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 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page v — #1

Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Editorial Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Chapter 1
Numbers and Elementary Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Proofs without words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Special numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Number theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5 Series and products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Chapter 2
Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.1 Elementary algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.2 Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.3 Vector algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.4 Linear and matrix algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.5 Abstract algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Chapter 3
Discrete Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.1 Set theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2 Combinatorics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.3 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.4 Combinatorial design theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
3.5 Difference equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Chapter 4
Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.1 Euclidean geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.2 Coordinate systems in the plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.3 Plane symmetries or isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.4 Other transformations of the plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
4.5 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.6 Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
4.7 Surfaces of revolution: the torus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.8 Quadrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.9 Spherical geometry and trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
4.10 Conics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.11 Special plane curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
4.12 Coordinate systems in space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
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4.13 Space symmetries or isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

4.14 Other transformations of space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
4.15 Direction angles and direction cosines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
4.16 Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
4.17 Lines in space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
4.18 Polyhedra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
4.19 Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
4.20 Cones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
4.21 Differential geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Chapter 5
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
5.1 Differential calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
5.2 Differential forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
5.3 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
5.4 Table of indefinite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
5.5 Table of definite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
5.6 Ordinary differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
5.7 Partial differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
5.8 Integral equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
5.9 Tensor analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
5.10 Orthogonal coordinate systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
5.11 Interval analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
5.12 Real analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
5.13 Generalized functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
5.14 Complex analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

Chapter 6
Special Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
6.1 Ceiling and floor functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
6.2 Exponentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
6.3 Logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
6.4 Exponential function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
6.5 Trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
6.6 Circular functions and planar triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
6.7 Tables of trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
6.8 Angle conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
6.9 Inverse circular functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
6.10 Hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
6.11 Inverse hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
6.12 Gudermannian function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
6.13 Orthogonal polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
6.14 Gamma function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
6.15 Beta function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
6.16 Error functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
6.17 Fresnel integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
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6.18 Sine, cosine, and exponential integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

6.19 Polylogarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
6.20 Hypergeometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
6.21 Legendre functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
6.22 Bessel functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
6.23 Elliptic integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
6.24 Jacobian elliptic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
6.25 Clebsch–Gordan coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
6.26 Integral transforms: Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
6.27 Fourier integral transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
6.28 Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
6.29 Fast Fourier transform (FFT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
6.30 Multidimensional Fourier transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
6.31 Laplace transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
6.32 Hankel transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
6.33 Hartley transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
6.34 Mellin transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
6.35 Hilbert transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
6.36 Z-Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
6.37 Tables of transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Chapter 7
Probability and Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
7.1 Probability theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
7.2 Classical probability problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
7.3 Probability distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
7.4 Queuing theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
7.5 Markov chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
7.6 Random number generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
7.7 Control charts and reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
7.8 Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
7.9 Confidence intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
7.10 Tests of hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
7.11 Linear regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
7.12 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
7.13 Sample size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
7.14 Contingency tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
7.15 Probability tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

Chapter 8
Scientific Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
8.1 Basic numerical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
8.2 Numerical linear algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
8.3 Numerical integration and differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
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Chapter 9
Mathematical Formulas from the Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
9.1 Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
9.2 Astrophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
9.3 Atmospheric physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
9.4 Atomic Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
9.5 Basic mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
9.6 Beam dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
9.7 Classical mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
9.8 Coordinate systems – Astronomical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
9.9 Coordinate systems – Terrestrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
9.10 Earthquake engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
9.11 Electromagnetic Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
9.12 Electrostatics and magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
9.13 Electronic circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
9.14 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
9.15 Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
9.16 Fluid mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
9.17 Fuzzy logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
9.18 Human body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
9.19 Image processing matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
9.20 Macroeconomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
9.21 Modeling physical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
9.22 Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
9.23 Population genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
9.24 Quantum mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
9.25 Quaternions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
9.26 Relativistic mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
9.27 Solid mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
9.28 Statistical mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
9.29 Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692

Chapter 10
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
10.1 Calendar computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
10.2 Cellular automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
10.3 Communication theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
10.4 Control theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
10.5 Computer languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
10.6 Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
10.7 Discrete dynamical systems and chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
10.8 Electronic resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
10.9 Elliptic curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
10.10 Financial formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
10.11 Game theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
10.12 Knot theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
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10.13 Lattices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

10.14 Moments of inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
10.15 Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
10.16 Operations research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
10.17 Recreational mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
10.18 Risk analysis and decision rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
10.19 Signal processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
10.20 Symbolic logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
10.21 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
10.22 Voting power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
10.23 Greek alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
10.24 Braille code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
10.25 Morse code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

List of References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

List of Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page xi — #7

Preface
It has long been the established policy of CRC Press to publish, in handbook form,
the most up-to-date, authoritative, logically arranged, and readily usable reference
material available.
Just as pocket calculators obviated the need for tables of square roots and
trigonometric functions; the internet has made many other tables and formulas un-
necessary. Prior to the preparation of this 32nd Edition of the CRC Standard Mathe-
matical Tables and Formulae, the content has been reconsidered. The criteria estab-
lished for inclusion in this edition are:
• information that is immediately useful as a reference (e.g., names of powers of
10, addition in hexadecimal);
• information about which many readers may be unaware and should know about
(e.g., visual proofs, sequences);
• information that is more complete or concise than that which can be found on
the internet (e.g., table of conformal mappings);
• information that cannot be found on the internet due to the difficulty of entering
a query (e.g., integral tables);
• illustrations of how mathematical information is interpreted.

Using these criteria, the previous edition has been carefully analyzed by practition-
ers from mathematics, engineering, and the sciences. As a result, numerous changes
have been made in several sections, and several new areas were added. These im-
provements include:
• There is a new chapter entitled “Mathematical Formulas from the Sciences.” It
contains, in concise form, the most important formulas from a variety of fields
(including: acoustics, astrophysics, . . . ); a total of 26 topics.
• New material on contingency tables, estimators, process capability, runs test,
and sample sizes has been added to the statistics chapter.
• New material on cellular automata, knot theory, music, quaternions, and ratio-
nal trigonometry has been added.
• In many places, tables have been updated and streamlined. For example, the
prime number table now only goes to 8,000. Also, many of the tables in the
section on financial computations have been updated (while the examples illus-
trating those tables remained).

Of course, the same successful format which has characterized earlier editions of the
Handbook has been retained, while its presentation has been updated and made more
consistent from page to page. Material is presented in a multi-sectional format, with
each section containing a valuable collection of fundamental reference material—
tabular and expository.

xi
 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page xii — #8

xii

In line with the established policy of CRC Press, the Handbook will be updated
in as current and timely a manner as is possible. Suggestions for the inclusion of new
material in subsequent editions and comments regarding the present edition are wel-
comed. The home page for this book, which will include errata, will be maintained
at http://smtf.mathtable.com.
This new edition of the Handbook will continue to support the needs of practi-
tioners of mathematics in the mathematical and scientific fields, as it has for over 80
years. Even as the internet becomes more ubiquitous, it is this editor’s opinion that
the new edition will continue to be a valued reference.

Updating this edition and making it a useful tool has been exciting. It would not have
been possible without the loving support of my family, Janet Taylor and Kent Taylor
Zwillinger.

Daniel Zwillinger
[email protected]
 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page xiii — #9

Editor-in-Chief
Daniel Zwillinger
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York

Editorial Advisory Board

J. Douglas Faires Gerald B. Folland

Youngstown State University University of Washington
Youngstown, Ohio Seattle, Washington

Contributors

Karen Bolinger Les Servi

Clarion University MITRE Corporation
Clarion, Pennsylvania Bedford, Massachusetts

Lawrence Glasser Neil J. A. Sloane

Clarkson University AT&T Bell Labs
Potsdam, New York Murray Hill, New Jersey

Ray McLenaghan Gary L. Stanek

University of Waterloo Youngstown State University
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Youngstown, Ohio

Roger B. Nelsen Michael T. Strauss

Lewis & Clark College HME
Portland, Oregon Newburyport, Massachusetts

Joseph J. Rushanan Nico M. Temme

MITRE Corporation CWI
Bedford, Massachusetts Amsterdam, The Netherlands

xiii
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Chapter 1
Numbers and
Elementary
Mathematics

1.1 PROOFS WITHOUT WORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 CONSTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Binary prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Decimal multiples and prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 Interpretations of powers of 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.4 Roman numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.5 Types of numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.6 DeMoivre’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.7 Representation of numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.8 Symmetric base three representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.9 Hexadecimal addition and subtraction table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.10 Hexadecimal multiplication table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.11 Hexadecimal–decimal fraction conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.3 SPECIAL NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.3.1 Powers of 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.2 Powers of 16 in decimal scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.3 Powers of 10 in hexadecimal scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.4 Special constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.5 Factorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3.6 Bernoulli polynomials and numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.7 Euler polynomials and numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.8 Fibonacci numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.9 Sums of powers of integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.10 Negative integer powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3.11 Integer sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.3.12 p-adic Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.3.13 de Bruijn sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.4 NUMBER THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

1.4.1 Congruences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.2 Chinese remainder theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.3 Continued fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.4 Diophantine equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.5 Greatest common divisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.4.6 Least common multiple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.4.7 Möbius function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.4.8 Prime numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

1
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2 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

1.4.9 Prime numbers of special forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

1.4.10 Prime numbers less than 8,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.4.11 Factorization table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.4.12 Euler totient function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

1.5 SERIES AND PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

1.5.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.5.2 General properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.5.3 Convergence tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.5.4 Types of series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.5.5 Fourier series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.5.6 Series expansions of special functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1.5.7 Summation formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.5.8 Faster convergence: Shanks transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.5.9 Summability methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.5.10 Operations with power series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.5.11 Miscellaneous sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.5.12 Infinite products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.5.13 Infinite products and infinite series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
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1.1. PROOFS WITHOUT WORDS 3

1.1 PROOFS WITHOUT WORDS

A Property of the Sequence of Odd
Integers (Galileo, 1615)

The Pythagorean Theorem 1 1+3 1+3+5

= = =...
3 5+7 7+9+11

—the Chou pei suan ching

1+3+ . . . +(2n–1) =
1
(author unknown, circa B.C. 200?) . . .
(2n+1)+(2n+3)+ +(4n–1) 3

n(n+1)
1+2+ . . . + n = 2
2 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2n–1) = n

1 . n 2 + n . 1 = n(n+1)
1+2+ . . . +n =
2 2 2
1+3+ . . . + (2n–1) = 1 (2n) 2 = n 2
—Ian Richards 4
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4 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

Geometric Series
Geometric Series

...
r2
r2

1–r r

1 1

1
2
1 1 2 1 3 1 1 + r + r + ... = 1
+ + +...= 1 1–r
4 4 4 3
—Benjamin G. Klein
—Rick Mabry and Irl C. Bivens

Addition Formulae for the Sine The Distance Between a Point and a Line
and Cosine
y
sinxsiny
cosxsiny

(a,ma + c)
sin

x
y

1
m
1+

m
|ma + c – b|
1
sy
sinxcosy

co
y
d
(a,b)
x x
y = mx + c
cosxcosy
d |ma + c – b|
=
1 1 + m2
sin(x + y) = sinxcosy + cosxsiny
cos(x + y) = cosxcosy – sinxsiny —R. L. Eisenman
 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page 5 — #15

1.2. CONSTANTS 5

The Mediant Property

The Arithmetic Mean-Geometric Mean
Inequality a c a a+c c
< < <
a+b b d b b+d d
a,b > 0 ab
2

c
a+b
2
d
ab a a

a b b d

—Charles D. Gallant —Richard A. Gibbs

Reprinted from “Proofs Without Words: Exercises in Visual Thinking,” by

Roger B. Nelsen, 1997, MAA, pages: 3, 40, 49, 60, 70, 72, 115, 120. Copyright
The Mathematical Association of America. All rights reserved.
Reprinted from “Proofs Without Words II: More Exercises in Visual Thinking,”
by Roger B. Nelsen, 2001, MAA, pages 46, 111. Copyright The Mathematical As-
sociation of America. All rights reserved.

1.2 CONSTANTS

1.2.1 BINARY PREFIXES

A byte is 8 bits. A kibibyte is 210 = 1024 bytes. Other prefixes for power of 2 are:
Factor Prefix Symbol
210 kibi Ki
220 mebi Mi
230 gibi Gi
240 tebi Ti
250 pebi Pi
260 exbi Ei
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6 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

1.2.2 DECIMAL MULTIPLES AND PREFIXES

The prefix names and symbols below are taken from Conference Générale des Poids
et Mesures, 1991. The common names are for the United States.

Factor Prefix Symbol Common name

100
10(10 )
googolplex
10100 googol
1024 yotta Y heptillion
1021 zetta Z hexillion
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018 exa E quintillion
1 000 000 000 000 000 = 1015 peta P quadrillion
1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 tera T trillion
1 000 000 000 = 109 giga G billion
1 000 000 = 106 mega M million
1 000 = 103 kilo k thousand
100 = 102 hecto H hundred
10 = 101 deka da ten
0.1 = 10−1 deci d tenth
0.01 = 10−2 centi c hundredth
0.001 = 10−3 milli m thousandth
0.000 001 = 10−6 micro µ millionth
0.000 000 001 = 10−9 nano n billionth
0.000 000 000 001 = 10−12 pico p trillionth
0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10−15 femto f quadrillionth
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10−18 atto a quintillionth
10−21 zepto z hexillionth
10−24 yocto y heptillionth

1.2.3 INTERPRETATIONS OF POWERS OF 10

−15
10 the radius of the hydrogen nucleus (a proton) in meters
10−11 the likelihood of being dealt 13 top honors in bridge
10−10 the radius of a hydrogen atom in meters
10−9 the number of seconds it takes light to travel one foot
10−6 the likelihood of being dealt a royal flush in poker
100 the density of water is 1 gram per milliliter
101 the number of fingers that people have
102 the number of stable elements in the periodic table
105 the number of hairs on a human scalp
106 the number of words in the English language
107 the number of seconds in a year
108 the speed of light in meters per second
109 the number of heartbeats in a lifetime for most mammals
1010 the number of people on the earth
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1.2. CONSTANTS 7

1015 the surface area of the earth in square meters

1016 the age of the universe in seconds
1018 the volume of water in the earth’s oceans in cubic meters
1019 the number of possible positions of Rubik’s cube
1021 the volume of the earth in cubic meters
1024 the number of grains of sand in the Sahara desert
1028 the mass of the earth in grams
1033 the mass of the solar system in grams
1050 the number of atoms in the earth
1078 the volume of the universe in cubic meters

(Note: these numbers have been rounded to the nearest power of ten.)

1.2.4 ROMAN NUMERALS

The major symbols in Roman numerals are I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100,
D = 500, and M = 1,000. The rules for constructing Roman numerals are:

1. A symbol following one of equal or greater value adds its value. (For example,
II = 2, XI = 11, and DV = 505.)
2. A symbol following one of lesser value has the lesser value subtracted from
the larger value. An I is only allowed to precede a V or an X, an X is only
allowed to precede an L or a C, and a C is only allowed to precede a D or
an M. (For example IV = 4, IX = 9, and XL = 40.)
3. When a symbol stands between two of greater value, its value is subtracted
from the second and the result is added to the first. (For example, XIV=
10+(5−1) = 14, CIX= 100+(10−1) = 109, DXL= 500+(50−10) = 540.)
4. When two ways exist for representing a number, the one in which the symbol
of larger value occurs earlier in the string is preferred. (For example, 14 is
represented as XIV, not as VIX.)

Decimal number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Roman numeral I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

10 14 50 200 400 500 600 999 1000

X XIV L CC CD D DC CMXCIX M

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

MCML MCMLX MCMLXX MCMLXXX MCMXC

1995 1999 2000 2001 2011 2012

MCMXCV MCMXCIX MM MMI MMXI MMXII
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8 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

1.2.5 TYPES OF NUMBERS

1. Natural numbers The set of natural numbers, {0, 1, 2, . . .}, is customarily
denoted by N. Many authors do not consider 0 to be a natural number.
2. Integers The set of integers, {0, ±1, ±2, . . .}, is customarily denoted by Z.
3. Rational numbers The set of rational numbers, { pq | p, q ∈ Z, q 6= 0}, is
customarily denoted by Q.
(a) Two fractions pq and rs are equal if and only if ps = qr.
(b) Addition of fractions is defined by pq + rs = ps+qr
qs .
(c) Multiplication of fractions is defined by pq · rs = pr
qs .

