15

STOICH IOMETRY
(Chemical Formulae and Equations)

In the discovery of a new chemical compound, the first question (i) Calculations based on mole-mole relationship
to answer is, what is the formula of the compound? The answer In such calculations, number of moles of reactants are given
begins with stoichiometric calculation and analysis of the and those of products required. Conversely, if number of moles
compound. of products are given, then number of moles of reactants--ar.e----
The percentage composition of a compound leads directly to required.
its empirical formula. An empiricaiformula or simplest formula
for a compound is the formula of a substance written with the ::: :::I_SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES\ I::::: : .
smallest integer (whole number) subscripts. Example 1. Oxygen is prepared by catalytic
The molecular formula of a compound is a multiple of its decomposition of potassium chlorate (KCI0 3 ). Decomposition
empirical formula. ofpotassium chlorate gives potassium .chloride (KCI) and oxygen·
Molecular mass = n x empirical formula mass. (0 2 ), How many moles and how many grams of KClO 3 are
required to produce 2.4 mole 0 2? .
The calculations of empirical and molecular formulae are Solution: Decomposition of KCI0 3 takes place as,
dealt in the very first chapter of this book.
2KCI0 3(s) ------7 2KCl(s) + 302 (g)
Stoichiometry: Quantitative Relations in Chemical
2 mole of KCI0 3 == 3 mole of 02
Reactions
Stoichiometry is the calculation of the quantities of reactants . . 3 mole 02 formed by 2 mole KCI0 3

.. 2.4 mole 02 will be formed by (~ x 2.4) mole KCI0 3

and products involved zn a chemical reaction.
It is based on the chemical equation and on the relationship
between mass and moles.
A chemical equation can be interpreted as follows: = 1.6 mole of KCI0 3

N2 (g) + 3H 2(g) ------7 2NH3 (g) Mass of KCI0 3 = Number of moles x Molar mass
1 molecule N2 + 3 molecules H2 ------72 molecules NH3 =1.6x ~22.5=196g

(Molecular interpretation) .tll~STVrT'oRs· O~~8JtCTIVE QUlSTIONS

1 mol N2 + 3 mol H2 ------72 mol NH3 (Molar interpretation) 1. One mole of calcium phosphide on reaction with excess of·
28 g N 2 + 6. g H2 ------734 g NH3 (Mass interpretation) . water gives:
(a) three moles of phosphine
1 vol. N2 + 3 vol. H2 ------72 vol. NH3 (Volume interpretation)
- . (b) one mole of phosphoric acid
Thus; calculations based on chemical equations are' divided (c) two moles of phosphine
. c I
mto lOur types:. . (d) one mole ofP20 s
(i) Calculations based on mole-6tokrelationship. ~ns. (c)]
(ii) Calculations based on mass-mass relati0r.ship. [Hint: Ca3P2 + 6H 20 ~ 3Ca(OHh + 2PH3
(iii) Calculations based on mass-volume relationship. I mole of Ca3P2 '= 2 mole of PH 3]
(iv) Calculations based on volume-volume relationship.
 STOICHIOMETRY 947
2. Mg(OHh in the form of milk ofmagnesia is used to neutralize
excess stomach acid. How many moles of stomach acid can be
:: :::::_SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES\:::::::
neutralized by 1 g of Mg(OHh? (Molar mass of Mg(OHh Example 2. Calculate the mass of (CaO) that can be
= 58.33) prepared by heating 200 kg of limestone CaC0 3 which is 95%
(a) 0.0 171 (b) 0.0343 (c) 0.686 (d) 1.25 pure.
fAns. (b)] 95
[HInt: Mg(OHh + 2HCl ---7 MgCl z + 2H 2 0 Solution: Amount of pure CaC03 - x 200= 190kg
100
Number of moles of stomach acid neutralized
= 190000 g
2 x number of moles of Mg(OH) 2
CaC0 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2(g)
1
2x == 0.0343] 1 mole CaC0 3 1 mole CaO
58.33
100 g CaC0 3 56 g CaO
3. When a mixture of 10 moles of S02 and 16 moles of 02 were
100 g CaC0 3 give 56 g CaO
passed over a catalyst, 8 moles of S03 were formed at
equilibrium. The number of inoles of S02 and O2 remaining 56
. . 190000 g CaC0 3 will x 190000 g CaO
unreacted were: 100
(a) 2,12 (b) 12,.2 (c)J,lO (d) 10,3
== 106400 g = 106.4kg ---
fAns. (a)] - - - - -- - -- --

[Hint: 2S0 2 (g) + 02(g) ~ 2S0 3 (g) Example 3. Chlorine is prepared in the laborat01Y by ..
t=0 10 16 0 treating manganese dioxide (Mn02) with aqueous hydrochlnr'c
t eq . (10 2x) (16 x) 2x acid according to the reaction,
2x 8, i.e., x 4 Mn02 + 4HCl MnCl z + Cl2 + 2H20
Remaining S02 == 10 8 =2 mol How many grams ofHCl will react with 5 g Mn02?
Remaining 02 16 - 4 12 mol] Solutiou: 1 mole of Mn02 reacts with 4 mole of HCI
4. Calcium carbonate decomposes on heating according to the or 87 g Mn02 reacts with 146 g HCI
following equation:
.. 5 g Mn02 will react with 146 x 5 g HCI = 8.39 g HCl
CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) 87
How many moles of CO 2 will be obtained by decomposition Example 4. How many grams of oxygen are required to
of 50 gCaC0 3 ? burn completely 570 g of octane?
5 I Solution: Balanced equation,
Ca)3 (b) (c) - (d) I
2 2 2
2C sH l8 + 2502 16C0 2 + 18H 20
fAns. (c)] 2 mol 25 mol
mint: 2x114 25x32
Number of moles of CO 2 Number of moles of CaC0 3
First method: For burning 2 x 114 g of octane, oxygen
Mass =~=~] required
Molar mass 100 2
25 x 32g
5. Sulphur trioxide is prepared by the following two reactions: . 1 f . 25 x 32
S8{S)+ 80 2 (g) ---78S0 2 (g) F or burnmg g 0 octane, oxygen reqUIred = - - - g
2x 114 ~
2S0 2(g) + 02(g) ---72S03 (g)
How many grams of S03 are produced from I mole of S8 ? Thus, for burning 570 g of octane, oxygen required
(a) 1280 (b) 640 (c) 960 (d) 320 25 x 32 x 570 = 2000
fAns. (b)] 2xll4 g g
mint: From the given reaction, it is clear that I mole of S8 will Mole method: Number of moles of octane in 570 grams
give 8 moles of S03~ 570
Mass of S03 formed Numblif of moles x Molar mass 5.0
114
8 x 80 = 640 g]
For burning 2.0 moles of octane, oxygen required
(ii) Calculations based on mass-mass relationship 25 mol 25x 32g
In making necessary calculations, following steps are
For burning 5 moles of octane, oxygen required
followed:
(a) Write down the balanced chemical equation. 25 x 32 x 5.0 g == 2000 g
(b) Write down the theoretical amount of reactants and 2.0
products involved in the reaction. Proportion method: Let x g of oxygen be required for
(c) Calculate the unknown amount of substance using unitary burning 570.0 g of octane. It is known that 2.x 114 g of the octane
method. require 25 x 32 g of oxygen; then, the proportion,
948 G.R. B. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY FOR COMPETITIONS

