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Recombinant Antibodies for Immunotherapy 1st Edition
Melvyn Little (Ed.) Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Melvyn Little (ed.)
ISBN(s): 9780511596377, 0511596375
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 7.13 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
RECOMBINANT ANTIBODIES FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY

Recombinant Antibodies for Immunotherapy provides a comprehensive

overview of the field of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), a market that
has grown tremendously in recent years. Twenty-four chapters by
experienced and innovative authors cover the isolation of specific
human mAbs, humanization, immunogenicity, technologies for
improving efficacy, ‘‘arming’’ mAbs, novel alternative Ab constructs,
increasing half-lives, alternative concepts employing non-immuno-
globulin scaffolds, novel therapeutic approaches, a market analysis
of therapeutic mAbs, and future developments in the field.
The concepts and technologies are illustrated by examples of
recombinant antibodies being used in the clinic or in development.
This book will appeal to both newcomers and experienced scientists
in the field, biology and biotechnology students, research and develop-
ment departments in the pharmaceutical industry, medical research-
ers, clinicians, and biotechnology investors.

Melvyn Little’s research group at the German Cancer Research Center

(DKFZ) in Heidelberg was one of the first to develop methods for mak-
ing and screening antibody libraries. After co-founding Affitech (Oslo,
Norway) in 1997, he left the DKFZ in 2000 to found Affimed Therapeu-
tics, a biotechnology company in Heidelberg specializing in the isola-
tion and engineering of human antibodies to treat various diseases,
especially cancer. He has been an extracurricular professor of bio-
chemistry at the University of Heidelberg since 1986.
RECOMBINANT ANTIBODIES
FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY

Edited by
Melvyn Little
Affimed Therapeutics
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521887328
© Cambridge University Press 2009

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the

provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2009

ISBN-13 978-0-511-59637-7 eBook (NetLibrary)

ISBN-13 978-0-521-88732-8 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information
given in this work are correct at the time of first printing, but Cambridge
University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-
date information that is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time
of publication. Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publisher can make no
warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least
because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and
regulation. The authors, editors, and publisher therefore disclaim all liability for
direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in
this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information
provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.
Contents

Contributors page vii

Foreword by Sir Gregory Winter xi

Preface xiii

PART I . HUMANIZED ANTIBODIES

1 Humanization of Recombinant Antibodies 3

José W. Saldanha
2 Immunogenicity Assessment of Antibody Therapeutics 20
Philippe Stas, Jurgen Pletinckx, Yannick Gansemans, and Ignace Lasters
3 In Vitro Screening for Antibody Immunogenicity 43
Frank J. Carr and Matthew P. Baker

PART II . GENERATION AND SCREENING OF ANTIBODY LIBRARIES

4 Antibody Libraries from Naı̈ve V Gene Sources 55

Gerald Beste and David Lowe
5 Antibodies from IgM Libraries 66
Stefan Knackmuss and Vera Molkenthin
6 Generation and Screening of the Synthetic Human Combinatorial
Antibody Library HuCAL GOLD 75
Ingo M. Klagge

PART III . TRANSGENIC HUMAN ANTIBODY REPERTOIRES

7 Therapeutic Antibodies from XenoMouse Transgenic Mice 89

Aya Jakobovits
8 VelocImmune: Immunoglobulin Variable Region Humanized Mice 100
Andrew Murphy

PART IV . ANTIBODY EFFECTOR FUNCTION

9 Mechanisms of Tumor Cell Killing by Therapeutic Antibodies 111

Ross Stewart and Carl Webster
10 Optimization of Fc Domains to Enhance Antibody Therapeutics 124
Greg A. Lazar and Aaron K. Chamberlain
11 Glycoengineered Therapeutic Antibodies 144
Peter Brünker, Peter Sondermann, and Pablo Umaña

v
vi Contents

PART V . ARMING ANTIBODIES

12 Monoclonal Antibodies for the Delivery of Cytotoxic Drugs 157

David J. King
13 Immunotherapy with Radio-immune Conjugates 174
Christina A. Kousparou and Agamemnon A. Epenetos
14 Immunotherapeutic Antibody Fusion Proteins 190
Nigel S. Courtenay-Luck and David Jones

PART VI . NOVEL ANTIBODY FORMATS

15 Alternative Antibody Formats 203

Fabrice Le Gall and Melvyn Little
16 Single-Domain Antibodies 216
Serge Muyldermans, Gholamreza Hassanzadeh Ghassabeh,
and Dirk Saerens
17 Engineering of Non-CDR Loops in Immunoglobulin Domains 231
Florian Rüker and Gordana Wozniak-Knopp

PART VII . ANTIGEN - BINDING REPERTOIRES OF NON - IMMUNOGLOBULIN PROTEINS

18 Alternative Scaffolds: Expanding the Options of Antibodies 243

Andreas Plückthun

PART VIII . PROLONGATION OF SERUM HALF - LIFE

19 Polymer Fusions to Increase Antibody Half-Lives:

PEGylation and Other Modifications 275
Sam P. Heywood and David P. Humphreys
20 Extending Antibody Fragment Half-Lives with Albumin 293
Jan Terje Andersen and Inger Sandlie

PART IX . INNOVATIVE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES

21 A Stem Cell–Based Platform for the Discovery and Development

of Antitumor Therapeutic Antibodies to Novel Targets 313
Jennie P. Mather, Claudia Fieger, Tony W. Liang, Kathleen L. King,
Jonathan Li, Peter Young, Claude Beltejar, Beverly Potts,
Monica Licea, and Deryk Loo
22 Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT) 336
Helen L. Lowe, Surinder K. Sharma, Kenneth D. Bagshawe, and
Kerry A. Chester
23 Immune Privilege and Tolerance – Therapeutic Antibody Approaches 350
Daron Forman, Paul Ponath, Devangi Mehta, Joe Ponte,
Jessica Snyder, Patricia Rao, Herman Waldmann, and
Michael Rosenzweig

PART X . MARKET OVERVIEW AND OUTLOOK

24 Antibody Therapeutics: Business Achievements and Business Outlook 373

Christophe Bourrilly

Index 403

Color plates follow page xvi.

Contributors

Jan Terje Andersen Kerry A. Chester

Department of Molecular Biosciences and CR UK Targeting & Imaging Group
Centre for Immune Regulation Department of Oncology
University of Oslo UCL Cancer Institute
Oslo, Norway University College London
London, U.K.
Kenneth D. Bagshawe
Department of Oncology Nigel S. Courtenay-Luck
Imperial College London Antisoma Research Ltd.
London, U.K. London, U.K.

Matthew P. Baker Agamemnon A. Epenetos

Antitope Ltd. Trojantec Ltd.
Babraham, Cambridge, U.K. Nicosia, Cyprus

Claude Beltejar Claudia Fieger

Raven Biotechnologies Raven Biotechnologies
San Francisco, California, U.S. San Francisco, California, U.S.