4. Real numbers Real numbers are defined to be converging sequences of

rational numbers or as decimals that might or might not repeat. The set of real
numbers is customarily denoted by R.
Real numbers can be divided into two subsets. One subset, the algebraic num-
bers, are real numbers which solve√a polynomial equation in one variable with
integer coefficients. For example; 2 is an algebraic number because it solves
the polynomial equation x2 − 2 = 0; and all rational numbers are algebraic.
Real numbers that are not algebraic numbers are called transcendental num-
bers. Examples of transcendental numbers include π and e.
5. Definition of infinity The real numbers are extended to include the symbols
+∞ and −∞ with the following definitions

(a) for x in R: −∞ < x < ∞ (e) if x > 0 then x · ∞ = ∞

(b) for x in R: x + ∞ = ∞ (f) if x > 0 then x·(−∞) = −∞
(c) for x in R: x − ∞ = −∞ (g) ∞+∞= ∞
(h) −∞ − ∞ = −∞
x x
(d) for x in R: = =0 (i) ∞·∞= ∞
∞ −∞
(j) −∞ · (−∞) = ∞

6. Complex numbers The set of complex numbers is customarily denoted

by C. They are numbers of the form a + bi, where i2 = −1, and a and b are
real numbers.

Operation computation result

addition (a + bi) + (c + di) (a + c) + i(b + d)
multiplication (a + bi)(c + di) (ac − bd) 
 + (ad
 + bc)i 
1 a b
reciprocal − i
a + bi a2 + b 2 a2 + b 2
complex conjugate z = a + bi z = a − bi

Properties include: z + w = z + w and zw = z w.

 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page 9 — #19

1.2. CONSTANTS 9

1.2.6 DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM

A complex number a + bi can be written in the form reiθ , where r2 = a2 + b2 and
tan θ = b/a. Because eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ,

(a + bi)n = rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ),

√
n 2kπ 2kπ
1 = cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1. (1.2.1)
n n
√
n (2k + 1)π (2k + 1)π
−1 = cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1.
n n

1.2.7 REPRESENTATION OF NUMBERS

Numerals as usually written have radix or base 10, so the numeral an an−1 . . . a1 a0
represents the number an 10n + an−1 10n−1 + · · · + a2 102 + a1 10 + a0 . However,
other bases can be used, particularly bases 2, 8, and 16. When a number is written in
base 2, the number is said to be in binary notation. The names of other bases are:
2 binary 6 senary 10 decimal 20 vigesimal
3 ternary 7 septenary 11 undenary 60 sexagesimal
4 quaternary 8 octal 12 duodecimal
5 quinary 9 nonary 16 hexadecimal
When writing a number in base b, the digits used range from 0 to b − 1. If
b > 10, then the digit A stands for 10, B for 11, etc. When a base other than 10 is
used, it is indicated by a subscript:

101112 = 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 2 + 1 = 23,
A316 = 10 × 16 + 3 = 163, (1.2.2)
2
5437 = 5 × 7 + 4 × 7 + 3 = 276.

To convert a number from base 10 to base b, divide the number by b, and the
remainder will be the last digit. Then divide the quotient by b, using the remainder
as the previous digit. Continue this process until a quotient of 0 is obtained.
EXAMPLE To convert 573 to base 12, divide 573 by 12, yielding a quotient of 47 and a
remainder of 9; hence, “9” is the last digit. Divide 47 by 12, yielding a quotient of 3 and
a remainder of 11 (which we represent with a “B”). Divide 3 by 12 yielding a quotient
of 0 and a remainder of 3. Therefore, 57310 = 3B912 .
Converting from base b to base r can be done by converting to and from base
10. However, it is simple to convert from base b to base bn . For example, to con-
vert 1101111012 to base 16, group the digits in fours (because 16 is 24 ), yielding
1 1011 11012, and then convert each group of 4 to base 16 directly, yielding 1BD16 .

1.2.8 SYMMETRIC BASE THREE REPRESENTATION

In this representation, powers of 3 are added and subtracted to represent numbers.
The symbols {↓, 0, ↑} are used for {−1, 0, 1}. For example “5” is written as ↑↓↓
since 5 = 9 − 3 − 1. To negate a number, turn its symbol upside down: “−5” is
written as ↓↑↑. Basic arithmetic operations are simple in this representation.
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10 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

1.2.9 HEXADECIMAL ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION TABLE

A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.
Example: 6 + 2 = 8; hence 8 − 6 = 2 and 8 − 2 = 6.
Example: 4 + E = 12; hence 12 − 4 = E and 12 − E = 4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
1 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10
2 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11
3 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12
4 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13
5 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14
6 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15
7 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
8 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
9 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A
C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B
D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C
E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D
F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E

1.2.10 HEXADECIMAL MULTIPLICATION TABLE

Example: 2 × 4 = 8.
Example: 2 × F = 1E.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
1 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
2 02 04 06 08 0A 0C 0E 10 12 14 16 18 1A 1C 1E
3 03 06 09 0C 0F 12 15 18 1B 1E 21 24 27 2A 2D
4 04 08 0C 10 14 18 1C 20 24 28 2C 30 34 38 3C
5 05 0A 0F 14 19 1E 23 28 2D 32 37 3C 41 46 4B
6 06 0C 12 18 1E 24 2A 30 36 3C 42 48 4E 54 5A
7 07 0E 15 1C 23 2A 31 38 3F 46 4D 54 5B 62 69
8 08 10 18 20 28 30 38 40 48 50 58 60 68 70 78
9 09 12 1B 24 2D 36 3F 48 51 5A 63 6C 75 7E 87
A 0A 14 1E 28 32 3C 46 50 5A 64 6E 78 82 8C 96
B 0B 16 21 2C 37 42 4D 58 63 6E 79 84 8F 9A A5
C 0C 18 24 30 3C 48 54 60 6C 78 84 90 9C A8 B4
D 0D 1A 27 34 41 4E 5B 68 75 82 8F 9C A9 B6 C3
E 0E 1C 2A 38 46 54 62 70 7E 8C 9A A8 B6 C4 D2
F 0F 1E 2D 3C 4B 5A 69 78 87 96 A5 B4 C3 D2 E1
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1.2. CONSTANTS 11

1.2.11 HEXADECIMAL–DECIMAL FRACTION CONVERSION

Hex Decimal Hex Decimal Hex Decimal Hex Decimal Hex Decimal
.00 0 .30 0.1875 .60 0.3750 .90 0.5625 .C0 0.7500
.01 0.0039 .31 0.1914 .61 0.3789 .91 0.5664 .C1 0.7539
.02 0.0078 .32 0.1953 .62 0.3828 .92 0.5703 .C2 0.7578
.03 0.0117 .33 0.1992 .63 0.3867 .93 0.5742 .C3 0.7617
.04 0.0156 .34 0.2031 .64 0.3906 .94 0.5781 .C4 0.7656
.05 0.0195 .35 0.2070 .65 0.3945 .95 0.5820 .C5 0.7695
.06 0.0234 .36 0.2109 .66 0.3984 .96 0.5859 .C6 0.7734
.07 0.0273 .37 0.2148 .67 0.4023 .97 0.5898 .C7 0.7773
.08 0.0313 .38 0.2188 .68 0.4063 .98 0.5938 .C8 0.7813
.09 0.0352 .39 0.2227 .69 0.4102 .99 0.5977 .C9 0.7852
.0A 0.0391 .3A 0.2266 .6A 0.4141 .9A 0.6016 .CA 0.7891
.0B 0.0430 .3B 0.2305 .6B 0.4180 .9B 0.6055 .CB 0.7930
.0C 0.0469 .3C 0.2344 .6C 0.4219 .9C 0.6094 .CC 0.7969
.0D 0.0508 .3D 0.2383 .6D 0.4258 .9D 0.6133 .CD 0.8008
.0E 0.0547 .3E 0.2422 .6E 0.4297 .9E 0.6172 .CE 0.8047
.0F 0.0586 .3F 0.2461 .6F 0.43365 .9F 0.6211 .CF 0.8086 Hex Decimal
.10 0.0625 .40 0.2500 .70 0.4375 .A0 0.6250 .D0 0.8125 .F0 0.9375
.11 0.0664 .41 0.2539 .71 0.4414 .A1 0.6289 .D1 0.8164 .F1 0.9414
.12 0.0703 .42 0.2578 .72 0.4453 .A2 0.6328 .D2 0.8203 .F2 0.9453
.13 0.0742 .43 0.2617 .73 0.4492 .A3 0.6367 .D3 0.8242 .F3 0.9492
.14 0.0781 .44 0.2656 .74 0.4531 .A4 0.6406 .D4 0.8281 .F4 0.9531
.15 0.0820 .45 0.2695 .75 0.4570 .A5 0.6445 .D5 0.8320 .F5 0.9570
.16 0.0859 .46 0.2734 .76 0.4609 .A6 0.6484 .D6 0.8359 .F6 0.9609
.17 0.0898 .47 0.2773 .77 0.4648 .A7 0.6523 .D7 0.8398 .F7 0.9648
.18 0.0938 .48 0.2813 .78 0.4688 .A8 0.6563 .D8 0.8438 .F8 0.9688
.19 0.0977 .49 0.2852 .79 0.4727 .A9 0.6602 .D9 0.8477 .F9 0.9727
.1A 0.1016 .4A 0.2891 .7A 0.4766 .AA 0.6641 .DA 0.8516 .FA 0.9766
.1B 0.1055 .4B 0.2930 .7B 0.4805 .AB 0.6680 .DB 0.8555 .FB 0.9805
.1C 0.1094 .4C 0.2969 .7C 0.4844 .AC 0.6719 .DC 0.8594 .FC 0.9844
.1D 0.1133 .4D 0.3008 .7D 0.4883 .AD 0.6758 .DD 0.8633 .FD 0.9883
.1E 0.1172 .4E 0.3047 .7E 0.4922 .AE 0.6797 .DE 0.8672 .FE 0.9922
.1F 0.1210 .4F 0.3086 .7F 0.4961 .AF 0.68365 .DF 0.8711 .FF 0.9961
.20 0.1250 .50 0.3125 .80 0.5000 .B0 0.6875 .E0 0.8750
.21 0.1289 .51 0.3164 .81 0.5039 .B1 0.6914 .E1 0.8789
.22 0.1328 .52 0.3203 .82 0.5078 .B2 0.6953 .E2 0.8828
.23 0.1367 .53 0.3242 .83 0.5117 .B3 0.6992 .E3 0.8867
.24 0.1406 .54 0.3281 .84 0.5156 .B4 0.7031 .E4 0.8906
.25 0.1445 .55 0.3320 .85 0.5195 .B5 0.7070 .E5 0.8945
.26 0.1484 .56 0.3359 .86 0.5234 .B6 0.7109 .E6 0.8984
.27 0.1523 .57 0.3398 .87 0.5273 .B7 0.7148 .E7 0.9023
.28 0.1563 .58 0.3438 .88 0.5313 .B8 0.7188 .E8 0.9063
.29 0.1602 .59 0.3477 .89 0.5352 .B9 0.7227 .E9 0.9102
.2A 0.1641 .5A 0.3516 .8A 0.5391 .BA 0.7266 .EA 0.9141
.2B 0.1680 .5B 0.3555 .8B 0.5430 .BB 0.7305 .EB 0.9180
.2C 0.1719 .5C 0.3594 .8C 0.5469 .BC 0.7344 .EC 0.9219
.2D 0.1758 .5D 0.3633 .8D 0.5508 .BD 0.7383 .ED 0.9258
.2E 0.1797 .5E 0.3672 .8E 0.5547 .BE 0.7422 .EE 0.9297
.2F 0.1836 .5F 0.3711 .8F 0.5586 .BF 0.7461 .EF 0.9336
 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page 12 — #22

12 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

1.3 SPECIAL NUMBERS

1.3.1 POWERS OF 2
1 2 0.5
2 4 0.25
3 8 0.125
4 16 0.0625
5 32 0.03125
6 64 0.015625
7 128 0.0078125
8 256 0.00390625
9 512 0.001953125
10 1024 0.0009765625
11 2048 0.00048828125
12 4096 0.000244140625
13 8192 0.0001220703125
14 16384 0.00006103515625
15 32768 0.000030517578125
16 65536 0.0000152587890625
17 131072 0.00000762939453125
18 262144 0.000003814697265625
19 524288 0.0000019073486328125
20 1048576 0.00000095367431640625
21 2097152 0.000000476837158203125
22 4194304 0.0000002384185791015625
23 8388608 0.00000011920928955078125
24 16777216 0.000000059604644775390625
25 33554432 0.0000000298023223876953125
26 67108864 0.00000001490116119384765625
27 134217728 0.000000007450580596923828125
28 268435456 0.0000000037252902984619140625
29 536870912 0.00000000186264514923095703125
30 1073741824 0.000000000931322574615478515625
31 2147483648 0.0000000004656612873077392578125
32 4294967296 0.00000000023283064365386962890625
33 8589934592 0.000000000116415321826934814453125
34 17179869184 0.0000000000582076609134674072265625
35 34359738368 0.00000000002910383045673370361328125
36 68719476736 0.000000000014551915228366851806640625
37 137438953472 0.0000000000072759576141834259033203125
38 274877906944 0.00000000000363797880709171295166015625
39 549755813888 0.000000000001818989403545856475830078125
40 1099511627776 0.0000000000009094947017729282379150390625
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1.3. SPECIAL NUMBERS 13

1.3.2 POWERS OF 16 IN DECIMAL SCALE

n 16n 16−n
0 1 1
1 16 0.0625
2 256 0.00390625
3 4096 0.000244140625
4 65536 0.0000152587890625
5 1048576 0.00000095367431640625
6 16777216 0.000000059604644775390625
7 268435456 0.0000000037252902984619140625
8 4294967296 0.00000000023283064365386962890625
9 68719476736 0.000000000014551915228366851806640625
10 1099511627776 0.0000000000009094947017729282379150390625
11 17592186044416 5.684341886080801486968994140625 × 10−14
12 281474976710656 3.5527136788005009293556213378 · · · × 10−15
13 4503599627370496 2.2204460492503130808472633361 · · · × 10−16
14 72057594037927936 1.3877787807814456755295395851 · · · × 10−17
15 1152921504606846976 8.6736173798840354720596224069 · · · × 10−19
16 18446744073709551616 5.4210108624275221700372640043 · · · × 10−20
17 295147905179352825856 3.3881317890172013562732900027 · · · × 10−21
18 4722366482869645213696 2.1175823681357508476708062516 · · · × 10−22
19 75557863725914323419136 1.3234889800848442797942539073 · · · × 10−23
20 1208925819614629174706176 8.2718061255302767487140869206 · · · × 10−25

1.3.3 POWERS OF 10 IN HEXADECIMAL SCALE

n 10n 10−n
0 116 116
1 A 16 0.19999999999999999999. . .16
2 64 16 0.028F5C28F5C28F5C28F5. . .16
3 3E8 16 0.004189374BC6A7EF9DB2. . .16
4 2710 16 0.00068DB8BAC710CB295E. . .16
5 186A0 16 0.0000A7C5AC471B478423. . .16
6 F4240 16 0.000010C6F7A0B5ED8D36. . .16
7 989680 16 0.000001AD7F29ABCAF485. . .16
8 5F5E100 16 0.0000002AF31DC4611873. . .16
9 3B9ACA00 16 0.000000044B82FA09B5A5. . .16
10 2540BE400 16 0.000000006DF37F675EF6. . .16
11 174876E800 16 0.000000000AFEBFF0BCB2. . .16
12 E8D4A51000 16 0.000000000119799812DE. . .16
13 9184E72A000 16 0.00000000001C25C26849. . .16
14 5AF3107A4000 16 0.000000000002D09370D4. . .16
15 38D7EA4C68000 16 0.000000000000480EBE7B. . .16
16 2386F26FC10000 16 0.0000000000000734ACA5. . .16
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14 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

1.3.4 SPECIAL CONSTANTS

1.3.4.1 The constant π
The transcendental number π is defined as the ratio of the circumference of a circle
to the diameter. It is also the ratio of the area of a circle to the square of the radius
(r) and appears in several formulas in geometry and trigonometry
4 3
circumference of a circle = 2πr, volume of a sphere = πr ,
3
area of a circle = πr2 , surface area of a sphere = 4πr2 .
One method of computing π is to use the infinite series for the function tan−1 x and
one of the identities
1
π = 4 tan−1 1 = 6 tan−1 √
3
1 1 1 1
= 2 tan−1 + 2 tan−1 + 8 tan−1 − 2 tan−1
2 3 5 239 (1.3.1)
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1
= 24 tan + 8 tan + 4 tan
8 57 239
−1 1 −1 1 1
= 48 tan + 32 tan − 20 tan−1
18 57 239
There are many identities involving π. For example:
X∞  
1 4 2 1 1
π= − − −
i=0
16i 8i + 1 8i + 4 8i + 5 8i + 6
v v
u u v
u u u v s
u u u u r
u u u u q
u
kt t t t √
π = lim 2 2 − 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ···+ 2 + 2
k→∞
| {z }
k square roots
k square roots
zs }| {
r q
√
2
∞
Y 2+ 2 + ···+ 2 + 2
=
π 2
k=1
X∞
π3 (−1)n 1 1 1
= =1− + − + ...
32 n=0 (2n + 1)3 27 125 343

To 200 decimal places:

π ≈ 3. 14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510
58209 74944 59230 78164 06286 20899 86280 34825 34211 70679
82148 08651 32823 06647 09384 46095 50582 23172 53594 08128
48111 74502 84102 70193 85211 05559 64462 29489 54930 38196
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1.3. SPECIAL NUMBERS 15

In different bases:
π ≈ 11.00100100001111110110101010001000100001011010001. . . 2
π ≈ 3.11037552421026430215142306305056006701632112201. . . 8
π ≈ 3.243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F. . . 16
To 50 decimal places:
π/8 ≈ 0.39269 90816 98724 15480 78304 22909 93786 05246 46174 92189
π/4 ≈ 0.78539 81633 97448 30961 56608 45819 87572 10492 92349 84378
π/3 ≈ 1.04719 75511 96597 74615 42144 61093 16762 80657 23133 12504
√ ≈ 1.57079 63267 94896 61923 13216 91639 75144 20985 84699 68755
π/2
π ≈ 1.77245 38509 05516 02729 81674 83341 14518 27975 49456 12239
In 2009 π was computed to 2.7 trillion decimal digits. The frequency counts of the
digits for π − 3, using 1 trillion decimal places, are:
digit 0: 99999485134 digit 5: 99999671008
digit 1: 99999945664 digit 6: 99999807503
digit 2: 100000480057 digit 7: 99999818723
digit 3: 99999787805 digit 8: 100000791469
digit 4: 100000357857 digit 9: 99999854780

1.3.4.2 The constant e

The transcendental number e is the base of natural logarithms. It is given by
 n X ∞
1 1
e = lim 1 + = . (1.3.2)
n→∞ n n=0
n!

e ≈ 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352 66249 77572 47093 69995
95749 66967 62772 40766 30353 54759 45713 82178 52516 64274 . . .