25 x 32 g oxygen x 100 g CaC0 3 give 44 g COz

2 x 114 g octane 570.0 g octane
.. 20 g CaC0 3 will give 44 x 20 g CO 2 : 8.8 g COz
25 x 32 x 570 = 2000 100
x
2x 114 g Let He1 be completely consumed.
. . 73 g HCl give 44 g CO 2
Example 5. Calculate the number of grams of magnesium
chloride that could be obtained from 17.0 g of HCI when HCI is " 20 g HCl wfll give 44 x 20 g CO 2 12;054 g CO 2
reacted with an excess of magnesium oxide. 73 .
Solution: Balanced equation, Since, CaC0 3 gives least amount of product CO 2 , hence,
MgO+ 2HCl ---? MgC1 2 + H 2 0 CaC0 3 is limiting reactant. Amount of CO 2 fonned will be 8.8 g.
I mol 2 mol I mol I mol Example 8. 100 g sample of calcium carbonate is reacted
(2x36.5)g (24+7l)g
= 73g = 95g
with 70 g of orthophoGphoric acid. Calculate:
(a) the number of grams of calcium phosphate that could be
73 g ofHCl produce MgCl 2 95 g produced.
95 (b) the number of grams of excess reagent that will remain
1 g of HCI produce MgCl 2
73 g unreacted.
95 Sorutioii:-~ ~ii) TlieoiilancedeqWifionTs:
17 g of HC1 will produce MgCl 2 x 17 g = 22.12g
73 3CaC0 3 + 2H3 P0 4 Ca 3 (P0 4 )z + 3CO:r +3H 2 0
3 mol 2 mol I mol
Example 6. How many kilograms ofpure H 2 SO4 could be
obtained from 1kg of iron pyrites (FeS 2) according to the 3(40+12+48) 2(3+31+64) .(3x40+2x95)
following reactions? = 300g = 1969 310g

4FeS 2 + 1102 ---? 2Fe 20 3 + 8S0~ 300 g ofCaC0 3 produce Ca 3 (P0 4 h =310 g or 1 mol
2S02 + 02 ---? 2S03 100 g ofCaC0 3 would produce
S03 + H 20 ---?H 2 S0 4
Solution: Final balanced equation, Ca 3(P0 4 )2 310 x 100
300
4FeS 2 + 1502 + 8H z 0---? 2Fe203 + 8H 2S0 4
4 mol 8 mol = 103 g
4x120g 8x98g
0.33 mol
4 x 120gofFeS 2 yield H 2 S04 = 8 x 98 g
196 g ofH 3 P0 4 produce Ca3(P04)z =310 gor 1 mol
1000 g ofFeS.) will yield H 2 S04 = 8 x 98 x 1000
- 4 x 120 70 g ofH 3 P0 4 would produce Ca3{P04)2 =-310 x 70
196
1.63 kg
Limiting reagent: Limiting reactant or reagent is the .= 110.7 g or 0.356 mol
reactant that is entirely consumed when a reaction goes to 'The above. values suggest that CaC0 3 is the limiting reagent.
completion. Other reactants which are not completely consumed Hence, calcium phosphate fonned is 103 g.or 0.33 mole.
in the reaction are called excess reactants. (b) For producing 103 g of Ca3 (PO 4) 2' H 3 PO 4 required will
OR be
The reactant which gives least amount of product on beints
completely consumed is called limiting reactant. 196 x 103 65.12
310 g
Example 7. /f20g ofCaC03 is treated with 20gof HC/,
how mUIlY grams 'of CO 2 can be generated according to the Mass ofreinaining H 3 P0 4 =(70 -65.12) 4.88 g
followil;!~ equation?
, .. Example 9. 1g of Mg is' burnt ill a closed vessel which
CaCO (s) + 2HCI(aq. )---?CaCI2 (aq.)+ H 2 °(l) + CO 2 (g) contains 0.5g of02:
Solution: " (i) Which reactant is left in excess?
(if) Find the mass of the excess reactant.
Ca0 3 (s) + 2HCI(aq.) ~ CaC1 2 (aq.) + Hz0(l)+ CO 2 (g) Solution: (i) The balanced equation is:
1 ' )1 2 mol 1 mol
I' g 73g 44g
2Mg + O 2 ---? 2MgO
2 x 24 2 x'l6 2(24 + 16)
L •. CaC0 3(s) be completely consumed in the reaction. =48g ~32g =80g

(
48 g ofMg require oxygen = 32 g
 STOICHIOMETRY 949

I g of Mg requires oxygen
32
48
0.66g

But only 0.5 g oxygen is available. Hence, O 2 is a limiting

Thus, Na3P04 will be limiting and actual amount of product will
be 0.1 mole.]
7. In the following reaction:
-.
agent and a part of magnesium will not burn. 4NH 3 (g) + 502 (g) ---7 4NO(g) + 6H 2 0(l)
.. Magnesium will be left in excess. when I mole ammonia and I mole of 0 0 are mixed then the
(ii) 32 g of 02 react with magnesium = 48 g number of moles of NO formed will be:" '
(a) 0:8 (b) 0.7 (c) 0.6 (d) 0.5
0.5 g of0 2 will react with magnesium = 48 x 0.5 = 0.75 g [Ans. (a)]
32
Hence, the mass of excess magnesium [Hint: 1 mole ofNH3 (on complete reaction) I mole NO.