Gerald Beste Daron Forman

formerly MedImmune Ltd. Tolerx
Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
now Ablynx NV
Ghent, Belgium Yannick Gansemans
Algonomics NV
Christophe Bourrilly Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
ABN AMRO Corporate Finance Ltd.
London, U.K. Gholamreza Hassanzadeh Ghassabeh
Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular
Peter Brünker Immunology
Glycart Biotechnology (Roche Group) Vrije Universiteit
Schlieren, Switzerland and Department of Molecular and Cellular
Interaction
Frank J. Carr VIB
Antitope Ltd. Brussels, Belgium
Babraham, Cambridge, U.K.
Sam P. Heywood
Aaron K. Chamberlain Antibody Research
Xencor UCB-Celltech
Monrovia, California, U.S. Slough, U.K.

vii
viii Contributors

David P. Humphreys Monica Licea

Antibody Research Raven Biotechnologies
UCB-Celltech San Francisco, California, U.S.
Slough, U.K.

Aya Jakobovits Melvyn Little

Agensys, Inc. Affimed Therapeutics AG
Santa Monica, California, U.S. Heidelberg, Germany

David Jones Deryk Loo

Antisoma Research Ltd. Raven Biotechnologies
London, U.K. San Francisco, California, U.S.
David J. King
formerly Medarex David Lowe
Sunnyvale, California, U.S. MedImmune Ltd.
now AnaptysBio Inc. Cambridge, U.K.
San Diego, California, U.S.

Kathleen L. King Helen L. Lowe

Raven Biotechnologies CR UK Targeting & Imaging Group
San Francisco, California, U.S. Department of Oncology
UCL Cancer Institute
Ingo M. Klagge University College London
MorphoSys AG London, U.K.
Martinsried/Planegg, Germany

Stefan Knackmuss Jennie P. Mather

Affimed Therapeutics AG Raven Biotechnologies
Heidelberg, Germany San Francisco, California, U.S.

Christina A. Kousparou Devangi Mehta

Trojantec Ltd. Tolerx
Nicosia, Cyprus Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Ignace Lasters
Algonomics NV Vera Molkenthin
Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium Affimed Therapeutics AG
Heidelberg, Germany
Greg A. Lazar
Xencor
Monrovia, California, U.S. Andrew Murphy
Regeneron
Fabrice Le Gall Tarrytown, New York, U.S.
Affimed Therapeutics AG
Heidelberg, Germany Serge Muyldermans
Jonathan Li Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular
Raven Biotechnologies Immunology
San Francisco, California, U.S. Vrije Universiteit
and Department of Molecular and
Tony W. Liang Cellular Interaction
Raven Biotechnologies VIB
San Francisco, California, U.S. Brussels, Belgium
C o n tr i but o rs ix

Jurgen Pletinckx Inger Sandlie

Algonomics NV Department of Molecular
Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium Biosciences and Centre for Immune Regulation
University of Oslo
Andreas Plückthun Oslo, Norway
Department of Biochemistry
University of Zürich Surinder K. Sharma
Zurich, Switzerland CR UK Targeting & Imaging Group
Department of Oncology
Paul Ponath UCL Cancer Institute
Tolerx University College London
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. London, U.K.

Jessica Snyder
Joe Ponte
Tolerx
Tolerx
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Peter Sondermann
Beverly Potts
Glycart Biotechnology (Roche Group)
Raven Biotechnologies
Schlieren, Switzerland
San Francisco, California, U.S.
Philippe Stas
Patricia Rao Algonomics NV
formerly Tolerx Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
now Synta Pharmaceutical Corp. Ross Stewart
Lexington, Massachusetts, U.S. MedImmune Ltd.
Cambridge, U.K.
Michael Rosenzweig
Tolerx Pablo Umaña
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. Glycart Biotechnology (Roche Group)
Schlieren, Switzerland
Florian Rüker
Herman Waldmann
Department of Biotechnology
formerly Tolerx
University of Natural Resources
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
and Applied Life Sciences
now Sir William Dunn School of Pathology
Vienna, Austria
Oxford, U.K.
Dirk Saerens
Carl Webster
Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular
MedImmune Ltd.
Immunology
Cambridge, U.K.
Vrije Universiteit
and Department of Molecular and Cellular Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
Interaction Department of Biotechnology
VIB University of Natural Resources
Brussels, Belgium and Applied Life Sciences
Vienna, Austria
José W. Saldanha
Division of Mathematical Biology Peter Young
National Institute for Medical Research Raven Biotechnologies
Mill Hill, London, U.K. San Francisco, California, U.S.
Foreword

Antibodies were discovered in 1890 but remained on the periphery of the pharma-
ceutical industry for more than 100 years. Yet within the last 15 years, a succession of
antibodies has been approved for therapy by the United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). Unlike natural antibodies which are polyclonal and directed
against infectious disease, almost all those approved by the FDA are monoclonal
antibodies directed against human self-antigens and used for treatment of cancer
and diseases of the immune system.
Two major breakthroughs proved necessary to launch this antibody revolution.
The first breakthrough was rodent hybridoma technology in the 1970s. Antibodies
could now be made against single antigens in complex mixtures and used to identify
the molecular targets of disease. In some cases this allowed disease intervention by
blocking the antigen or by killing a class of cells (such as cancer cells) bearing the
antigen. However, hybridoma technology provided only part of the solution; the
rodent antibodies proved immunogenic and often did not trigger human effector
functions efficiently. The second breakthrough, in the 1990s, was protein engineer-
ing; its application allowed the creation of chimeric and humanized antibodies from
rodent monoclonal antibodies; not only were these less immunogenic than rodent
antibodies, but they more efficiently triggered human effector functions. These chi-
meric and humanized antibodies now account for the majority of the currently
approved therapeutic antibodies.
Nevertheless the field continued to embrace new technologies and to spawn new
approaches, most notably the development of genuine human antibodies in the
1990s. Human therapeutic antibodies were made by selection from highly diverse
antibody repertoires displayed on filamentous phage, and then from mice trans-
genic with human antibody genes. The pace of innovation continued in the new
millennium; antibodies were built from single domains, endowed with enhanced
effector functions or prolonged serum half-life, and even tailored to bind antigen via
engineered constant domains. Earlier approaches, for example those based on cyto-
toxic drugs or radio-immune conjugates, were also re-evaluated. In a field with few
clinically validated targets and a thicket of intellectual property, technological inno-
vation has offered freedom for new biotechnology companies to develop therapeu-
tics based on antibodies or antibody mimics.
Recombinant Antibodies for Immunotherapy, edited by Professor Melvyn Little,
covers both the fundamentals of the technology and the current state of its

xi
xii Foreword

development and concludes with a section on novel therapeutic approaches and an

overview of the market that has driven, and continues to drive, the field. The book
promises to be an essential and most convenient guide to the field.

