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Communicating Hope and Resilience Across the Lifespan
Gary A. Beck Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Gary A. Beck, Thomas J. Socha
ISBN(s): 9781433124921, 1433124920
Edition: new edition
File Details: PDF, 2.08 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
 Children, Families, and Aging
Thomas J. Socha
GENERAL EDITOR

Vol. 4

The Lifespan Communication series is part of the Peter Lang Media and
Communication list.
Every volume is peer reviewed and meets the highest quality standards for
content and production.
 COMMUNICATING
HOPE and RESILIENCE
ACROSS the LIFESPAN

EDITED BY Gary A. Beck AND

Thomas J. Socha
 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Communicating hope and resilience across the lifespan / edited by
Gary A. Beck, Thomas J. Socha.
pages cm. — (Lifespan communication: children, families, and
aging; vol. 4)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
1. Communication in families. 2. Hope. 3. Resilience (Personality
trait).
I. Beck, Gary A. II. Socha, Thomas J.
HQ734.C6417 306.87—dc23 2014048947
ISBN 978-1-4331-2493-8 (hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-4331-2492-1 (paperback)
ISBN 978-1-4539-1520-2 (e-book)
ISSN 2166-6466 (print)
ISSN 2166-6474 (online)

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche

Nationalbibliothek.
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the
“Deutsche Nationalbibliografie”; detailed bibliographic data are
available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de/.

On the cover: Sphagnum flexuosum is mainly a northern hemisphere

moss, featuring a complex cell structure that allows it to retain water
and air for survival in a variety of weather conditions. The ability to
demonstrate resilience in drier or wetter conditions makes this moss
a valuable part of its surrounding ecosystem. Demonstrating hope
and promise throughout its lifespan, sphagnum moss also serves a
 variety of healing, fertilizing, and sanitizing purposes.
(http://www.theplantencyclopedia.org/wiki/Sphagnum)

© 2015 Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York

29 Broadway, 18th floor, New York, NY 10006
www.peterlang.com

All rights reserved.

Reprint or reproduction, even partially, in all forms such as
microfilm, xerography, microfiche, microcard, and offset strictly
prohibited.
 About the author(s)/editor(s)
Gary A. Beck (Ph.D., University of Texas at Austin) is Assistant Professor of
Communication and Theatre Arts at Old Dominion University. His work has
been published in Communication Monographs, Personal Relationships, and Journal of
Social Psychology.

Thomas J. Socha (Ph.D., University of Iowa) is Professor of Communication

at Old Dominion University. He was founding editor of the Journal of Family
Communication and was the recipient of the National Communication
Association’s (NCA) Bernard J. Brommel Award for Outstanding Family
Communication Scholarship.
 About the book
From serious illness to natural disasters, humans turn to communication as a
major source of strength to help us bounce back and to keep growing and
thriving.

Communicating Hope and Resilience Across the Lifespan addresses the various ways
in which communication plays an important role in fostering hope and
resilience. Adopting a lifespan approach and offering a new framework to
expand our understanding of the concepts of “hope” and “resilience” from a
communication perspective, contributors highlight the variety of “stressors”
that people may encounter in their lives. They examine connections between
the cognitive dimensions of hope such as self-worth, self-efficacy, and creative
problem solving. They look at the variety of messages that can facilitate or
inhibit experiencing hope in relationships, groups, and organizations. Other
contributors look at how communication that can build strengths, enhance
preparation, and model successful adaptation to change has the potential to
lessen the negative impact of stress, demonstrating resilience.

As an important counterpoint to recent work focusing on what goes wrong in

interpersonal relationships, communication that has the potential to uplift and
facilitate responses to stressful circumstances is emphasized throughout this
volume. By offering a detailed examination of how to communicate hope and
resilience, this book presents practical lessons for individuals, marriages,
families, relationship experts, as well as a variety of other practitioners.
 This ebook can be cited
This edition of the eBook can be cited. To enable this we have marked the
start and end of a page. In cases where a word straddles a page break, the
marker is placed inside the word at exactly the same position as in the physical
book. This means that occasionally a word might be bifurcated by this marker.
 Contents
Series Editor’s Preface
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Anita Vangelisti

Chapter One. Embracing the Insights of “Murphy”: New Frontiers of

Communication, Hope, and Resilience Across the Lifespan
Gary A. Beck and Thomas J. Socha