= (1.0 0.75) 0.25 g Similarly, 1 mole of O 2 (on complete reaction)

~);alPple
10. The reaction, mole NO. Thus, O 2 will be limiting reactant and actual amount of
2 C(s) + O2 (g) ~ 2 CO(g) NO formed in the reaction will be 0.8 mole.]
is carried out by taking 24 g of carbon and 96 g O 2 , Find out: 8, 30 g Mg and 30 g O 2 are reacted and the residual mixture
(a) Which-reactantis left in excess? contains:
----flr)HowmuckvfiHneft?--:------ ---- -- ---:-~~--- (a) 60g ofMgOonly- -
(c) How many moles of co an for/ned? (b) 40 g ofMgO and 20 g of O 2
(d) How many grams of other reactant should be taken so (c) 45 g ofMgO and 15 g of O 2
that nothing is left at the end of the reaction? (d) 50 g ofMgO and 10 g of O 2
[Ans. (d)J
Solution: 2C(s) + °2 (g) ~ 2CO(g)
2 mol I mol [Hint: 2Mg(s) + 02(g)~ 2MgO(g)
24g 32g 2 mol I mol 2 mol
2 x 24 g 1 X 32 g 2 x 40 g
Let carbon be completely consumed.
24 g carbon give 56 g CO 30 g Mg gives !~ x 30Jg MgO on complete reaction, _
Let 02 .is completely consumed.
32 g 02 give 56 g CO i.e. , 30 g Mg == 50 g MgO

., 96 g 02 will give 56 x 96 g CO 168 g CO

1
80 x 30 g MgO on complete reaction,
32 ) -
32
Since, carbon gives least amount of product, i. e. ,56 g CO or 2 i.e. , 30 g O2 == 75 g MgO
mole CO, hence carbon will be the limiting reactant. :. Mg is limiting reactant and MgO formed in the reaction will be
,. Excess reactant is ° 50 g.
2,
Amount of O 2 used 56 24 = 32 g Unreacted amount of O 2 = 30 - 10 = 109
Amount of 02 left 96 32 64 g .', Mixture contains 50 g MgO and 10 g 02-J
32 g 02 react with 24 g carbon 9. 254 g of iodine and 142 g of chlorine are made to react
completely to give a mixture of ICI and ICI 3 • :c~ow many
" 96 g 02 will react with 72 g carbon.
moles of each are formed?
Thus, carbon should be taken 72 g so that nothing is left at the
(a) O. I mole ofICl and 0.1 mole ofICI 3
end of the reaction.
(b) I mole ofICI and I mole ofICI 3
(c) 0.5 mole ofICI and 0.1 mole ofICl 3
(d) 0.5 mole of lCI and I mole of ICI 3
6. 0.5 mole BaCl z is mixed with 0.2 mole Na 3P04 ; the
[Ans. (b)]
maximum number of moles of Ba3(P04h that can be formed
[Hint: Both reactants are completely consumed, hence, both
is:
are limiting.
(a) 0.7 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.1
12 + 2Clz ~ ICI + ICI 3
[Ans. (d)]
[Hint: 3BaCI 2 + 2Na3P04 254 g or I mole 12 and 142 g or 2 mole CI, will react to give 1
mole ICI and 1 mole ICI 3 .J - r'
Number of moles ofBa3(P04h formed by BaCl 2 10. Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 is the white milky ><ubstance
1
x 0.5 = 0.l66 in milk of magnesia. What mass of Mg(OH)0 is formed when
3 15 mL of 0.18 M NaOH are combined with mL of 6.14 M12
Number of moles ofBa3(P04h formed by 0.2 mole Na 3P0 4 MgCl z? The molar mass of Mg(OHh is 58.3 g mol-I.
1 (a) 0.079 g (b) 0.097 g (c) 0.16 g·(d) 0.31 g
x 0.2 0.1
2 [Ans. (a)J
950 G. R.s. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY FOR COMPETITIONS

[Hint: MV == 12 x 0.14 == l.68 x lO-3 Thus, when 109 of Mg are used,

lOOO lOOO 87
the mass of the pure Mn02 required is - x 10= 36.25 g
15 x 0.18 == 2.7 x lO-3 24
1000
So, 45.31 g of pyrolusite contain Mn02 (pure) 36.25 g
NaOH will be limiting reagent because on c'omplete consumption,
NaOH gives least amount of Mg(OHh .. 100 g of pyrolusite contain Mn02 (pure)

Mass of Mg(OHh == 1 x 2.7 x 10-3 x 58.3 == V.V /9 g] = 36.25 x 100 80.00 g

2 45.31
Calculations involving per cent yield .. Percentage of purity 80.00
In general, when a reaction is carried out in the laboratory we
do not obtain actually the theoretical amount of the product. The .QUESllONS
amount of the product that is actually obtained is called the actual
yield. Knowing the actual yield and theoretical yield the per cent n. C7 H6 0 3 + C 4 H6 0 3 ----7 C9H804 + C 2 H40 2
Salicylic acid Acetic anhydride Aspirin Acetic acid
yield can be calculated by the given formula: (138,12gmol- 1 ) (102,09gm~I-1 ) (180,15gmol- i ) (60,05gmol- i )
. Actual yield
Per ctmtYleld =: - - - - - - What is the percentageyieldifO.,85 g of aspirin.fol111edinthe---
Theoretical rea~tion _Qf~_g--'Ji_salicylic_acid_withexcessJ)f acetic

Example 11. For the reaction, anhydride?

(a) 65% (b) 77% (c) 85% (d) 91%
CaO + 2HCI----,>CaC/2 + H 2 0
[Ans. (a)]
1.23 g ofCaO is reacted with excess ofhydrochloric acid and 1.85 [Hint: Mass of aspirin (theoretical) formed from 1 g salicylic
g ofCaCl 2 isformed. What is the per cent yield? ·d_180.15 1304
Solution: The balanced equation is; aCI - 138.12 . g
CaO + 2HCl----'> CaCl 2 + H 20 'Id = Actual amount of
I mol I mol
01
/oyle x 100
56 g III g
Theoretical amount of product

56 g of CaO produce CaCI 2 == III. g 0.85 x 100", 65%]

1.304
III
1.23 g ofCaO produce CaC1 2 == 56 x 1.23 = 2.43 g 12. A sample of impure silver (1.5 g) is heated with sulphur to
fOl111 Ag 2 S. The mass of Ag 2 S fOl111ed was 0.124 g. What was
Thus, Theoretical yield 2.43 g the percentage yield of silver sulphide?
Actual yield = 1.85 g (a) 6.41% (b) 7.20% (c) 8.27% (d) 10.8%
[Ans. (b)]
Per cent yield = 1.85 x 100 = 76.1
2.43 [Hint: 2 Ag +S
2 mol
Calculations involving per cent purity 2x 108= 216g 248g