Sir Gregory Winter FRS

Deputy Director
Laboratory of Molecular Biology and MRC Centre for Protein Engineering
Cambridge, UK
Preface

The potential of antibodies as magic bullets for curing disease has excited the imag-
ination of medical researchers ever since this phrase was first coined by Paul Ehrlich
about a century ago. Seventy-five years after the publication of Ehrlich’s side-chain
theory to explain antibody-antigen reactions in 1900, Georges Köhler and César
Milstein invented a means of cloning antibodies with defined specificity that paved
the way for major advances in cell biological and clinical research. They were awarded
the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for this ground-breaking research. In 1986, the
first monoclonal antibody, the murine mAb OKT3 for preventing transplant rejection,
was approved for clinical use, and although many other murine mAbs were subse-
quently investigated as therapeutic agents, most of them had a disappointing clinical
profile largely due to their immunogenicity. This situation improved dramatically with
the advent of techniques to humanize existing mAbs, followed by technologies that
sought to imitate the generation of specific antibodies by the immune system in vitro.
For example, the expression of antibody fragments in E. coli using bacterial leader
sequences and the use of phage display and later ribosome display facilitated the
selection of specific human antibodies from extremely large libraries. The process
of somatic hypermutation to increase antibody affinity was mimicked by introducing
random mutations. Another major advance for obtaining human antibodies was the
creation of transgenic mice carrying a large part of the human antibody gene reper-
toire, which could be used to produce human antibodies by standard hybridoma
technology. The success of these novel technologies resulted in a first generation of
recombinant antibodies that now account for a large proportion of the market for
biopharmaceuticals, with annual growth rates of almost 40%.
Therapeutic antibodies for cancer rely to a large extent on the recruitment of other
elements in the immune system for their effect; very few of them function as magic
bullets in the sense of ‘‘target and destroy.’’ For example, although antibody binding
to a specific epitope of a cell surface receptor can directly induce strong apoptotic
signals, the effect is usually amplified by cross-linking of the antibody Fc domains
through binding to Fc receptors on immune effector cells such as macrophages and
natural killer cells. Concomitantly, the immune effector cells are activated by the
engagement of the Fc receptors, resulting in an attack on the cells to which they are
bound, a process known as antibody-dependent cell cytolysis (ADCC). The Fc
domains can also activate the complement system, causing complement-dependent
cytolysis (CDC). To what extent cell lysis is caused by direct binding and how much is
due to the recruitment of immune effector cells and complement is difficult to quan-
tify, especially in an in vivo system, and in many cases the mechanism of action of

xiii
xiv Preface

antitumor antibodies remains ill defined. For the action of most cytolytic antibodies,
all three mechanisms are probably involved to a lesser or greater extent. Furthermore,
recent findings suggest that ADCC also contributes to the efficacy of those antibodies
that were previously thought to cause tumor regression solely by blocking the ligand-
binding site of growth hormone receptors.
In the second generation of therapeutic recombinant antibodies now in various
stages of development, novel techniques and creative antibody engineering have
evolved to optimize pharmokinetic and pharmodynamic properties. For example,
the affinity of antibody Fc domains for their receptors on immune effector cells or
to complement has been improved by both random and targeted mutagenesis. Cell
lines have also been generated for altering the glycosyl side chains on the Fc domains
for better Fc-receptor binding. Algorithms and in vitro techniques have been devised
for predicting immunogenicity and selecting the best variants. In addition, the cyto-
toxic potential of antibodies and antibody fragments has been increased by arming
them with toxins, radionuclides, or immune effector molecules such as cytokines. A
large number of novel antibody formats ranging from single variable domains of
approximately 13kDa to full-length antibodies with multiple variable domains of
approximately 200kDa have been constructed to enable a variety of different func-
tions. For example, bispecific antibodies for recruiting T cells to lyse tumor cells have
been engineered without constant domains, thus reducing the risk of cytokine storms
due to extensive cross-linking with Fc receptors. Finally, a variety of novel protein
scaffolds are being investigated as alternatives to immunoglobulin fragments for the
generation of libraries of highly diverse binding molecules that could result in novel
therapeutic drugs. However, as nearly all of the alternative binding molecules are the
same size as or even smaller than single immunoglobulin domain antibodies, their
serum half-lives will probably have to be significantly extended using techniques such
as pegylation or fusion to serum proteins such as albumin.

All of the recombinant antibody technologies just described are covered by the 24
articles in this book, written by recognized experts in their field, many of whom have
pioneered important new techniques. Starting with a description of the technologies
used to generate recombinant antibodies, the following chapters provide a fairly
comprehensive overview, with examples and background information, on how anti-
body efficacy is being improved by decreasing immunogenicity, increasing effector
function through increased Fc-receptor binding, conjugating with cytolytic agents,
using novel formats and scaffolds with multiple valencies and specificities, and
increasing serum half-life. Several promising therapeutic approaches have been
included, such as a novel method for selecting antibodies that specifically lyse tumor
cells, the development of a recombinant antibody prodrug, and the use of novel
recombinant antibodies that target T cells for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
Last but not least, an attempt to forecast future developments in the field of ther-
apeutic recombinant antibodies has been made on the basis of an excellent market
analysis of this rapidly growing field.
M.L.
RECOMBINANT ANTIBODIES FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY
Figure 1.1. Schematic representations of mouse, humanized (chimeric, CDR-Grafted, reshaped, veneered/
resurfaced) and human antibodies. Blue, mouse content; red, human content; yellow, disulphide bridges; green,
carbohydrate moieties. VH, variable heavy domain; VL, variable light domain; CH1 to 3, constant heavy domains
1 to 3; CL, constant light domain; Fab, fragment antigen binding; Fc, fragment of crystallization; Fv, fragment
variable.
 Figure 2.2. Top view of the HLA Class II DRB1*0101
binding groove, with a and b chains in blue and green,
respectively, and the bound peptide in orange (PDB-
code 1KLU).

Figure 11.5. Model of the interaction of glycosylated FccRIII with the Fc-fragment of IgG. Top: Clipping of the
crystal structure of non-glycosylated FccRIII expressed in E. coli (green) in complex with the Fc-fragment of
native (fucosylated) IgG (PDB code 1e4k, red and blue) as indicated in the inset. The glycans attached to the Fc
are shown as ball and sticks and colored accordingly. The fucose linked to the carbohydrate of the blue Fc-
fragment chain is highlighted in red. Bottom: Model of the interaction between a glycosylated FccRIII and the
(non-fucosylated) Fc-fragment of IgG. In this model, the carbohydrates attached at Asn-162 of FccRIII can
thoroughly interact with the non-fucosylated IgG. The figure was created using the program PYMOL (www
.delanoscientific.com).
 4000
Tumor vol. mm3

3000

2000

1000

0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
days
Figure 14.1. Efficacy of AS1409 in a PC3mm2 subcutaneous model.
Phosphate-buffered saline
huBC1-muIL-12 20lg 3 7 daily doses
huBC1 10lg & muIL-12 1.5lg 3 7 daily doses
muIL-12 1.5lg 3 7 daily doses

