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CALIFORNIA NATURAL HISTORY GUIDES

I N T R O D U C T I O N TO C A L I F O R N I A
SOILS A N D P L A N T S
California Natural History Guides
Phyllis M. Faber and Bruce M. Pavlik, General Editors
Introduction to
To three mentors who led me down the geobotanical path:
Hans Jenny, Herbert Mason, and G. Ledyard Stebbins. Then to
both Robert OrndufF and Phyllis Faber who coaxed me into
writing this book.

University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in

the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the
humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by
the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals
and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

California Natural History Guide Series No. 86

University of California Press

Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd.

London, England

© 2006 by the Regents of the University of California

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kruckeberg, Arthur R.
Introduction to California soils and plants: serpentine, vernal pools, and other
geobotanical wonders / Arthur R. Kruckeberg.
p. cm. — (California natural history guides; 86)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13,978-0-520-23371-3 (cloth, alk. paper), ISBN-10,0-520-23371-9
(cloth, alk. paper)
ISBN-13,978-0-520-23372-0 (pbk., alk. paper), ISBN-10,0-520-23372-7 (pbk.,
alk. paper)
1. Rare plants—California. 2. Rare plants—Ecophysiology—California.
3. Soils—California. 4. Plant-soil relationships—California. I. Title. II. Series.

QK86.U6K78 2006
581.68'09794—dc22 2004030028

Manufactured in China
20 19 18 17 16
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

The paper used in this publication is both acid-free and totally chlorine-free
(TCF). It meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992
(R 1997) {Permanence of Paper).™

Cover: Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve. Photograph by Don Mason.

The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous
contributions to this book provided by

the Gordon and Betty Moore Fund

in Environmental Studies
and
the General Endowment Fund of the
University of California Press Foundation.
CONTENTS

List of Tables x
Preface xi

INTRODUCTION: HOW GEOLOGY SHAPES

PLANT LIFE 1
The Evolution of Species with Limited Ranges 9
The Taxonomy of Restricted Plants 19

1. LANDFORMS AND PLANT LIFE 25

Mountains, Climate, and Flora 28
The Channel Islands: Insularity of Landforms
and Plant Life 39
The Great Central Valley 45
Vernal Pools 47
Dunes 55
Pygmy Pine Barrens 62
Wetlands: Creations of Landform Diversity 64
Final Thoughts on Landforms and Plant Life 69

2. PLANTS AND THEIR SOILS 71

The Study of Geoedaphics 75
Making Soils from Rocks 76
Soil Profiles 80
A Primer in Plant-Soil Chemistry 83
3. THE S E R P E N T I N E STORY 88
What Is Serpentine? 90
Plant Tolerance to Serpentine 98
The Serpentine Landscape 105
Serpentine Dwellers 117
Serpentine Endemics 118
Soil Wanderers 128

4. OTHER STRANGE PLANT-SOIL

RELATIONSHIPS 137
The Limestone Problem 139
Bristle-cone Pine Forests 141
The Snow-wreath Discovery 144
Other Limestone Floras 146
Plant Life on Sterile Rock and Soils 153
The Pine Hill Flannel Bush 155
Salty Places and Their Plant Life 159
Geothermal Areas: Power or Flora? 165
Pine Islands in a Sea of Sagebrush 168
Normal Rocks and Soils 169
Bogs and Fens 171
Guano Habitats 179

5. PLANT D I S T R I B U T I O N OVER SPACE

AND T I M E 183
The Beginnings of Plant Geography 184
The General Purpose Genotype 186
Endemics and the California Floristic Province 187
Indicator Species 198
6. HUMAN INFLUENCES 201
From Early Spanish Mines to the Present 202
The Gold Rush 209
Habitat Loss and Exotic Species 211
Habitats Meriting Protective Status 212

Epilogue: Geology Gone Wild 223

Exploring California's Geology and Plant Life 229
Glossary 243
Suggested Reading and References 249
Art Credits 259
Index 263
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Soil Type Preferences of Rare Species 5

Table 2 Selected Climatic Data: Stations Affected
by Landforms 31
Table 3 Some Plants of Vernal Pools 49
Table 4 Some Major California Dunes and Their
Indicator Plants 56
Table 5 Exchangeable Cations in Some California Soils 72
Table 6 Rock Types Yielding Azonal Soils and Habitats 74
Table 7 Some Rock Types and Their Minerals 79
Table 8 Terms Associated with Serpentine Habitats 93
Table 9 Chemical Analysis of Some California Serpentine
and Contrasting Nonserpentine Soils 98
Table 10 Nickel Levels in Serpentine Soils and Serpentine
Plants in California and Other Regions 100
Table 11 Major Soil Series on Serpentine in California 104
Table 12 Some Species Occurring Both On and Off
Serpentine 129
Table 13 Major Limestone Areas of California 138
Table 14 Some Limestone Indicators and Endemics
in California 140
Table 15 Some Rare and Endangered Serpentine Plants
in California 217
Table 16 Wish List for
Features of Landform
California and Lithological 220
PREFACE