Section I:Contributing Processes

Chapter Two. On Being (and Becoming) Mindful: One Pathway to Greater
Resilience
Valerie Manusov and Jacquelyn Harvey-Knowles
Chapter Three. “We Could Sure Use a Laugh”: Building Hope and Resilience
Through Humorous Communication
Rachel L. DiCioccio
Chapter Four. Fostering Hope in a Hurtful World: The Role of
Communication in Promoting Hope and Resilience in the Face of Difficult
Experiences
Rachel M. McLaren and Joshua Pederson
Chapter Five. Unfolding the Transgression Scene: From Distress to Hope and
Resilience
Sandra Metts and Bryan Asbury

Section II: Contexts

Chapter Six. (Re)Envisioning Hope & Resilience in U.S. and Norwegian
Prisons
 Brittany L. Peterson and Tim P. McKenna-Buchanan
Chapter Seven. Employment Transitions in the Aftermath of Economic
Collapse: Emerging and Older Adults
Gary A. Beck, Ashley M. Poole, and Lisa M. Ponche
Chapter Eight. Resilience, Work, and Family Communication Across the
Lifespan
Patrice M. Buzzanell and Suchitra Shenoy-Packer
Chapter Nine. Fear of the Unknown, Hope for the Unseen: Resilience of
Child Soldiers in Uganda, East Africa
Erik W. Green
Chapter Ten. When All Seems Lost: Building Hope Through Communication
After Natural Disasters
Andy J. Merolla
Chapter Eleven. The State of Cancer Care Communication Across the
Lifespan:The Role of Resilience, Hope, and Decision-making
Lisa Sparks, Veronica Hefner, and Amy H. Rogeness

Section III: Imparting Hope and Resilience

Chapter Twelve. Life’s “War Stories”: Accounts of Resilience and Hope
Thomas J. Socha and Alfredo Torres
Chapter Thirteen. Fostering Civic Resilience and Hope Through
Communication Activism Education
David L. Palmer and Lawrence R. Frey

About the Editors and Contributors

Author Index
Subject Index
| vii →

Series Editor’s Preface

This latest volume in the Lifespan Communication: Children, Families, and Aging
series focuses on a highly significant topic that faces everyone across the
lifespan—using messages to manage life’s myriad adversities. From serious
illness, to natual disasters, to wars, and more, humans turn to communication
as a major source of strength to help us to bounce back and to keep on
growing and thriving. Dr. Gary Beck, a leading communication resilience
researcher, has assembled a stellar group of communication scholars who
collectively begin to shed light on communication pathways to resilience and
hope.
Like all of the volumes in the Lifespan Communication series, I sincerely desire
this volume to spur much discussion, motivate research, and inspire teachers
and educators to create communication lessons and applications with an eye to
using communication as a source of lifespan empowerment.
—Thomas J. Socha
| ix →

Acknowledgments

There are many people that I recognize as important contributors to my own

resilience process and sources of hope:My wife Tori, family, and my close
collegues who I am lucky to consider true friends. In particular, my co-editor
Tom Socha has been an endless advocate for strength-based communication
practices cast across the lifespan, and his encouraging dialogue and
provocative questions helped fuel many of the important contributions this
volume strives to emphasize within the field. I would also like to acknowledge
Anita Vangelisti for her ongoing mentorship, thoughtful feedback, and
enduring patience with a young scholar throughout the development and
exploration of this subject area. Finally, a special thanks to all of the chapter
contributors for going above and beyond, and especially those who reached
out with additional curiousities and ideas for future projects as we continue to
explore these promising areas of research.
—GAB

First, the lion’s share of accolades for this volume go to Dr. Gary Beck. He is
an incredibly bright, rising communication star who cares deeply that his work
matters not just to advancing the scholarly literature, but more importantly
that it can help all who need a communication boost. He is exceedingly hard-
working and always willing to go the extra distance; a pure joy to count as my
colleague and friend. Second, my thanks to the many authors who answered
Gary Beck’s clarion call for research on this most important and essential front
of positive lifespan communication. It is further testament to Gary Beck’s key
leadership on this topic that many of those whose work appears in this volume
are counted among the who’s who of the communication field. Finally, I want
to thank Mary Savigar and all of the good folks at Peter Lang International
Publishers for supporting this volume as well as the Lifespan Communication:
Children, Families, and Aging book series.
—TJS
| xi →

• FOREWORD •

Communication, Hope, and

Resilience: Challenges and
Promises
Anita L. Vangelisti
University of Texas at Austin

W
hat enables some people to endure, and even thrive, as they walk through
difficult or traumatic experiences while others stumble and fall? This question
has been asked by theorists, practitioners, and laypeople. It has generated
volumes of research, spawned therapeutic programs, and plagued those who
manage to flourish while they watch their friends, neighbors, or siblings
languish. On the surface, the answer is easy: Some people are more resilient
and more hopeful than others. Dig a little deeper, though, and the answer
becomes quite complex.

