SECTION I
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT
WELL-BEING
Overview 49

Risk and Resilience in Child Development:

Principles and Strategies of Practice 55
MARK W. FRASER AND MARY A. TERZIAN

Engagement in Children, Youth, and

Family Services: Current Research and
Promising Approaches 72
JULIE C. ALTMAN

Assessment of Children, Youth, and

Families in the Child Welfare System 87
ELENA COHEN, DONNA T. HORNSBY,
AND STEVEN PRIESTER

Community Family Support Meetings:

Connecting Families, Public Child
Welfare, and Community Resources 102
SUSAN P. KEMP, KARA ALLEN-ECKARD,
AMY ACKROYD, MELISSA F. BECKER,
AND TRACEY K. BURKE

Engaging Families and Communities:

The Use of Family Team Conferences
to Promote Safety, Permanency, and
Well-Being in Child Welfare Services 118
ZEINAB CHAHINE AND SELINA HIGGINS

vii
viii [ CONTENTS

Healthcare Needs of Children and Youth Overview of Family Preservation 319

in Foster Care 129 MARIANNE BERRY
JAN McCARTHY AND MARIA WOOLVERTON
Substance Abuse Issues in
Child and Adolescent Mental Health 148 the Family 335
MARTHA M. DORE JUDY FENSTER

Children with Disabilities in the Child Family Reunification Practice with

Welfare System 173 Parents Who Abuse Drugs 349
CYNTHIA J. WEAVER, DIANE W. KELLER, ANTHONY N. MALUCCIO AND
AND ANN H. LOYEK FRANK AINSWORTH

Educational Needs of Youth in Domestic Violence in Child Welfare 355

Foster Care 185 JUDY L. POSTMUS
DIANE E. ELZE, WENDY F. AUSLANDER,
ARLENE STIFFMAN, AND CURTIS McMILLEN
SECTION III
A University Program to Serve Youth PERMANENCY FOR
in the School Setting: The Hunter College CHILDREN AND YOUTH
Liberty Partnership 205 Overview 375
ELAINE M. WALSH
Defining and Achieving
Co-Constructing Adolescence for Gay Family Reunification 378
and Lesbian Youth and Their Families 212 BARBARA A. PINE, ROBIN SPATH,
SUSAN SALTZBURG AND STEPHANIE GOSTELI

Runaway and Homeless Youth: Refining the Practice of Family

Policy and Services 228 Reunification: “Mining” Successful
KAREN M. STALLER Foster Care Case Records of
Substance-Abusing Families 392
Spiritually Sensitive Practice with ANTONIA CORDERO AND IRWIN EPSTEIN
Children, Youth, and Families 246
CATHERINE A. HAWKINS Evolution of Private Guardianship as a
Child Welfare Resource 405
SECTION II MARK F. TESTA AND JENNIFER MILLER
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SAFETY
Overview 265 Customary Adoption as a Resource
for American Indian and Alaska
Prevention of Physical Child Abuse Native Children 423
and Neglect 270 TERRY L. CROSS AND KATHLEEN FOX
NEIL B. GUTERMAN AND CATHERINE A. TAYLOR

Overivew of Adoption 432

Child Protective Services 290 VICTOR GROZA, LINDSEY HOULIHAN,
DIANE DEPANFILIS AND ZOE BREEN WOOD

Risk Assessment in Child Welfare: Adoption Disruption: Rates, Correlates,

Challenges and Opportunities 302 and Service Needs 452
ARON SHLONSKY AND EILEEN D. GAMBRILL TRUDY FESTINGER
 CONTENTS ] ix

Birth Mothers Whose Parental Rights Are Placement Stability in Foster Care 608
Terminated: Implications for Services 469 AMY C. D’ANDRADE
LESLIE DOTY HOLLINGSWORTH
Overrepresentation of Children and
Epiphany: An Adoptee and Birth Mother’s Youth of Color in Foster Care 623
Reunion Story 482 RUTH G. McROY
JUDITH COOPER HEITZMAN
African American Fathers and Their
Facilitating Permanency for Youth: Involvement in the Child Welfare System 635
The Overuse of Long-Term Foster Care DAVID PATE, Jr.
and the Appropriate Use of Another
Planned Permanent Living Arrangement Immigrant Children and Youth
as Options for Youth in Foster Care 488 in the Child Welfare System:
JENNIFER RENNE AND GERALD P. MALLON Immigration Status and Special
Needs in Permanency Planning 655
Foster Care Today: Overview of Family ILZE EARNER
Foster Care 504
KATHY BARBELL AND MADELYN FREUNDLICH Foster Parent Recruitment, Development,
Support, and Retention: Strategies for the
Kinship Care: Preservation of the Twenty-First Century 665
Extended Family 518 EILEEN MAYERS PASZTOR, MYRNA L. McNITT,
REBECCA L. HEGAR AND MARIA SCANNAPIECO AND EMILY JEAN McFADDEN