The links between the geological and biological realms are

manifested globally. Every sector of our planet reveals the
profound connections that geological events and processes
make with the world of organisms, both plant and animal.
Some places around the world show this linkage modestly or
even quite subtly. But California makes the rapport with
grand and impressive displays. It is the theme of this book to
let nature tell that grand story, viewing the many ways geology
shapes plant life in the state. The origins of the incredibly rich
flora of our state can be told in many ways, from the aesthetic
and artistic to the scientific. I indulge in both during this dis-
course. My long association with the influences of geology on
plant life (Kruckeberg 1985, 2002) will reveal my bias in em-
phasizing the many ways landforms and unusual rock types
(and their derived soils) have given birth to the richest flora
on the North American continent.
The inspiration for telling the story of California's diverse
azonal (unusual) soils-floral linkage came from two of Cali-
fornia's most respected botanists, two devotees of the state's
unparalleled floral richness. First to propose this book's
theme was the late Robert Ornduff of the University of Cali-
fornia at Berkeley. Bob had already given the naturalist public
his charmingly informative primer California plant life (Orn-
duff et al. 2003). Joining Bob in tempting me to write this
homage to the geology-plant life web was Phyllis Faber. Who
better than Phyllis could see the potential of such a book. She
 had been the editor for years of Fremontia, the quarterly jour-
nal of the California Native Plant Society. Many of the articles
in that publication have featured case histories where azonal
soils yield singular floras. Faber's love affair with California's
plant life culminated in the production of that pictorially lav-
ish and textually informative book California's Wild Gardens:
A Living Legacy (Faber 1997). Both the Ornduff and Faber
books have made my task much easier; each has highlighted
the habitats where azonal soils foster distinctive floras. In the
earlier stages of hatching this book, Ornduff alluded to it as
the "kooky soils story." And as the reader will witness, "kooky"
aptly characterizes the bizarre nature of these azonal habitats.
Both Faber and Ornduff coaxed me to take on the telling
of the kooky soils-flora story. Flattered—and challenged—I
consented, knowing full well that I would have expert help
from the two experts. In fact, Robert Ornduff was to be a
coauthor. His untimely death in 2000 left me and many other
California naturalists saddened by our loss. But Ornduff's
love for California's wild garden will, I hope, be commemo-
rated by the retelling of his mutual fascination with the state's
geobotany.
Faber and Ornduff came to me with the proposal to do
this book, knowing of my longtime fascination with the geol-
ogy-botany interface. I first entered the geobotanical arena as
a late 1940s graduate student under the tutelage of Herbert
Mason, Berkeley botanist. He had just written his two seminal
papers, parts one and two of "The Edaphic Factor in Narrow
Endemism" (Mason 1946a, b). From then on, I was hooked!
The soils-flora connection has been the central theme of my
professional life ever since. And the kookiest soil of all—ser-
pentine—has captivated me for life. So what better way to
start the azonal (a.k.a. kooky) soil story than with the remark-
able serpentine "syndrome."

xii PREFACE
 INTRODUCTION
HOW G E O L O G Y S H A P E S
PLANT LIFE
 were shaped like the flatlands of the Great
W H A T IF C A L I F O R N I A

Plains? Imagine: no mountains, no valleys, no coastline...

just monotonous, level terrain running on beyond all hori-
zons. Without richly diverse landforms, this imaginary fac-
simile of Kansas would be sparingly endowed with an endless
grassland: tall- to shortgrass prairie, as it was in pre-Colum-
bian times, and in our time level fields of corn, wheat, and
soybeans.
But no! California has a geological richness beyond most
any other place in the temperate world. In the words of geolo-
gists Norris and Webb (1976,1):

California is a state of geologic contrasts. Of the 48 contigu-

ous states, it contains the highest and lowest elevations only
80 miles (130 km) apart, plus a variety of rocks, structures,
mineral resources, and scenery equalled by few areas of the
world California's rocks vary from ancient Precambrian
to presently forming sediments, and several of the state's for-
mations are type examples for North America and the world.

This incomparable array of landforms and geological for-

mations has fostered a lavish diversity of habitat types for the
plant world. And that plant life has met the challenge of di-
verse habitats with an astoundingly varied flora. Numbers tell
part of the story:

More than 6,000 species, subspecies, and varieties of native

flowering plants, conifers, and ferns grow in the gentle oak
woodlands, lofty mountains, spacious deserts, and along the
magnificent coast of California. This is nearly one-fourth of
all the plant types found in North America north of the Mex-
ican border and more than are found in any other state. In an
area comparable in size, all of New England has fewer than
2,000 plant species. Of the other states, only the huge expanse
of Texas has more than 5,000 native plants. (Skinner and
Stebbins 1997,1).

2 HOW G E O L O G Y SHAPES PLANT LIFE

 The aim of this book is to explore the profound effects of
geology on the plant diversity of the state. We ask, in geologi-
cal terms, the crucial question: Why do native plants grow
where they grow? A primary geological influence is the cre-
ation of a diversity of landforms—displays of remarkable
topographic variety that multiply the kinds of habitats se-
lected by plant life. The most influential landforms are the
mountains of the state: the noble backbone, the Sierra Nev-
ada (pi. 1); the Cascade Range to the north; the outer and
inner Coast Ranges to the west of the Great Central Valley;
and in southern California the Transverse Ranges (pi. 2),
which have emerged athwart the north-south axis of the state.
Worldwide, mountains are the major sources of habitat vari-
ety on our planet. More than 35 percent of the world's land
surfaces are made up of mountains. And California epito-
mizes this dominance of mountainous terrain. Mountains

Plate 1. The diverse landforms on Mount Whitney—ridgetops, cliff

sides, talus and scree, and forest floor—yield distinct habitats for
plants.

HOW GEOLOGY SHAPES PLANT LIFE 3

 Plate 2. Landform diversity in the Transverse Ranges of southern Cali-
fornia.

influence plant diversity in many ways. First, mountains in-

fluence regional climate: wet versus dry, depending on a west
versus east exposure. Then, within any montane topography
the variant terrain types—ridges, summits, slopes, exposures,
canyons, and valleys—multiply habitat types.
Lesser terrain variety—"surface heterogeneity" to the ge-
omorphologist—also abounds in the state, from coastline
landforms to the uneven terrain of the Great Central Valley,
with its " hog wallow" microrelief (vernal pool topography),
and the varied expanses of sand dunes and many other sur-
face irregularities. So even beyond mountainous terrain, such
lesser landforms create their own arrays of habitats.
No less crucial in defining specific locales for plants is the
nature of the rock formations and their particular soil types
(table 1). Here again, California boasts of an amazing array of
rock formations that can define the uniqueness of the soil
weathered out of different rock types. This arena of plant sci-
ence has its own vocabulary and a host of practitioners. First
are the geologists that specialize in the remarkable diversity of

4 HOW GEOLOGY SHAPES PLANT LIFE

TABLE 1 Soil Type Preferences of Rare Species

Soil Type Number of Rare Species

Serpentine 285
Granite 109
Clay 94
Carbonate 90

Volcanic 88
Alkaline 62
Gabbro 20
Sandstone 16

Shale 10
Gypsum 1

Source: From Faber 1997.The total number of rare plant species in California is
1,742.

rock t y p e s — t h e petrologists who determine the mineral

makeup of the rock, its physical and chemical properties, as
well as its crystalline fabric. As all rock types at the Earth's sur-
face undergo weathering to create soil, another breed of sci-
entist enters the scene, the pedologist, or soil scientist. Cali-
fornia's lavish diversity of rock formations has yielded a
whole library of soil types, catalogued and classified by soil
scientists, county by county, each with its own soil survey
published by the Soil Conservation Service. Among the many
soil scientists that have studied the state's soils, n o other is
more revered than Professor Hans Jenny (1899-1992) (fig. 1).
Dr. Jenny was not content to simply classify soil types by their
chemical and physical properties. He got right to the heart of
soil complexity. He pioneered the concept of distinguishing
the various factors that promote the nature of a particular soil
type (Jenny 1941, 1980). His landmark book Factors of Soil
Formation (Jenny 1941) became the "bible" for conceptualiz-
ing the interaction of such factors as climate, topography, or-
ganisms, rock types (parent material), and time. We come
back to Jenny's profound contributions when we examine
h o w soils are formed.