Depending upon the mass of the product, the equivalent

Amount of Ag 2S that can be formed from 1.5 g silver
amount of the reactant present can be determined with the help of
a chemical equation. Knowing the actual amount of the reactant 248
x 1.5 1.722 g
taken aM the amount calculated with the help of a chemical 216
, .
equation the percentage purity can be determined.
Example 12. Chlorine evolved by the reaction of 45.31g
01
(0
' d f
Ylel 0.124
0 Ag 2 S = - , - x 100 =7.2
1.722
]

of pyrolusite (impure) and excess of HCI is found to combine 13. Magnetite, Fe 30 4, can be converted into metallic iron by
completely with the hydrogen produced by the reaction of 10 g of heating with carbon monoxide as re~resented by this equation:
magnesium and excess of dilute hydrochloric acid. Find the
percentage ofpurity ofMn02 in the given pyrolusite. Fe304 + 4CO 3Fe + 4CG 2
How many kilogram ofFe304 must be processed in thip way
Solution: Mg + 2HCI ----'> MgCl 2 + H2
24g (2x36.5)g 2g
to obtain 5 kg iron; if the process is 85% effieient?
(Molar mass ofFe304 is 232 g mol-I.)
Mn02 + 4HCl-----'> MnC1 2 + Cl 2 +'2H 20 (a) 6.92 kg (b) 8.12 kg (c) 20.8 kg (d) 24.4 kg
87g' 7lg ,
[Ans. (b)]
H2 + Cl 2 2HCI
2g 71 g [Hint: 1 mole Fe304 (232 g) = 3 mole Fe (168 g)
2 g of hydrogen obtained by using 24 g of Mg will combine Amount of Fep 4 required for 5 kg iron == 232 x 5 kg
completely with 71 g of chlorine produced from 87 g of pure 168
Mn02' 6.904 kg
 I
STOICHIOMETRY 951

Since, efficiency of the reaction is 85%, hence, the actual required the mixture is calculated. It is equated with the data given and the
amount of Fe 3° 4 will be unknown factors are, thus, worked out.
100 X 6.904 k '
85 g, I.e.,
8.12 kg] ::: :::I.SoME SOLVED EXAMPLES\ I::::: :
14. Iodobenzene is prepared from aniline (C6~NH2) in a two step .Example 13. A solid mixture (5.0 g) consisting of lead
process as shown here: nitrate and sodium nitrate was heated below 600 0 C until the
C6~NH2 + HN0 2 + HCI ~ C6~N~Cl- + 2HiO mass of the residue was constant. If the loss in mass is 28.0 per
cent, find the amount of lead nitrate and sodium nitrate in the
C6~~CI- + KI C6~I + N2 + KCI mixture. (lIT 1990)
In an actual preparation, 9.30 g of aniline was converted to Solution: Let the amount of NaN0 3 in the mixture be =X g
12.32 g of iodobenzene. The percentage yield of iodobenzene
is: .. The amount ofPb(N0 3 h in the mixture = (5.0':'~) g
(a) 8%· (b) 50% Heat
2NaN0 3 -----7 2NaN0 2 + O 2
(c) 75% (d) 80% (2 x 85) g 32 g
[Ans. (d))
Heat
[Hint: 1 mole Of~61-1sNH2 (123 g) 1mole ofC6HsI (204 g) 2Pb(N0 3 h -----7 2PbO + 4N0 2
(2 x 331) g
9 3 gam'1'mewr'11'·
..... 204J\
-gtve-=--123 t'
3) . d0 benzepe------
x 7~gtO 662g

= 15.424 giodobenzene 170 g ofNaN0 3 evolve oxygen = 32 g

32
Actual amount of product
- - - - - - - - - - - x 100
x g of NaN0 3 evolve oxygen = - x x g
% yield . 170
Calculated amount of product
662 g of Pb(N0 3 h evolve gases = 216 g
= 12.32 x~OO '" ~O~) . . ' 216
15.424 (50 x) g ofPb(N0 3 h evolve gases x (5.0 - x) g
662
15. Benzamide can be prepared by the action of concentrated
ammonia upon benzoyl chloride. _32 216
Total loss = xx+-x(5.0 x)
C6~COCI + 2NH3 ~ C6~CONH2 + NH4CI 170 662
Loss given in the ~roblem = 28 x 5
Benzoyl chloride Benzamide
In one. such experiment, 65 cc of concentrated ammonia (in 1.4 g
100
excess) was re!lcted with 15 g of benzoyl chloride to give
ll.l g of pure benzamide. Molar masses: benzoyl chloride .E.x+ 216 (5.0-x) 1.4.
(141); benzamide (121). The percentage yield of benzamide 170 662
is: On solving, x 1.676 g
11.
(a) Il.l x 100 (b ) -'------'- x 100 Thus, Mass of NaN0 3 = 1:676 g
15 IS
Mass of Pb(N0 3 ) 2 = (5.0 -1.676) g == 3.324 g
(c) 11.1 x 100 (d) @ ><.100
65 141 Example 14. 3.68 g ofa mixture ofcalcium carbonate and
magnesium carbonate when heated· strongly leaves ' .92 g of a
(e) 11.1 x 141 x 100
121 xiS white residue: Find the percentage composition ofthe mixture.
Solution: Let x g of CaC0 3 be present in the mixture.
[Ans. (e))
[Hint: Amount of benzamide froin 15 g benzoyl chloride The mass of MgC0 3 in the mixture = (3.68 x) g.
Heat .
. =!.3.!. x 15 CaC0 3 -----7 CaO + CO 2
141 g IOOg 56g·
Actual amount of benzamide fonned = 11.1 g Heat
MgC0 3 -----7 MgO + CO 2
Actual amount of product 84g 40g
% yield = x 100
Calculated amount of
56x x 40x
= 11.1 x 100 = ILl x 141 x 100]
+ ----'----'- == 1.92
100 84
12IXI5) 12lxl5
( 141 On solving, x= 2
. 2
Analysis of mixtures: In such problems, one of the Percentage of CaC0 3 == - - x 100 54.35% .
components is supposed to be x g and the other will be the 3.68
difference from the total. Balanced chemical equations for the Percentage of MgCO J 100 54.35 = 45.65%
reactions of both the components are now written and the total
amount of the common product produced by the components of
952 G R.B. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY FOR COMPETITIONS