Sibling Issues in Child Welfare Practice 536 Role of the Legal and Judicial System
REBECCA L. HEGAR
for Children, Youth, and Families in
Foster Care 687
Visits: Critical to the Well-Being and MARK HARDIN
Permanency of Children and Youth
in Care 548 Child and Family Services Reviews:
PEG McCARTT HESS
An Agenda for Changing Practice 707
JERRY MILNER, LINDA MITCHELL,
Residential Services for Children and AND WILL HORNSBY
Youth in Out-of-Home Care: A Critical
Link in the Continuum of Care 558 Strategic Planning for Child
LLOYD B. BULLARD AND KATHERINE JOHNSON Welfare Agencies 719
KRIS SAHONCHIK, BETH FRIZSELL,
Promoting Youth Development and AND MARY O’BRIEN

Independent Living Services for Youth

in Foster Care 573 Accreditation of Child
ROBIN NIXON Welfare Organizations 728
ANN MORISON
Post-Permanency Services 583
LOIS WRIGHT AND MADELYN FREUNDLICH About the Editors 741
List of Contributors 743
SECTION IV Index 747
SYSTEMIC ISSUES
IN CHILD WELFARE
Overview 599
❖ PREFACE More than two decades ago, Joan Laird and
Ann Hartman (1985:xvi–xvii) reminded us that
“every society at every time must make some
provision for its children in need.” When Laird
and Hartman, the editors of the classic text
A Handbook of Child Welfare: Context, Knowl-
edge, and Practice, wrote this statement, the field
of child welfare was determinedly implementing
a new federal mandate that outlined such pro-
visions. The Adoption Assistance and Child
Welfare Act of 1980 identified a range of man-
agement and practice requirements intended
to prevent the unnecessary placement of chil-
dren and reunify families when placement could
not be prevented. The Handbook of child wel-
fare outlined the philosophical underpinnings
as well as the policy and practice emphases of
that period. It provided detailed discussions that
shaped the understanding and commitments
of numerous cohorts of students who subse-
quently entered practice in the field. It is im-
portant for us as co-editors of this volume to
acknowledge the influence Laird and Hartman’s
text has had in our teaching, in our professional
child welfare practice, and in our development
of this text. This volume is inspired by, and yet
different from, that significant work.
Indeed, since 1985, when Laird and Hartman
collected the essays in their volume, child wel-
fare as an institution and a field of practice has
continued to experience transformations in the
provisions for children, youth, and families in
need. Despite the hope associated with the
passage of the Adoption Assistance and Child
Welfare Act of 1980, the field has struggled
during the intervening years with insufficient
funding, increased public concerns about the
safety of children, and generally disappointing
outcomes with regard to achieving permanency
for children and youth who enter care. Through-
out the country, stresses within and on the child
xi
xii [ PREFACE