HOW G E O L O G Y SHAPES PLANT LIFE 5

 t

/
V
Figure 1. Hans Jenny, pioneer soil Rgure 2. Herbert Mason saw the
scientist, gave us the concept of connections between unusual
the "serpentine syndrome." soils and endemic species.

The linkage of rock type and soils to plant life has its own
cadre of plant scientists. Variously called geobotanists, edaphic
(soil) ecologists, or geoecologists, their prime interests are in
reading the landscape for signs of how landforms, rock, and
soil affect the kinds of plants at a particular site. Geoecologists
strive for competence not only in floristics (regional flora),
but also in geology and soil science. Besides Hans Jenny, who
excelled in all three areas, a fellow Berkeleyite, Professor Her-
bert Mason (fig. 2), brought to light the mystery of why so
many rare Californian plants are restricted to unusual soil
types. The embracing title for Mason's two classic papers epit-
omizes his fascination with the geology-plant connection:
"The Edaphic Factor in Narrow Endemism" (Mason 1946a,
b). The ideas behind the two words "edaphic" and "endem-
ism" are dominant themes throughout this book. "Edaphic"
simply means "soil related." Thus Mason's choice of "the
edaphic factor" translates as "the soil factor." "Endemism" and
its adjective "endemic" are the biogeographer's terms mean-
ing "restricted to." Endemism is a bit elastic in its scope. How
flexible it is can be shown by two examples. Ponderosa pine

6 HOW GEOLOGY SHAPES PLANT LIFE

 Plate 3. The serpentine endemic Tiburon jewelflower (Streptan-
thus niger) grows only on the serpentine soils found on the
Tiburon Peninsula, Marin County.

(Pinus ponderosa) is endemic to western North America, but

hardly a local rarity. Then there is the Tiburon jewelflower
(Streptanthus niger), restricted to a small patch of serpentine
soil on Tiburon Peninsula, Marin County (pi. 3). It was the
latter that Mason had in mind when he called highly local

HOW GEOLOGY S H A P E S PLANT LIFE 7

 Plate 4. The serpentine endemic sickle-leaf onion (Allium falcifolium) indi-
cates the presence of serpentine soils.

restrictions "narrow endemism." Such narrow restriction, so

common in the California flora, is almost always linked to
some unique edaphic factor (pi. 4). Robert Ornduff (fig. 4),
revered California botanist, dubbed these atypical, often lo-
cally occurring edaphic sites, "kooky soils." We both agreed
that serpentines, gypsums, limestones, and ancient laterites
are sterling examples of kooky soils that foster rare endemics.

Figure 3. G. Ledyard Stebbins Figure 4. Robert Ornduff, keen in-

crafted evolutionary pathways for terpreter of California's flora, was
edaphic (soil) rarities. the inspiration for this book.

8 HOW GEOLOGY SHAPES PLANT LIFE

 Narrow endemics, such as the Presidio manzanita (Arcto-
staphylos hookeri subsp. ravenii) and the Mount Hamilton
jewelflower (Streptanthus callistus), are, by their very local oc-
currences, rarities and perforce are often endangered—in
danger of extinction—by natural or by human causes. We ex-
plore the issues of endangerment and the conservation of
such precariously surviving plants in a later chapter.

The Evolution of S p e c i e s
with Limited R a n g e s
All throughout this narrative, where we link flora to geology,
lurks the crucial, if not the pivotal, question: How have these
creations of geoedaphic specialization come into being? This
overarching question subsumes related queries. How have
edaphic endemics, such as serpentine-restricted species, ac-
quired tolerance to this demanding habitat? Is there more
than one evolutionary pathway leading to narrow habitat re-
striction? And then, we are bound to ask: Have the origins of
neoendemics versus paleoendemics come about along the
same or different evolutionary pathways?
Such questions lead directly into the realms of evolution-
ary biology and its dominant paradigm, the neo-Darwinian
"machine." The central question now is: Can the neo-Dar-
winian model explain the origins of geoedaphically derived
plants? Let us try! But first we must give the barest outline of
what is meant by "neo-Darwinism." Simply put, it is Charles
Darwin's revolutionary concept of natural selection linked
with hereditary (genetic) variability in natural populations
(fig. 5). Given sufficient expressed forms of variant genes in
the population's gene pool, certain gene combinations will be
favored, by natural selection, over others. Even ever so slight
differences in adaptedness will preferentially allow those indi-
viduals to survive, leaving more offspring than the less well

HOW GEOLOGY SHAPES PLANT LIFE 9

 H

Mutation: Reproduction: Natural Fittest gene

origin of —«- recombination —• selection combinations
new genes of existing for current or
genes new conditions

Figure 5. Likely sequence of evolutionary stages leading to an adaptively

changed species.

adapted. Why the "neo-" in neo-Darwinism? The nineteenth-

century version of evolutionary change lacked the genetic
basis for adaptive change. Darwin and his adherents did not
know about Mendelian inheritance. It was only after the birth
and maturation of modern genetics that a mechanism for
evolutionary change (as well as equilibrium—the status quo)
was tied to Darwinian natural selection. This simple func-
tional duality—natural selection acting on a variant gene
pool—has become the "panchreston," explaining how evolu-
tion works, and has been convincingly tested in both plants
and animals. Neo-Darwinian evolution is one of biology's
most pervasive truisms. As the eminent evolutionary biolo-
gist (who moved to the University of California at Davis in his
last years) Theodosius Dobzhansky has said, "Nothing makes
sense in biology except in the light of evolution" (1973,125).
How does the model work in explaining the origin of
geoedaphic specialists? I have put it to the test in three differ-
ent but related forms (Kruckeberg 1985,1999,2002). First we
construct a testable model. Then we seek case histories where
there appear to be stages in the evolution of edaphic endemic
species. Finally, we set forth examples where the neo-Darwin-