In different bases:
e ≈ 10.10110111111000010101000101100010100010101110110. . . 2
e ≈ 2.55760521305053551246527734254200471723636166134. . . 8
e ≈ 2.B7E151628AED2A6ABF7158809CF4F3C762E7160F3. . . 16
X∞
x xn
The exponential function is e = . Euler’s formula relates e and π: eπi = −1
n=0
n!

1.3.4.3 The constant γ

Euler’s constant γ is defined by
n
!
X 1
γ = lim − log n . (1.3.3)
n→∞ k
k=1

It is not known whether γ is rational or irrational.

γ ≈ 0.57721 56649 01532 86060 65120 90082 40243 10421 59335 93992
35988 05767 23488 48677 26777 66467 09369 47063 29174 67495 . . .
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16 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

1.3.4.4 The constant φ

φ 1+φ
The golden ratio, φ, is defined as the positive root of the equation 1 = φ  or
√

1+ 5
φ2 = φ+1; that is φ = 2 . There is the continued faction representation φ = 1
and the representation in square roots
s r q
√
φ= 1+ 1+ 1 + 1 + ...

φ ≈ 1.61803 39887 49894 84820 45868 34365 63811 77203 09179 80576 . . .

1.3.5 FACTORIALS
The factorial of n, denoted n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal
to n; n! = n · (n − 1) · (n − 2) · · · 2 · 1. By definition, 0! = 1. If n is a negative integer
(n = −1, −2, . . . ) then n! = ±∞. The generalization of the factorial function to
non-integer arguments is the gamma function (see page 437); when n is an integer,
Γ(n) = (n − 1)!.
The double factorial of n is denoted by n!! and is defined as n!! = n(n − 2)(n −
4) · · · , where the last element in the product is either 2 or 1, depending on whether n
is even or odd. The shifted factorial (also called Pochhammer’s symbol) is denoted
by (a)n and is defined as
(a + n − 1)! Γ(a + n)
(a)n = a · (a + 1) · (a + 2) · · · (a + n − 1) = = (1.3.4)
| {z } (a − 1)! Γ(a)
n terms

Approximations to n! for large n include Stirling’s formula (the first term of the
following)
√  n n+ 12  1 1

n! ≈ 2πe 1+ + + ... (1.3.5)
e 12n 288n2
and Burnsides’s formula
 n+ 12
√ n + 12
n! ≈ 2π (1.3.6)
e

n n! log10 n! n!! log10 n!!

0 1 0.00000 1 0.00000
1 1 0.00000 1 0.00000
2 2 0.30103 2 0.30103
3 6 0.77815 3 0.47712
4 24 1.38021 8 0.90309
5 120 2.07918 15 1.17609
6 720 2.85733 48 1.68124
7 5040 3.70243 105 2.02119
8 40320 4.60552 384 2.58433
9 3.6288 × 105 5.55976 945 2.97543
10 3.6288 × 106 6.55976 3840 3.58433
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1.3. SPECIAL NUMBERS 17

n n! log10 n! n!! log10 n!!

18 9
20 2.4329 × 10 18.38612 3.7159 × 10 9.57006
30 2.6525 × 1032 32.42366 4.2850 × 1016 16.63195
40 8.1592 × 1047 47.91165 2.5511 × 1024 24.40672
50 3.0414 × 1064 64.48307 5.2047 × 1032 32.71640
60 8.3210 × 1081 81.92017 2.8481 × 1041 41.45456
70 1.1979 × 10100 100.07841 3.5504 × 1050 50.55028
80 7.1569 × 10118 118.85473 8.9711 × 1059 59.95284
90 1.4857 × 10138 138.17194 4.2088 × 1069 69.62416
100 9.3326 × 10157 157.97000 3.4243 × 1079 79.53457
150 5.7134 × 10262 262.75689 9.3726 × 10131 131.97186
500 1.2201 × 101134 1134.0864 5.8490 × 10567 567.76709
1000 4.0239 × 102567 2567.6046 3.9940 × 101284 1284.6014

1.3.6 BERNOULLI POLYNOMIALS AND NUMBERS

The Bernoulli polynomials Bn (x) are defined by the generating function
∞
X
text tn
= B n (x) . (1.3.7)
et − 1 n=0 n!

These polynomials can be defined recursively by B0 (x) = 1, Bn′ (x) = nBn−1 (x),
R1
and 0 Bn (x) dx = 0 for n ≥ 1. The identity Bk+1 (x + 1) − Bk+1 (x) = (k + 1)xk
means that sums of powers can be computed via Bernoulli polynomials

Bk+1 (n + 1) − Bk+1 (0)

1 k + 2 k + · · · + nk = . (1.3.8)
k+1
The Bernoulli numbers are the Bernoulli polynomials evaluated at 0: Bn = Bn (0).
X∞
tn t
A generating function for the Bernoulli numbers is Bn = t . In the
n=0
n! e − 1
following table each Bernoulli number is written as a fraction of integers: Bn =
Nn /Dn . Note that B2m+1 = 0 for m ≥ 1.

n Nn Dn Bn
n Bn (x)
0 1 0 1 1 1.00000 × 100
1 (2x − 1)/2 1 −1 2 −5.00000 × 10−1
2 (6x2 − 6x + 1)/6 2 1 6 1.66667 × 10−1
3 (2x3 − 3x2 + x)/2 4 −1 30 −3.33333 × 10−2
4 (30x − 60x3 + 30x2 − 1)/30
4 6 1 42 2.38095 × 10−2
5 (6x5 − 15x4 + 10x3 − x)/6 8 −1 30 −3.33333 × 10−2
10 5 66 7.57576 × 10−2
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18 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

1.3.7 EULER POLYNOMIALS AND NUMBERS

The Euler polynomials En (x) are defined by the generating function
∞
X
2ext tn
= En (x) . (1.3.9)
et + 1 n=0 n!
Alternating sums of powers can be computed in terms of Euler polynomials
n
X Ek (n + 1) + (−1)n Ek (0)
(−1)n−i ik = nk − (n − 1)k + · · · ∓ 2k ± 1k = .
i=1
2
(1.3.10)
The Euler numbers are defined as En = 2n En ( 12 ). A generating function is
∞
X tn 2et
En = 2t (1.3.11)
n=0
n! e +1

n En (x) n En
0 1 2 −1
1 (2x − 1)/2 4 5
2 x2 − x 6 −61
3 (4x − 6x2 + 1)/4
3
8 1385
4 x4 − 2x3 + x 10 −50521
5 (2x − 5x4 + 5x2 − 1)/2
5
12 2702765

1.3.8 FIBONACCI NUMBERS

The Fibonacci numbers {Fn } are defined by the recurrence:
F1 = 1, F2 = 1, Fn+2 = Fn + Fn+1 . (1.3.12)
An exact formula is available (see page 179):
" √ !n √ !n #
1 1+ 5 1− 5
Fn = √ − (1.3.13)
5 2 2
√
Note that Fn is the integer nearest φn / 5 as n → ∞, where φ is the golden ratio
Fn+1
(see page 16). Hence, lim = φ.
n→∞ Fn

n Fn n Fn n Fn n Fn
1 1 11 89 21 10946 31 1346269
2 1 12 144 22 17711 32 2178309
3 2 13 233 23 28657 33 3524578
4 3 14 377 24 46368 34 5702887
5 5 15 610 25 75025 35 9227465
6 8 16 987 26 121393 36 14930352
7 13 17 1597 27 196418 37 24157817
8 21 18 2584 28 317811 38 39088169
9 34 19 4181 29 514229 39 63245986
10 55 20 6765 30 832040 40 102334155
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1.3. SPECIAL NUMBERS 19

1.3.9 SUMS OF POWERS OF INTEGERS

1. Define
n
X
sk (n) = 1k + 2k + · · · + nk = mk . (1.3.14)
m=1

(a) sk (n) = (k + 1)−1 [Bk+1 (n + 1) − Bk+1 (0)]

(where the Bk are Bernoulli polynomials, see Section 1.3.6).
Pk+1
(b) If sk (n) = m=1 am nk−m+2 , then
   
k+1 k+1
sk+1 (n) = a1 nk+2 + · · · + a3 nk
k+2 k
  " k+1
#
k+1 X am
2
+ ···+ ak+1 n + 1 − (k + 1) n.
2 m=1
k+3−m

(c) Note the specific values

1
s1 (n) = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n = n(n + 1)
2
1
s2 (n) = 12 + 22 + 32 + · · · + n2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
1
s3 (n) = 13 + 23 + 33 + · · · + n3 = n2 (n + 1)2 = [s1 (n)]2
4
1
s4 (n) = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n = (3n2 + 3n − 1)s2 (n)
4 4 4 4
5
5 5 5 5 1 2
s5 (n) = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n = n (n + 1)2 (2n2 + 2n − 1)
12
n
X 1
2. (km − 1) = mn(n + 1) − n
2
k=1
Xn
n 2 
3. (km − 1)2 = m (n + 1)(2n + 1) − 6m(n + 1) + 6
6
k=1
Xn
(−1)n m−2
4. (−1)k+1 (km − 1) = [2 − (2n + 1)m] +
4 4
k=1
n
X (−1)n+1  
5. (−1)k+1 (km − 1)2 = 2 n(n + 1)m2 − (2n + 1)m + 1 + 1−m
2
k=1

n
X n
X n
X n
X n
X
n k k2 k3 k4 k5
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 5 9 17 33
3 6 14 36 98 276
4 10 30 100 354 1300
5 15 55 225 979 4425
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20 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

1.3.10 NEGATIVE INTEGER POWERS

P∞ 1
Riemann’s zeta function is defined to be ζ(n) = k=1 kn (it is defined for Re k > 1
and extended to C). Related functions are
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
(−1)k+1 (−1)k 1
α(n) = , β(n) = , γ(n) = .
kn (2k + 1)n (2k + 1)n
k=1 k=0 k=0

Properties include:

1. α(n) = (1 − 21−n )ζ(n) 3. γ(n) = (1 − 2−n )ζ(n)

(2π)2k
2. ζ(2k) = |B2k | (π/2)2k+1
2(2k)! 4. β(2k + 1) = |E2k |
2(2k)!

1 1
5. The series β(1) = 1 − 3 + 5 − · · · = π/4 is known as Gregory’s series.
6. Catalan’s constant is G = β(2) ≈ 0.915966.
7. Riemann hypothesis: The non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function (i.e.,
the {zi } that satisfy ζ(zi ) = 0) lie on the critical line given by Re zi = 21 .
(The trivial zeros are z = −2, −4, −6, . . . .)

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
1 (−1)k+1 (−1)k 1
n ζ(n) =
kn kn (2k + 1)n (2k + 1)n
k=1 k=1 k=0 k=0
1 ∞ 0.6931471805 0.7853981633 ∞
2 1.6449340669 0.8224670334 0.9159655941 1.2337005501
3 1.2020569032 0.9015426773 0.9689461463 1.0517997903
4 1.0823232337 0.9470328294 0.9889445517 1.0146780316
5 1.0369277551 0.9721197705 0.9961578281 1.0045237628
6 1.0173430620 0.9855510912 0.9986852222 1.0014470766
7 1.0083492774 0.9925938199 0.9995545079 1.0004715487
8 1.0040773562 0.9962330018 0.9998499902 1.0001551790
9 1.0020083928 0.9980942975 0.9999496842 1.0000513452
10 1.0009945752 0.9990395075 0.9999831640 1.0000170414

β(1) = π/4 ζ(2) = π 2 /6

β(3) = π 3 /32 ζ(4) = π 4 /90
β(5) = 5π 5 /1536 ζ(6) = π 6 /945
β(7) = 61π 7 /184320 ζ(8) = π 8 /9450
β(9) = 277π 9 /8257536 ζ(10) = π 10 /93555
 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page 21 — #31

1.3. SPECIAL NUMBERS 21

1.3.11 INTEGER SEQUENCES

These sequences are in numerical order (disregarding leading zeros or ones).
1. 1, −1, −1, 0, −1, 1, −1, 0, 0, 1, −1, 0, −1, 1, 1, 0, −1, 0, −1, 0, 1, 1, −1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
0, −1, −1, −1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, −1, 1, 1, 0, −1, −1, −1, 0, 0, 1, −1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, −1, 0,
1, 0 Möbius function µ(n), n ≥ 1
2. 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1,
0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1,
0 Number of ways of writing n as a sum of 2 squares, n ≥ 0
3. 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 1, 2, 2,
2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2,
2 Number of distinct primes dividing n, n ≥ 1
4. 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 7, 1, 1,
1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 5, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 11, 1, 1, 1,
2 Number of Abelian groups of order n, n ≥ 1
5. 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 5, 2, 2, 1, 5, 1, 2, 1, 14, 1, 5, 1, 5, 2, 2, 1, 15, 2, 2, 5, 4, 1, 4, 1, 51,
1, 2, 1, 14, 1, 2, 2, 14, 1, 6, 1, 4, 2, 2, 1, 52, 2, 5, 1, 5, 1, 15, 2, 13, 2, 2, 1, 13, 1, 2, 4,
267 Number of groups of order n, n ≥ 1
6. 0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 1, 2,
2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 1, 2, 2, 3,
2 Number of 1’s in binary expansion of n, n ≥ 0
7. 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 30, 56, 99, 186, 335, 630, 1161, 2182, 4080, 7710, 14532, 27594,
52377, 99858, 190557, 364722, 698870, 1342176, 2580795, 4971008
Number of binary irreducible polynomials of degree n, or n-bead necklaces, n ≥ 0
8. 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 6, 2, 4, 4, 5, 2, 6, 2, 6, 4, 4, 2, 8, 3, 4, 4, 6, 2, 8, 2, 6, 4, 4,
4, 9, 2, 4, 4, 8, 2, 8, 2, 6, 6, 4, 2, 10, 3, 6, 4, 6, 2, 8, 4, 8, 4, 4, 2, 12, 2, 4, 6, 7, 4, 8, 2,
6 d(n), the number of divisors of n, n ≥ 1
9. 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11,
11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16,
16 π(n), the number of primes ≤ n, for n ≥ 1
10. 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 32, 38, 46, 54, 64, 76, 89, 104, 122,
142, 165, 192, 222, 256, 296, 340, 390, 448, 512, 585, 668, 760, 864, 982, 1113, 1260,
1426 Number of partitions of n into distinct parts, n ≥ 1
11. 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 2, 6, 4, 6, 4, 10, 4, 12, 6, 8, 8, 16, 6, 18, 8, 12, 10, 22, 8, 20, 12, 18, 12, 28,
8, 30, 16, 20, 16, 24, 12, 36, 18, 24, 16, 40, 12, 42, 20, 24, 22, 46, 16, 42
Euler totient function φ(n): count numbers ≤ n and prime to n, for n ≥ 1
12. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 37, 41, 43, 47, 49, 53,
59, 61, 64, 67, 71, 73, 79, 81, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 121, 125, 127, 128,
131 Powers of prime numbers
13. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 60, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79,
83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 168,
173 Orders of simple groups
14. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 22, 30, 42, 56, 77, 101, 135, 176, 231, 297, 385, 490, 627, 792,
1002, 1255, 1575, 1958, 2436, 3010, 3718, 4565, 5604, 6842, 8349, 10143, 12310,
14883 Number of partitions of n, n ≥ 1
 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page 22 — #32