Example 15. 0.5 g of a mixture of K 2CD3 qnd Li 2 CD3 Solution: The balanced equation is:
required 30 mL of0.25 N HCI solution for neutralization. What is CuQ + H2 -7CU + H 2 O.
the percentage composition ofthe'mixture? I mol 1 mol
79.5 g 22.4 litre at NTP
Solution: Let the amount ofK2~Q3 be' x' g.
Amount of Li2CQ3 (0.5 - x) g 22.4 litre of hydrogen at NTP reduce CuQ == 79.5 g
2.80 litre of hydrogen at NTP will reduce CuQ
Numberofequivalents= x + (0.5 x) ... (i)
138/2 74/2 = 79.5 x 2.80 g = 9.95 g
22.4
Number of equivalents of HCI used Example 18. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide at
NTP evolved by strong heating of20 g calcium carbonate.
NV = 0.25 x 30 7.5 X 10-3 ... (ii) Solution: The balanced equation is:
1000 1000
CaCQ 3 CaQ+ Co. 2
Comparingeqs. (i) and (ii), we get I mol I mol
IOOg = 22.4 litre at NTP .
x = 0.48 g
LOO g 0fCaCQ3 .evolve carbon dioxide == 22.4litre
" . ~Mass,ofK2C03=OA~Lg- 0'
20ogGaGQrwmoev01veearoon-di0'xide--~-··o.. ~

Mass of Li2CQ3 = 0.02 g = 22.4 x 20 4.481itre

100
% K 2C03 = 0.48 x 100 = 96 Example 19. Calculate the volume of hydrogen liberated
0.5 at 27° C and 760 mm pressure by treating 1.2 g of magnesium
with excess ofhydrochloric acid.
Solution: The balanced equation is:
Mg + 2HCl MgC1 2 + H2
(iii) Calculations based on mass-volume relationship 1 mol I mol
24g 22.4 litre at NTP
In such calculations, masses of reactants are given and volume
of the product is required and vice-versa. . 24 g of Mg liberate hydrogen 22.4 litre
1 mole of a gas occupies 22.4 litre volume at STP mass of a
gas can be related to volume according to the following gas 1.2 g Mg will liberate hydrogen 22.4 x 1.2 = 1.12 litre
equation: 24
PV nRT Volume of hydrogen under given condition can be calculated
by applying
PV= w RT
m P2V2
Example 16. What volume of NH 3 (g) at 27° C and 1 atm T2
pressure will be obtained by thermal decomposition of 26.25 g PI 760mm P2 == 760mm
NH 4 CI?
Tl ==273K T2 (27 + 273) = 300 K
Solution: . Ammqnium chloride undergoes decomposition
as; ¥j 1.121itre V2 == ?
NH 4 CI(s) - 7 NH 3 (g) + HCl(g) - 760 x 1.12 X
V2- 300 -123081'Itre
--.
1 mol I mol 273 760
53.5g 1 mol
Example 20. A solid mixture (5 g) consisting of lead
.. 53.5gNH4Clgive 1 molNH 3 nitrate and sodium nitrate was heated below 600° C until the
.. 26.25 g NH 4 Cl will give _1_ x 26.25 mole NH 3' weight ofthe residue is constant. If the loss in weight is 28%, find
53.5 . the amount of lead nitrate and sodium nitrate in the mixture.
= 0.5 mole .: (HT 199(J)
Solution: Loss in weight is due to formation ofNQ 2 and 0. 2
PV==nRT
1 x V = 0.5 x 0.0821 x 300 gases (weight loss = ~ x 28 == 1.4 g~
100
V == 12.315 litre Pb( NQ 3 h - 7 PbQ + NQ 2 + 0. 2
Example 17. What quantity of copper(JI) oxide will react xg (x y) g '----v----'
yg
with 2.80 litre of hydrogen at NTP?
NaNQ 3 - 7 NaNQ 2 + X Q2
(5-x) (3,6 x+ y) (1.4- y)

•
 STOICHIOMETRY I 953
Number of moles ofPb(N0 3 h Number of moles ofPbO Volume of0 2 at NTP = 83.33 x 22.4 litre = 1866.592 litre
x (x- y) .. 21 litre 02 is present in 100 litre air
k •• (i)
,.:",331 223 .. 1866.592 litre 02 will be present in 100 x 1866.592 litre 02
21
M.w. Pb(Ng~h.:::;::331, M.~. PbO:::: 223
- .... _.- '-- - :::: 8888.51itre 8.8885 x 10 3 litre
Number of moles of~aN03 ,'Number ofmoles.ofNaN0 2
Example 23. What volume of oxygen gas at NTP is
-5-\- 3.6-x+ y _ necessary for complete combustion of 20 litre of propane
- ... (ii)
85..; 69 measured at 27° C and 760mm pressure?
Solving eqs. (i) and (ii), we get· Solution: The balanced equation is:
Mass of Pb(NO}h = x:::: 3.3246 g . CjHs + 502 ~ 3C0 2 + 4H 2 0
1 vol. 5 vol.
Mass ofNaN0 3 5 3.3246= 1.6754 g 1 litre 5 litre

(iv) Calculations based on volume-volume relationship I litre of propane requires:::: 5 litre of oxygen
20 litre of propane will require = 5 x 20:::: 100 litre of oxygen
These calculations are based on two laws: at 760 mm pressure and 27° C. . ________ ,___
(i) Avogadro's law (ii) Gay-Lussac's law _ . This...Yolume_wilLbe_con.v.ertedtoNTPconditions.
---Por-example: - - - - - - - - - - --~------ --------------Giveu:-conditions NTP conditions

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) (Avogadro's law) Pj :::: 760mm P2 = 760mm