10 HOW GEOLOGY SHAPES PLANT LIFE

 Acquisition of edaphic
or site-specific tolerance

Distinct race by
I
Distinct race by
disruptive selection or
gradual divergence
by catastrophic selection

i
Self-perpetuating
race
i
Self-perpetuating
race

_ J
Gene flow between adjacent populations
reduced by intrinsic (genetic) and
extrinsic (edaphic) factors
- incipient isolation

J
Isolation yields further divergence in
morphological-physiological traits
a s well a s reproductive traits
- speciation

Figure 6. A flow chart showing the gradual (right pathway) or abrupt (left
pathway) diversification and speciation under geoedaphic influences.

ian model has been acted out within recorded history. It is

worthwhile expanding on each of these approaches.
A flow chart (fig. 6) portrays the essential features of a
model for the origin of edaphic endemics. Each of the stages
conforms to the basic neo-Darwinian paradigm. I use the ser-
pentine environment as the setting for the two sequences. The
crucial first stage is the existence of genetic variability in the as
yet nonadapted (nonserpentine) population. Within this ge-
netically variable gene pool, there must be some genes or gene
combinations that are preadapted, in other words, incipiently
tolerant to the serpentine habitat. Once gaining a toehold on
serpentine, enhanced tolerance comes into being via natural

HOW G E O L O G Y SHAPES PLANT LIFE 11

 selection of additional tolerance genes. At this stage we recog-
nize the genesis of an edaphic race derived from what was
once an intolerant, nonserpentine species. The tolerant race,
resulting from ecotypic variation (genetic response to an en-
vironmental challenge), may simply perpetuate itself in-
definitely. Such ecotypic variants, described in chapter 3, are
usually detectable only by progeny-testing on serpentine soil;
tolerant and intolerant races of common yarrow (Achillea
millefolium) are shown in figs. 18-20. It is also likely that the
tolerant race can be the stepping stone to further genetic di-
vergence. Thus in time, tolerant plants may become isolated
from the nonserpentine ancestral population; in so doing
they gain the hallmarks of a distinct, serpentine-endemic
species. As a fully fledged species, it will have acquired visible
(morphological) features distinct from its progenitor and will
have likely become reproductively isolated from its ancestral
type. This evolutionary pathway, shown on the right-hand se-
quence of fig. 6, exhibits the commonest evolutionary vector,
á la the standard neo-Darwinian mode.
However, though less common, a more rapid mode of at-
taining species-level distinctness can be identified, as shown
on the left-hand side of the flow chart. One intriguing variant
of rapid speciation involves a major chromosomal change,
called allopolyploidy. It is best known in perennial flowering
plants and comes about as follows: Two distinct species that
are close neighbors (sympatric) may cross with one another.
The resulting interspecific hybrid is usually sterile and thus
incapable of perpetuating itself. But nature has a way of
breaking out of this bottleneck of hybrid sterility. If the hy-
brid, often a long-lived perennial, can double its complement
of chromosomes (polyploidy), the polyploid hybrid can be-
come fertile with itself but cannot backcross to either of its
parents. Having acquired traits of both parental species, the
polyploid hybrid species will be intermediate in both struc-
tural (morphological) and functional (physiological) traits.
Further, it may find and occupy a habitat that is intermediate.

12 HOW GEOLOGY SHAPES PLANT LIFE

If the parent species were adapted to different soil types, the
new allopolyploid could tolerate an intermediate soil type. An
even more novel outcome would be rapid accommodation to
a new and different soil environment, as a result of the poly-
ploid having an enriched genetic makeup.
Do we find nature acting out any of the models just de-
scribed? Progression from a parental species to a new one is
usually a slow evolutionary process, hardly to be witnessed
within a lifetime of an observant botanist-naturalist. Yet na-
ture provides another set of actors to record just such an evo-
lutionary trajectory. We look to plant genera that display the
detectable stages from start—preadapted genotypes—to
finish—the full-fledged species. I discovered just such a se-
ries of stages in the mustard family jewelflowers, in the genus
Streptanthus (fig. 7). One group of species in the genus is
largely made up of serpentine endemics—the Secton Euclisia
(Kruckeberg and Morrison 1983; Hickman 1993; Kruckeberg
2002). One Euclisian species, S. glandulosus, provides evidence
for stages in the evolution of a serpentine endemic species (pi.
5). The typical form of the species occurs both on and off ser-
pentine. The serpentine-tolerant populations have achieved
the edaphic race level of evolutionary adaptedness to serpen-
tine. Then the final stage is reached in one Euclisian popula-
tion; S. niger, a narrow endemic on serpentines of Tiburon
Peninsula, Marin County, is both sharply distinct from other
S. glandulosus relatives, and is reproductively isolated from
them (Kruckeberg 1958).
Other native genera, mostly annuals, have undoubtedly
paralleled the Streptanthus sequence. The pattern can be ex-
pected in the several tarweed genera (e.g., Madia, Layia, Hem-
izonia, and Calycadenia); also in Clarkia, Gilia, and Linan-
thus. Though this may be pure conjecture, these annuals do
have both serpentine and nonserpentine species, and the lat-
ter could have tolerant and intolerant races.
What about the polyploid origins of edaphic specialists? A
clear case can be recognized among the herbaceous perennial

HOW GEOLOGY SHAPES PLANT LIFE 13

 \ V

Figure 7. Streptanthus niger, the narrow endemic Tiburon jewelflower,

though related to S. glandulosus, is infertile but still retains S. glandu-
losus attributes.

species of Phacelia (the fiddleneck genus in the waterleaf fam-

ily [Hydrophyllaceae]). Larry Heckard, one of the originators
of the Jepson Manual for California (Hickman 1993) found a
veritable network of polyploids in the California phacelias
(Heckard 1960) (fig. 8). In this multilevel (diploid, 2n, to

