THE ROLE OF INFROMATION COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY IN

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT

In contemporary society, technology has become indispensable, impacting individuals,

communities, businesses, and nations. Technological advancements have revolutionized
management, production, marketing, and communication processes within the business realm.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) encompass all digital tools and systems
facilitating data utilization.
ICT enhances business efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness to customer needs by
streamlining operations across various functions. It enables analysis of its impact on
development and growth dimensions. ICT facilitates a wide array of services like online banking,
improving productivity, reducing costs, and optimizing communication channels. It serves as a
catalyst for global expansion and provides employees with access to corporate information.
In essence, the integration of ICT into business operations is essential for competitiveness in
today's marketplace, driving innovation, efficiency, and connectivity across organizational
functions and boundaries. Embracing ICT's full potential is crucial for sustained growth and
success in a digital landscape.

KEYWORDS: Information, Communication, Technology, Management, Business

Environment.

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INTRODUCTION

The present research consists of a study in which three theoretical and empirical elements of

investigative interest are addressed; namely: Information and communication technologies

(hereinafter, ICTs), business management, and the implementation of both aspects in business

processes, as an option for their improvement and optimization. This study is based on a concern

regarding the needs evidenced in business sector, from which effective and efficient responses

are still required in the context of a constantly changing and updated social context.

The use of ICT technologies and application has started since 1990’s. Data and Communication

Technology system embody computers, laptops and tablets, fastened and mobile phone systems,

communication network software-even wearable’s. Your business will use ICT system to require

advantage of improvement like reducing value, increasing potency, rising deciding and

increasing your aggressiveness among the marketplace. Data technology has become vital within

the business world. Despite tiny or business, it's helped the organization, manager, and

employees throughout a lot of economical management, to inquire a number of explicit

downside, conceive its quality, and generate new product and services; thereby, rising their

productivity and output. Technology additionally gave U.S. larger potency for conducting

business.

Some of the areas during which technology is crucial to business embody purpose of sales

systems, the utilization of ICT in management, accounting systems, and different complicated

aspects of everyday business activities. Even one thing as straightforward as a result of the

calculator, that was revolutionary in its time, happened thanks to technology. It’s robust to

imagine going back to performing arts tasks manually. it might take U.S. back regarding one

hundred about years. Data technology is that the utilization of computers and code to manage

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data. It refers to something related to computing technology, like networking, hardware,

software, the web, or the oldsters that involve with these technologies. these days several

corporations have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and different technical

components of their businesses, like storing data, protective data, process the knowledge,

transmittal the knowledge as necessary, and later retrieving data as necessary. This is often stated

as Management data Services (or MIS) or data Services (or IS). The purpose of this study is to

analysis the impact of ICT application like e-commerce and ERP on the assembly method of

corporations. It aims additionally to spotlight the role of each application and realize the

importance of these applications for business corporations.

RESEARCH METHODLOGY

This study adopts a mixed-methods approach to investigate the role of Information

Communication and Technology (ICT) in business administration. It integrates both qualitative

and quantitative methodologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

The information collected from previous studies.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The extreme competition has led many business firms to search for new more powerful tools. A

lot of firms have chosen to use Information and Communication Technologies as outstanding

strategies to overcome the competitive environment and achieve a successful business (Sigala,

2003, as cited in Martinez, Gabriel and Navarro, 2010).

Barlow and Graham, (1999) investigated the use of information and communication

technologies in a sample of 120 industrial and commercial libraries. Ninety-six per cent of the

organizations which responded to the questionnaire use computers for some aspect of their

library and information services. ICT was used for a range of office and other applications

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including, in rank order, e-mail, word processing, spreadsheets, presentation packages and

database management systems. Ninety-one per cent of the sample used various Internet facilities

including e-mail, World Wide Web, file transfer protocol (ftp) and telnet. Describes the results of

the survey, reporting on the current state of the art of ICT use and future plans for automation in

the sample. In the Information and Communication Technologies scenario service evaluation,

standard stabilization and the concurrent development of hardware and software are key

elements to design innovative systems.

Fernandez- Maldonado, (2002). Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have

become central to education and training in Library and Information Science/Service (LIS)

because of the great influence of these technologies on the professional world. This study on

Kenya is part of a larger doctoral research project that aims to map and audit the types, nature

and diffusion of ICTs in LIS education and training programmers in Africa. The findings

indicate that all LIS schools in Kenya have embraced the use of ICTs, but there are major

variations in terms of application. All but one LIS School offers a wide range of relevant ICT

courses, many of them as core modules.