I mol 3 mol 2 mol VI 100 litre V2 = ?
Ix22.4L 3x22.4L 2x22.4L TI 27+273=300K T =273
2
(under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, equal :::: P2V2
Applying
moles of gases occupy equal volumes) Tl T2
2NH} (g) .V :::: PIVI X
2
I vel. 3 vol. 2 vol. TI
under similar conditions, ratio of coefficients by mole is equal to :::: 160 x 100 x 273 = 91.0 litre
ratio of coefficient by volume. 300 760
Example 21. 1 litre mixture of co and CO 2 . is taken. This Example 24. One litre of oxygen at NTP is allowed to
is passed through a tube containing red hot charcoal. The volume react with three times of carbon monoxide at NT? Calculate the
now becomes 1.6 litre. The volumes are measured under the same volume of each gas found after thereactiolJ.
conditions. Find the composition ofmixture by volume. Solution: The desired'equation is:
Solution: Let there be x mL CO in the mixture, hence, there 2CO + O 2 ~ 2C0 2
will be (1000 - x) mL CO 2, The reaction of CO 2 with red hot 2 vol. J voJ.· . 2 vol.
charcoal may be given as,
1 vol. of0 2 reacts with:2 voL of CO
CO 2 (g) + C(s) 2CO(g)
I vol. 2 vol. or I litre of 02 reacts with 2 litre of CO
(iOOO - x) 2(1000 - x) Thus, I litre of CO remains unreacted. .
Total volume of the gas becomes:::: x + 2(1000 x) I vol. of 02 produces CO 2 = 2 vol.
x+ 2000- 2x= 1600 or . . I litre of 02 will produce CO 2 2 litre
x=400mL Thus, gaseous mixture after the reaction consists
:. Volume of CO = 400 mL and volume of CO 2 600 mL Volume of CO 1 litre
Example 22. What volume of air containing 21 % oxygen Volume of CO 2 2 litre
by volume is reqUired to completely burn I kg of carbon AII11c:,..,r~ QU£mONS
containing 100% combustible substances?
Solution: Combustion of carbon may be given as, 16. 10 litre of 02 gas is reacted with 30 litre of CO gas at STP, The
C(s) +02(g) volumes of each gas present at the end of reaction are:
I mol I mol [CMC (Vcilore) 2008)
12g_ 1 mol
(a) CO (10 litre), CO2 (20 litre)
.. 12 g carbon requires I mole 02 for complete combustion (b) O2 (10 litre), CO (30 litre)
.. 1000 g carbon will require ~ x 1000 mole 02 for (c) CO (20 litre), CO2 (10 litre)
12 (d) 02 (10 litre), CO2 (20 litre)
combustion, i. e. , 83.33 mole 02 (e) O2,(10 litre), CO (10 litre)
954 I' G.R.S. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY FOR COMPETITIONS

[Ans. (a)]
9 gm CaC0 3 will give 22.4 x 9) litre of CO 2, i. e., 2.016 litre
1 100
[Hint: CO(g) + 02(g)
·2 of CO 2 .]
t = 0 30 L 10 L 0 18. 100 mL ofPH 3 on heating forms P4 and H2 , volume changes in
After reaction (30 20)L 0 20L] the reaction is: (DPMT 2009)
17. When 10 g of 90% pure limestone is heated, the volume of . (a) an increase of 50 mL (b) an increase of 100 mL.
CO 2 (in litre) liberated at STP is: [JEE (WB) 20071
(c) an increase of 150 mL (d) a decrease of 50 mL
(a) 22.4 litre (b)2.24 litre
[Ans. (a)]
(c) 20.16 litre (d) 2.016 litre
[Ans. (d)] [Hint: 4PH3(g)~ P4 (s) + 6H 2 (g)
4 mol 6 mol
. 4mL 6mL
[Hint: Mass ofCaC0 3 in the sample J0 x .90 9 g
100 .
volume ofH2 produced by 100 mL PH 3 ='64 x 100 150 mL
CaC03(s) ----7 CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)
I mol 1 mol' Thus, there is increase of 50 mL.]
100g 22.4 L

Example 1. . Calculate the weight of CaO required to ,Example 3. An impure sample. of calcium carbonate
remove the hardness of1000000 litre of water containing 1.62g contains 80%pure calcium carbonate. 25 g of the impure sample
ofCaC0 3 per litre. -~" reac{edwlth'excess ofhydrocfilorzciicid: Cii[culatethevoluin-e::--:1~­
Solution: Mass ofCa(HC0 3 ) 2 in the water carbon dioxide at NTP obtained from this <sample.
Solution: 100 g of impure calcium carbonate contain
1.62 x 1000000
= 80 g pure calci'O.m carbonate
1620000 g 1620 kg
Reaction involved in the removal ofhardnes$ may be given as, 25 g of impure calcium carbonate sample contain
Ca(HC0 3 )2 + CaO 2CaC0 3 + H 2 0 =.!2.. x 25
162 kg 56 kg 100
.. 162 kg Ca(HC03hrequire 56 kg CaO. = 20 g pure calcium carbonate
.. 1620 kg Ca(HC03)2 will require 560 kg CaO.
The desired equation is:
Example 2. A mixture in which the mole ratio of H 2 and
02 is 2: 1 is used to prepare water by the reaction.
1 mol 22.4 litre
2H2 (g) + 02(g) 2H 20(g) , 100g at NTP <

The total pressure in the container is 0.8. atm at 20° C before

the reaction. Determine the final pressure at 120 0 C after reaction 100 gpure CaC03 liberate = 22.4 litre CO 2
assuming 80%yield of water. . (lIT 1999) 20g pure CaC0 3 liberate 22.4 x 20
100
Solution: p 2 x 0.8 0.533atm 4.48 litre CO 2
Hz 3
, Example 4. The weight of 1 litre sample of ozonised
Po . = 1 x 0.8 =0.266 atm oxygen at NTP was found to be 1.5 g. When 100 mLofthis mixture
.23
at NTP were treated with turpentine oil, the volume was reduced
fa 90 mL. Hence, calculate the molecular weight of ozone.
1=0 0.533 0.266 0 Solution: Volume of ozone
After the reaction
0.533 x 20 x
0.266 20 0.533 x 80
volume absorbed in turpentine oil
100 100 100 .
lOmL
0.1 066 0.0533 0.4264
Volume of oxygen = 90 mL
Total pressure 0.1066 + 0.0533 + 0.4264 = 0.5863 atm
Mass of 100 mL mixture = ~xM+ 90 x'32 0.15
Using Gay-Lussac's law, 22400
Tl On solving, we get M = 48
:. Molecular mass of ozone = 48
293 393
P2 0.7864 atm
 .:.\....
STOICHIOMETRY 955
, '....