14 HOW GEOLOGY SHAPES PLANT LIFE

 Plate 5.
Streptanthus
glandulosus,
which grows
widely in the
state on both ser-
pentine and nor-
mal soils, could
be the ancestral
species for S.
rtigeri.pi. 3, fig. 7)
and for S. insignis
(pi. 8) as well.

hexaploid, 6n) polyploid complex, chromosome numbers

range from the basic diploid number (1 n = 11) to high poly-
ploids (6n = 66). Several of the polyploids are serpentine en-
demics: P. egena, P. capitata, and P. corymbosa. Did their high
polyploidal levels facilitate their adaptation to serpentine?
Alas, that remains a mystery.
Another edaphic specialist, Delphinium gypsophilum (pi.
6), is a polyploid complex of a different sort. Populations of
this larkspur, occurring on gypsum-rich soils in the southern
San Joaquin Valley, contain both diploid and tetraploid types;
both ploidal levels often are found in the same population.
Unlike the Phacelia polyploids, the larkspur polyploids do
not arise following interspecific hybridization. Instead, the
tetraploid types arise autonomously, within a given popula-

HOW G E O L O G Y SHAPES PLANT LIFE 15

 Hexaploid

bemardina • • virgata

Figure 8. Speciation by doubling of chromosome number (polyploidy)

richly endows the perennial Phacelia magellanica species complex with
a variety of species of different chromosome numbers. Several of these
phacelias are serpentine endemics.

tion; this form of chromosome doubling is called allopoly-

ploidy. It is unlikely that the two ploidal levels (2«, or diploid,
and An, or tetraploid) have different tolerance levels to the
gypsum soils (Koontz and Soltis 2001).
Thus far our search for modes of origin of geoedaphic
species has been based largely on circumstantial evidence.
Should we not expect the rare case of a "sudden" origin of
such a specialist that could occur within historical times?
Such a case does exist. It has been meticulously documented
in the California monkeyflower genus, Mimulus, by Mark
MacNair (1989). Here the edaphic challenge was the high lev-
els of copper in mine tailings near Copperopolis, Calaveras
County. The highly variable and adaptively versatile M. gutta-

16 HOW GEOLOGY SHAPES PLANT LIFE

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
ttre'zza, f. f. tresca. 'ftri'a, f. baSf. rote triglia. tria'Ca, f. (Farm.)
X^exkaC, n. (b. gt. ^tjQianii, Slrjnei gegen bcn iBiB giftiger Siere).
tri'ade, f. 3)reil)eit; Sreijafil; SriaS ob. Xriabe, f. || Sreieinigteit
(®otteä), f. (P. gt. XQldi, TQiüdoq). t tria'le, f. Steijaei, f. tria'ndria, f.
(Bot.) Stianbtia. pl. (ffitaffe bet brcimiiunigcn tpflanjen ; btitte beS
ainue» fcfien ©tjftemS) (p. gr. rgia u. ävfie, ävSeös, Mann).
triangola-re, agg. breirointlig; breiecfig || (Anat.) muscolo * (ob. *,
m.), breiecEigec Sruftmuäfel || (Mat.) numeri -i, Sriangular» ob.
Srigonaljafilen, f. pl. (mit. triangnlaris). triangolaritä, f. Sireiedlgteit,
f.; brel» edige gorm. triangola-to, agg. in Srcicttc serlegt (6fc< i)u\i
Slnsmetfung) ; trianguliert. triangolazio'ne, f. Sriaugulation; 5Jet=
meffung burcfi gerlegcn in 3;reictJe, f. (gclb= raefemetOobe).
triangole'tto u. triangoU'no, m. {dim. p. triangolo) Heines 5)reied;
Xreiccfcgcn, n. tria'ngolo, m. (Oeom.) Srciect, n.; ~equilatero,
isoscele, scaleno, retlangolo, ad angolo ottuso, sferico, gleitgfeitigeS,
gleid)fd)enfligcS, ungleicfiteitigeS, rec^tiuindigeS, ftumpfroinlliä .
geä, iptiärifctieä Sreiett || (Astr.) Ti-iangolo boreale, austräte,
nörblidjeS, füblid)eä Ereiei (©ternbilbcr) || (Mus.l Sriangcl. m. ||
(Magn.) brciedige, breitantigc geile || brei» fontiget tiolij,
(»tocfbcgen || fatto a ~, in breis ecfiger gorm; in gorm eineä
SreietfS (lat. triangulus). ttria-re (tri-o), v. a. auSloäSlen; anS" lefcn
(unter einet gröfiercn ga6l) || reiben; jetrelbcn (gnrben) (bergt, frj.
trier ; roogl für tritare 0. tat. terere). tria'rio (pl. - 1 j ), m. (Stör,
rom.) Stiattet, m. (ber römif(f)cn Serntruppe, bie im britteit ®liebc
ftanb, angeljörigcr ©olbat) (tat. triatriba'iico, agg. (Chim.) breibafig.
fn. »tri'bbia, f. SluSbrefdien (beS ®ctteibeS), tribbia're (tri-bbio), v.
a. brefc^en; auSbtefdien; baSt. (u. fcltener in biefem ©inn) wie
trebbiare || überfiaiHit: jermaimcn; jer« trümmctn; bef. ~ le legna,
baS $o(ä tlctn fpalten ; la sega trjbbia il legname, bie ©age
jerbrödclt baS ^olj (fügt cä nitbt glatt burc^) || fam. gefjörig
butdjWalteit, jetbtefc^en, bnr^« ))rügelu (O. tribbio). tribbiatu'ra, f.
StuSbrcfegen, n. (beS ®e= tteibcä) II Rleinfpalten (beS iiolseS). n.
*tri'bbio (pl. -bbj), m. Breftfifleget, m. (tat. tribulum). ttri'bo, m. für
triba (M.) (lat. tribus). tribola're (tri'bolo), v. a. bcängftigen;
betümmcrn; betäftigen; guölen; flogen; mit Erangfalcn aller Slrt
Seimfucgcu; n. über» 6oupt: l)eiinfncl)cn || v. n. firmer leiben; ^art
barnieberliegen ; in SUot u. Slenb leben \lprov. cbi altri tribola so
non posa. Wer anbete quält, l)at aud) felbft feine 3iul)e || p. pass.
tribola-to, aliagg.: arg öcimgcfutjt, ge« flogt; elenb; in SJlot n.
Sotgen lebeiib; atni ||
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accurate