Figure 17.1. Ribbon presentation of the domains of an IgG1. Non-CDR loops are indicated in red, CDR loops in
green, and the beta sandwich core in blue. The structures are aligned such that the N-terminal ends are on the
top and the C-terminal ends are on the bottom.
Other documents randomly have
different content
 He afterwards tried the Venus de Medici, but
that was a decided failure. He has been
favourably received by the patrons of British
Sports in the French capital, but it is feared he
cannot be presented at the Court of Louis
Philippe, in consequence of his having
neglected to present himself at the Drawing-
room of our lovely young Queen. In a visit to
the Jardin des Plantes, he thought he
recognised a young brother, but on closer
inspection he discovered it was only the
chimpanzee. He appears to be regarded with as
much curiosity in Paris as Soult was in London,
and expected the old Marshal would have given
him ‘a Wellington reception,’ but hitherto the
gallant veteran has not recognised him as ‘a
companion in arms.’ His presence has already
had an influence on the fashions, and
‘pantalons à la Burke’ have made their
appearance in the Palais Royal, while ‘gantelets
à la Deaf’un’ are noted as a novelty in Le
Courrier des Salons.”
We have already noticed in our memoir of
Bendigo that the Deaf’un did not return from his
continental trip until, after training Owen Swift, and
seconding him on the 5th of September, 1838, he
again sought the shores of England, lest he should
receive the “polite attentions” of the French
authorities for his share in that “scandal,” as the Paris
correspondent of “My Grandmother” styled it. The
staunchness of poor Burke’s “summer friends” was
now tested. They had withdrawn the £100 placed in
Jem Burn’s hands, but, after some negotiation, the
match was made, Burke posting £100 to Bendigo’s
£80, and on the 29th of February, 1839, the rivals
met. The full details of the Deaf’un’s defeat may be
read in pp. 16–22.
The reflection is here unavoidably thrust upon us,
that the so-called “friends” of an athlete, if they by
their own loose habits seduce him into similar
irregularities, are his worst enemies. What is sport to
them is ruin to him. Temperance, regularity of living,
open air exercise, and severe attention to the
wellbeing of every bodily function that goes to build
up health—​the mens sana in corpore sano—​can
never be neglected without ruinous consequences;
and thus fell the brave and imprudent Deaf’un, the
victim of the follies of those the world miscalled “his
betters.” A few quatrains on his downfall shall find a
place here.
THE LAMENT OF DEAF BURKE.
Well, ’tis strange, precious strange, arter what I have
done,
That in my late battle I shouldn’t have won;
I vow and protest, on the word of a bruiser,
I scarce can persuade myself yet I’m the loser.
I have always so well in the Ring gone to work,
That my backers proclaimed me “inwincible Burke;”
And then for a lad of my courage and game
To be floored by a novice—​by Jove! ’tis a shame.
I hang down my head, quite dismay’d and perplex’d.
And when folks ax me questions, of course, I am
wex’d,
For, instead of consoling me under my loss,
They insiniwate plainly the thing was a cross.
They swear, for a man who has stood so much fight,
To be whopp’d in ten rounds was impossible quite:
That I couldn’t be he, it was plain to discern,
Wot floor’d Carter and Crawley, O’Connell and Byrne.
They vow of their bets upon me they’ve been robb’d,
That I show’d no good point, but stood still to be
jobb’d,
That no punishment sharp was produced by my
blows,
And Bendy did with me whatever he chose.
Hard words for the Deaf’un, and cruel the sting,
Hard words for the Deaf un, and cruel the sting,
To one who ne’er acted amiss in the Ring—
To him who was always alive to a mill,
And in thirteen prize-battles was conqueror still.
I boldly appeal to my slanderers whether
I was ever the covey to show the white feather?
And Bendigo’s conduct I cannot think right,
When he stripp’d me of something that lost me the
fight.
That he acted unfairly I do not advance—
He was perfectly right not to part with a chance;
Still I say, but for this, whosoever may scoff,
He would not have easily polished me off.
And may I again never put on a glove,
If once more I don’t fight him for money or love;
And my stick I will cut in the Prize Ring, by Jove!
Ere the belt shall be worn by a Nottingham cove.
And shall poor Deaf Burke be consign’d to the
shade?
No, tho’ I’m defeated I am not dismay’d,
And in a fresh contest I’ll do what I can,
To take the conceit from this bounceable man.
When victory smiles on a pugilist’s front,
He has lots of supporters and plenty of blunt;
But if luck turns against him, my eyes! how they
rave
 rave,
And stamp him a cross cove—​a thundering knave!
Into me some choice worthies keep pitching it home,
For sporting the statutes of Greece and of Rome;
Is it fair, I would ax, to inflict this here slap,
Because I’m a sort of a classical chap?
And some swear ’tis time I was laid on the shelf,
For I grows ’ristocratic—​too sweet on myself;
Now I wenture most humbly to make an appeal,
If I’m to be blam’d for behaving genteel?
In France and New York I have sported my tanners,
And no wonder a polish I have got on my manners;
Now, I begs to inquire whether winner or loser,
Must a man be a blackguard because he’s a bruiser?
No, to tip the purlite I will still do my best,
For everything wulgar I scorn and detest;
My pipe I’ve discarded like most other stars,
And now I smoke nowt but Hawanna cigars.
And I dare say some folks may consider it strange,
That I’m courting the Muses by way of a change,
And thus in Bell’s Life to my feelings give went,
In a copy of werses I’ve called “The Lament.”
Be this as it may, here I’m ready and willing
This Bendy again to encounter at milling,
And perhaps if I once get him into a line
And perhaps if I once get him into a line,
Tho’ the first chance was his’n, the next may be
mine.
That “next chance,” as Edgar Poe’s raven said,
“never, never, never more” came to the turn of the
Deaf’un, so far as regarded a meeting with Bendy,
although he issued sundry invitations and offers. In
March, 1840, occurred the accident to Bendigo,
narrated at page 25, which struck the Nottingham
hero from the list of “wranglers” for the
Championship, and hereupon Burke again came to
the front with a challenge. This was quickly
responded to by Nick Ward, the younger brother of
the renowned Jem. The match was made for the
modest sum of £50 a side, and the day fixed for
Tuesday, the 22nd September, 1840. The battle,
which took place at Lillingstone Level, Oxfordshire,
will be found in detail in the Life of Nick Ward,
Chapter V. of the present volume.
Poor Burke’s day was gone by; unconquered in
heart, his impaired physical powers failed him, and
he fell before youth, activity, skill, and length. As we
have mentioned in our memoir of Nick Ward that the
stakeholder received notice of action for the stakes,
it is but just to give the following vindication of the
Deaf’un’s conduct as reported in a contemporary
journal:—
 “The Deaf’un Himself Again!—​The Deaf’un took
a benefit at the Bloomsbury Assembly Rooms
on Tuesday evening, and, notwithstanding his
late defeat, found a goodly number of friends,
and ‘a strong turn’ in the financial department.
The sets-to, although many of them between
commoners, were amusing and effective, and
conducted with great spirit and vigour. Among