Example 5. A mixture of NaHC0 3 and Na 2C0 3 weighed x=18.2·

1.0235 g. The dissolved mixture was reacted with excess of Hence, mole fraction of ethane = 18.2 x 100 = 66.66
Ba(OH)z toform 2.1028g BaC0 3 , by the following reactions: . 27.3
Na 2C0 3 + Ba(OH)z -----t BaC0 3 + 2NaOH Mole fraction of ethene = 33.34
NaHC0 3 + Ba(OH)z -----t BaC0 3 + NaOH + H 20 Example 7. Amixture of HCOOH and H 2C 2 0 4 is heated
What was the percentage ofNaHC0 3 in the original mixture? wi~h concentrated H 2 SO 4' The gas produced is collected and on
Solution: Let x g of NaHC0 3 be present in the mixture. treating with KOH solution, the volume of the gas decreases by
II 6th. Calculate the molar ratio of the two acids in the original
Mass ofNa 2C0 3 in the mixture = (1.0235 - x) g mixture. (lIT 1990)
x Cone. H 2 S0 4'
Number of moles of NaHC0 3 = - .Solution: HCOOH ) CO + H 20
84 1 mol· Heat I mol ,"
. (1.0235 - x) Cone. H 2 S0 4
Number of moles of Na2C03 = - - - - - H 2C 20 4 - - - - - - - 7 ) CO + CO 2 + H 20
106 1 mol Heat I mol 1 mol
Number of moles of BaC0 3 Let a moles ofHCOOH and b moles ofH 2C 20 4 be present in
= Number of moles ofNaHC0 3 the original mixture.
~---.------- . - - +Numoeiof-moTeso-fNii;-C0 Moles ofCGformed = u +b
3
2.1028 x (1.0235-x) Moles of CO 2 formed = b
- - - = - + -'------'- Total moles of gases =a + b + b = a + 2b
197 84 106
CO 2 is absorbed by KOH and the volume reduces by 1/6th.
x=0.4122 a+ 2b
Moles of CO 2 = - -
AmountofNaHC0 3 ==_OAlng . 6 .'
0.4122 b=a+2b
Percentage of NaHC0 3 = - - x 100 = 40.27 or
1.0235 6
Example 6. A mixture of ethane and ethene occupies 40 or a=4b.
litre at 1.00 atm and at 400 K. The mixture reacts completely with
130 g of O2 to produce CO 2 and H 2O.. Assuming ideal gas or'. ~=4
b
behaviour, calculate the mole fractions ofC 2H 6 'and C2H4 in the
mixture. (lIT 1995) or a:b=4:1
Solution: Volume of the mixture at NTP Example 8. 3.6 'g mixture of sodium chloride and
potassium chloride is dissolved in water. The solution is treated
= 40 x I x 273 = 27.3 litre
with excess of silver nitrate solution: 7.74 gof silver chloride is
400 I
obtained. Find the percentage of sodium chloride and potassium
chloride in the mixture.
Let the volume of ethane = x litre Solution: The balanced equation between NaCI and AgN0 3
IS:
Volume of ethene = (273 - x) litre
NaCI + AgN0 3 -----tAgCI + NaN0 3
Balanced equations: 1 mol . I mol
58.5g 143.5g
C 2H 6 +7/2° 2 -----t2C0 2 +3H 20
~ voL 712 voL
Let x g of N aCI be present in the mixture.
C 2H4 + 302 -----t 2C0 2 + 2H2
1 voL 3 voL
° 58.5 g NaCI produce = 143.5 g AgCl
x g NaCl will produce = 143.5 x x gAgCI
Total volume of oxygen required for complete combustion of 58.5
the mixture is: The balanced equation between KCI and AgN0 3 is:
[~x+ (27.3-x)x 3] litre KCI + AgN0 3 -----t AgCl + KN0 3
I mol 1 mol
74.5 g 143.5 g
or [7X +·(27.~ -'- x) x 6] litre
KCI present in the mixture = (3.60 - x) g
74.5 g of CI produce = 143.5 g of AgCl
7X+(27.3-X)X6] 32
M ass 0 f oxygen =
[
x -- (3.6 - x) g of KCI will produce = 143.5 x (3.6 - x) g of AgCl
2 22.4 . ~.5 .
16 Thus, 143.5 x + 143.5 (3.6 - x) = 7.74
130= (x + 163.8) x -
22.4 58.5 74.5
956 G. RB. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY FOR COMPETITIONS

x = 1.54 0.1468 litre of oxygen will be evolved = 245 x 0.1468

154 67.2
% of NaCl = -'- x 100 = 42.7
3.60 = 0.5352 g of KCl0 3
% of KCl (3.60 -1.54) x 100 57.3 Hence, KCI0 3 left for eq. (ii) reaction,
3.60 .'
(1.00- 0.5352) = 0.4648 g
Example 9. 5 g of K 2S04 were dissolved in 250 mL of
245 g KCt0 3 will yield KCI = 149 g
solution. How many mL of this solution should be used so that
1.2 g ofBaSO4 may be preCipitated from BaCl2 solution? 0.5352 g KCI0 3 will yield KCl ~:~ x 0.5352 g 0.3254 g
Solution: The desired equation is:
BaCl 2 + K 2S04 ~ BaS04 +2KCl Considering eq. (ii),
2 x 39 + 32 + 64 137 -;: 32 + 64
= 174g =233g 4KCI0 3 ~ 3KCI0 4 + KCI
4(39 + 35.5 + 48) 3(39 + 35.5 + 64) (39 + 35.5)
233 g of BaS04 obtained from 174 gofK 2 S0 4 490g 415.5g 74.5g