878 tribolatamente — trina Qii^ nl§ sost. m. Boccorrete im

povero *, ^cltt raiv (irmcm. gc|)l(ifltcm »inline (mit. tribulare u. lüt.
tribulus, fJuSnitgcl). tribolatame-nte, am. iiiitcr Stniijialcn,
^eimdulmngen ; in 3!ot u. Slciii) ; in Summet u. ©otgcn. tribolato-
re, m.; -tri-ce, f. plaget; !Pel= nincr; Scbiängct ; SJcbvücfcr, m.; =in,
f. tribolazio-ne, f- *I"9e; Clnai; $clm= (urtiinta. f.; Sronfllol, n.u.f.;
5!ot, f.; eicnb, n.; Scbrängniä, f.; adbcu ottcv an, n. pl. (mit.
tribulalio, -onem). tri-bolo, m. (Bot.) @toc6cI=, S33ci(Tctnui f.
(Trapa natans) ; auä): äBuräClboin, m.; SwiningSfilatt, n. (Tribulus
terrestris) ; aii(6 : ©tclnllce; ^onigtlcc, m. (Melilotus officinalis) II
(Mil. stör.) gufmiigct.f.; ^ilnbcrnis für bic ifotmnctic, n. II (Agr.)
auägcrteftc SBnIse jum Üluflirccftcn bei- garten Stfiole mancher
gvürfjte, ©etrctbearten ic. \\ fig. für tribolazioDe (tat. tribulus).
IBranglolen I)eimgc[u(f)t. ttribolo-so, agg. bebrängt; geplagt; »on
triboTdo,m.Cjl/tir.; ©teuetboib.n. (®egcn» fafe: babordo, Sattbotb).
tribra-chio ii. tri'braco, m. (Metr.) Xti-. trntfiiiä, m.; oiiä brci turjen
Silben (--w— ) i;icftel)eiibcr SBerSfut (». gr. zgi- u. ßcaxi?, fntj).
tribü, f. (Stör, rom.) SritniS, m.; 3I6tei= lung beä röm. SBolIeS;
SSoUäflafte, f. || je?! juiueilcn für; Stamm; »oltäftaram (bef. loilbet
SBbltci), m. (lat. tribus). ttribni-re, v. a. bQ5(. wie attribuire u. löte
retribuire (Int. tribuere). tribu-na, f. Biijne; 3!ebneibil5ne, f.; iReb=
ncrftul)!, m.; (Pari.) SRcbueifiibüne, f. || 6c= jonberä
anSgcjeltbneter qjlaS (in einem öffcnt= licIieH (Sebiiube); tvibun ;
Dbcrftct, SBertieter eines 2ribnä. m. || soherx. i^oUtifcr, ber fid)
gerne nlä oneiniget SBertrcter beä Solfeä nnffpielt; fSoItätribun ;
nuii: ))oliti(ct)er üluf^e^er, SKil^let; Schüret bet blinbcn
Soltäleibcnfc^aftcn, m. (lat. tribUDUS). tribnta-re (tribu to), t. a.
Sribut be« jnfilen || meift nur fig.: ~ lodi, onore, ringraziamenti, Ebb
fpenben ; gljrc enocifeii ; 3)ant abftotten ; ~ ossequj, 4>nlbigungcn
bnrbringen, 8U Silßen legen. tribnta-no (pl. -rj), agg. ttlbut=, äinS=
))flicl)tig ; jinsbac (ein Stont bcm nubeven) || outfi: fleucrpfliditlg ;
Me abgaben, Steuern betvejfcnb; sistema ~, Stenerfljfteni, n.;
graTezza -a, Steuevinft, f. || nuc^ 0l8 sost. m. ginäf flidilißer ;
Eributar, m., il Vicerä d'Egitto « un ~ della Porta, bet SBijefBliig bbii
Sigljpten ift bet Pforte tributpflitiitig || (Gmgr.j fiumo ~, 5!el)eufln6.
m.; fi(^ nic^t birttt ins Meer crgiefienbcr glufe (Int. tributarliis).
tribu-to, m. Iribnt, m.; SIbgnbc, f.; meift im polit. Sinne; baS, loaS
bet SBajall bcm ScIinBfiemi, ber 9?cricgte bem Sieger bejatilen mu6;
nbct eurfi in berisebentung uon: Steuer, f.; Sd)D&; 3'"'°''"-; *
erariale, conuinale, Staats», (Scmcinbcnbgnben, f. pl. || däuns fig.:
ßoH, m.; sacrpfliäjtung ; Scöiilbigtcit, f.; pagare il ~ alla natura, ber
SJntur ben Stlbut entrlttiten, b. ft. ftcrben ; pagare il ~ al gusto
corrotto del secolo, bem ucrberbtcn ®efrt)mnrt bes gntit^unbcttS
feinen 8oU jn^len muffen (lat. tributura). tric-trac, m. (Giwx.)
ErirftmcT; 5BürfeI= fbicl nuf bem ^uffbrett ju giBeien, n.; Eocco=
nnc ob, SoccnblUe, f. [spiralis). trichi-na, f. (Zool.) Ericfiine, f.
(Trichina trici-clo, m. Sretrnb; Srlctitle, n.; btei= täbrigeS
SBelociVieb. txici'pite, agg. bvcltövfig II sost. m. (Anat.) S:rlee)>s,
m.; brcüöpfiger ijberntmmuSfel (lot. triceps, -cipitem). tricli-nio (pl. -
nj),m. (Archeol.) 0lt= rBmifdje SVci[eban( (mit brei Ungern) ; Xri»
flinium, n. (Int. tricliniuni). tricoloTe, agg. breifarbig (gn^iien, Stfiät»
fen !c.) II sost. ra. Eclfolorc, f.; brcifntbige ainttonalin^iie Italiens
(grün, ibciis, rot). trlcörde, agg. (Mus.) btcijaltig. tricorno, agg.
breiJBtnlg || sost. m. 2)tcl= mnftct; ^ut mit brei Spieen, m.
(ipriefter=, Sünvoleenc-fint) (tat. tricomis). tricorpöreo, agg. onS
brei fiör))eni 6e« ftelieub (j. B. ber Saturn) (tat. tricorpor). ttricröma,
f. iiaiA- >oie biscroma. ttricu-bito, m. altes OTafe von brei Effen
afinne. [breigicbelia (j. 8. goffaben). tricuspida-le , agg. (Arch.)
breiiptljlg; tricu-spide, agg. baS(. mlc tricuspidale || sost. f. (Arch.)
btelfpitiige, bteigiebelige gaffabe; goffobe mit brei Spifbogeu. f. (tat.
tricuspex, -spidem). |waffnet (3!e))tun). ttridenta-to, agg. mit bcm
Sircijacl be= tridente, ra. Sreiäact, m. (beS 3!e|)tun) || breijinflgc
2l!i|t!, gift^ergabel (tat. tridens, -dentem). ® tridentiere, m. il ~,
bet Stcija* ft^iuingct (Beiname SüeptunS) (tat. tridentiger ob.
tridentifer). tridenti-no, agg. nur in bet Sufammen« fe^uiig; concilio
~, ffionjil 1). Xrleut. n. (ionft ttridna-no, aärp. breitiigig. [trientino).
tri'duo, m. 3f"raum »on brci Sagen, m.; bcf. (Eccles.) brcitagige
geftfcier (in irgcnb einer Sirclie) (tat. triduum). triedro, agg. (Qtcm.)
breifläcliig || sost.m. töperllcbc ©de (». gt. rgi- u. Uga, ®runb=
ttrie-giia, f. f. tregua. Iflöific). ttriemito, m. f. tremito. trienna-le, agg.
nDe brci Sotire loiebet= le^renb (gcfic k.) || brei Sa^re Inng
banernb. trienne, agg. breijnlirig ; brei Sn^re alt || alle brci Sn^re
iBleberteftrenb (tat. trieDnis). triennio (pl. -nnj), m. 3eitrnum Bon
brei Snljrcn; Xriennium, n.; ~ academico, brciinl)riger Bcfut^ einet
4iod)fcI)nlc (aucfi ber Stubent'beS brüten Snlireä ralrb häufig - gea
nannt) (Int. triennium). triera-rca (pl. -chi), m. (Mar. stör.) gU^rcr,