welfare system have kept many state agencies in within the broad strokes of the ASFA decision-
the news and on the defensive. making framework.
Although in the past two decades many We asked our contributors to outline the
changes have occurred in practice and in ideo- major assumptions and values of child welfare
logical and planning orientations, change is today and identify and elaborate the recent re-
perhaps most vividly seen in the primary legis- search and knowledge that currently support
lation that currently forms the foundation of practice in a wide range of areas relevant to the
child welfare policy in the United States: the field. Even as the contributors have been writ-
Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (ASFA). ing their chapters, the states and the U.S. Chil-
This legislation replaced the Adoption Assis- dren’s Bureau have been engaged in an extensive
tance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 (Title IV-E review process that has now been completed.
of the Social Security Act). The key principles The findings of the first 52 Child and Family
that form the foundation for ASFA are con- Services Reviews, which have been integrated
ceptualized as the safety, permanency, and well- into the text where relevant, provide an addi-
being of children and youth. ASFA puts into tional source of information regarding the
place legislative provisions that are intended to current strengths and concerns of child welfare,
insure that child safety is the paramount con- thereby further informing the agenda for future
cern in all child welfare decisionmaking, to change efforts.
shorten the time frames for making permanency As child welfare practitioners, teachers, and
planning decisions, and to promote the adop- researchers, both of us have, like Laird and Hart-
tion of children and youth who cannot safely man (1985:xxiii), subscribed to an ecological
return to their own homes. This legislation also perspective. This perspective provides an excel-
requires a focus on positive results for children, lent framework for understanding and evalu-
youth, and families, and promotes the strength- ating the nature of social and institutional re-
ening of partnerships among child welfare sponses to children, youth, and families in need.
agencies and other service delivery systems to Furthermore, we both believe that it is impor-
support families at the community level. tant to emphasize family-centeredness in child
Recognizing the significance of these multiple welfare policy and practice. The philosophical
and complex changes, but especially attentive concepts of family-centered practice and per-
to ASFA’s increasing influence on child welfare manency planning are infused throughout this
policy, programs, and practice, we decided to text. Both acknowledge the complex reality that,
utilize these three concepts—safety, permanency, although a family is the best place for children
and well-being—as the primary framework for and youth to grow up, for some, their families
this text. It seemed timely to ask colleagues of origin may not be safe or nurturing. We be-
across the country—academics, policymakers, lieve that providing as much support as pos-
and practitioners, all of whom are deeply com- sible to birth families to assist them in being safe
mitted to child welfare—to commit to writing and nurturing permanent caregivers for their
their views about the current status and chang- children, while at the same time planning for
ing complexity of services to children, youth, another permanency option if efforts are not
and families in twenty-first-century America. successful, must be accomplished through a
We believe that using this framework has per- family-centered orientation. Furthermore, seek-
mitted our contributors to thoroughly examine ing the optimal connection a child can have to
both the explicit and subtle challenges and op- family, culture, and community in our efforts
portunities to improving child welfare practice to achieve permanency reflects both an ecolog-
and offer practice and policy guidelines that fall ical and family-centered practice orientation.
 PREFACE ] xiii

Throughout this text, the contributors em- in empirical evidence. The profession of social
phasize that strengthening and supporting all work, as well as the society more broadly, has
families—birth, kinship, guardian, adoptive, placed greater emphasis on evaluating to what
and foster—is the best way to insure children’s degree identifiable outcomes have been achieved;
safety, stability, continuity in family relation- that value on outcomes has also extended to the
ships, and timely permanence. field of child welfare. Contributors were also
Through its provisions, ASFA legally rein- asked to address the significant value and ethi-
forces the linkage between strenthening and cal issues relevant to their discussions, as well
supporting families and good outcomes for as the range of services and practice approaches
children and youth. Although it places the safety required to address the needs and experiences
of children and youth first, it also provides for of the diverse population of children and fam-
family preservation and family support services ilies served by the child welfare system. Where
to prevent children from being removed from relevant, contributors were asked to include il-
their families when it is safe to do so; maintains lustrative fictional or disguised case examples.
a commitment to agencies undertaking reason- Utilizing safety, permanence, and well-being
able efforts to preserve families; encourages con- as its organizing and guiding principles, this
current planning to insure permanency through text provides a framework for examining and
either reunification or another permanent place- exploring child welfare practices and policies
ment within shorter timeframes; and encour- in the twenty-first century. Within this frame-
ages the initiation of permanency planning work, there are clearly differences of perspec-
efforts as children and their families have an tive among our authors. The field of children,
initial contact with the child welfare system. youth, and family services and indeed social
Almost a decade after the passage of ASFA, work embrace a wide array of diverse per-
practitioners continue working to change their spectives and practices. Although this edited
policies and practices to better serve children, volume has a unifying framework to provide
youth, and families while striving to comply structure for the authors and for the readers, it
with its complex legislative mandates and with has been our intention that diverse perspectives
other child welfare legislation. An urgent need and practices be incorporated.
remains for the adequate funding of child wel- A historical and legislative overview of child
fare agencies; sufficient resources are required welfare grounds the text in time and place and
to strengthen the capacity of child welfare prac- provides elements of context critical to all sub-
titioners to integrate policy and practices which sequent parts of the volume. Following this
are designed to reflect the field’s developing overview, the main body of the text is divided
knowledge base, increase accountability, and im- into four sections, each of which is prefaced by
prove outcomes for children, youth, and families. an overview of the section. The overall intro-
Another philosophical orientation that guided duction and four section overviews intention-
our work on this volume is that of evidence- ally include few cited references to enhance the
based practices (Gambrill 2003; Gibbs 1989, flow of these sections. The ideas contained in
2003). Over the past 20 years, this orientation these introductory pages are cited extensively
has increasingly permeated child welfare in ways throughout the text.
that have moved the field of children, youth, Section I explores and examines the varied
and family services in new directions. We asked perspectives that frame what is currently known
contributors to acknowledge and identify not about child and adolescent well-being. Although
only promising approaches to child welfare prac- safety is given prominence in AFSA legislation
tice, but also those practices that are grounded and language, we have intentionally situated
xiv [ PREFACE