the most popular was that between Owen Swift
and Maley, in which the quickness and scientific
deliveries of the former were happily illustrated.
At the conclusion the Deaf’un mounted the
stage to ‘wind-up,’ but unfortunately, Caunt
having forfeited his promise to appear, he was
only opposed to a new beginner called ‘The
Cumberland Youth,’ whose inexperience left the
star of the night nothing to do but flap him at
pleasure. The Deaf’un, after smoothing down
his bristles with his dexter digits, and clearing
his throat by sundry ‘hems,’ delivered himself of
the following oration, which we took down as
nearly as could be verbatim. ’Gemmen—​I have
dis here to say. I’m werry sory as Caunt has not
come to sets-to wid me according to his
promises, for he gave me his words of honours
as he would attend; but dats de way wid dese
here mens—​when dey gets to the top of de
trees, dey do nothing to help a poor fellow as is
down; but dey had better minds what dey are
abouts, or they’ll be as bad as Jack Scroggins,
and look for a tanners when they can’t find it.
Gemmen—​I mean to say as I do not thinks as I
was fairly beat by Bendigo, and I am prouds to
say as I am not widout friends what tink de
same, and as are ready to back me for a cool
hundreds against him, or Nick Wards, or Jem
Bailey. Bendigo is wery bounceable now, as he
says he has licked me; but I says he took an
unfair advantage in regard of my belt; but dats
neither one ting nor toder; and if he has
friends, if he’s a man, he’ll give me anoder
chance, and till he does, I shall always thinks as
he has won de belts widout any right to it. I
went to Sheffields and Nottinghams to make a
match wid him, and now let him show equal
pluck and come to London to make a match wid
me—​my pewters is always ready (applause).
Dat’s all I’ve got to say. Gemmen, I thank my
friends and patrons for coming here to-night
(coughing); but I’ve got something here
(pointing to his throat, and the poor fellow
appeared overflowing with gratitude) which
won’t let me say no mores.’—​It is not very
creditable to the élite of the Fancy to have
 abstained from setting-to for the unfortunate
fellow; for, although his ignorance may have led
him to assume too much, the motto of all
professed pugilists should be ‘forget and
forgive;’ and ‘if a man’s in distress, like a man
to relieve him.’”
In the years 1841–2, the magistracy and police,
stimulated into abnormal activity by a sort of clerical
crusade against the Ring “and all its works,” set the
powers of the law in motion against pugilists and
their patrons, and “all persons aiding and abetting in
riotous and tumultuous assemblages calculated to
produce a breach of the peace,” by issuing warrants,
holding them to bail, and indicting them at the
quarter sessions of the county wherein the same
took place. Among the zealots of this Puritanical
campaign against the amusements and relaxations of
the people, the Rev. Joshua Cautley, curate of
Broughton, in Bedfordshire, distinguished himself
with the fervour of Ralpho, the squire of Sir
Hudibras; though he, fortunately, escaped the
cudgellings, rotten eggs, and stocks, which in
rougher times befell his prototype. In an evil hour
the Deaf’un came in contact with this clerical
suppressor of “anti-knife” congregations, under the
serio-comic circumstances we are about to narrate.
 On the 9th of February, 1841, at Holcut, in
Bedfordshire, an orderly assemblage surrounded a
well-arranged inner-and-outer ring, within the latter
of which Ned Adams, of London, and Dick Cain, of
Leicester, were contending. At a critical period of the
battle, the curate of Broughton, the Rev. Joshua
Cautley, who was not, as all the “rurals” surrounding
the ring well knew, either a magistrate in the
commission of the peace, or in any way legally
authorised to interfere, appeared at the ring-side in
an excess of peace-preserving furor, and not only
attempted to take Adams into custody (without any
warrant), but cut the ropes with a knife, and
behaved otherwise in an outrageous manner. He was
afterwards aided by a police constable (John
M’Hugh), and by the arrival of the Rev. Edward
Orlebar Smith, a Justice of the Peace for
Bedfordshire, previous to whose appearance on the
scene certain of the country people present had
certainly ejected Parson Cautley from the ring. The
Rev. Justice of the Peace, as it appears, then put his
fellow clergyman and himself on the right side of the
law by reading—​at a distance, and amidst immense
confusion and the continuance of the battle—​the Riot
Act. The result of all this was that the zealous Parson
Cautley procured, upon affidavit sworn by himself,
the constable, and the Rev. Mr. Smith, the indictment
of thirteen persons (six of them being his own
neighbours) at the ensuing Bedford Quarter
Sessions. The pugilists indicted were James Burke,
Owen Swift, Edward Adams, and Richard Cain,
Thomas Brown (the respected landlord of the
“Swan,” at Newport Pagnell, who was there in charge
of his post-horses and four-in-hand), Messrs. Mark
Cross, William Maley (a solicitor), Joseph Goodwin,
George Durham, Edward Dawkes, James Morris the
younger, Martin Hughes (who died during the
proceedings), and Richard Walter Chetwynd,
Viscount Chetwynd, Baron Rathdowne. The
indictment charged, in its first count, “that they, the
defendants aforesaid, on the 9th day of February,
1841, in the parish of Holcut, in the county of
Bedford, did then and there, together with other evil-
disposed persons, whose names are unknown to the
jurors aforesaid, unlawfully, riotously, and
tumultuously assault Edward Orlebar Smith, clerk,
one of the Justices of the Peace for the said County,
and John M’Hugh, one of the constables of the Peace
for the said County, and, then and there, did, in
contempt of our said Lady the Queen and her laws,
to the great terror, alarm, and disturbance of all the
liege subjects of our said Lady the Queen
thereabouts inhabiting and residing and being,
passing and repassing, to the great damage of the
said Edward Orlebar Smith and John M’Hugh, and
against the peace of our said Lady the Queen her
crown and dignity.” The second count in this
formidable document, repeating the names and
verbiage, included the same charges against the
defendants for riot and assault on the person of the
Rev. Joshua Cautley. The third count varied by
specifying James Burke as the assailant of the Rev.
Edward Orlebar Smith (whom he never touched in
any way). The 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th counts merely
varied in the names of the parties assaulted, by
substituting “Smith” for “M’Hugh,” and “Cautley” for
“Smith,” as the persons on whom “with force and
arms,” the same defendants “did then and there
beat, wound, and ill-treat, and do other wrong, to
the great damage of the said E. O. Smith,” &c., &c.,
“and against the peace of our said Lady the Queen
her crown and dignity.”
Any one not used to the formal wording of legal
documents may well share the astonishment of the
Deaf’un when this astounding rigmarole, being
furnished to his legal advisers (Mr. Vincent Dowling
and Mr. Serjeant Dowling), was read and explained
to him. His truthful and indignant denials of all the
serious delinquencies laid to his charge in this
farrago of legal fictions were most amusing. Perhaps
the way in which these were thrown into rhyme, by
what old Jacob Tonson, the bookseller, used to call “a
competent pen,” will convey some idea of the
Deaf’un’s objections and denial of the charges:—