Ramazan Mohammad(2004) The current state of information communication technologies

(ICT) application for information provision in Nigerian university libraries and make suggestions

to enable them take fuller advantage of ICT facilities to provide information more effectively to

users, Okiy, (2005).

Salwani, Marthandan, Norzaidi & Chong, (2009). DV E-commerce usage which was

measured by four business performance:

I. Technological context: technological competence

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 II. Organization context: firm size, firm scope, when technological investment managerial

beliefs.

III. Environmental context: Mediator variable were back end integration, frond end

functionalities. A moderator variable was e-commerce experience.

IV. Result Technology competency, firm size, firm scope, web-technology investment,

pressure intensity, and back-end usage have significant influence on e-commerce usage.

Among these variables, back-end integration is found to function as a mediator. E-

commerce experience is found to moderate the relationship between e-commerce usage

and business performance.

OBJECTIVES

There have some objective of study:

 To analyze the role of information technology.

 To know how to use various technologies for record keeping and scheduling

 To identify the advantage of information technology.

 To explain how to plan, manage and implement appropriate ICT infrastructure.

ICT in Business Management

In the field of administration and management, nowadays the notion of business management has

been incorporated and understood as a line that addresses organizations, their structure and

functioning, as integrated wholes that operate in a systemic way, with interdependence between

their components. A change in business thinking has occurred from classical perspective,

wherein the company was understood as “an organization whose objective is the achievement of

a benefit through the satisfaction of a market need. It specifies the offer of products with the

consideration of a price or economic value” Hernández (2011). Subsequently, and thanks to

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updates in the dynamics of organizations, the company is seen now as “the interrelation of

various elements and variable attributes that interact in a complex way with each other and the

environment in which they develop”. From this latter perspective, business management is

closely linked to the way the organization is conceived, in such a way there must be a correlation

between one and the other for its advancement in time. So, we can characterize the types of

companies and types of management as proposed by Machado (2009) in the following Table:

Table 1 Types of business and types of management

ROLE OF INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS

From your company's on-line store to the enterprise code your business uses to record

transactions and gather info, info technology has an important role in your little business's daily

operations and success. In a very dynamic business atmosphere, accounting profession ought to

traumatize completely different multifarious new problems as an example, a way to record

innovative business transactions, expand added business and knowledge processes, distribute

valuable information to a broad cluster of data users, and supply assurance services across an

entire vary of economic activities. Info communication and technology has drastically altered the

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means within which business is performed. Now, most corporations used accounting info

systems in running their operations.

Figure 1: Elements that make up a business system

Similarly, automating processes within the organization incorporates in this sense the use of

ICTs as a tool for the optimization of processes and decision making in the business context.

Addressing these processes through the use of ICTs from a business management approach

offers contributions that can result in the qualitative and quantitative improvement of business in

the country. Of course, the incorporating ICTs in business environments by itself does not

guarantee the optimization of processes or better results. Its use must be accompanied by other

elements of utmost importance, among which are having a detailed and exhaustive knowledge of

each and every one of the processes and procedures that are carried out in the company or

organization, knowing the general and specific needs, from the human point of view and from

the operational point of view, strategic management plans and technical development actions that

will be implemented, among others.

Developments in information technology have radically increased accounting systems.

Computers and alternative digital technologies have amplified workplace productivity

facilitating the quick exchange of documents, gathering and analysis of information. In the gift

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business situation info & communication Technology helps in several ways in which square

measure about to delineate below:

I. Communication

In the business world, communication plays a very important role in maintaining the connection

between workers, suppliers, and customers. Therefore, the utilization of IT we will alter the

thanks to communicate through e-mail, video chat rooms or social networking web site.

II. Helps in Inventory Management

Organizations got to maintain enough stock to satisfy demand while not finance in additional

than they need. Inventory management systems establish the number of every item a corporation

maintains, associate degree order of further stock by employing a means of inventory

management. it's become additional necessary as a result of organization got to maintain enough

stock to satisfy client demand. By victimization in IT in inventory management, it additionally

can helps in track amount of every item a corporation maintains, triggering once it involves

managing inventory.

III. Management Information Systems

Information knowledge is extremely necessary for a company and a valuable resource demand

for the safe and effective care. Knowledge used is as a part of a strategic set up for achieving the

aim and mission. Then, the corporate ought to use the management data system (MIS) to modify

the corporate to trace sales knowledge, expenditure and productivity similarly as info to trace

profits from time to time, maximizing come back on investment and acknowledge areas of

improvement.