22 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

15. 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 61, 89, 107, 127, 521, 607, 1279, 2203, 2281, 3217,
4253, 4423, 9689, 9941, 11213, 19937, 21701, 23209, 44497, 86243, 110503, 132049,
216091, 756839, 859433 Mersenne primes: n such that 2n − 1 is prime
16. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181,
6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418, 317811, 514229, 832040,
1346269 Fibonacci numbers: F (n) = F (n − 1) + F (n − 2)
17. 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 20, 35, 70, 126, 252, 462, 924, 1716, 3432, 6435, 12870, 24310, 48620,
92378, 184756, 352716, 705432, 1352078, 2704156, 5200300, 10400600, 20058300
Central binomial coefficients: C(n, ⌊n/2⌋), n ≥ 1
18. 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 23, 47, 106, 235, 551, 1301, 3159, 7741, 19320, 48629, 123867,
317955, 823065, 2144505, 5623756, 14828074, 39299897, 104636890,
279793450 Number of trees with n unlabeled nodes, n ≥ 1
19. 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 7, 21, 49, 165, 552, 2176, 9988
Number of prime knots with n crossings, n ≥ 1
20. 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 25, 26, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37, 40, 41, 45, 49, 50,
52, 53, 58, 61, 64, 65, 68, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 85, 89, 90, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104,
106 Numbers that are sums of 2 squares
21. 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 20, 26, 36, 46, 60, 74, 94, 114, 140, 166, 202, 238, 284, 330, 390,
450, 524, 598, 692, 786, 900, 1014, 1154, 1294, 1460, 1626, 1828, 2030, 2268, 2506
Binary partitions (partitions of 2n into powers of 2), n ≥ 0
22. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384, 32768,
65536, 131072, 262144, 524288, 1048576, 2097152, 4194304, 8388608, 16777216,
33554432, 67108864 Powers of 2
23. 1, 1, 2, 4, 9, 20, 48, 115, 286, 719, 1842, 4766, 12486, 32973, 87811, 235381,
634847, 1721159, 4688676, 12826228, 35221832, 97055181, 268282855, 743724984,
2067174645 Number of rooted trees with n unlabeled nodes, n ≥ 1
24. 1, 1, 2, 4, 9, 22, 59, 167, 490, 1486, 4639, 14805, 48107, 158808, 531469, 1799659,
6157068, 21258104, 73996100, 259451116, 951695102, 3251073303
Number of different scores in n-team round-robin tournament, n ≥ 1
25. 1, 1, 2, 5, 12, 35, 108, 369, 1285, 4655, 17073, 63600, 238591, 901971,
3426576, 13079255, 50107909, 192622052, 742624232, 2870671950, 11123060678,
43191857688 Polyominoes with n cells, n ≥ 1
26. 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 38, 120, 353, 1148, 3527, 11622, 36627, 121622, 389560, 1301140,
4215748, 13976335, 46235800, 155741571, 512559185, 1732007938,
5732533570 Number of ways to fold a strip of n blank stamps, n ≥ 1
27. 0, 1, 2, 9, 44, 265, 1854, 14833, 133496, 1334961, 14684570, 176214841,
2290792932, 32071101049, 481066515734, 7697064251745, 130850092279664
Derangements: permutations of n elements with no fixed points, n ≥ 1
28. 1, 3, 4, 7, 6, 12, 8, 15, 13, 18, 12, 28, 14, 24, 24, 31, 18, 39, 20, 42, 32, 36, 24, 60,
31, 42, 40, 56, 30, 72, 32, 63, 48, 54, 48, 91, 38, 60, 56, 90, 42, 96, 44, 84, 78, 72, 48,
124 σ(n), sum of the divisors of n, n ≥ 1
29. 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, 25, 27, 28, 31, 36, 37, 39, 43, 48, 49, 52, 57, 61, 63,
64, 67, 73, 75, 76, 79, 81, 84, 91, 93, 97, 100, 103, 108, 109, 111, 112, 117, 121, 124,
127 Numbers of the form x2 + xy + y 2

For information on these and hundreds of thousands of other sequences, see “The
On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences,” at oeis.org.
 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page 23 — #33

1.3. SPECIAL NUMBERS 23

1.3.12 p-ADIC NUMBERS

a n
Given a prime p, a non-zero rational number x can be written as x = p where n
b
is an integer and p does not divide a or b. Define the p-adic norm of x as |x|p = p−n
and also define |0|p = 0. The p-adic norm has the properties:
1. |x|p ≥ 0 for all non-negative rational numbers x
2. |x|p = 0 if and only if x = 0
3. For all non-negative rational numbers x and y
(a) |xy|p = |x|p |y|p
(b) |x + y|p ≤ max (|x|p , |y|p ) ≤ |x|p + |y|p
Q
Note the product formula: |x| p∈{2,3,5,7,11,... } |x|p = 1.
Let Qp be the topological completion of Q with respect to | · |p . Then Qp is the
field ofPp-adic numbers. The elements of Qp can be viewed as infinite series: the
series ∞ n=0 an converges to a point in Qp if and only if limn→∞ |an |p = 0.

EXAMPLE The number 140

297
= 22 · 3−3 · 5 · 7·−11 has the different p-adic norms:

140 1 140 1 140

• = 2−2 = • = 5−1 = • = 111 = 11
297 2 4 297 5 5 297 11

140 140 1
• = 33 = 27 • = 7−1 =
297 3 297 7 7

1.3.13 DE BRUIJN SEQUENCES

A sequence of length q n over an alphabet of size q is a de Bruijn sequence if every
possible n-tuple occurs in the sequence (allowing wraparound to the start of the se-
n−1
quence). There are de Bruijn sequences for any q and n. (In fact, there are q!q /q!
distinct sequences.) The table below contains some small examples.

q n Length Sequence
2 1 2 01
2 2 4 0110
2 3 8 01110100
2 4 16 0101001101111000
3 2 9 001220211
3 3 27 000100201101202102211121222
4 2 16 0011310221203323
 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page 24 — #34

24 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

1.4 NUMBER THEORY

Divisibility The notation “a|b” means that the number a evenly divides the number b.
That is, the ratio ab is an integer.

1.4.1 CONGRUENCES
1. If the integers a and b leave the same remainder when divided by the number n,
then a and b are congruent modulo n. This is written a ≡ b (mod n).
2. If the congruence x2 ≡ a (mod p) has a solution, then a is a quadratic residue
of p. Otherwise, a is a quadratic non-residue of p.
 
(a) Let p be an odd prime. Legendre’s symbol ap has the value +1 if a is
 the value −1 if a is a quadratic non-residue
a quadratic residue of p, and
of p. This can be written ap ≡ a(p−1)/2 (mod p).
(b) The Jacobi symbol generalizes the Legendre symbol to non-prime mod-
Qk
uli. If n = i=1 pbi i then the Jacobi symbol can be written in terms of
the Legendre symbol as follows
a k 
Y b
a i
= . (1.4.1)
n i=1
pi

3. An exact covering sequence is a set of non-negative ordered pairs

{(ai , bi )}i=1,...,k such that every non-negative integer n satisfies n ≡ ai
(mod bi ) for exactly one i. An exact covering sequence satisfies
k
X xai 1
= . (1.4.2)
i=1
1 − xbi 1−x

For example, every positive integer n is either congruent to 1 mod 2, or 0

mod 4, or 2 mod 4. Hence, the three pairs {(1, 2), (0, 4), (2, 4)} of residues
and moduli exactly cover the positive integers. Note that

x 1 x2 1
+ + = . (1.4.3)
1 − x2 1 − x4 1 − x4 1−x
4. Carmichael numbers are composite numbers {n} that satisfy an−1 ≡ 1
(mod n) for every a (with 1 < a < n) that is relatively prime to n. There are
infinitely many CarmichaelQnumbers. Every Carmichael number has at least
three prime factors. If n = i pi is a Carmichael number, then (pi −1) divides
(n − 1) for each i.
There are 43 Carmichael numbers less than 106 and 105,212 less than 1015 .
The Carmichael numbers less than ten thousand are 561, 1105, 1729, 2465,
2821, 6601, and 8911.
 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page 25 — #35

1.4. NUMBER THEORY 25

1.4.1.1 Properties of congruences

1. If a ≡ b (mod n), then b ≡ a (mod n).
2. If a ≡ b (mod n), and b ≡ c (mod n), then a ≡ c (mod n).
3. If a ≡ a′ (mod n), and b ≡ b′ (mod n), then a ± b ≡ a′ ± b′ (mod n).
4. If a ≡ a′ (mod n), then a2 ≡ (a′ )2 (mod n), a3 ≡ (a′ )3 (mod n), etc.
5. If GCD(k, m) = d, then the congruence kx ≡ n (mod m) is solvable if and
only if d divides n. It then has d solutions.
6. If p is a prime, then ap ≡ a (mod p).
7. If p is a prime, and p does not divide a, then ap−1 ≡ 1 (mod p).
8. If GCD(a, m) = 1, then aφ(m) ≡ 1 (mod m). (See Section 1.4.12 for φ(m).)
9. If p is an odd 
prime and a is not a multiple of p, then Wilson’s theorem states
a
(p − 1)! ≡ − p a(p−1)/2 (mod p).
10. If p 
  qare odd primes, then Gauss’ law of quadratic reciprocity states that
and
p q
= (−1)(p−1)(q−1)/4 . Therefore, if a and b are relatively prime odd
q p  
a b
(a−1)(b−1)/4
integers and b ≥ 3, then = (−1) .
b a
11. The number −1 is a quadratic residue of primes of the form 4k + 1 and a
non-residue of primes of the form 4k + 3. That is
  (
−1 (p−1)/2 +1 when p ≡ 1 (mod 4)
= (−1) =
p −1 when p ≡ 3 (mod 4)

12. The number 2 is a quadratic residue of primes of the form 8k ± 1 and a non-
residue of primes of the form 8k ± 3. That is
  (
2 (p2 −1)/8 +1 when p ≡ ±1 (mod 8)
= (−1) =
p −1 when p ≡ ±3 (mod 8)

1.4.2 CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM

Let m1 , m2 , . . . , mr be pairwise relatively prime integers. The system of
congruences

x ≡ a1 (mod m1 )
x ≡ a2 (mod m2 )
.. (1.4.4)
.
x ≡ ar (mod mr )

has a unique solution modulo M = m1 m2 · · · mr . This unique solution can be

written as
x = a1 M 1 y 1 + a2 M 2 y 2 + · · · + ar M r y r (1.4.5)
where Mk = M/mk , and yk is the inverse of Mk (modulo mk ).
 “smtf32” — 2011/5/20 — 2:09 — page 26 — #36

26 CHAPTER 1. NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

EXAMPLE For the system of congruences

x≡1 (mod 3)
x≡2 (mod 5)
x≡3 (mod 7)

we have M = 3·5·7 = 105 with M1 = 35, M2 = 21, and M3 = 15. The equation for
y1 is M1 y1 = 35y1 ≡ 1 (mod 3) with solution y1 ≡ 2 (mod 3). Likewise, y2 ≡ 1
(mod 5) and y3 ≡ 1 (mod 7). This results in x = 1 · 35 · 2 + 2 · 21 · 1 + 3 · 15 · 1 ≡ 52
(mod 105).

1.4.3 CONTINUED FRACTIONS

The symbol [a0 , a1 , . . . , aN ], with ai > 0, represents the simple continued fraction,

1
[a0 , a1 , . . . , aN ] = a0 + (1.4.6)
1
a1 +
1
a2 +
1
a3 +
...
a4 +
1
··· + .
aN

The nth convergent (with 0 < n < N ) of [a0 , a1 , . . . , aN ] is defined to be

[a0 , a1 , . . . , an ]. If {pn } and {qn } are defined by

p 0 = a0 , p1 = a1 a0 + 1, pn = an pn−1 + pn−2 (2 ≤ n ≤ N )
q0 = 1, q1 = a1 , qn = an qn−1 + qn−2 (2 ≤ n ≤ N )