ftavitnn einer breirubcrigcn ®aleete, m. (nr. zgtrjsaQxos). tnere, f. f.
trireme (o. gr. ijnjgijs). Trieste, m. (Geogr.) Irieft, n. triesti-no, agg.
tricftinifc^ || sost. m. Triestino, Xvicftiuer, m. ttrieterico, agg. oHc
brci Sa^re niicber= ^olt (tat. trietericus). ftrie-va, f. basf. loic tregua.
©trifa-uce, agg. breiidiUlnblg; breitc^lig (Seinnme bcS (ScrbcriiS ;
lot. trifaui, -aucem). ttri-fera, f. (Farm.) SatlBcrge, f. tri-&do,agg.
breigejualteu ; brcifbaltig (tat. trifidiis). Ilitattformig. tnlogiia:to,agg.
(Bot.) bretblütterig ; tlee» trilögUo (pl. -gli), m. (Bot.)mtt,m.
(Trifolium). ttriföglio, agg. bnSf. ioie trifogliato. tri-fora, f. (Arch.)
breibogige SicIjtBffnung; Botengang mit bretgetciltcr Öffnung, m.;
Xnfovium, n. [trifurcus). triforca'to, agg. brcisintig ; brci,inc(ig (tat.
triforcu-to, agg. baSl. U'ic triforcato. ti'ifoTme, nw-
breigcftattigitat.triformis). tri-ga, r. (Ärcluoi.) aUagen für !I)reige=
(Ijann, lu.; mit brci 3!offcn beipannter ffiagen (tat. triga, cntft. aus
tri-juga). trrgamo, agg. in btitter Sljc Icbeiib : ixim brittcnmal
uerl)cirntet || auc§: bteifacl) Bcr= heiratet (0. gr. tgiyaf^og).
triga'strico, agg. (Anat.) brciban^ig ; au8 btcl aSusrcln
jnfamutcngefelit OiiiStctbünbcO. trigemino, agg. 511 einet
SriUiugSgeburt gctiörig || säst, -i, ra. pl. ^tiüinge, m. pl. || (Anat.)
~, m. ItigcmiuuS, m.; bretgeteiltct IRerli (tat. trigerainus). trigesimo,
agg. {num. card.) bnSf. lüic baS gebriiutlilic^ere trentesimo (tat.
trigesinius). tri-glia, f. iZool.) ©eebarbe, f.; aiotbart, m. (MuUus
barbatus) ; ~ di scogllo, Stein« barbe |1 fam. far l'occhio di ~ a qd.,
jcm. fel)nfüd)tig , fc^mnrf)tenb niifdiaucn || tatt gcug ob. %ui)
(baSj. lote cammellotlol (B. gr. ZQiyXa). triglie'tta, f. (dim. u. vexx. ».
triglia) fleine, jorte Seebarbe; -e alla livornese, Seebarben In
Somatenfnuce, f. pl. tri-glifo, ra. (Arch.) Srigllipl); 3>reittI)Il6, m.
(önä mit brci 4>of|l!el)lcn gcjicrte ©lieb im grieie ber borifcfien
Enulcnorbnnug) (gr. rgiyXvipog). Iglietta). trigü-na u. trigloli-na, f.
bnSf. roic trlttrigo'ne, m. ha§\. lutc trigono. tri-gono, ra. (Geom.)
Dreiect, n. || (Ästr.) Srigoiial|d)cin; ®ebrUtftftcln, m. (B. gt.
rgt»■(«rov). trigonometri-a, f. (Mat.) Krigonoractrie;
SrciccKmcülnnft, f. (B. gr. zgiyairov u. /iiZQOV). trigonometricame-
nte, agg. auf ttigono= mctrifcöemaSeiicibcfliramen, nuSmcffen);
imc^ ben SJegeln bet Stigonometrie. trigouometrico, agg.
trigonomctrife^ ; jut 3)rcic(iSlc6rc, »mcffuug gcljBrfg. trila'tero, agg.
(Geom.) breifcitlg || (Bot.) fogUa -a, bvcitantlgcä Blatt (mit.
trilaterus). trilinea-re, agg. (Geom.) Bon brci Sinien cingc(tt)loffen
(gigur). trili-neo, agg. nu8 brci Sinien bcftetienb. trili-ngue, agg.
brettprat^ig; tu btel Spracben Berfa^t (Int. trilinguis). trilio-ne, ra.
Iriüion, f.; toufenbmal tau> fcnb Biüionen. trilla-re (tri-llo), t. n.
(Mus.) trillern; Eriuer fingen, fpiclcn; einen Eriller fdilngcn
(SingBögel) || t'- a. bin u. ^cr |rt)üttcln, rütteln || p. pass. trilla-to,
nlS agg.: ge« triüert; nlS Irlllet gelpiclt, gelungen. tri-Uo, m. (Mus.)
ZriUer, m. (StliaHloott.) triloba-to, agg. (Bot.) brcilnppig (B. gt. zgf u.
;.o/Jos, Sappen). trilogi-a, f. (Lett.) Ätilogie ; Siteificit Bon
®(f)aufpielcn (utiprüngl. ber griedi. Biifmc), f.
||nngcmein:SrciI)eltBonäU|ammcngel)brigen S)l(f)tuiigcn (gr.
zgdoyia). trilu-stre, agg. brci Suftren alt; fünfjcbn^ jäfnig (tat.
trilustris). [luembris). trimembre, agg. breiglicberig (tat. tritrimestra-
le, agg. brcirnonntlirti ; alle brei fflionotc wiebcrtctitcnb ob.
nuSgcfütirt; pagaraeiito ~ dei frutti, breimonntlictje (Bicrtcl«
jafirlicbc) 31nSän6Iung. trimestralme'nte, am. in btcimonatlidjcn
(Bicrtcl|iiörlid)cn) 8«lf(f)enräumen ; nüe brei TOonate. trimestre, so.
Scitrnum Bon brci SKo= naten, m.; S8lertel)al)r; Qunrtal, n. ||
Blertel' jäljrige 3alilniig; CunvtnlSgefinlt, =lo^n, m.; un ~ di frutti,
Bicrtcljnlirigc 3infen, m. pl. || oHc in einem Bierteljabre
ausgegebenen SKum» TOcrn einer 3eituiig (0. Int. agg. triraestris).
tri'metro, m. (Metr.) Srimetcr, m.; brel= gliebrigcr ob. fec^Sfiiüiger
BerS; ~ iambico, jnnibif'cbcr Xtimeter (nu(^ senario, SenntluS,
geiinnnt) (gr. zgifiszgo;). trimpella-re (trimpello), v.n. lonnfcn;
fcbiwaiitcn; nlcfit feft ftclien (j. B. Betruntene; aber nui^ 2iid)e,
Slüf)lc jc.) || fig. äBgcm; jnubcrn; ftl)roantcn in feinen entfrf)lü|icn;
nidit« fertig bringen, jU ntti)t8 tommcn in jcinct Strbctt || tfüt
strimpellare (ISnij Ber« mutet 3ufnmmen6ang mit trarapoli, aljo
^lertimft B. got. trimpan, treten). ti-impelli-no , m. fam. trippeinber,
nur müljfnm gel)en (bnnenbct SRcnjc?; tripplet, m. II flg.
uncntld)lo(fciict iWenfc^; tangfamet, jnubetnber arbeiter. trimpelli-o
(pl. -i'i). ni. on^altcitbcS SBnnfeii ; S(t)ioonten; 3!i(|lfcftftcScn, n.;
nmn= tciibct, trippelnbct ®ang || fig. fortronSrenbeS 3Bgern,
3aubctn, Hncntitöloffenicin || ipiv atrinipellio. tri-na, f. Spitic, f.;
gelocbtc, gc^ülclte, gc» Hoppelte, gefttittte Snute; ~ di seta, di filo,
Selben», (äinrufpije; -edi Fjandra, Brüffelcr (Brnbanter) Splften, f.
pl.; vestito guarnito di ~, mit Spifjcu befelstcS ftlelb; Sleib mit
SpifcnbclaU, n. || carta colla ~, auf >papict oufgcbnirftcS
Spitenmiiftct || fig. 11. fam. che ~ ! 'loaS fiit ein SUgciigelBcbc I
IBClffte fünft» tirfic Bctbrelmng I (0. triuo, rocil mctft auä brei gäben
^ergeftent).
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accurate