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IV. Customer Relationship Management

Companies are using IT to improving the way of design and manage customer relationship.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems capture every relations a company has with

a customer, so that a more experience gain is possible. If a customer makes a call to centre and

report an issue, the customer relation officer will be able to see what the customer has purchased,

view shipping information, call up the training manual for that item and effectively respond to

the issue.

V. ICT & Business Decision-Making

Information knowledge is extremely necessary for a company and a valuable resource demand

for the safe and effective care. Knowledge used is as a part of a strategic set up for achieving the

aim and mission. Then, the corporate ought to use the management data system (MIS) to modify

the corporate to trace sales knowledge, expenditure and productivity similarly as info to trace

profits from time to time, maximizing come back on investment and acknowledge areas of

improvement.

VI. ICT & Business Decision-Making

The role of information technology in management decision-making is seen in tools such as ERP

software and decision support systems that help managers see company performance data in

real time so that they can make more informed decisions. Such software presents an online

dashboard with information about the company's finances, customers, sales and marketing trends

and inventory levels. Managers can use the data to decide which products to promote or stop

selling, where to cut expenses, which customer’s need support and when to place supply and

materials orders.

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VII. Technology as a Link to the World

Communication may be a part of business. So, transportation and processes create business an

internet of sophisticated processes that interaction with one another. With technology, it's been

doable to widen business operations. Now, concerning anyone will do business much anyplace,

from any area in their house. Technology has created it doable for businesses to own a wider

reach within the world. The simplest example of this can be the web and also the World Wide

internet. The web is currently a vital a part of any businesses’ promoting campaign, because it

allows the business to draw in customers worldwide.

OTHER BUSINESS ROLE OF ICT

Other examples of ICT’s role in business include the following;

I. Internet enabled system, such as secure entry system and wireless cameras, help to

improve business security and reduce risk of theft and loss of confidential information.

II. ICT allow companies to store important company data in a database in the cloud to

reduce paper waste, increases security and allow for easy backups.

III. ICT allow companies to expand internationally as easily as setting up a multi –language

website that market to global customer and allow purchases in multiple currencies.

IV. From enabling telecommunication to reduce energy use through modern systems, IT has

a role in company sustainability that can save money and improve the company’s

reputation.

Thanks to ICT, getting the latest information about your competitors and the market is as easy

searching Google on your computer or Smartphone.

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Why is information and Technology necessary to associate degree Organization?

It might be a touch troublesome to fathom the importance of data technology to a company if

you’re not associate degree IT skilled. However, there square measure various ways in which

within which info technology is crucial to a company.

1. Business

The business world modified forever once computers were introduced onto the scene. Businesses

will utilize info technology through the utilization of computers and completely different code to

run their operations in a very power tool fashion. They use it in several departments, together

with finance, producing, human resources, and security.

2. Education

Education is one among the frontiers of technology and is growing with technology a day. It’s

vital that education be able to carry on with the progress happening in technology by reaching

students in an exceedingly manner that adequately helps them to arrange for the long run. The

scholars in our school rooms nowadays area unit meant to be the thought leaders, business

individuals, teachers, and investors of tomorrow, thus technology ought to be wont to prepare

them. This includes the employment of gadgets in teaching, like computers, mobile phones, and

tablets, still because the use of the net as a medium of learning.

3. Finance

With associate increasing range of transactions happening on-line, it's vital that monetary and

security establishments work along to create the net a secure place. As additional transactions

area unit done on the net, there'll be a necessity for additional networks and bigger security,

creating it attainable for banks to stay purchases and sales secure.

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 4. Health

With enhancements in info technology, it's changing into easier to reform the health sector.

Medical offices area unit currently able to share medical info with one another, and that they will

get your health information from your previous doctors. This makes it attainable for timely care

to be delivered, still as for prices to be reduced.

5. Security

With associate increasing range of transactions being done on-line, there's associate ever-

increasing would like for safety. Info technology is what makes it attainable to stay your

information and data safe and solely accessible by you. Through the employment of

cryptography and passwords, your digital information is safely hidden away and may solely be

accessed by those that have your permission.

However will information and Communication Technology have an effect on Business?