Conceptualizing Hope and Resilience

Hope and resilience are not easy concepts to master. As evidenced by the
chapters that make up Communicating Hope and Resilience Across the Lifespan, they
can be conceived in a number of different ways. The majority of the literature
on hope and resilience examines the concepts at the level of individuals. In
other words, most research looks at hope and resilience as traits or qualities
that people possess—either temporarily or on an ongoing basis. Snyder’s
(2000) hope theory is a case in point. Snyder defines hope as individuals’ belief
that they can find pathways to achieve their goals and that they have the
motivation to use those pathways. Similarly, Bonnano’s (2004, 2006) work on
resilience describes the concept in terms of people’s ability to maintain a
relatively stable trajectory of healthy functioning after they experience a
traumatic event. Both bodies of work characterize hope and resilience as
dynamic and suggest that they reside with, or are enacted by, individuals.
Another way to study hope and resilience is at the level of dyads or
relationships. Partners in friendships, romantic associations, or work
relationships can ← xi | xii → be hopeful or resilient together, as a unit.
Acknowledging that relational partners are interdependent (see Kenny, Kashy,
& Cook, 2006), this view conceptualizes each partner’s hope or resilience as
influencing that of the other partner. The effect of dyadic or relational hope or
resilience, thus, can be assessed separate from, and might be greater or less
than, the hope or resilience of the individuals who make up the dyad. Jordan
(2006) offers a compelling rationale for looking at dyadic or relational
resilience from the perspective of a therapist, arguing that relational resilience
is essential to individuals’ psychological, emotional, and physical well-being. If
dyads can be hopeful or resilient, then so can groups. Families, groups of
friends, and even societies can be seen as more or less hopeful or resilient.
Like relational hope or resilience, the hope or resilience of a group or system
involves the mutual influence of the individuals who are members of the
group. It also involves the interplay of the group’s subsystems. Because
systemic hope or resilience is defined by numerous interdependent
relationships, studying these two concepts at the group level is particularly
complex. Indeed, nearly two decades ago, Walsh (1996) commented on this
complexity and called for researchers and practitioners to confront the
challenges involved in studying family resilience. She noted two reasons why
researchers and practitioners need to take on these challenges: “(a) to identify
potential relationship resources within and beyond the immediate household,
throughout the kinship network and community; and (b) to attend to the
temporal congruence of experiences over the life cycle and across generations”
(p. 4). The reasons articulated by Walsh clearly apply to the study of resilience
in a broad range of groups. Examining the resilience of group systems
generates important information about relational resources within and outside
the groups, how the groups go about attaining those resources, and how the
experiences of group members change and are sustained over the life course.
 Whether defined in terms of individuals, dyads, or groups, hope and
resilience can be studied as antecedents, processes, or outcomes. Much of the
literature examines hope and resilience as antecedents of—or precursors to—
other variables. For instance, researchers might identify individuals, couples, or
families who have been through a traumatic event and compare the ways those
who are more and less resilient cope with the stress they have experienced.
These studies position hope and resilience as characteristics or sets of skills
that individuals, relationships, or groups possess prior to the onset of a
stressor. The personality trait of hardiness (Kobasa, Maddi, & Kahn, 1982) is
an example of such a characteristic. Individuals who are hardy tend to be more
confident and better able to use social support to deal with stress than are
those who are less hardy (Florian, Mikulincer, & Taubman, 1995). ← xii | xiii
→
Alternatively, hope and resilience can be conceived as processes. Scholars
who conceptualize hope and resilience as processes define the concepts as
qualities that are enacted by individuals, relational partners, or group members
—often in the face of a traumatic event. The lead editor of this volume, Gary
Beck, has described resilience in this way. Beck (2010) examined the resilience
of romantic couples who experienced job loss. He developed a measure of
interpersonal resilience that assesses the ways partners interact to generate
resilience in their relationship and found that certain aspects of partners’
communication mediated the association between job loss and relational
qualities. Beck’s participants, in short, jointly created resilience through their
social interactions.
Yet another way to study hope and resilience is as outcomes. Because hope
and resilience typically are seen as desirable, researchers and practitioners have
set out to identify their predictors. What are the qualities, experiences, and
processes that engender hope and resilience? Scholars have examined versions
of this question using a variety of samples ranging from members of mental
health agencies (Hodges, Hardiman, & Segal, 2003), to sexually abused
adolescents (Williams & Nelson-Gardell, 2002) to disaster survivors (Bonanno,
Galea, Bucciarelli, & Vlahov, 2007). Although communication processes are
not included in these studies as often as demographic and social-structural
variables, when they are included they are almost always key predictors of
resilience. The social support people receive, the positive interactions they
engage in, and the ability of individuals to express their thoughts and feelings
about a traumatic event serve as resources or coping mechanisms that people
employ to foster hope and resilience.
As suggested by the title of the current volume, the questions researchers
ask about communicating hope and resilience and the findings generated by
these questions are likely to be influenced by lifespan variables. Children
certainly have different hopes than do adults and the processes that influence
children’s ability to hope may differ from those that influence the ability in
adults. In a similar vein, the variables that encourage or discourage resilience in
children and adolescents may differ from those that affect resilience in their
adult parents. Furthermore, the ways relational partners and group members
enact hope and resilience probably are affected by their age, the length of their
relationship, and their stage in the life cycle. All of these variations, and others,
are an indication of the complexity researchers must grapple with in studying
hope and resilience. Decisions about whether to examine hope or resilience at
the individual, dyadic, or group level—and whether to study hope and
resilience as antecedents, processes, or outcomes—are likely to depend, in
part, on the stage of the lifespan that researchers are investigating. ← xiii | xiv
→