then [a0 , a1 , . . . , aP
n ] = pn /qn . The continued fraction is convergent if and only if
∞
the infinite series i ai is divergent.
If the positive rational number x can be represented by a simple con-
tinued fraction with an odd (even) number of terms, then it is also repre-
sentable by one with an even (odd) number of terms. (Specifically, if an =
1 then [a0 , a1 , . . . , an−1 , 1] = [a0 , a1 , . . . , an−1 + 1], and if an ≥ 2, then
[a0 , a1 , . . . , an ] = [a0 , a1 , . . . , an − 1, 1].) Aside from this indeterminacy, the sim-
ple continued fraction of x is unique. The error in approximating by a convergent is
bounded by
pn 1 1
x− ≤ < 2. (1.4.7)
qn qn qn+1 qn
The algorithm for finding a continued fraction expansion of a number is to re-
move the integer part of the number (this becomes ai ), take the reciprocal, and repeat.
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(Youth-Agon Beauty Salon) esign-0JGraph Ltd. The Alex D Fisher
mgr machy, toy mfis 208-210 King w EL 7610 Jesina Nicola h 227
Montrose av LA 5006 „ , >es Islet Bert H assmblr Natl Cash Regis—
(Verne O assmhlr Natl Cash Register >h I2266A Bloor w Desltlets
Therese emp York Knitting Midis r 332 Oakwood av '((Oak)
Desjardine Ellaware slsldy Woolworths r 206 George AD 2811 —
Emma (Emaline Beauty Salon) r 206 'George AD 2811 — Wilfred
batterymn King Battery Service r 102 Kitchener av (Long B)
Desjardins Adolph (Victorian Home Bakery) h 636 Queen w EL 2752
— Annie Mrs h 10 Morrison Desjardins Chas G suprvsr Liquor Control
fa 4, 890 Mt Pleasant rd MO 5201 — Emma A clnr Eatons r 113 River
WA 4406 — Ernest jr r 383 Brock av — .Ernest A btehr h 383 Brock
av — .Louis carp h 113 River WA 4406 — Marcial caretkr Varsity
Arena fa 617 Church MI 75-80 — Marie cllt Victoria Home Bakery r
636 Queen w EL 2752 — .Sarah E r 10 Morrison — Thos J slsmn
Dom Wine Growers Ltd fa 1, 195 Vaughan rd (Wydh) Deslauriers
Albt ll 2 Howie av — Geo A slsmn Proctor & 'Gamble fa 311 St
Clements av HU 5706 — Harold E elect r 18% Lindsay av — Jas L elk
Norwich Union Fire Ins fa 7 ■Braemar av HY 9959 — Jos 'C slipr
Boake Mnfg fa 1172 Brunswick avenue — Metal Products Co of
Canada Ltd Harold A J Aldington vice-pres steel products 9, 33-43
Adelaide w EL 1782 — Velma 'Mis emp Robertson Chocolates r .102
Ritchie av LL 0330 Desloges Frank A elk Gordon Mackay fa 74
Springdale blvd (E Y) Desmarais & Robitaille Ltd Geo S O'Gorman
mgr church gds 9.5 Church EL 8096 Desmarchals Keith asst mgr S S
Kresge ' (24i58 Yonge) r 1, '146'5 King w —May (wid Arthur) h 1,
1465 King w Desmond Clyde G serv stn '140 Jane (Wstn ,pfa 830) fa
229 John (Wstn) — Florence Mrs r 580 Dundas e AD 3653 -^Guy
pres, mgr and sec-treas Jeanne’s 'Dresses 'Ltd fa 144 Bloor w KI
0303 — Jean 'W slsclk Simpsons r 2 Craigimrst av MO 5732 — Jdhn
porter fa 18 Fifth (New Tpil 1765W) Deson Sami Bi 3327 Dundas w
Desormeau Clifford W h 44 Atlas av (Oak) LO 0838 Desormia A lab ll
670 Dundas e — 'Stella r 670 Dundas e Desourdie Andrew landscape
gdnr h 149 St : Germain av HO 8494 —Dorothy M H slsclk Eatons r
149 (St j Germain av HU 8494 — Frances E stenog United Cigar
.Stores r j 149 St Germain av HU 8494 — Frank r 5 Denton av (E Y)
—Helen slsldy Marietta Shop r S'S Indian rd — Helen M nurse r 5
Denton av (E Y) — Jos E mech Underwood Elliott Fisher r 5 ' Denton
av (E Y) — Madrick iron wkr Natl Iron Co h 5 Denton i iav (iE Y) —
Mary E Mrs (Marietta Shop) h 88 Indian ! rd LA 1976 Desourdy A
Donat millwright Can Wire & 'Cable h 254 Airdrie id (Leas) I1Y 8469
j — John emp Can Wire & Cable r 254 Airdrie rd (Leas) HY 8469 —
Vitcline (wid Alex) r 254 Airdrie rd (Leas) HY 8469 De Souza M Gorin
phy 1082 Bloor w h same LO 3773 Despard Amy C libra Ont Coll of
Art h 10 Glen rd' MI 8281 — Dorothy V r 27 Maynard av LA 3053 —
Gerald S Rev rector Church of tile Epiphany h 27 Maynard av LA
3053 — jHarry It (Display Service Co) h 519 ■Soudan av MO 4146 —
Lillian N h 10 Glen rd MI '8281 — Wm H (Office) and vice-pres
White’s Fish Co Ltd 60 Front e EL 9311 fa 48 Crescent rd RA 3752
De Spirt Giles mgr Italian Mosaic & Marble Co Ltd 'h 2, 921 St 'Clair
av w LL 1890 Desplanques Elizth 'Mrs r 2, 1114A Queen w LO 0084
Despond Lona sec United Church Assoc r 1257 King w LA 1555
Despotovitch (Stoyan solderer Genl Steel Wares h 51 Wyatt av
Des'rasier Anthony h 139 Curzon Des Roche Eileen D r 541 Dundas e
Desrocher Herman tile-setter Hillcrest Tile Co fa 41 Rockvale av
(Frbk) LA 1644 — Ray R lab fa 497 McRoberts av (Frbk) Desrochers
Laurette stenog Geo H Hees r 24 Glenora av (Frbk) DesRnchee
Donald W slsmn Hancock Tire ' Tread r 84 Whitehall rd MI 9095 —
Eric fa 74 Berkeley — Senat carp W H Hoidge fa 15 Regent Desrosier
Anthony M lab (Dept of Works r 130 Curzon — Corona opr Candn H
W Gossard r 100 Seaton EL 2611 Dessau Ladies' Wear (Sami
Dessau) 1078 Bloor w — Sami (Dessau Ladies ’Wear) fa 10 iS Bloor
w Desser Becky slsldy College Furniture Store r 759 Bathurst ME
1891 — David tlr fa 270 Roxton rd LO 8517 — Isidor violinist Tor
Symphony fa 574 Dufferin LO 4934 - — Jos tlr Ttie Hirschorn
Garment Co h 759 Bathurst ME 1S91 — Mayer prntr r 270 Roxton rd
LO 8517 - — Mildred r 759 Bathurst ME 1891 —368—
 PLAN S = DRAWINGS MIGHT DIRECTORIES LIMITED, 76
CHURCH STREET DEV DEVITT Desser Mildred bkpr Isenberg’s r 270
Boxton rd LO 8517 —Philip prntr Beaver Printing r 270 Roxton rd LO
8517 (Dessert Raymond B Tor mgr A E McKenzie Co Ltd ti 6, The
Palisades (Swan) JU 8303 Desson Aloysius pistr h 19 Queen Victoria
ay HA 8081 — Ella opr Higgs Paper Box r 5 Wolseley WA 1347 —
Lois E x 49 Allen av — Owen hlpr Joseph Clay r 11 Sutherland av (E
Y) GR 6155 - — Robt A metal wkr Brit & Am Motors h 49 Allen av —
Thos B drill prs opr Clatworthy & Son h 9 Walter de Ste Croux Clias P
refrigeration engnr h 99 Alton av Dester Phyllis elk r 660 Gladstone
av LL 8949 — 'Win confy and tob 1245 Lake Shore rd (Long B) h
same ph N T 890 D'Esterre Annie (wid Robt) h 17 Charles e KI 2583
— Ethel (wid, Bertram) li 25 Sheldrake blvd MO 6722 — Marjorie M
stenog North Am Life r 25 Sheldrake Iblvd MO 6722 — Norman R elk
Eatons r 39 Arundel av GiE 1629 — Percival B mfg jwlr Platinum Art
Co h 39 Arundel av GE 1629 — Regd H slsmn Chartered Trust h 38
Claxton blvd ICE 2026 — Robt B elk MaeLaren Adv r 3 Linden KI
6080 —Violet nurse r 17 Charles e KI 2583 Deswiage Stephen emp
Shulley Auto Supplies h 288 Major KI 9134 Deezko Joseph r 85
Massey Detcher G Roland audit elk Robertson Robinson MoCannell &
Dick r 440 Willard av LY 1528 — Melville drvr Candn Transfer h 264
Major KI 9180 — Ralph baggagemn Tor Terminal h 19 Humber Trail
(H Crest) LY 5267 — Wm .1 pntr ih 264 Major KI 9160 — Wm M
emp PO r 364 Major ICI 9180 Deterling Wm engnr r 46 Gerrard e
WA 4270 De Terrse Tony shoe dyer Empire Shoe Rebuilder r 114
Bellevue av Detlor Earl charge hand CNR h 588 Merton HY 5007 —
HaTry dec Eatons h 384 St Clarens av ME 4902 —Helen emp
Campbell Mnfg r 588 Merton HY 5007 — Percy C confr h 292
Sackville RA 6314 — W Geo r 129 Macpherson av 'MI 7596 Detoro
John drvr Vita Milk Dairy h 2 Fairbank 'ay (Frbk) — Thos mldr CGE h
39 Bramley gr (Frbk) Detrait Raymonde French translator and
suprvsr Crown Life Ins r 51 Hazelton av KI 2363 Detroit Auto
Wreckers (Nathan Goldberg. (London. Ont) and Max Cohen) 883
Queen w AID 3843 — Stoker Co of Canada Ltd Helmer V Hagborg
mgr heating apparatus 101. 137-43 Wellington w EL 3772 Detsky
Louis r 662 College LL 8461 — Sarah Mrs (Beatrice Grocery) h 662
College LL 8461 Dettman Edgar C elk Bank of Com (25 King w) r 178
Roxton rd LO 6936 — Elizth (wid Geo W) h 37 Kenneth av JU 3711
— Hilda M sec E R C Clarkson & Sons h 37 Kenneth av JU 3711
DeTurse John prs hand Precision Tool Wks r 111 Bellevue av
Detweiler Clarence dairymn Runnymede Dairy r 331 Beresford av JU
573'5 — (Dorothy nurse Women’s College Hosp r same — Herbt K
phy 1007. 170 St George KI 4525 h 63 Douglas dr RA 2452 — Isabel
advertising Eatons t 38 Kllbarry rd MO 8263 — Wilbur O adv mgr D
Gestetner h 170 Neville Park bird HO 9325 Detwiler John B trav
Foster Wheeler r 3 Jane JU 5616 — John S off suprvsr Bell Tel h 178
Wolverleigh blvd GR 4230 — Josephine smstrs r 238 High Park av JU
3609 — Sarah r 238 High Park av JU 3609 — Caroline (wid John) h
102 Monarch Park av GL 1033 Deuehars Alice r 411 Brookdale av
(Nth Y) MO 0787 — Colin C comp foremn Bryant Press h 159 Willow
av HO 8635 — Geo prntr r 411 Brookdale av (Nth Y) MO 0787 —
Geo MgE pntr and dec h 411 Brookdale av (Nth Y) MO 07S7 — J E
brkr h 64 Bellefair av HO 9776 — Jean r 411 Brookdale av (Nth Y)
MO 0787 — Violet drsmkr r 411 Brookdale av (Nth Y) MO 0787
DeuCher Eva B hsekpr r 4. 341 Sherboume — 'Margt B laundry wkr
Genl Hosp r 4, 341 Shenbourne — Marion M (wid Jas) clnr Can
Permanent Bldg th 4, 341 Sherbourne de LTdy Doris r "Donnybrook”
Riverview dr HU 5895 Deuley Russell J mec'h Greenwood Garage r
56 Ryerson av Deupluk Joseph r 633 Bathurst ME 7593 Deutch
Morris li ISO Beatrice ME 36'94 — Wm J barr 812, 85 Richmond w
AD 0124 r 95 Burnside dr LA 8445 Deuttrisac Ernest mech McFarlane
Mfg Co r 102 Seaton WA 1538 Deuxberry Jos A prsr Eatons h 15
Mountalan av GL 4701 de Valadares John E h 657 Dovercourt rd LO
1851 — Leonard bkpr h 29 Schell av (Frbk) Derail Bertha (wid
Russell) h 3 Louvajn av — Elizth (wid Alex) h 54 Sullivan WA 6580 —
Elsie L drsmkr Eatons r 108 Walpole av HA 0721 — John T bldr CPR
h 83 Auburn av — Oliver r 3 Louvain av — Oliver lab Gair Co r 53
Boston av GL 2530 — Vera bndry Nichols Advertisers r 54 Sullivan
VVA '6580 — Viola r 3 Louvain av Devalle 'Marjorie wtrs Caulfield’s
Shoppe r 619 Bayview av (Leas) MO 8856 Dev.an slsmn Owens &
Elmes h 232 G.lenholme av (Oak) LO 8973 Devana Geo N opr 'CCM
h 442 Maybank av JU 7490 — Harry ihlpr CCM r 442 Maybank av JU
7490 — Wm F r 442 Maybank av JU 7490 Devane Maurice L mgr
Valley View Dairy h 2332 Queen e GR 4449 — Walter sis mgr CEL h
4. 5:14 Riverside dr (H Crest) JU 5696 Devaney Alexandrine stenog
Stand Reliance Assets Ltd h 11% Abbott av JU 9431 — Alice asst
buyer Northway Stores ih 3, 2 Linden av RA 3546 — Annie r 3, 2
Linden RA 3546 — 'Catherine (wid Thos) r 18 Langemarck avenue —
Cora (wid Patk) r 121% Lippincott RA 6813 — Donalda nurse V O N r
11% Abbott av JU 9431 — Elizth (wid Thos B) h 80 Albany av ME
5289 ■ — Fredk r 3,87 Parkside dr LL 0335 — H F (Crescent Plating
Co) h 1016 Bathurst ME 1945 — John A barr 1001. 100 Adelaide w
WA 1422 h 13, 311 Tweedsmuir av (Wycli) MI 4983 — John L slsmn
Silverwoods li 155 Admiral rd RA 1237 — Jos M elk Can Customs h
259 Wright av LL 1S72 — Kate (wid John A) h 387 Parkside dr LL
0335 — Kathleen t 11% Abbott av JU 9431 — Leo M genl mgr RICO
Distributing Corp of’ Can Ltd Ih '126 Dinnick CTes MO 6874 — Lillian
Mrs wtrs Hunts r 7, 261% College — Thos J pntr and dec 208 Audrey
av (Beta C) h same HO 4744 deVeber Leverett S off mgr F P Weaver
Coal h 44 Heath e HY 2951 DeVellano JJlike lab h 9 Trefann — Rose
r 9 Trefann DeVellen Carrie nurse r 579 Sherbourne MI 9103
Deveney Edith Mrs r 69 Westwood av (E Y) Devenick Stephen h 96
Massey Devenish Arthur tlr Devonshire Tailr Co h 2183 Dufferin
(Frbk) LA 5838 — Edwd C rubber wkr Goodyear Tire h 23 Foch av
(Etob) —Fredk carp h 235 Strathmore blvd ■ — Helen Mrs h A2
Albany av ME 6027 — nP H vice-pres Pelican Long Lac Gold Mines
Ltd (203, 2-8 King e) — /Percy acct exec and writer Thornton Ptirkis
Adv Agency r 107 Montrose ay Dever C Mildred stenog Mills Spence
& Co r 42 Ciranbrooke av HU 0470 — Jas J carp Bridge & Bldg OPR h
488 Beresford av LY 2579 • — Jas H emp Swift Candn h 98
Glendonwynne rd LY 1774 — Patricia P slsldy Eatons r 98
Glendonwynne rd LY 1774 — Jatk jan Inti Bus Mach h 85 Humber
blvd (Mt D) — 'Rita r 98 Glendonwynne rd LY 1774 — Wm Me h 351
McRoberts av (Frbk) KE 3018 Deverall Dora (wid Victor) nurse r 520
Palmerston av ME 5104 — Elizth Mrs h 21 Roblock av LO 6353 —
Therza (wid Chas) h 151 Dowling av LA 2202 Deveraux Bartholomew
drvr Candn Transfer Devere Leon engnr CNR (Mlm) h 96 Eighth
(New T ph 1714J) Devereaux Albert E 1 c PO h 543 Millwood rd MO
0552 — Hazel L switchbd opr Morrison Brass r 88 Fulton av HA 6031
— John J porter Southam Press r 88 Fulton av HA 6031 Deverell A
Beresford btehr Simpsons h 17 St James av — Betty E emp
Evangeline Co r 10 Poplar Plains cres MI 3777 — Carrie Mrs ladies
wear 123 Roncesvalles av LA 8172 h 1509 Christie — Clarice C h 644