the initial focus on child and adolescent well- likely to benefit from such services. Over the
being. Philosophically, we believe that without past two decades, the field of child welfare has
adequate attention to well-being, important de- recognized the need to develop programs and
velopmental issues will be disregarded with a practice approaches addressing particular prob-
resultant weakening of the foundation for both lems that increasingly place large numbers of
safety and permanency. Assuring children’s children and youth at risk of maltreatment and
safety and achieving permanency for them re- placement outside their homes. Therefore, Sec-
quires that all those involved in their care and tion II concludes with comprehensive reviews
services understand their developmental and of the practices, policies, and research as these
special needs; the care supports, and services apply to two critical problems confronted daily
required to support their ongoing develop- in serving children, youth, and families: sub-
ment and well-being; and the ways in which stance abuse and domestic violence.
resilience and both risk and protective factors Section III is devoted to a wide array of
are relevant to the assessment of and planning issues related to permanency for children and
for each child and youth. Consistent with this youth. This section provides an extensive over-
philosophy, the chapters in Section I provide view on each of the major permanency goals—
a needs-based approach to understanding ex- reunification, permanent placement with rela-
periences and services that support well-being. tives, adoption, guardianship, and another
The first chapters address the broader issues of planned permanent living arrangement—and
this area, beginning with an in-depth examina- on the primary out-of-home placement settings.
tion of resilience and risk, followed by assess- These include foster family care, relative care,
ment of children, youth, and their families and and residential programs. Other content areas
then by engagement of families and their com- relevant to the selection of permanency goals
munities in service planning. The section then and achieving permanence are also explored,
enters into the various realms of children’s and including kinship and sibling connections, adop-
youth’s health, mental health, and educational tion disruption, youth development, parent-
needs and concludes with issues pertaining to child visiting, birth parent issues, and post-
gay and lesbian youth, runaway and homeless permanency services.
youth, and spirituality. The volume concludes with a view of the
Section II explores the critical issues pertain- systemic issues that affect children, youth, and
ing to child and adolescent safety. Drawing from family services. The initial chapters in Section
the theoretical literature, research, and best IV focus on systemic issues that negatively
practices in the area of child maltreatment, this affect all or specific groups of children and
section begins with an overview of the salient youth, including placement instability, the over-
issues pertaining to prevention of physical child representation in the child welfare system of
abuse and neglect and moves into an extensive children and youth of color, immigration is-
discussion of the areas of child protection. A sues, and the role of fathers. Other practice-
thorough examination of risk assessment and related systemic issues are also addressed, in-
of practice considerations for agency staff and cluding the role of courts and the legal system
others involved in answering the question,“will in child welfare, the essential need for recruit-
this parent abuse or reabuse his or her child in ment, development, support, and retention of
the near future?” follows. Section II also pro- foster families, a report on the process and out-
vides an extensive overview of the policies, prac- comes of the federal Child and Family Services
tices, and research that provide a foundation Reviews, and the roles of continuous quality
for family preservation services and examines improvement, strategic planning, and accredi-
which children and parents are most and least tation in child welfare.
 PREFACE ] xv