ADDRESS OF DEAF BURKE TO THE GRAND AND

COMMON JURIES OF BEDFORD.
Pull’d up by beaks, before you here I shows,
For what offence, I’m blistered if I knows;
Fam’d thro’ the universe for feats of fists,
Before you stands Deaf Burke, the pugilists.
Yes, honest jurymen, with heart of steels,
I make with confidence my proud appeals,
My case upon its simple merits try—
Let me have justice, and no fears have I.
I ask of you as upright jurymen,
In what have I offended—​where and when?
Why of the throng should Burke the scapegoat be
Or Reverend Cautley’s wrath descend on me?
As to the mill, I own that I was there—
All went on peaceably, and all was fair;
Arm’d with high courage, strong in heart and limbs,
The men were at the scratch in gallant trims.
And smiling confidence was on their brows,
When Parson Cautley first kick’d up a rows,
And by an effort, frivolous as weaks,
Back’d by a rural traps, and Smith the beaks,
Sought, and perhaps he deem’d that he was right,
To rush into the ring and stop the fight.
What if the Riot Act was read—​Alas!
The Deaf’un couldn’t hear it if it was!
And as far as I’m concern’d it is a facts,
It might have been a sermon or “the Acts;”
But as to swearing, or a hint to drop,
Out of the ring I pitch’d him neck and crop,
Tho’ towards a parson I feel reverence due,
Josh Cautley states the thing that isn’t true.
But let that pass—​the issue I’ll not shirks—
Convinc’d your fiat will acquit Deaf Burkes;
Proclaiming that from testimony strong,
The pugilist was right, the parson wrong.
I’ve studied, sirs, since my career began,
To prove myself through life an honest man—
Humble my origin, my lot obscure,
I never came the artful dodge, tho’ poor.
I ne’er gave way to lewdness, nor to lush,
Nor did an act for which I’ve cause to blush.
True, I ne’er figur’d as a man of letters,
But yet I know’d my duty to my betters.
And never deem’d, however mean my station,
Swearing and swaggering pleasant conversation;
Yet, I confess, I lov’d in boyhood prime,
To hear of boxing in the olden time;
Of feats perform’d by those heroic men—
Mendoza, Humphries, Johnson, and Big Ben,
Jem Belcher, Gregson, tough Tom Cribb, and Gully,
Whose hard-earn’d laurels time can never sully.
Fir’d by their deeds, I cried, “Who knows but Burke
May in the Prize Ring some day go to work,
And proud of pluck that never warm’d a curs,
P t th t h l t ?”
Prove at the scratch an ugly customers?”
Ripe for a chance I fearlessly defied
The sturdiest bruisers by the waterside;
And for the love of glory, not of tin.
To many a hardy cove I’ve pitched it in.
But on my fistic feats I will not dwell,
What I have done let “Fistiana” tell.
* * * * *
These are my triumphs which I now record,
Tho’ floor’d by Cousens, Bendigo, and Ward;
And even with these I fearlessly declares,
I did my best, and acted on the squares;
And tho’ defeated on the field of fights,
I died true game, and show’d no feather whites.
Now, gentlemen, as I stand here before ye’s,
I’ve told a round and plain unvarnished storys—
I love fair English boxing as my life,
But dread the Arkansas blade and bowie-knife;
Those weapons deadly, cowardly, and keen,
Which in a Briton’s hand should ne’er be seen,
But which if beaks conspire the ring to crush
Will make the blood of many a Briton gush,
And driving manly fair play from our Isle,
Stamp us a nation of assassins vile!
Now, gentlemen, no longer I’ll intrudes,
But, as I’m bound in duty, will concludes;
A d ll h t dt
 And, as you seem all honest mens and true,
What you deem right I’m certains you will do.
On Monday, the 14th of March, the Deaf’un, who
had been generously bailed by a couple of Bedford
tradesmen, surrendered to his bail, as also did eleven
others. The Rev. Mr. Cautley, Mr. Orlebar Smith, and
“a cloud of witnesses,” policemen, and others. Tom
Spring, in friendly consideration of the Deaf’un’s
incapacity of hearing, stood by him as amicus curiæ,
and kindly interpreted the proceedings. It should be
stated that in his examination before Lord Charles F.
Russell and the grand jurors, the Rev. Joshua had
stated that “Burke had endeavoured to force him out
of the ring, and had seized him by the leg to throw
him over the ropes.” Of this the Deaf’un (who
certainly was never in the ring at all) was nervously
anxious to exculpate himself. What was his surprise
then to learn that “no evidence would be offered on
that point,” and that “the general charge implicated
all present in the same guilt.” Eventually (Viscount
Chetwynd having removed the trial of his indictment
into the Court of Queen’s Bench, on the ground that
he could not get an impartial trial in Bedfordshire)
the trials were postponed, and the whole of the
defendants were held to bail to appear at the
summer assizes; to them a ruinous expense and
miserable suspense, and the great satisfaction of
their Christian prosecutors and the profit of sundry
attorneys; and thus ended the first “field-day” of “the
battle of Bedford.” Other separate indictments,
however, were proceeded with, against Messrs.
Brown, of the “Swan,” Newport Pagnell, George
Durham, Edward Dawkes, and Mark Cross, for
“refusing to assist the constable in the execution of
his duty.” Mr. Brown, after evidence by M’Hugh, the
Rev. Joshua Cautley, and Mr. Smith, that in reply to
being so called upon, he replied (being seated on the
box of his coach) “that he had to mind his horses,”
was found guilty. The other defendants then, having
pleaded “guilty,” were sentenced each to pay a fine
of forty shillings, and costs, and to enter into
recognisances themselves in £40, and two sureties in
£20 each, “to be of good behaviour for one year.”
The fines were paid, the sureties given, and the
defendants liberated from that charge. In July the
unlucky defendants again surrendered, when their
trial was again postponed to await the result of the
certiorari by which the aristocratic defendants
(Viscount Chetwynd and Mr. Maley, the solicitor) had
removed their cases to the Court of Queen’s Bench.
These having failed, in the ensuing November, Burke
and his fellow victims of the law’s delay were placed
at the bar. In the interim we find in the Bedford
Mercury:—
 “Prize Fight and Lord Chetwynd.—​Lord Charles
Russell laid before the Court a statement
showing the position of the prosecution against
Burke and thirteen others, for a riot at a prize
fight at Holcut, in this county, and did so to
know whether the prosecution should be
proceeded in. Already an expense of £50 had
been incurred, and probably between £80 and
£90, exclusive of witnesses, would be further
required. By a writ of certiorari Lord Chetwynd
had traversed the case to the Court of Queen’s
Bench, to obtain the privilege of not pleading
on the trial in the usual way by holding up his
hand. The other parties accused had not been
aware of the object of the course taken by Lord
Chetwynd, and were in the same position as
they were before traversing to the superior
court. The county was at a great expense, and
the defendants must have been at double the
expense. His lordship also laid before the Court
a correspondence between Lord Chetwynd and
that gentleman, expressing his regret at what
had occurred. Mr. Smith was not satisfied with
the correspondence, and the opinion of the
Court was that the prosecution should be
continued, having begun it.
 “From this we infer that the Rev. Mr. Smith is
not satisfied with the apology tendered by Lord
Chetwynd, and that to satisfy his feelings, the
county and the defendants are to be involved in
a still heavier outlay. To those who were in no
respect consenting to Lord Chetwynd’s
determination, this seems a measure of cruelty
for which we were not prepared; but it would
seem that after having already entered into
recognisances to appear and take their trials,
and having strictly and respectfully complied
with that undertaking, from whence they were
relieved by no act of their own, they are again
called on to put in fresh bail in the Court of
Queen’s Bench at Westminster, some of them
living in distant parts of the kingdom. This may
be necessary in form of law; but surely, even
the Rev. Mr. Smith can have no wish to add to
the hardships of the defendants, who were, and
are still ready to submit to take their trials at
the proper season.”
This wretched persecution thus dragged its weary