Huron RA 5389 — Dolly sorter Puritan Laundry r 284 Barton av —
Geo H finger print expert r 309 Wolverlelgh blvd GR 3824 — Irene €
pekr Lever Bros r 4, 708A Danforth av —Jas elk P O h 57 Maxwell av
HU 4685 — Jane A (wid Arthur D) h 10 Poplar Plains eres MI 3777 —
Kingsley & Co (Kingsley C Deverell) electro medical apparatus 810,
60-62 Front w EL 1888 —(Kingsley C (Kingsley Deverell & Co) and
sec-treas and mgr Beasley's (Canada) Ltd r 74 Roxboro w MI 6346
— M Jean elk Bank of Mont (Yonge and Queen) r 10 Poplar Plains
ores MI 3777 — Robt L cond 'CNR h 12 ROseneath gdns (Oakwood)
LO 0822 —Weldon F roofer 309 Wolverleigh blvd h same GR 3884 —
(Wm E gro 924 College h same ME 6100 Devereux Edna stenog Ont
Municipal Bd r 74 St Mary RA 1564 — Geo opr TTC h 1427
Lansdowne av KE 5526 - — Geo H night watchmn Otis-Fenson Bldg
h 765 Merton — John E ice and watermn Tor Coach Yard ONR r 765
Merton — (Mary Mrs alteration Northway Stores h 217 Clinton - —
Valentine r 217 Clinton Deyierill Dorothy emp A D Shoup t 5
Amsterdam av (E Y) — Meaner elk Eatons r 17 St James av — 'Fredk
tool mkr Massey-'Harris h 82 Secord av (E Y) GR 2375 — Laura E
thread marker Eatons r 6 Amsterdam av (E Y) — Phyllis emp A ID
Shoup r 6 Amsterdam avenue (E Y) — ISydney trk drvr British Rag &
Metal h 123 Sumach — Wm asst shpr Renown Plumbing Supplies h
'6 Amsterdam av (E Y) 'De Verno Frank P pistr John Nelson h 161
Beaconsfleld av KE 75'59 Devers Jas gro mgr Stop & Shop (51 Main
north (Wstn) h 98 Church (Wstn) — John M elk Imp Optical r 5
Marion LA 5180 —Robt -opr TTC h 794 Woodbine av GR 3127
Deverson Fredk J slsmn 'Geo Weston h 139 Hazelwood av Devey
Cyril H R acct Income Tax h 67 Yonge blvd HU 2946 —(Thos F
steward OPR h 122 Pacific av JU 2'86i3 De Vietoris Leslie caretaker
St Mary’s Mission House h e s Birchmount rd (Scar) HO 6968
DeVilbiss Carmen E typist Page-Hersey Tubes T 30, 70 Gloucester KI
9308 De Vill Thos stk elk CNR h 7 Hector av DeVilla Jessie Mrs wtrs
Hunts Savarin Hotel r 28 Wood DeVille Frances salad elk Eatons r 7
Hector av — Herbt H elk Goodyear Tire !h 5 Hector av LA 9172 —
Thos M hlpr Stores Dept ONR h 7 Hector av LO 7960 Devillers Wm A
miner h 21, 225 Sherbourne MI 317 6 Devine Agnes nurse r 12 Av.a
rd (Fst H) MO 1428 — Alex r 147A Church EL 8097 — Andrew drvr
Dept of St Clng r 398 Parliament — Anna Mrs r 30 Pauline ME 9327
— Bella pekr Eatons r 53 Grant GL 0979 — Chas bellmn Ford 'Hotel r
140 Yorkvillo avenue KI 2832 —Chas M slismn Ideal Bread h 166
Alton avenue HA 3918 — Clifford J dental mech Chas L Daly r 66
Seymour av HA 7966 — Clifford L mgr Bert Humphrey h 2245 Yonge
MO 8787 — Edith sis elk Eatons h D, 6 Roxborough west —Edna opr
Balfour Shirt r 57 Fermanagh avenue ME 6279 — E'dwd h 289A
Roncesvalles av LO 9227 — Edwd W btehr r 31 Ravina cres GL 3281
— Elmer J attdt Ont Hos-p r 66 Seymour av HA 7966 — Emmeline
(wid Wm) h 613 Glebeholme blvd GR 8206 —Frank ;S opr TTC h 66
Seymour av HA 7966 — (Hugh ctr r 1214 St Clarens av ME 8970 —
Hugh roofer Heather & Little r 21 Balmuto KI 4217 Devine J D pekr
D H Howden & Co r 97 Pape av —Jane (wid Wm) h 53 Grant GL
0979 — John blksmth Cozens .Spring b 5, 45 5 A Church — John F
sis mgr Dom Rubber h 399 Glencairn av HU 3480 — John J lab r 25
Bright —John J sec-treas Cosgrave’s Dom Brewery h 86 Woodycrest
av GL 3473 — John R h 52 Poucher HA 7900 — Jos Lab h 112
Barton av —(Kathleen elk Eatons r 53 Grant GL 0979 — Lillian r 61
Broadview av — 'Mary A bndry Thos McDonnell Co h 109 Sparkhall
ay — (Mary A slsldy Eatons r 57 Albany av ME' 717 5 — Patk orderly
St Joseph’s 'Hosp h 49 Wright av — R Andrew stenog r 629 Carlaw
av — 'Robt lab h 51 Bleecker RA 6618 — Rose (wid 'David) h 1067
Davenport rd LA 5857 — Sami r 53 Grant GL 0979 — 'Sarah M pekr
Dom Paper Box h 109 Sparkhall av — Thos reprmn TTC Tes Lansing
— Thos r 53 West Lynn av GR 0790 — Walter H stkpr Phillips Tor h
840 Ossington av — Wm J '(Devine & Son) h <394-396 Queen west
WA 2636 — 1& Son (Wm J Devine) btchrs and gro 394-396 Queen w
WA 2636 ♦Deviney, see also Devaney — Albert E opr OG'E r 355 St
John’s rd (Runnymede) — Chas E h 565 Dovercourt rd LO 4994 —
Clias iS r 355 St John's rd (Rnny) — Chas W lab Laidlaws h 355 St
John’s rd (Runnymede) — Edith (wid Wm) h 44 Earlscourt av —
Ernest F bkpr Public Cold Storage r 70 Nairn av — (Frank h 65
Westmoreland av LO 1277 — Harold C carp h 89 Rogers rd (Frbk) —
Irene M stenog Adams Furn r 156 Northcliffe blvd (Oak) ME 1650 —
John opr Stauntons Wallpaper r 44 Earls court av — John S emp CGE
b 357 St John’s rd (Runnymede) LY 7097 — Lloyd E elk Bank of Mont
(Tor br) h 718 Shaw LO 4811 — (Minnie (wid Garnet) h 1186
Davenport road LL 0033 — 'Olga R stenog Adams Eurn r 156
Northcliffe blvd .('Oak) ME 1650 — Ross D r 65 Westmoreland av LO
1277 — Wm F bldr 156 Northclifle blvd (Oak) 'h same ME 1650
Devins Althea r 4 Grenadier rd LL 2484 — Benj caretaker h 4, 189
Yaughan rd (Wychwood) — Betty elk Caulfield’s Dairy r 46
ThirtyThird (Long B) — Donald H elk Brewers Warehouse h 39
Station rd (Mim) — Elizth (wid Jas) r 123 Mavety JU 3113 — iGeo h
4 Grenadier rd LL 2484 — Hildred D r 4, 189 Vaughan rd (Wyeh) —
Irene E sis elk Simpsons r 129 Hilton avenue LA 8112 — J C elk A
Stein & Co r 4 Church rd (Long Branch) — Jas r 127 Briar Hill av —
Leone (wid Nathaniel) h 481 Jones av — Mary M nurse h 42 Norval
rd LL 3521 — Milton C cash Simpsons h 225 Bain av . GE 4529 — R
Wm mtge brkr W A Curtis & Co r 32 Emerson av LO 3743 — Ralph M
cash New York Life Ins h 72 Cairns av GR 7.296 — (Roy J (Hillorest
Hand Laundry) r 4, 189 Vaughan rd (Wych) — Velma M tchr r 225
Bain ay GE 4529 — Vera Mrs h 901 Carlaw av HA 0598 — Wm J
dmstr Eatons h 92 Gladstone av LL 7088 — Wm P dentist 589 Mt
Pleasant rd
 DEVITT Direct Contact with a 17% Larger Market Nl OWI
’phone numbers for Roomers, Boarders, second families in homes,
adult sons and daughters - 120,000 extra persons you or your Staff
can now Reach Direct' — AVAILABLE ONLY IN THE CITY DIRECTORY
Devitt Ethel I jwlry dsgnr Eatons r 50 Wheeler av Git 0007 —Geo W
bkpr J H Crang Co h 98 Colin av MO 1258 —Henry tanner Wickett &
Craig r 31 Bertmount av HA 4325 —Henry G elk Can Life h 230
Cliffcrest dr (Sear) —Hugh blksrath Massey Homs h 63 Bellevue av •
— J Wm vice-pres National Automotive Parts Co Ltd h 90 Albany av
ME 6501 —las wrehsemnr 30 North view av (Scar) HO 1382 —Jas W
slsmn H Westland & Co r 122 St George MI 1907 —■John E carp
Walter Coles h 5, 421 Eglinton av w (Est H) HY 6668 —John E well
driller h 50 Wheeler av GR 0097 — John dept mgr Eatons h 25
Delavan av (Pst H) HU 4587 — Jos h 30 Northvlew av (Scar) HO
1382 — Kathleen wtrs r 30 Northview av (Scar) HO 1382 — Lena
(wld D W) h 93 'Sparkhall av GL 3139 — Leslie K tchr Humberside
coll Inst h 409 Aramadale av LY 3266 — Lyla K (wid Alvin) h 3, 7
Playter bird GL 3156 — M Edwd foremn Hall Gear & Mach h 31
Willowbank av MO 3026 — Madeline P sec-treas Hall Gear & Mach
Co Ltd and sec-treas Natl Automotive Parts Ltd r 60 Glendonwynne
rd LY 5033 — Marjorie r 60 Glendonwynne rd LY 5033 — Martha h
689 Spadina av —Muriel A model r 3, 7 Playter blvd GL 3156 — Myra
r 11 Delaware av LO 4168 —Norman W mgT and pres Hall Gear &
Mach Co Ltd and pres and mgr Natl Automotive Parts Ltd h 60
Glendonwynne rd LY 5033 —Oliver entp Wickett & Crang r 150 Alton
avenue — Otto E druggist Eatons r 31 Willowbank MO 3026 — Robt
h 317 Indian rd cres — Robt show card writer Ryan’s Galleries r 511
Concord av LO 8418 —Rose Mrs h 43 'Main s (Wst) — Susan hsekpr
105 Admiral rd III 4418 — 'l’hos E elk John Inglis Co h 139 Maclean
av HO 3595 — Wm h 90 Albany av ME 6501 — 'Wm elk J P Hartz r
93 Sparkhall av GL 3139 — Wm dairyman Clover Meadow reamery h
257 Symington av — -VY m projectionist Adelphi Theatre h .511
Concord av LO 8418 — Wm H projectionist Associated Theatres r
141 Essex LO 6987 Devlin Alex shpr Hinde & >Daueh h 42
Kimboume av (E Y) —Betty studt r 326 Vesta dr (Pst H) MO 0541 —
C Thos ins agt r 511 Sherbourne MI 6967 — Carrie M opr Beaver
Cloak Co h 39 OA Bloor w RA 2273 — Chas D genl supt of agencies
Confed Life Assn h 326 Vesta dr (Pst H) MO 0541 — Clare G slsmn
Union Stock Yds r 6 Baby Point rd (H Crest) LY 3642 — .Clinton E
head buyer Canada Petrs Ltd h 6 Baby Point rd (H Crest) LY 6342 -
— -Edna G tile elk Eatons r 499A Bloor w KI 9554 — Edythe E
milliner 1282 h same Yonge KI 5811 —Eileen E cash A & P (2962
Bloor w) r 74 Yarmouth rd LL 7298 — Ella opr Pari Bldgs h 507
Sherbourne RA 5824 — Fredk P pntr h 74 Yarmouth Td LL 7298 —
Fredk T acct r 74 Yarmouth rd LL 7298 — H Roy barber 1162%
College h same ME 4082 — Hannah lndrs .Hosp for Incurables r 190
Dowling av KE 1013 —Harry hlpr TTC r 173 Woodycrest av (E Y) GL
2735 — Helen r 116 Armstrong av ME 9819 —Helen r 1098 Dufferin
KE 3226 —Hugh ceilarman Can Bud Breweries h 108 Cumberland KI
8223 — Jas r 44 Pembroke ■ — Jas jr (Blue Bird Barber Shop) r
1875 Davenport Td 8801 — 'Jas elk Great A & P r 571 Delaware av -
— Jas emp Muirheads r 105 Langley av — Jas lab r 153 Rose av RA
1261 — 'Jas lab h 44 Symington av — Jas lab Lever Bros r 231 Osier
av — Jas shpr Pure Gold Co h 1875 Davenport rd LL 8801 — Jas K
cash Depot Ticket Off CNR h 1089 Mount Pleasant rd MO 5930 —
Jerry emp St Michaels Hosp h 331 Jarvis — John r 44 Pembroke ■ —
John lab O’Keefes h 2 Monteith —John pntr h 88 Rose av RA 3506 —
John porter Broadview Hotel h 105 Langley av — John jr supt h 160
Kenwood av (Wych) LL 5 814 MIGHT DIRECTORIES LIMITED Devlin
John A chalnman and rodman Dept of Works h 115 Logan av — John
D swimming dir YMCA h 132 Simpson av GL 1539 — John F elect
app Pullman Co r 310 Brunswick av KI 9657 — John P plstr h 9B
Connaught circle (Wych) KE 3208 — Joseph laundry St Michaels
Hosp h 195 Jarvis — Jos C with Underwood. Elliott, Fisher r 74
Yarmouth rd LL 7298 — Kathleen bndry wkr Eatons r 507
Sherbourne RA 5824 — Lucille M r 71 'Delaware av LO 7463 —
Marion A (wid Roy) h 67 Humber Trail (H Crest) LY 3847 — Mary h
143 Yhjrkville av KI 2759 — Mary assmblr Sohegel Co >r 44
Symmington av — Mary Me rubber wkr iSelberling Rubber r 881
Lansdowne av — Mary S (wid Benjamin) r 138 Harding blvd (Bch C)
— 'Patk lab h 35 Belgravia av (Prbk) — Peter h 116 Armstrong av ME
9819 — Peter bar tender Bloor Hotel r 1098 Dufferin KE 3226 —
Ralph V trainman 'CNR h 526 Rushton rd (Wych) LA 8269 — Ray C
pattern mkr h 151 Hillingdon av HO 2008 — Sami L h 71 Delaware
av LO 7463 — Teresa wtrs Eatons r 141 Mavety — Thos plstr h 881
Lansdowne av —Thos jr rubber wkr 'Selberling Rubber r 881
Lansdowne av — W Gerald clnr St Michaels Hosp h 331 Jarvis MI
8247 — William h 55 Lee av HO 9473 — .Wm h 878 Runnymede rd
(Rnny) — Wm h 355 Sackville De Volsey Frank mach Dillander Co h
40 O’Hara av LA 8130 De Voider Albt mgr 'Dunlop’s Ltd h 7, 59
Balsam av HO 3274 Devolin A Fred tchr Palmerston Schl r 186
Rushrolme rd LO 5276 — Verna M elk Candn & Genl Finance r 17,
202 Wyehwood av (Wych) KE 6720 Devon Coal & Cartage Co Arthur
Deer mgr 10 Darrell av GR 2859 — Cycle (Alex Duguid) bicycle sales
and repairs 1925 Gerrard e — 'Dairy Ltd Frank A Bazos pres and mgr
James Bazos sec-treas ice cream mfrs 108 Nassau AD 2456-7-8 —
Drug Store (Wilfred Isaacson) soda fountain 2077 'Davenport rd KE
4311 —Pish & Chips (Mrs Esther Taylor) fish and chips 1645 Bloor w
ME 0572 - — Garage (Robt W Ritchie) 57 Devon rd GR 7420 — Jas
artist r 124 Hannaford GR 2262 —Jas hlpr Car Dept CPR h 22 Ravina
cres GL 2165 — K opr Robt Crean & Co r 22 Ravina cres GL 2165 —
Meats (Nicholas Solomon) 1960 Queen e HO 6564 — Nathaniel lab
Lakeview Dairy h 6 Val Hall'a blvd (Bch C) — 'Realty (Ernest Beckett)
real estate and ins 1906% Gerrard e HO 1145 — Tea Room (Thos
Gogris and Philip Vasilaras) 554 Church MI 0633 Devonald Douglas
YV r 976 Gerrard e — Irene r 266 Monarch Pk av (E Y) GE 1588 —
Mary A clnr Star r 976 Gerrard e — Wm h 976 Gerrard e Devonport
Alice steng C P Tel r 32 Wembley dr HO 2734 Devons Newton serv
stn attdt Supertest Petroleum Corp r 141 Beresford av (Swan) LY
4307 Devonshire Apts Ltd real estate 510, 6 Adelaide e AD 1597 —
Cloak Co (Sidney Schrager) contas (tailoring) 7th fir 106-110
Spadina av WA 8241 — 'Clothes Ltd Chas Foster pres Frank Herbert
vice-pres and sec mens’ clothing 7th fir 96-104 Spadina av EL 5309
—Elmer W opr C P Tel h 146 Courcelette rd (Scar) HO 6713 —Geo L
with Tor Hydro h 121 Bingham av HO 0524 —Jas elect h 183 Silver
Birch av — John h 7S9 Pape av — Mfg Co (Chas Hopkins) whol confy