References Gibbs, L. E. (2003). Evidence-based practice for the help-

Adoption and Safe Families Act. (1997). P.L. 105-89. ing professions: A practical guide with integrated multi-
Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act. (1980). P.L. media. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole–Thomson
96-272. Learning.
Gambrill, E. (2003). Evidence-based practice: Sea change Laird, J., & Hartman, A. (eds.) (1985). A handbook of
or the emperor’s new clothes. Journal of Social Work child welfare: Context, knowledge, and practice. New
Education, 39(1), 3–23. York: Free Press.
Gibbs, L. E. (1989). Quality of Study Rating Form: An
instrument for synthesizing evaluation studies. Jour-
nal of Social Work Education, 25(1), 55–67.
❖ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing and putting together an edited volume
can be a complicated business. From conceptu-
alizing and developing the prospectus, to the
call for abstracts and requests to potential
contributors, to the review of the original and
revised chapters, and finally, to the submission
of the manuscript to the publishers is a lengthy
journey. It is gratifying to complete these tasks
and to know that others, especially students,
will add to the development of their knowledge
by using this text. One of the most pleasant as-
pects of the process is being able to acknowl-
edge and thank those people who contributed
to this effort and those who helped to sustain
and encourage us along this journey.
Both of us began our careers in social work
in child welfare: Gary as a child welfare worker
in St. Dominic’s Home, working on the front
line with children, youth, and families in Blau-
velt, New York, and Peg as a social work intern
at the Juvenile Protective Association of Chi-
cago, an agency providing intensive family-
centered, home-based placement prevention
services. Much of Peg’s work subsequently
continued to focus on placement prevention
services, as well as on the critical importance
of visiting in the lives of children in care and
their families, particularly as it relates to family
reunification. Gary’s work has emphasized the
importance of developing a lesbian and gay af-
firming perspective to working with children,
youth, and families. We have both been blessed
with good colleagues and friends along the way,
as well as inspiring teachers; fine supervisors;
and many, many children, youth, and families
who have taught us much more than we ever
could have imagined when we began our careers.
More recently, Gary’s work at the Hunter Col-
lege School of Social Work in New York, where
he is the executive director of the National Re-
source Center for Family Centered Practice and
xvii
xviii [ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Permanency Planning, has brought him in touch have had extraordinary patience as they waited
with federal, state, and tribal leaders in child to see their work in print. The depth of their
welfare throughout the country. These valuable knowledge and their willingness to share it with
associations and dialogues have provided a the students who will use this text is quite re-
stimulating context for the planning, coordi- markable. Our contributors met their deadlines,
nation, and completion of this text. The ideas, were amiable about making edits quickly, and
discussions, and principles presented in this were delightful to work with. We are extremely
text are those of the authors of each chapter grateful for their exceptional contributions to
and do not represent the official position of the the field through their chapters in this volume.
Children’s Bureau or the U.S. Department of About four years ago, Gary proposed working
Health and Human Services, nor were any funds on this text with Peg; we met over coffee at a
from any grant used in developing this text. bagel store on Broadway near Columbia Uni-
While working on this text, Peg has been versity in New York, where we both had worked
directing a multiphase review of case files of as faculty and had come to know each other as
foster children in Fulton and DeKalb counties, colleagues and friends. Although there have been
Georgia, for Children’s Rights, Inc. The find- some coordinating challenges along the way, our
ings of this review have served as reminders collaboration as co-editors has been rich, re-
of the troubling gap between what is currently warding, and satisfying from start to finish.
known about good child welfare practice and It is a particularly important to us to acknowl-
what many children and their families actually edge the consistent strong support and encour-
experience. Peg has also been consulting with agement provided by one of the finest people
several states concerning policies and practices in academic publishing, our senior editor at
related to family visiting of children in care. Columbia University Press, the late John Michel.
In contrast, these experiences have exemplified In the work on this volume as in our earlier
the creativity and dedication of many profes- publications with the press, John, in his own
sionals laboring tirelessly on behalf of children gentle and always humorous way, gave us wise
and youth in the child welfare system. counsel at every step in the process. We are
Both of us recognize how much we have deeply saddened by the recent loss of our col-
learned from our ongoing contacts with count- league and friend and regret that John will not
less direct line staff, supervisors, out-of-home be able to see the published text he jokingly
caregivers, and administrators in the child wel- called “the mammoth volume.”
fare agencies across the country and with child We also gratefully acknowledge senior exec-
and family advocates as we have consulted, utive editor Shelley Reinhardt’s attentive and
provided training, and studied a wide array of very skillful guidance of the manuscript’s
child welfare issues. We also acknowledge the movement through final reviews and editing to
profound lessons that we have learned from the publication, as well as the remarkably efficient
countless children, youth, and families who have and competent editing provided by Cyd West-
touched our lives with their courage and re- moreland and her colleagues at Princeton Edi-
silience in the least desirable of circumstances. torial Associates.
Our debt to our colleagues who contributed Our final thanks are extended to our part-
to this volume is inestimable. Both of us on ners Mike and Howard, to our children, and to
many occasions have noted how fortunate we our families (kin and fictive), who support,
have been to have such knowledgeable and nurture, and sustain us in personal ways that in
devoted child welfare professionals writing for turn permit us to spend time away from them,
this text. Each author has provided a rich and immersed in professional endeavors that sus-
thoughtful contribution; as a group, the authors tain us in different ways.
CHILD WELFARE FOR THE

T W E N T Y- F I R S T C E N T U R Y

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
Other documents randomly have
different content
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or
expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or
a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must
include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in
paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for

the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim
all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK
OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL
NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF
YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving
it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or
entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide
a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation,
anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with
the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or
any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to
maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookultra.com