The Current Volume

The collection of chapters that Gary Beck and Thomas Socha have put
together for the current volume reflect the complexity—and the promise—of
scholarship on the communication of hope and resilience.
Beck and Socha open the volume with a chapter that frames research and
theory on hope, resilience, and communication. In this first chapter, the
volume editors use Murphy’s Law (“Whatever can go wrong, will go wrong”)
as a springboard to explain their rationale for the book. They then carefully
describe three assumptions that are foundational to theory on hope and
resilience. Beck and Socha close their chapter by showing how existing
theoretical work on hope and resilience can be used to highlight the role of
communication in people’s ability to function and manage stress.
Chapters Two through Five take many of the conceptual issues outlined by
Beck and Socha and apply them to several different cognitive and affective
processes related to hope and resilience. For instance, in Chapter Two,
Manusov and Harvey-Knowles discuss how mindfulness promotes resilience.
The authors begin by describing the ways mindfulness has been
conceptualized by researchers and practitioners. They then examine research
on mindfulness and show how the practice of mindfulness can positively
influence health as well as relationship outcomes. Manusov and Harvey-
Knowles round out their chapter with a description of various methods
employed to assess mindfulness and then conclude with a discussion of some
of the most well-known mindfulness training programs.
In Chapter Three, DiCioccio approaches hope and resilience through
humorous communication. While the link between humor and both hope and
resilience seems intuitive, DiCioccio acknowledges that humor can be used in
positive and negative ways. She introduces several theories and models that are
employed to explain how humor functions and shows how humor theory is
associated with individuals’ hope and resilience. DiCioccio also reviews
research demonstrating that humor can function to create or encourage hope
and resilience by promoting positive affect. This positive affect serves as a
resource for individuals as well as a means for affiliating with others across the
lifespan.
While Chapter Three emphasizes the association between positive affect
and both hope and resilience, Chapter Four takes a very different approach.
Specifically, the authors of Chapter Four, McLaren and Pederson, focus on
hurt feelings. They review research on hurt and explore how hurt feelings can
encourage hope, resilience, and personal growth. The authors discuss the
challenges that people face in fostering hope and resilience after they have
been hurt and after they have hurt others. They note the complexities
associated ← xiv | xv → with these challenges, discuss individual and
relational variables that protect people from the impact of hurt, and describe
strategies that individuals might use to repair their relationship following a
hurtful episode.
The issues raised in Chapter Five follow nicely from those raised in Chapter
Four. In Chapter Five, Metts and Ashbury discuss interpersonal transgressions.
They provide a detailed description of transgressions and how transgressions
are managed in close relationships through communication. The authors then
turn to the literature on forgiveness. They define forgiveness and explain the
ways forgiveness can function to modify the effects of transgressions. Metts
and Ashbury tie their chapter together by showing how forgiveness, hope, and
resilience can operate to help couples when they experience relationship
transgressions.
Chapters Six through Eleven shift from concentrating on cognitive and
affective processes associated with hope and resilience to focusing on different
contexts in which hope and resilience may occur. Some of these settings are
likely to be familiar to readers (e.g., the intersection of work and family life),
whereas others are likely to be quite foreign (e.g., prison). What is common to
these contexts is that all of them are influenced by, and constituted through,
communication. As such, the authors argue that hope and resilience in each of
these very different settings are accomplished through social interaction.
For instance, in Chapter Six, Peterson and McKenna describe hope and
resilience in U.S. and Norwegian prisons. They introduce their chapter by