200208 Sussex Mews KI 9070 — Thos W dm- Scarboro Farm Dairy h
139 Boston av HA 7404 Devor Anne P bkpr Brownie Chocolate
Products r 482 Manning av — Harry vulcanizer h 482 Manning av —
John R slsmn Brownie Chocs r 482 Manning av — Sami arch r 909
Dundas w WA 9133 — 'Sid mech Stand Tire & Battery Service r 482
Manning av Devoretsky Sami furrier Tower Fur Co h 32 Ryerson av
Devos Rene int art dec h 700 Pape GL 4797 — Vermandere
Germaine Miss r 916 Greenwood av GL 4783 Devoy Danl J fnshr 'h
119 Lillington av (Bch C) GR 0453 76 Church Street 150 Co h 14 and
Can LY 4481 Devoy Florence r 1 Dawson av HA 8234 — John T type
ctr Candn Bag Co h 474 Main (E Y) Leo 1 c PO h 46 Marlow av (E Y)
GL 3142 Devries Doris stenog London & Lansashire Guar r 540
Rushton rd (Wych) LA 0074 —Emmy fnshr Tor Feather & Down
Watson av JU 4715 — Frank foremn Stand Cycle Products h 540
Rushton rd (Wych) LA 0074 — Gerard F opr Candn Kodak r 540
Rushton rd (Wych) LA 0074 — Henry M jr member Reed Shaw &
McNaught h 6 'Glen Edyth dr MI 4552 — Herman auto service stn
915 Lake Shore rd (New T ph 1960) r 52 Warden (Mim) ph N T
1413W — Jane Mrs h 193 'Claremont — John r 1904 Gerrard e GR
2050 — John P elk PO r 177 Brookside av JU 6298 —Terra A shpr
Candn Kodak r 540 Rushton rd (Wych) LA 0074 — Tiros mech Meter
Motors h 2 Sutherland avenue (E Y) Devry Rene H cabt mltr and
dsgnr Eatons h 229 Atlas av (Wych) LA 3688 ♦Dew see also Dewe —
Albt auto washer Eatons h 236 Ontario EL 0884 — Annie Mrs (wid
John) r s s Eglinton av w (Fst H) HY 3936 — Chas T h s s Eglinton av
w (Fst H) HY 3936 — 'Dennis (Dew The Mover) h 112 Gerrard e EL
1612 — Earl slsmn Silvenvoods Dairy h 335 Queensdale av (E Y) —
Emily r 236 Ontario EL 0884 — Fredk drvr Brader The Mover h 49
Carlton EL 9502 —Geo mldr Stand Sanitary Mfg Larkin av (Swan) LY
4481 — 'Geo acct Huron & Erie Mort Trust r 14 Larkin av (Swan) —
Geo F r 236 Ontario EL 0884 —Gordon G shpr Gutta Peroha r 402
Margueretta ME 0884 — 'Harry A h 242 Ontario — Harry T plmbr
96% Westmoreland av h same LO 8689 — Helen M slsclk
Wowlworths r 774 Manning av LA 1352 — Jas (York Real Estate) h
774 Manning av (Silv) LA 1352 — Jas cloak ctr h 381 Wellesley —
Jas wldr Tor Furnace Co 'h 402 Margueretta ME 0884 — K Mrs clnr
Central 'Can Loan :r 236 Ontario El 0884 — Lloyd emp Charles Lamp
Shade r 325 Wellesley — Lucy Mrs h 105 Gerrard e —Mary (wid
Mark) r 250 Church (Mim) ph N T 57 — Maud elk Natl Trust r 14
Larkin cres (Swan) LY 4481 — Oakley R sr elk Treas Dept (Ont) h
554 Bathurst' KI 3993 — Regd P h 848 Old Weston rd (Silv) — Rita
insp Genl Steel Wares r 236 Ontario EL 0884 — Robt (Murray The
Movers) h 3116 Dundas w LY 7887 — Stanley J superior artificial
limbs 131 Church EL 9721 h 209 Kennedy rd (Bch C) —The Mover
('Dennis Dew) 112 Gerrard e EL 11612 — 'Thus J Rev Pastor Christ
Church (Angl) h 250 Church (Mim) ph N T 57 — Walter asst
caretaker Deer Pk Sc‘hl r 381 Wellesley — Wm app Keystone Wks r
325 Wellesley — iWm H elk h 325 Wellesley Dewald Otto h 4B,
774% Yonge De Walden Ernest J insp Dept of Highways h 15, 1609
Queen w De Wall Edwd F H acct Milne Studios h 34 Helendale av
Dewall Fredk T pntr and dec h 141 Harrison LO 1439 Dewalle
Andrew h 1755 Danforth av HO 0176 De Walt 'Machinery Co Hugh R
Samuel agt machinery 75 Adelaide w EL 5902 Dewan John G phy Tor
Psychiatric Hosp r 2 Surrey pi KI 5155 — Jos emp Liquor Control Bd
h 440 Duplex av — Patk slsmn r 82 College KI 3008 DEWAN
PATRICK M HON, Minister of Agriculture Parliament Buildings
Queen’s Park Res Woodstock Dewar A Jean r 183 St Clair av w KI
8886 — A M & Co (Angus M Dewar) barrs and sols 302-4, 44 Victoria
EL 9814 —Agnes pekr Planters Nut r 134 Gladstone avenue ■ —
Agnes prsfdr Harris Litho r 97 O’Hara avenue — Albt E jr emp Lever
Bros r 63 Kimberley GR 9564 — 'Albt E shpr Lever Bros h 63
Kimberley av GR 9564 — Alex mech Higgins Mfg r 116 Hogarth av
GE 3932 Telephone ELgin 1481 I Dewar Andrew pntr r 690 Euclid av
ME 4319 — Angus M (A M Dewar & Co) h 10 Beechwood dr (E Y) HA
0359 — Archd shpr Dalton Bros r 116 Hogarth av GE 3932 —Archd J
pntr and dec 1301 Dufferin h same ME 4727 —Arthur gro elk James
Graham r 536 Carlaw av HA S357 — Arthur H gdnr h 2 Hector av LA
3164 —Campbell W slsmn The Kingsdale Furniture Store r 5 Gibson
av MI 2588 KI 9, 449 h 138; — D Jarvis bldr h 183 St Clair 8886 —
David slsmn Empire Dry h 1 Marshall ME 3124 — David G tchr
Frankland Schl h 68 St Germain av HO MO 7180 — David M sec Sun
Ins h 29 Lark HO 7959 — David W wrehsemn Drummond McCall ih
198 Higiifield rd GE 3917 —Donald F acct Bank of Nova Scotia (1446
Queen w) h 11, 337 Sherbourne RA 6417 — Doris F J with Dom
Bank (Head Off) r 20 Barrie av (Oak) ME 6265 — Douglas R elk W G
Tubby r 68 Winchester RA 2075 — Duncan F engnr Harvie Constr Co
h 17, 2141 Bloor w JU 6458 — Eleanor sec George Biggs r 332
Russell. Hill rd 'HU 5340 — lElizth H h 307 Huron KI 3530 — lElva F
tchr Frankland Schl r 14 Mackenzie av — Fredk wrehsemn C P Exp r
1301 Dufferin. ME 4727 — Gabriel r 12 Eastwood av (Bch C) HO
2073 — Geo elk Y M C A r 52 Firstbrook rd GR 1205 — 'Geo lab Dom
Bridge Co r 60 Alexander KI 7079 — Gordon C mgr Bank of Mont (St
George and Bloor) h 113 Lawton blvd HY 2032 — Hilda Mrs h 45
Mortimer av (E Y) — Hugh C egg grader Marshalls Co 'h 536 Carlaw
av HA 8357 — Isabel (wid Andrew) r 84 Wolfrey av — Jas (Glen-
Echo Confy) h 3437 Yonge — Jas elk Long & Daly r 536 Carlaw av
HA 8357 ■ — Jas E acct 'Bongard & Co r 104 Jameson av LA 0676 —
Jas S C elk- Liquor Control h Crawford —John (Jes-Gil Floor
Finishers) DeForest rd (Swan) JU '5766 — John emp Gas Co r 85
Boston av — John hsekpr Tor Genl Hosp t 140 Howard Park av LL
0047 — John jr lab CGE r ‘1'9A Prescott av JU 9233 —John lab
Scythes & Co h 194 Prescott av JU 92 3 3 - — Jghii wrehsemn Imp
Oil h 70 Aylesworth av (Bch C) —John A Idgrkpr r 132 Beaeonsfield
av LO 2208 — John G credit mgr King Edward Hotel h 332 Russell
Hill rd HU 5340 —Kenneth II trav Grand & Toy 'h 20 Barrieav (Oak)
ME '6265 — Lily r 29 Prince Arthur av KI 5014 —Louise II r 113
Lawton blvd HY 2032 —
 The For Interior Fittings J Buyer’s Boor & Mfg. Co. and Pine
and -AM WEST TORONTO Limited Hardwood Trim DIA DIAMOND
Dewar Wm hlpr Candn WIrebound Boxes r 264 Bogan av GE 2679 —
'Wm F dentist 620, '86 Bloor w KI 5010 'b N. 350 St 'Clair av w MI
7169 — Wm N elk Legal Dept r 68 Winchester RA 2075 — Wm W
cond TTC to 515 iSt Clarens av LO 2396 Dewars B emp Pannill Door
r 2353 Gerrard e — Frank lab to 2353 Gerrard e —Frank jr uptool r
2353 Gerrard e Dewart Dudley elk Tenth Div Court r 5 Don Cliff dr
(Nth Y) HU 3836 DEWART ED HARTLEY, Barrister and_SoIicitor,
Rooms 25-26, 171 Yonge, Phone ELgin 4919, Office Hours 9.30 a.m.
to 6 p.m. res 5 Don Cliff dr (Nth Y’) Phone HUdson 8836 — Edwd R
elk Tenth Division Court to 5 Don Cliff dr (Nth Y) HU 8836 —Eric r 5
Don Cliff dr (Nth Y) HU 8836 — Deo r 5 Don Cliff dr (Nth Y) HU 8836
Dewdney Albt J timestudy Rogers Majestic Corp r 125 Howland -av
KI 6371 —Arthur R Mrs to 59 Spencer av LO 0110 —Sami P elk C P
Tel to 77 Clinton Dewell Orval slsnin to 153 Clost av LA 6351 —
Rictod emp Stand Brands h 21 Spencer av Dewer Wm emp Candn
Wire Bound Boxes r 264 Logan av GE 2679 — Wm slsnin r 5 Gibson
av MI 2588 Dewes Albt E mach Goodyear Tire to 112 •Seventh (New
T) — Harry shpr to 212 Bathurst i Dewey Arthur W slsnin Multiple
Sales to 76 Albertus av HU 5671 ; —Beryl stenog H P Pedden & Co
Ltd r 1 Dilworth cres HA 4110 ! — Chas H auditor to 530 oRselawn
av HU 2373 — Dennis A firemn CPR to 591 Runnymede road —
Eliztto E nurse Tor Genl Hosp r 22 Tyndall av LA 0616 —Emily A (wid
Geo W) h 22 Tyndall av LA 0616 ! —Fred contr to 1 Dilworth cres (E
Y) HA 4110 i — Fredk A frt agt Cunard White Star to 108 Woodlawn
av w KI 8769 —Harold slsmn r 1 Dilworth cres (E Y) HA 4110 —
Hazel R insp Eatons r 76 Albertus av HU 5871 • — Helen M nurse to
5, 55 Hillsdale av e HY 7414 | —Ida M to 89 Edith dr MO 8225 — J
M to 11 Humber Hill av (H Crest) — Letitia Mrs h C3, 76 Grosvenor
KI 5310 — Margt nurse Genl Hosp r 234 Rosedale Heights dr HY'
4294 !| — (Marjorie L elk Eatons r 76 Albertus av HU 5671 •—May I
h 89 Edith dr (MO 8225 — Olive C tetor Wellesley Orthopaedic Schl
to 5, 55 Hillsdale av e HY' 7414 —Ruth H stenog r 76 Albertus av HU
5871 — Ttoos L r 401 Ivy av Dewfall Walter E emp CNR to 592
Queen w Dewhirst Estelle R demonstrator Eatons r 83 Bellefair av
HO 4921 Dewtourst Elmore r 323 Wallace av i — Ernest prsmn Gail-
Co r 23 Raymond (H Crest) JU 2S46 . — Florence patient 130 Dunn
av < — 'Fredk porter C N Exp to 195 Symington av LL 6236 — Fredk
sis elk Mrs Agnes M Sigewortto r 557 Pape av HA 3536 — Hannah
nurse r 70 Binsearth rd RA 5046 t — Harold pmtr United Typewriter r
2 (rear) Doncrest rd I, — Jas plstr to 70 Wiley av (E Y) i — John J to
323 Wallace av — Norman stmftr Tor Carpet Mfg h 11 Moutray —
Rachel (wid Wm) clnr Dept of Property h 1. 256 Dundas cres MI
7696 Dewis Frances tchr Danfortto Park Schl (E Y) r 249 Cedarvale
av GR 5093 [• — Gilbert r 249 Cedarvale av (E YT) GR 5093 —
Walter E mech h 249 Cedarvale _av (E Y) GR 5093 De Witt Betty
tetor Branksome Hall r same MI 6336 P — Chas E r 15 Pendrith LL
3621 — Curtis O p c Stu 1 to 325 Indian gr JU 61SS [ — Elizth visitor
Neighborhood 'Workers Assn r 2. 285 St George KI 7907 I — Geo F
to 15 Pendritto LL 3621 [ —Geo L (Sheets & Dewitt Art Studio) h 343
Brunswick av KI 9993 I — H Norton pres Armstrong. DeWitt & r|
Crossin Ltd h 2. 285 St George KI 7907 — Harry carp and pntr
Broadway Theatre to 10 McGee GL 4743 R — Helen stenog Candn
Ingersoll Rand t 38 Lindsay av I — Jean stenog Lowe Bros r 3S
Lindsay av : i — Josephine Co Ltd Geo D Perry pres Mrs Josephine
Perry vice-pres and mgr artificial flowers novelties 4th fir, 77
Wellington w AD 2862 1— Margt r 133 Winchester MI 9058 DeWitt
Norman W prof Victoria Coll to 108 Bernard av MI 5551 Dewitta
Calvin slsmn to 425 Strathmore bird GR 1233 DeWitte Althea (wid
Jacob) to 43 Coxwell av HO 7460 Dewland YVm marble plstor to 150
First av Dewling Joton mech C & T Auto Service r 276 Stoerbourne
RA 4553 Dewolfe Willena (wid Alec) r 11 Irene av Dewsbury Donald
messr Brigdens Ltd r 257 Carlton RA 5663 — Ernest h 257 Carlton
EA 5663 — Fred lab Austin Motors r 528 Wellington w • — Fred
mach J A Wilson — Gilford dye str CGE to 070 Gladstone av — Henry
B ins broker to 53 Lansdowne av LA 8751 — Herbt opr Chas Wilson r
:257 Carlton RA 5663 — Howard mech Mack Trucks r 588 Concord
av ME 4193 — Jean iM elk Reed Shaw & McNaught r 23 Glen Manor
dr HO '9462 — John ydmn CPR to 16 Oliver (H Bay) — Leslie G elk
Ont Hydro to 172 Woodfield rd HA 6630 — Martha r 29 Givens LA
5357 — Nancy examr Waring Products r 257 Carlton RA 6663 —
Rictod slsmn Acme Farmers Dairy h 359 Howland av — Rictod
tinsmith (rear) 141 Carlaw av h 131 Carlaw av HA 6046 — Rose A
(wid Chas) r 53 Lansdowne av LA 8751 — 'Roy serv mgr Austin
Motor Car Co h 12 Lennox — Thos hlpr Easy Washing Mach r 588
Concord av ME 4193 — Thos lab Cheney Chemicals r 86 Berkeley —
Thos trkr to 588 Concord av ME 4193 Dewson Hilda Mrs to 331
Oalcwood av (Oak) — John lab Gutta Percha to 18 French av (Rnny)
— St Public School Robt W Coulson prin 25 Dewson LO 4111 —
Thelma tordrsr Le Salon Personnel r 331 Oakwood av (Oak) de
Wynter Agnes L h 66 Tranby av KI 0003 — Alice H r 48 Evans JU
0673 — Mary G r 43 Evans JU 0673 — Spencer B puroto agt CGE h
48 Evans av JU 0673 Dexter Elizth (wid Thos) r 46 Golfdale rd HU
1485 — Furniture (Saul Owens) house furnstogs 3 2Si2 Dundas w —
'Geo F caietkr 'Central Tech h 727 Dupont — Geo F ins broker Clark
& Till r 46 Golfdale rd HU 1485 —Harry emp Simpsons to i9’8
Larehmount av HA 3765 —Ida P elk F W Kerr & Co Cl 46 Golfdale rd
HU 1486 ■ — Joton r 493 Eastern av — Laura (wid Wm) r 62
Northumberland LO 7685 — Lilian E elk Dom 'Securities r 46 Golfdale
av HU 1485 • — 'Mary A (wid Thos) h 99 Balmoral av RA 3272 —
Peter r 493 Eastern av — Sophie (wid Peter) emp TTC to 493
Eastern av ♦Dey see also Day — Alex S plmbr h 535 Quebec av —
Arthur wtctomn Law Construction Cl 562 Beresford av (Rnny) LY
5347 — Arthur F trk drvr iS'carboro Twp to S'8 Leyton av (Scar) —
Catherine E R stenog Baker Adv Agency r 7 Sultan KI 5212 • —
CVvas prntr to 931 Dufferin LA 6100 — Clarence V lab to 17
Butterwortto av (Scar) — Dorothy foreldy Premier Art Guild t 17,
2867 Yonge HU 9446 — 'Ellen casto Natl Grocers r 79 Ellerbeck av