1.2 g of BaS04 will be obtained from *:>< 1.2

490 g of KCl0 3 yi~ld 415.5 g of KCl0 4

-0~464Kgof-KClO.,-will-yield=-415 .5xOA648
~ 490'
= 0.8961 g of K 2 S0 4
5 g of K2 S04 are present in 250 mL of solution = 0.3941 g of KCI0 4
490 g KCl0 3 yield = 74.5 g of KCl
So, 0.8961 g ofK 2 S04 will be present in 250 x 0.8961
. 5
0.4648 g of KCI0 3 _will yield = 74.5 x 0.4648
= 44.8 mL of solution 490
Example 10. A 2.00 g of sample containing Na2C03 and =.0.0707 g of KCl
NaHC0 3 loses 0.248 g when heated to 300 0 C, the temperature at
Total mass of residue = 0.3254 + 0.3941 + 0.0707
which NaHC0 3 decomposes into Na zC0 3 , CO 2 and steam. What
is the percentage ofNa z C03 in the mixture? 0.7902 g
Solution: 2NaHC03 ~Na2C03 +CO z +HzO % KCI0 4 = 0,3941 x 100 = 49.8
168g 44 18 0.7902
g
. Example 12. A mixture of FeO and Fe304 when heated in
The loss comes due to evolution of CO 2 and steam. air to a constant weight gains 5% in its mass. Find the
62 g loss occurs when the quantity of NaHC0 3 is 168 g. composition of the initial mixture.
Soluth~n: Letthe % of FeO in the mixture be x
0.248 g loss will occur when the quantity of NaHC0 3 .
168 . So, % ofFe3 04 in the mixture = (100 x)
x 0.248 = 0.672 g FeO on hea~ing is converted into Fe203'
62
QuantityofNa2C03 in the sample (2.0-0.672) l.328g 4FeO+ 0z ~ 2Fe203
288g 320g
% of Na 2C0 3 = 1.328 x 100 = 66.4 288 g ofFeO yield = 320 g ofFe 20 3
2
,.Exampie 11. A 1.00g sample ofKCI03 was heated under x g of FeO will yield = 320 x g of Fe203
288
.such conditions that a part ofit was decomposed according to the
equation,
2KC10 3 ~ 2KCI + 302 ... (i)
and the remaining underwent change according to the equation, 464 g of Fe304 yield = 480 g of Fe2 0 3
4KClO3 ~ 3KClO4 + KCI ... (li) (100-x)g of Fe 2 0 3 will yield = 480 (100 x) of Fe203
464
If the amount of oxygen evolved was 146.8 mL at STp,
calculate the percentage by mass of KCIO 4 in the residue. Total Fe203 320 x + 480 (100 - x)
Solution: 2KCI0 3 ~ 2KCI + 302 288 464
2(39 + 35.5 + 48) 2(39 + 35.5) 3 x 22.4 litre According to the question,
245 g 149 g 67.2 litre
320 x + 480 (100 - x) 105
67.2 litre of oxygen evolved from 245 g of KCI0 3 288 464
 STOICHIOMETRY 957

x = 20.2 x == 0.8 n
So, percentage of FeO = 20.2 After thereaction,
and percentage of Fe304 79.8
Nurpber of moles of H2 =211 ..:.. 2 x 0.8n = OAn
Example 13. A mixture in which the mole ratio ofH 2 and
O2 is 2: I , is used to prepare water by the reaction: Number ofmole~ of O 2 . = 0.211

2H2(g)+ O 2 (g)~2H20(g) Number of moles of H2 0= 1.6n

The total pressure in the container is 0.8 atm 'at 20° C before Total moles = 0.4n+ 0.211 + 1.611 = 2.211
the reaction. Determine the final pressure at 120° C after the
Initial sta:te: PV nRT
reaction, assuming 80% yield of water. (UT 1999)
Solution: The given reaction is: . 0.8 x V 3n x R x 293 ... (i)
2H 2 (g) + 02(g) ~ 2H 20(g) After the reaction, P x V = 2.2n x R x 393 ... (ii) .
Initial moles 2n n o Solving eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Final moles (2n 2x) (n - x) 2x
P= 0.787atm
% yield =80
2xx 100 80
2n

1. 500 mL of 0.25 M Na2S04 solution is added to an aqueous 12. What weight of zinc will react with diL. sulphuric acid to
solution of 15 g of BaCl 2 resulting in the formation of a white liberate 1000 mL o~hydrogen at 27°C and 750 mm pressure?
precipitate of insoluble BaS04' How many moles and how 13. 1.2 g sample of Na2C03 and K 2C03 was dissolved in water to
many grams ofBaS04 are formed? fOffillOO mL solution. 20 inL of this solution required 40 mL
2. Zinc and hydrochloric acid react according to the reaction: of 0.1 N HCI for complete neutralization. Calculate the weight
Zn(s) + 2HCI(aq.) ~ ZnCI 2 (aq.) + H2 (g) . ofNa2C03 in the mi~ture. If another 20 mL of this solution is
If 0.3 mole Zn are added to hydrochloric acid containing 0.52 treated with excess of BaCl z, what will be the weight of the
mole HCI, how many moles of H2 are produced? precipitate? (lIT 1997)
3. Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCI to give CaCI 2 and 14. Calculate the volume of air containing 21 % by volume of
CO2 according to the reaction:. oxygen· at NTP required to convert 294 mL of S02 into S03
CaC03 (s) + 2HCI(aq.) ~ CaCl 2 (aq.) + H20 + CO 2 (g) under the same cor.ditions.
15. 4 g of an impure s..;mple of CaCO, on treatment with excess
What mass of CaC03 is required to react completely with 25
mL of 0.75 MHCI? HCI produce 0.88 g CO2 , What is the percent purity ofCaC~
4. Calculate the mass of iron which will. be converted into its sample?
oxide by the action of 18 g of steam. (MLNR 1996j 16. What weight of AgCl will be precipitated when a solution
5. How. much potassium chlorate is needed to obtain 204 litre j-" containing 4.77 g qf NaCI is add~d to a solution of 5.77 g 'of
oxygen at NTP? ,AgN03 ?
6. at
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide obtained NTP by lHint: AgN0 3 is a lirclting rea·geht in this problem.]
heating 8.4 g of sodium bicarbonate. 17. LO g of an alloy of aluminium and magnesium is treated with
7. Calculate the volume of air needed for the combustion of I kg excess of dil. HCI. The evolved hydrogen :collected over
of carbon. mercury at O°C has a volum~ of 1.20 litre at 0.29 atm pressure.
CalCulate the percentage composition of the alloy.
pint: 100 parts of air contain 21 parts of oxygen by volume.]
18. How much iron can be theoretically obtained by the reduction
8. How many grams of oxygen will be formed by the action of 12
of 1.0 kg of Fe203 ? (At. wt. of Fe 56)
. g ofsodium peroxide on water? Calculate also the volume of
the gas at NTP. . 19.. 34 g of pure H2 0 2 is decomposed. Calculate the mass and
.9. A gaseous compound of carbon;md nitrogen containing volume at NiP of oxygen that will be evolved.
53.8% by weight of nitrogen was found to have a vapour . 20. Find the percentage composition of iron and magnesium, 5.0
density of 25.8. What is the molecular formula of. the g, which when dissolved in acid, gave 2.81 litre of H2 at NTP.
compound? 21. Equal weights of Hg and iodine are allowed to react
10. C<1i,;<'l~te the weight of lime (CaO) that can be obtained by . completely to form a mixture of mercurous iodide and
heating "'or, leg of limestone which is 93% pure. mercuric iodide. Calculate the ratio of the masses of
11. How many mole~ of impure potassium chlorate of 75% purity mercurous and mercuric iodides formed. (Hg = 201, I =: 117)
are required to proc!~lce 4~g of oxygen? pint: Hg + ----? HgI 2 ;
201 g . 455 g