length into the following year, 1842, when
negotiations for a compromise having been made
between the Crown solicitors and those of the
defendants, Mr. Gurney, on the part of “Burke,
Adams, Cain, and others,” said he was instructed to
withdraw their plea of “not guilty,” and to accept a
verdict for the Crown against his clients.
Mr. Andrews thereon, on the part of the
magistrates, thought the defendants had pursued a
very proper course, and the prosecution was
withdrawn; so that this expensive performance of
“Much Ado about Nothing,” ended by Messrs. Cautley
and Smith “taking nothing by their motion,” the
defendants being put to a heavy expense, and an
outlay of some hundreds of pounds (raised by
benefits and public subscriptions of the admirers of
British boxing, and the sympathisers with the
unfortunate victims of Puritanical persecution) to the
profit of lawyers. At the opening of these assizes
Baron Gurney made the following significant remark,
with which we will conclude these instructive legal
proceedings for the suppression of pugilistic
encounters: “His lordship, in discharging the grand
jury, said, that although the number of cases in the
calendar was not greater than was usual at the
spring assizes, yet he regretted to see that the
character of many of the offences was of a most
aggravated description, and that there was no less
than six charges of maliciously cutting and wounding
in the calendar. His lordship said that this offence of
using deadly weapons in personal quarrels appeared
to be very much on the increase, that it was a
disgrace to the character of the country, and that it
must be put down.”
In May, 1842, the Deaf’un was matched with the
Tipton Slasher (William Perry), but at the fourth
deposit, which was appointed to be made at Owen
Swift’s on July 7th, when “Time” was called, and
Burke’s “needful” ready, no one appeared on behalf
of the Tipton, and Burke was thereon declared
entitled to the forfeit of the £15 down. Johnny
Broome, as the representative of Perry, afterwards
made his appearance, but Burke’s friends declared
the business closed, and refused to reopen the affair.
And thus ended the Deaf’un’s last attempt to get
paired with either of “the big ’uns,” who at this
period preferred their questionable claims to the
tarnished honours of the “Championship.”
“Fallen, fallen, fallen, fallen.
Fallen from his high estate,”
poor Jem now became the plaything, but never the
parasite, of a knot of men about town,
supplementing their questionable patronage by
giving lessons in boxing, and conducting the room at
his early patron’s (Joe Parish, the waterman and
pugilist) who, for many years after his removal from
Strand Lane, kept the “Lion,” at the corner of
Newcastle Street, Strand. The Deaf’un—​and we met
him often—​was always respectable in appearance
and respectful in manner, and out of his small means
supported an aged mother and a humble home.
In his nightly adventures in the vicinity of the
Haymarket, Burke was frequently brought in contact
with a big outsider, Bob Castles, well known at the
“playhouses” (not the theatres), in the vicinity of
Leicester Square, at “Goodred’s Saloon,” Jack
Rowbottom’s “Finish,” in James Street, The Elysium,
Mother Emerson’s “The Waterford Arms,” and the
numerous nighthouses that then infested and
infected the purlieus of Piccadilly, and disgraced and
degraded the very name of a sporting house. Bob
was a great boaster, and on the strength of having
stripped twice in the P.R. (once in August 20, 1827,
when he beat Bill Bailey at Portsmouth Races, and
again on April 2, 1828, with Paddy Flynn, at Colney
Heath, when he got “the value of a bating”), he was
a sort of “professional” guide to roysterers out on the
spree, and a bully for those who might hire his
services. Bob was, moreover, a great talker, and, to
use a Pierce-Eganism, “flash as the knocker of
Newgate.” This worthy never missed an opportunity
of making the naturally good-natured Deaf’un the
butt of his chaff, and even of many rough practical
jokes. On one of these occasions the Deaf’un taking
umbrage at what he supposed to be an interference
with some of his “’ticular frien’s,” quietly warned
“Mister Bobs” that if he didn’t mend his manners
“he’d jest punch Mister Bobs’ pimples.” One word
begetting another, and the Deaf’un, considering
himself better at an argumentum ad hominem with
the fist than a verbal disputation, dared Castles to
the field; the latter ridiculed the idea, and several of
those present agreeing that a good licking mutually
administered might do good to both of them, a
deposit was made to be increased to £50, and that
the veterans should have the opportunity of
displaying their courage and settling their difference
of opinion, secundem artem, with Nature’s original
weapons. To afford them an opportunity to prepare
for their “trial by battle,” three weeks were allowed
for training, and in the interim the wrathful heroes
went under the necessary regimen and exercises,
Burke at the “Five Bells,” Putney, Castles at the
pleasant Hill of Richmond. Monday, June 13th, 1843,
was the eventful day. Castles, as the deposits went
on, found no difficulty in collecting his “coriander
seed;” but the poor honest Deaf’un did not find his
friends, however prompt to promise when under the
influence of champagne, so ready when its
effervescence had subsided to relieve the mortified
feelings of their protégé by substantial support.
Indeed, he might have miscarried at the time, for, as
he told us, he found no end of difficulty “in raising
his winds; all the good ones as used to do the
liberals being gones.” At this juncture Young Dutch
Sam kindly stepped in and posted the “possibles,”
but at the expense of several town visits by the
Deaf’un, which consumed hours that would have
been more advantageously devoted to improving his
bodily condition. In truth, Burke had outlived his
fistic fame; and, although the hero of some twenty
battles, it was considered that the steel had been
taken out of him, and that his renewed appearance
in the milling arena would be a mere impotent
exhibition of departed powers. Despite of the
difficulties he had to encounter, and the low estimate
of his capabilities entertained by many, he sustained
the character for hardihood, steadiness, and cunning
tact that served him so well in days gone by. As to
Castles, his height (nearly six feet) and superior
activity were considered strong points in his favour.
At the last deposit it was agreed between Young
Dutch Sam and Mr. Edward Lacey, the host of the
“Garrick’s Head” tap—​to whom the fortunes of Bob
Castles had been entrusted—​that a trip down the
river was the most prudent mode of bringing matters
to a conclusion, and for this purpose the “Nymph,”
Woolwich steamer, was duly chartered, and directed
to be moored off Waterloo Bridge on the morning of
battle at eight o’clock. The “skipper” was punctual to
his appointment, and soon after that hour the men
and their partisans were safely embarked. Of the
latter the muster was limited, but among them were
a few “Corinthians,” whose appearance belied the
conclusion that they had “risen with the lark,”
although we opine they had not placed themselves in
a position to render rising necessary. At a quarter
after eight the craft was under weigh for London
Bridge, whence, after a passing call, she proceeded
to Blackwall, and there having taken in a few of “the
right sort,” pursued her downward course. The
Deaf’un was a little crusty on his supposed exclusion
from a due share of the profits of the boat, but in
this he was overruled. There was one point, however,
upon which he was inexorable, namely, that, “as he
was outs on a parties of pleasures,” he would “go the
whole hogs,” and not stop short of Gravesend, where
he expected to find Young Dutch Sam and some
friends. He had no objection, however, having seen
them, to “try backs, and fight on the roads homes,
instead of dropping downs to the Lower Hopes,” the
vicissitudes attending on the last trip to which locality
was still fresh in his as well as our recollection.
Accordingly, to Gravesend the “Nymph” pursued her
voyage. Here Sam was found, but his state of health
was such as to render his embarkation indiscreet.
Little time was lost in “putting about,” and finally