GE 6078 — Frank mach to 50 Frankland av (E Y) GE 1863 — Jas
wrehse mgr Scott A Graham to 117 Coleman av GR 5148 — Jas F
ell; Auto Elect Service r 64 Westmount av LL 8633 — Jessie B dipper
Neilsons r 562 Beresford av (Rnny) LY 5347 - — Louis servicemn
Coleman Lamp Co r 281 George RA 5056 — Luke leather wkr A R
Clarke r 72 Scarboro Beach tolvd —Mamie F bkpr Adams Furniture r
208 Stoerbourne —Marion K bkpr Chris & Wilf Menzies Tire r 117
Coleman av GR 5148 — Mary (wid Arthur) r 562 Beresford av (Rnny)
LY 5347 — Neil A engnr Dom Carbon Brush to 22, 1576 Bathurst
(Wycto) KE '2962 — Robt to 167 Broadview av GL 0915 - — Robt F
assessor Assess Dept Cl 123 Melrose avenue —Robt H r 50
Frankland av (E Y) GE 1863 — Victor A G dlv engnr Supts Staff CPR
to 64 Westmount av LL 8633 Dey Victor A © slsmn Eatons r 64
Westmount av LL 8633 — Wm elk Hendrie & Co to 86 Earl Grey rd
GL 2280 — Wm J embosser M C Charters r 562 Beresford av (Rnny)
LY 5247 D'Eye Geo to 12 Northumberland — Geo stmftr r 12
Northumberland — Olive stenog r 12 Northumberland — Wm A Co
(Wm A D’Eye-Rust) staty 49 Richmond e WA 18138 Deyell Alice elk
Floor Potter & Co r 167 Glentoolme av (Oak) LO 1873 — Arthur R
(Toronto iS'eal & Embossing Co) to 167 Glentoolme av (Oak) LO
1873 — Bernice B stenog Robertson Bros r 44 Munro Park av HO
7571 ■ — C Virginia ell; Mnfrs Life r 44 Munro Park av HO 7571 —
Elsie (wid Fred S) to '8 Dalton rd KI 0381 — Florence S cllc Bell Tel r
S Dalton rd KI 0381 — Geo W asst cash Pullman Co to 89 Mayfield
av (Swan) JU 7244 — Gordon slsmn to 180 Snowdon av HU 1864 —
Harold J mining engnr r 413 Roselawn av MO 2474 — Howard Mrs
elk Imp Oil r 61 Garfield av HY 4038 — L Clemina (wid David) h 44
Munro Park av HO 7571 — L Davena stenog Can Life r 44 Munro
Park av HO 7571 — Lois R stenog Bank of Tor (55 King w) r 44
Munro Park av HO 7571 —Margt L stenog Atlas Supply Co of Can Ltd
r 8 Dalton rd KI 0381 — Robt r 167 Glentoolme av (Oak) LO 1873 —
Robt C millwright Natl Cash Register to 109 Nairn ;av KE 6661 D
'Eye-Rust Geo H ell; Bank Mont r 48 Heath e MO 9316 — Mary A
stenog Dominion Securities r 48 Heath e MO 9316 — Wm A (Wm A
D'Eye Co) h 48 Heath e MO 9316 — Wm R mgr Wm A D'Eye Co r 48
Heath e MO 9316 Deyman Chas wood turner Upper & Both r 215
Carlton MI '9298 — Fredk slsmn Can Bread to 15 Salisbury av RA
3813 — Geo B emp Viceroy Mnfg r 114 TwentySecond (New T) pto
1303W — Gordon p c Stn 11 to 8S6 Manning av — Herlbt tlr to 1934
Danfortto' av GR 8819 — Herbt Mrs (Woodmount Hat Shop) h 1934
Danfoirth av GR 8819 — Humphrey r 114 Twenty-Second (New T)
pto 1303W — Ida Mrs (Woodmount Hat Shop) r 1934 Danfortto av
— Ina V bkpr A R Williams r 70 Muir av ME 6023 — J Roy elk -PO h
88 Melville av LO 7453 — Jack A emp Sharp’s Travel .Serv r 88
Melville av LO 7453 — Jos C engnr CNR (Mim) h 114 TwentySecond
(pto New T 1303W) — Mary stenog Ford Motors r 90 Waverley rd GR
'4986 — McCurdy slsmn r 1934 Danfortto av GR 8819 — R'hea C c.lk
Bank of Mont (Tor br) r 14 Forsytto rd HY 8962 ■ — Ray E trav pass
and frt agt Dollar Steamship Line Inc Ltd r 8S Melville av LO 7453 ,
— Roy G slsmn Wm L Dickson to 326 Glentoolme av (Oak) LL 7779
— Sarah (wid Wm H) h 70 Muir av ME 6023 — Y'iolet (wid Jas) to 14
Forsyth rd HY' 8'962 — Violet W elk Bank of Mont (Tor br) r 14
Forsyth Td HY 8962 Dezandra Jessie opr Eatons r 78 Wolseley Dezell
Clifford (Crown Ice Cream Bar) r 528 _Durie JU '9531 —Earl (Grown
Ice Cream Bar) r 528 Durie JU 9531 — 'Geo to 1155 Dufferin LL
1403 — Myrtle (wid Thos) to 528 Durie JU 9531 Dezenhouse Harry
furrier h 22 Henry — Myer pdlr to 22 Henry EL 9865 Deziel Florence
opr Sllp-Not Cravats — Lucien cigar mkr Imp Tobacco h 15. 77
Pembroke MI 0645 DeZorzi Anthony contr to 286 Winona dr (Oak)
ME 6366 —Clare R stenog Nectar-Ola Co r 1901 Davenport rd LL
5467 — Elsie A ell; S S Kresge r 286 Winona dr (Oak) ME 6366 —
'Guido S brklyr r 286 Winona dr (Oak) ME 6366 . — Jiulio bldr 1) 271
'Sheldrake blvd MO 1391 — Leda pekr Christopher Coffee Co r 1901
Davenport rd LL 5467 — Leonard slsmn r 286 Winona dr (Oak) ME
6366 — Luciano brklyr to 1901 Davenport rd LL 5467 — Rudolph D
brklyr A Dezorzi to 2026 Dufferin (Frbk) — iS'anty ir 27'1 Sheldrake
blvd MO 1391 Dezwart Herman Iron wkr Candn Ornamental Iron res
West Hill — 'Margt A cash Eaton6 r 15 LL 3621 Pendrith av Dezwart
John photo littoo Strathmore Press to 45 Banff rd MO 8253 Diabo
Jas T struc steel wkr Hamilton Bridge Co to 464 King e Diactoun M
tokr Tot Co-Operative Bakery r 73 Palmerston av Diack Adeline mgrs
Laura Secord Candy Stoops Ltd r .177 Humtoererest blvd (it Crest)
LY 5492 — Alex A O engnr Ocean Accident & Guarantee to 18
Lawrence av e HU 6437 — Dorothy stenog Employers Liability Assce
r 27 Warren cres (H Crest) LY' 3036 — Eliza (wid Peter) lit 24 Falcon
HY 6308 — Geo tokr Federal System of Bakeries to 27 'Warren cres
(H Orest) LY 3036 — Geo slsmn Barker Brgad to 2103 Davenport
road — Geo IM elk PO r 33 Harvie av — Helen phy 435 Runnymere
rd to same JU 7736 — Jemima (wid Arthur) to 177 Humbercrest blvd
(H Crest) LY 4592 — John ortge draying 303 Bleeclter to same RA
3556 — Leslie slsmn Ideal Bread r 24 Falcon HY 6308 Diadem Flour
Co R W Knott br mgr 50 Peter YVA 3306 Dial; Fredk gents furngs
278-280 Royce av h same LL 6357 — Harry to 3 Miller av Diaklw
Joton barber and tordrsr 230 Queen e fa same WA 5491 — Nicholas
hrdrsr John IDiakiw r 230 Queen e WA 5491 Diamaturous Louis bkr
Harmony Grill x 104 Granby WA 5065 —Peter wtr Harmony Grill t:
101 Granby WA 5065 ■ Diament Ctoil emp Model Knitting Co r 138
Grange av — Joton F egg eandler Can Pekrs to 39. Heintzman av
Diamock Mary emp Can Pekrs r 74 Edwin av Diamona Margt Mrs
(wid Joton E) r SI Rose Park dr HY 3265 ^•Diamond see also
Dimond and Dymond — Abraham poultry dir 14 Baldwin to same MI
75D3 — Anthony r 205 Pape av — Apts 247 Ossington av —
Baggage Transfer (Jas Peden) 575 Crawford LO 1233 — Buff Co
(Harry Zimmerman) polishing wheels cotton buffs 1-15 Saunders av
LA Till — Calk Horseshoe Co Carl Swanstrom mgr 27 Bathurst EL
1605 — Casket Co (John Derbyshire) 44 OsierLL 7811 — 'Chas slsmn
«Eatons h 18 Bloomfield at HA 8467 — Ctias S slsmn Wilkins
Smallware h 93 Empress ores LA 9126 — Cleanser & Soaps Ltd Tom
Harbron vicepres and sec, Fredk C Kell; vice-pres and treas cleansing
powders and soap mfrs 11)30 King w ME 2131-2 — D Anthony acct
Chas Greer to 205 Pape av— Danl asst sihpr Cosgraves Dom
Brewery to, 3 Leeds LO 0221 — Davis M jr r 192 Hamilton GL 1969
— Davis M prs Tin Globe & Mail to 192; Hamilton GL 1696 —
Do'rottoy D nurse r 93 Empress cres LA 9126 — Douglas int dec
Kaplan & Sprachman r 93 Empress cres LA 9126 — Edittr elk r 96
Beverley EL 1673 —Edwd G elk Stop & Stoop r 158 Waverley road —
Elizth fasekpr 16 Lockwood rd HO 7756 — Florence H (wid Wm)
suprvsr and swtctobd: opr Tor Genl Hosp to 24, 435 'Stoerlboume KI
5098 — Fredk contr r 154 Ascot av KE 6748 —Geo h 1111 Bay KI
8272 — Geo mech Conger Coal to 158 Waverley rd — Harry r 74
McCaul —Harry prsr J & G 'Cleaners to 2.3 Kensington av —Hyman
pltry dir to 10 Henry — Isaac agt Continental Life Ins Co to 1048
College LO 5074 — Jack dec to 453 Euclid av RA 5327 —Jack ell; to
89 'Claremont • — Jas mech r 10 Afton av LL 9989 —Jas P slsmn to
14 Macklem av — John ertge agt to 17 Hazelton av MI 52-83 —
Joton A roofing contr Simpsons to 3, 182 Dowling av KE 7234 —
John A serv stn mgr Shully Auto Supplies to 339 Atlas av (Cedarvale)
— Joe pntr and dec to D, 6T7 IDundas w EL 0'998 — Lena (wid
Sami) b 44 Borden — Lunch (Steve Demetry) rest 1089 Bathurst ME
91-92 — Max prsr r 1169 Huron MI 7991 — Max sec -treas
Amusement Novelty & Toy Co Ltd to 686 Oriole Pkwy MO 2739 —
Miohl cook r 100 Granby EL 9584 — Mildred (wid Arthur) r 132
Argyle LL 8153 —Molly (wid Kalman) to 102 Oxford MI 9578
Alphabetical, White Page 371
 DIA DIAMOND COMFORTERS, BED PILLOWS and
CUSHIONS • THE TORONTO FEATHER and DOWN CO., Limited 2154
Dundas St. West - Phone Lloydbrook 3169-3160 Diamond Morris gro
cigars and tob 455-457 University av AD 6572 h 96 Beverley EL 1673
—Moses pdlr h 63 Brunswick av KI 0689 — Beginald R elect ir 158
Waverley rd — Rose tchr Pape’s Business College r 1048 College LO
5074 —Ruth poke Candn H W 'GossaTd r 453 Euclid av RA 5327 —
Sami dec to 453 Euclid av RA 5327 — Sami tlr ill 26 Robert — Shoe
Repair (Michele Patetta) shoe repr 357 Church EL 7790 — Specialty
Ltd FSB Heward1 & Co Ltd reps soot blowers 314, 11 King w WA
6638 — State Fibre Co of Can Ltd Allen G Ballard genl mgr Geo E
Crossman purcfc agt GL 4626 — Sylvia r 63 Brunswick av KI 0689 —
T Trucks Ltd Arthur H Gotham mug dir motor trucks 242-44 Spadina
av WA 1861-2 — Truck Co Ltd Thos J Brennan mgr transport 6
Mercer 'warehouse 10 Mercer WA 2797 - — Wm A real estate 659
Bloor w to same LO 6885 Dian Sarah (wid John) r 37 Nassau EL
1635 Diana Grocery (Jack & Barney Meyer) 322 Queen e —
Restaurant (Nick Mikas) 726 Queen e GE 6151 — Sweets Ltd Gus
Boukydis pres and gen mgr 187 Yonge 7L 2066 and 188 Bloor w KI
3240 Diane Permanent Wave Shop (Harry Cunningham) 457
Parliament KI 3233 Dianno Hilda Mrs r 469 College Diaper Henry opr
Imp Optical r 263 Waverley rd HO 4621 —Horace h 263 Waverley rd
HO 4621 — Mary sec Stratton, Hopkins r 263 Waverley rd HO 4621 •
— Violet -assmblr Inti Resistance r 263 Waverley rd iHO '4621
Diar.enol Co Ltd Dr Geo E Cook pres, G Norman Cook vice-pres and
treas, Arnold C Cook vice-pres and sec drug exporters 243 College
MI SOS'S Dias Rhoda A r 40 Rhodes av Diasio Matthew opr Cook
'Clothing ih 60 Curzon GL 2327 Diatihermia Institute (J H Barrett)
208, 2-6 Temperance EL 4860 Diatomite Insulation & Plastics Ltd
Arthur J P Care pres insulation, plaster wallhoards 532 Eastern av HA
1414 Diaz Andrew cigar mkr r 142 Woodmount av (E Y) — Jack to
146 SheTbourne WA 3789 - — Joseph lab r 91 Mitchell >av Di Bari
Matto gro 23 Clinton h same LO 8587 Dibb Elmond S acct Bank of N
S (Queen and River) h 160 Briar Hill av HY 7765 — Henry W slsmn
Wm R Begg & Co h 18 Scarborough Beach blvd HO 8133 Dibben
Annie (wid Wallace) r 38 Emerson av LL 2578 — Elizth (wid Wallace)
h 119 Cosburn av (E Y) —Elsie opr r 38 Emerson av LL ,2578 —
Ernest A pckr Can Varnish Co h 643 'Danforth av — Wallace h 1723
Kingston rd (Bell C) — Wm slsmn h 49 Oherrywood av (Wych) LA
1952 Dibble Annie V (wid Arthur) h 385 Woburn av (Nth Y) DIBBLE
COAL CO LIMITED, Robert G Dibble President. Paul Lowes
'Secretary-Treasurer, 398 Eastern av. Phones GLadstone 242lj-7-8
and 13-31 Dibble — [Emma (wid Geo) h 118% Millicent — Gay opr
Wm Gluckin & Co r 11A Gloucester III 6756 — Harry supt Dept of 'St
Clng h 16 Marmaduke LL 5131 — .Tas foremn Dept of St Clng h 80
Hubbard HO 4049 —Owen J moto TTC h 89 Queen e — Robt G
(Dibble’s Garage & Service Stn) and pres Dibble Coal Co Ltd h 67
Southwood dr HO 4165 — Rov hlpr Dept of St Clng r 103 Victor av
GL 2706 — Roy meoh to 14S Kenilworth av HO 6563 — Violet hrdrsr
h 8, 36 Elm — Wm C flremn Stn 22 h 48 Hazlett av GR 8551 Dibble’s
Garage & Service Stn (Robt G Dibble) 398 Eastern av GL 2426-7-8
Dibblee John asst engnr HEPC to 82 Old Mill rd (Kngswy Pk) LY 5947
Dibbon Lemuel comp Star h 172 Fulton av GL 132S — Vera r 790
Logan av GE 1748 Oibden Ohas W soldier Dept of Natl Defence h 92
Mortimer av (E Y) Di Bello Bert baiiber 1692 Danforth av b same —
Fidele (Artistic Barber .Shop) h 189 Beilwoods av Bibley J carp Geo
Rathbone Lumber r 87 Gwynne av DiboU Stanley emp De Haviland
Aircraft r 14 Pryor av JU 7135 Di Branou Louis wtr Bass ell’s Lunch li
527A Parliament MI 9520 Dibsdall Jack elk C N Tel r 301 Ontario MI
9002 — Norman with Tor Hydro r 302 Ranleighav Dicaprio Tasquale
carmn CNR h 159 Stanley av (Mim) DiCarli Mary fitter Eatons r 316
Dupont MI 6166 — Remo tile str r 527 Gladstone av LO 4125 DlCarlo
Frank prsr ICity (Dye Wks r 209 Christie LA 7676 — Molly fitter
Eatons r 209 Christie LA 1576 DiCarrio Sam lq,b Bell Tel r 23 Clinton
LO 8587 Dicecca Wm washer Parisian Laundry to 19 Henderson av
Dicecco Jos lab CGE h 12 Beaver av KE 6417 — Matthew pdlr h 606
Delaware av — Yola r 12 Beaver av DiChaira Antonia hand sewer
Eatons r 200 Claremont — Mario lab h .260 Claremont Dichoff John
drvr Port Credit Egg Supply r 57 West Lodge av Dichyk A fushr
Shleser Vest Co r 110 Augusta — M emp Walker House r 24
Cameron Dicicco Antonio shoeshiner r 129 Edward — Frank
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