The Industrial Revolution modified things within the business world, creating loads of processes

additional economical and increasing productivity a hundred-fold. However, the business world

remained somewhat stagnant for a century once. With the industrial revolution, and also the use

of technology in business, however, things modified even additional disruptively than throughout

the economic Revolution and it might be safe to mention that things can ne'er be an equivalent

once more. The speed at that technology is evolving and adapting is exponential to the purpose

wherever all businesses area unit being swept by the wave, whether or not they area unit

prepared for it or not. it'd not seem to be we’ve created that a lot of progress, however even

simply fifteen years past, social media didn't have any consumerism, mobile phones weren’t used

for business, cloud-based solutions didn't exist, the App Generation wasn't born nonetheless, and

Omni-channel selling was taking its baby steps. Technology has almost about modified each

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facet of business in an exceedingly massive manner and this has ne'er happened this quick before

in history.

To be additional specific, here are units a couple of ways that within which info technology has

affected business:

1. The Advent of Mobile Solutions

Mobility is seen by several because the next nice frontier for businesses. Google’s algorithms

replicate this, as they create mobile websites a priority. Your business, and each facet of it may

be handled, victimization nothing over a pill or Smartphone. From content selling to client

relations, to sales, the back-end stuff like invoicing and shipping, all of that power is in your

hands. But mobile solutions aren’t regarding almost about around as regards to close to

concerning near too the subject of regarding with reference to with regards to} businesses;

they're additionally about shoppers. The period of time generation uses their phones to try and do

everything from shopping for and merchandising to sharing their experiences with their friends

and finding native businesses.

2. The development of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing has created it attainable for businesses to source several of their functions to

3rd parties victimization the net. It makes it attainable for variable information packages to be

handled however additionally makes it attainable for businesses to expand speedily and embrace

quality while not having to stress regarding such things as crashes, downtime, and lost

information. This has enabled little and medium-sized businesses to achieve access to resources

that may have value them a fortune solely a couple of years past. In effect, the taking part in field

has been leveled.

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 3. Increased client Segmentation

Since additional and additional information is flowing, it's currently a lot of easier to research

and gain deep insight into the items that customer’s area unit searching for. Analytics services

area unit increasing by the day and area unit permitting businesses to section their prospects into

additional and additional specific teams, creating it a lot of easier to focus on them and obtain

additional worth for his or her advertising cash. one thing as straightforward as having a Google

account will let a business grasp wherever a user is from, the sort of browser they’re

victimization, however they stumbled upon an internet site, What they are doing thereon web

site, however long they're probably to remain and at what purpose they attempt to leave. There

area unit even additional advanced analytics services that permit businesses to become even

additional refined with this segmentation so as to boost their conversions drastically.

4. Increased property

Technology has created it easier for individuals to remain in contact. Whether or not you’re

trying to speak together with your staff and colleagues via video chat or causation email blasts to

leads, mobile technology and also the constant innovation that takes place among the area has

created it attainable for communication to require on a brand new level of hyper-realism.

5. Decreasing prices and Increasing Utility

There are unit 2 main things that have close to created what's known as a “buyer’s market”

attainable. These area unit the actual fact that each hardware and computer code that area unit

required in making the mandatory computer code solutions became more cost-effective and also

the proven fact that additional and additional entrepreneurs World Health Organization {are also

area unitary} tech-savvy are showing by the day to create use of those technologies.

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 6. A dynamic shopper Base

Millennial have come back ancient and that they are currently the force driving the trendy

economy. Pretty shortly, over 0.5 the yank work force can carries with it millennial and pretty

shortly they'll even be returning into their peak healthiness, wherever they'll have a great deal of

cash to pay and extremely few money obligations, provide them a great deal of income. Solely

many years ago you’ll have gotten by if your client service was simply okay. Currently you've

got to place within the additional effort if you don’t wish unfavourable ratings on review sites

and folks occurring rants on social media regarding your service. Businesses, therefore, got to

use caution regarding their on-line name and wish to figure on their digital footprint.

7. The finish of time period

This is truly a negative impact of technology. With increased property, people have less and

fewer time to themselves currently. Vacation appears to own well-nigh become a factor of the

past, with the general public operating even once they’re on vacation. Since we will perpetually

access our emails, texts, and social media through our phones and laptops, it's tougher and

tougher to simply disconnect and wind down.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this literature review underscores the pervasive nature of ICT across industries. Its

application extends beyond mere management functions, permeating all facets of modern

activities. ICT is instrumental in processing and communicating data, contributing to the

efficiency and effectiveness of various operations. From the automotive sector, where electronic

features are computer-controlled, to the integration of networked devices accessible remotely via

the internet, ICT has become ubiquitous. Moreover, in fields such as science and research, ICT

plays a crucial role in handling vast amounts of data to support research findings. The

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applications of ICT are boundless, making it an integral component of contemporary life across

diverse domains.

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