dropping anchor at Rainham Ferry, on the Essex
shore, nearly opposite Erith, the belligerents and
their followers were quickly landed, and the coast
being clear, the ring was formed on a fine piece of
turf behind the bank, a snug public-house affording
the men a convenient resting-place till all was ready.
Of betting on the voyage down we heard but little,
and this at “evens,” the Deaf’un sporting his “last
solitary shilling” on himself.
The Commissary having discharged his functions,
aided by Tom Callas, and provided seats for the
limited assemblage of spectators, the combatants
were summoned to the scratch, and forth they came,
nothing loth; Burke attended by Cullen and Jerry
Donovan, and Castles by Tom Reidie and Fuller. On
stripping, Burke looked as full in flesh and as
prominent in muscle as when personating Hercules in
his celebrated representation of the Grecian Statues.
He stated he weighed 12st. 4lb., and stood 5ft. 8in.
Castles was not so heavy, barely weighing 12st.; but
he had the advantage in height, being 5ft. 11in; his
length taking from his width, he looked thin, but he
was evidently in good health. There was a speck in
one of his eyes, but he said it did not interfere with
his vision, so that there was no fear of his antagonist
getting on his “blind side.” “Richard’s himselfs
agains,” said the great disciple of Shakspeare, and at
twenty minutes to two both men advanced, having
previously tied their colours to the stakes (blue bird’s
eye for the Deaf’un, and white bird’s eye for Castles),
and tendering the hand of good fellowship,
commenced
THE FIGHT.
Round 1.—​Odds, 5 to 4 on the Deaf’un. A few leary
dodges, each feeling for an opening, and the Deaf’un
expanding his chest and stretching his pounders from the
shoulders, as if to give them freedom and elasticity. Castles
tried his left, but was stopped; he then kept feeling for his
man, the Deaf’un waiting, and cautious; nearer and nearer till
at last they got within distance, when wild and slight counter-
hits were exchanged with the left, then a rush to in fighting;
a few scrambling hits, but no mischief done, and the Deaf’un
dropped on his knees. On rising, Castles showed a slight
discolouration on the right cheek-bone.
2.—​Castles manfully to his work; the Deaf’un quiet and
waiting; Castles short with his left, and the Deaf’un on the
alert; heavy counter-hitting with the left, and Burke popped in
his favourite right-handed hit on the nut. More counter-hitting
with the left; and in the close the Deaf’un was down, and got
up blowing.
3.—​Bob, on coming up, showed symptoms of having
received nobbers on the forehead left and right, and the
Deaf’un’s eyes twinkled as if they had been asked a question.
Castles prompt to the call of “time,” and Burke steadily but
slowly to him. The Deaf’un tried at the mark with his left, but
it was a mere tap; Bob advanced, the Deaf’un retreating till
they reached the corner, when Bob let fly his left, catching it
severely in return. A determined rally followed, and heavy hits
were exchanged left and right; the Deaf’un catching Castles a
severe right-handed hit on the jaw. In the end, the Deaf’un
fell on his knees outside the ropes. On getting on his
“second’s” knees he pointed to his right arm, as if it had been
shaken in the last round.
4.—​Castles advanced; but the Deaf’un was in no hurry, and
waited for him; Castles delivered his left on the Deafun’s
sneezer, and got back; an exchange of heavy hits with the
left, and Burke again down on his knees; he was evidently
playing the cautious game.
5.—​Burke’s frontispiece slightly disfigured, and a mouse
under his left eye; Castles getting within distance let go his
left, but the Deaf’un hit with him, and heavy slogging hits,
left and right, followed; a break away, and again to business;
when, after an interchange of hits, the Deaf’un was down,
obviously stung to some purpose, and Castles displayed claret
from his nose, and showed marks of heavy nobbing.
6.—​Castles hit short with his left, but getting nearer, heavy
counter-hits were exchanged, when Castles closed with the
view to throwing; Burke attempted to get down, but Castles
held him up by the neck by main strength for some time with
both arms till he dropped.
7.—​Castles again a little out of distance; the Deaf’un
waiting, when counter-hits were exchanged, and Castles
closing, caught his man on the hip and gave him a heavy fall,
to the dismay of the Deaf’un’s backers.
8.—​The Deaf’un came up slow, and suspicions were afloat
that “a screw was loose,” in fact it was whispered that his
rupture was down, and almost any odds were offered against
him, one gentleman crying 100 to 1, and no takers; Castles
strong on his legs and full of vigour. He was too cautious,
however, and did not go in with sufficient determination; he
hit short left and right; counter-hits with the left, and a lively
rally, which ended in Burke going down, apparently weak.
9.—​Burke came up blowing like a grampus, and again
looking at his right arm as if something was the matter; he
tried a poke at the body with his left, but did not get home;
heavy counter-hits with the left, and some spirited in-fighting;
punishing blows were exchanged, and in the close, Burke
pursued his getting-down system.
10.—​Castles came up with a tremendous bump over his
left eye, which his seconds ascribed to a butt, and claimed,
but the impression was that as Burke always dropped his
head when he hit with his left, his head had accidentally
come in contact with Castles’s forehead, but without any
intention to butt, and the claim was not allowed. No sooner at
the scratch, than Castles led off heavily with the left; sharp
counter-hitting followed, and in the close, Burke down,
Castles on him.
11.—​Castles missed his left, and some severe in-fighting
followed; the hits were quick and heavy; Castles tried for the
fall, but Burke hung on him, and pulled him down.
12.—​Castles popped in a tremendous pop with the left on
the Deaf’un’s mug, and repeated the dose; the Deaf’un, not
to be deterred, returned the compliment, and rattling hits
followed; in the close the Deaf’un went down. Castles showed
a gash on the brow, and was otherwise seriously damaged in
the frontispiece, and the spirits of the Deaf’un’s friends were
reviving.
13.—​A magnificent rally, in which the exchange of hits left
and right were really rapid; in the close, Burke got down;
both were seriously contused, and their phisogs anything but
free from blemish.
 14.—​Burke came up slow at the call of time; Castles to
him, and led off with his left, but was stopped; good
exchanges left and right; the Deaf’un looked groggy, but
stood well up, and exchanged hits till he fell; Castles also fell,
and was evidently feeling the effects of his quick and heavy
fighting; both were seriously punished.
15.—​Heavy exchanges left and right; and in the close,
Burke down weak.
16.—​Again did the men go to work with determination,
although Burke was slow to the scratch; Burke delivered a
heavy right-handed fling on Castles’s left ear, which was much
swollen and discoloured, but on Castles attempting to close,
he went down.
17.—​Bob planted heavily with his left, but the Deaf’un
stood it like a wood pavement, and dashed to a rally, in which
heavy jobbing hits were exchanged; Castles grappled for the
fall, but the Deaf’un, too leary, got down.
18.—​Castles missed his left, and the Deaf’un rushing in
with his head down, Castles caught it under his arm, and
giving him a Cornish hug, threw and fell heavily on him.
19.—​The Deaf’un slow and weak, and five to one offered
on Castles, who although seriously punished came up strong
on his legs, with nothing like flinching in his demeanour.
Castles missed his left, but the Deaf’un met him with his left
on the nozzle, and drew his cork; a sharp rally, in which
pretty taps were exchanged; in the end, Burke dropped on his
knees, but in the act of going down, he received a whack on
the left brow from Castles’s right, which opened a seam, and
brought the claret in a stream.
20.—​Good stopping, when the men got to a rally, and hit
followed hit left and right, till Burke fell on his knees. Castles
had the bark stripped from his snuffler, and both displayed
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