providing background information on prisons and prisoners and by discussing
how hope might be enacted in prison settings. The authors then juxtapose the
ways hope and resilience manifest in U.S. and Norwegian prisons. The contrast
they provide is striking. Peterson and McKenna use a very rich data set to
show how the material and social aspects of prisons function to encourage (or
discourage) hope and resilience in these two different social systems.
In Chapter Seven, Beck, Poole, and Ponche turn to a more familiar setting
—the U.S. workforce—but deal with a situation that most people see as both
unfamiliar and stressful. Specifically, the authors examine the employment
transitions experienced by emerging adults and older adults in the aftermath of
the 2008 economic collapse. They use theory on hope and resilience to explore
the challenges faced by these two groups as well as the strategies they might
employ to deal with those challenges. Beck and his coauthors also examine the
unique qualities of each group that likely affect the way they navigate their
employment transitions.
Buzzanell and Shenoy-Packer also look at individuals and work, but take a
step back and more generally analyze work-family processes and resilience
across the lifespan. They argue that work-family communication is a “key site”
← xv | xvi → for the development and maintenance of resilience. These
authors define resilience as a process that is constituted through
communication and show how work-family processes demonstrate family
members’ resilience. Buzzanell and Shenoy-Packer outline five processes that
can characterize resilience and offer a fascinating agenda for future research
that includes examining power and authority in resilience processes as well as
the co-production of resilience linked to work-family communication.
In Chapter Nine, Green examines power in a very different setting and with
a very different group of people. He describes the stories of 22 individuals
who were abducted as children from villages in Uganda by the Lord’s
Resistance Army. Green’s goal in telling these stories is to illuminate the hope
and resilience of those who were abducted both in terms of their experiences
as abducted child soldiers and as free people who had returned to their
villages. On his way to accomplishing this goal, the author provides a clear
rationale for his method and carefully defines his role as a researcher and as a
representative of—and for—his participants.
Merolla, like Green, analyzes hope and resilience associated with human
trauma. The trauma described by Merolla, however, is caused by natural
disasters. Merolla starts his chapter by examining research on the influence of
natural disasters on individuals, families, and communities. He then shows how
hope is created through communication and describes how it facilities coping
and resilience. This author argues that individuals’ hope—both before and
after a natural disaster—buffers stressors, shapes goals, and promotes
constructive recollections of traumatic events associated with the disaster.
In Chapter Eleven, Sparks, Hefner, and Rogeness turn readers’ attention to
healthcare settings as they analyze the role of hope and resilience in
communication related to cancer. The authors review research on a broad
range of variables that are likely to affect communication with cancer patients
across the lifespan. They also examine how these variables may influence
family members who are related to cancer patients. Sparks and her colleagues
show how an understanding of the barriers to communication experienced by
patients may enable researchers and practitioners to construct messages of
hope and resilience that improve patients’ well-being at every stage of life.
The “battles” engaged by people who have cancer are one of many types of
war stories described by Socha and Torres in Chapter Twelve. These authors
offer readers a characterization of war stories that addresses war in the
traditional sense of the word (e.g., World War II, Vietnam), as well as the
personal wars and battles that people wage in their everyday lives (e.g., with
cancer, severe weather, or crime). Socha and Torres use Burke’s (1969)
dramatic pentad to analyze how accounts of resilience during war can serve as
a means to promote ← xvi | xvii → hope. They argue that war stories are a
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