Trinacria — tristo 879 © Trina-cria, f. (Gmgr.j Sijlltcit, n.;

baS tiHnnltiidlc eUoiib (flv. yjjivawpio). trina-ia, f. SplDciimcbci-iii ,
^flöpplcrlii, •ttirfeviii, f. II ©(jiscnoetläufcriii, f. || SpH}en=
oiisiiclicviii, =näl)cvtii. f. tiina'me, m. SpHiciirocvt, n.; @)>i(cn>
tcln?. 111.; Jjiaufcit ooii Spi(}cn, ra. trina-re (tri-no), v. a. mit Spltien
6e< fetcii, tctbvöiiiEii II p. pass. trina-io, alä agg.: mit Spieen belebt.
»ctbiSmt; carta -a, ^pi(ciipnpicr, n. tri-nca, f. (Mar.) Umflüttuiiä,
Sefcfligutig bcr SDinftcii, Sliiifjcn mit Sniicii, f. || ©cifing;
!Bc((l)lot|fciriii9, f. II ©iflH)i(ltlcilic, f. (U. fpaii. trinca, läiebtiltcä;
olfo: bKifadiciBtfcftinuiiQ). trinca're (tri-nco, -Chi), t. a. u. n. iiiiinii6iB
tviiiteii; (aufen; jedicii; si trincd un fiasco di Tino, et (off ciiicii ganjeii
giaSco iüciii aii6 II p.pass. trinca* to, n[§ agg.: furbo ~, Jörtift
(ctjlaucr, gcctcbciier SDfenitI); mit oncii 4iimtieii ge^efter ®aimcc
(o. ol)b. trinkau, tviutcn). trinca-re (tri-nco, -chi), v. a. (Mar.)
mitfiintenlQuciiiimbinbcii.befcttifleiKiDiaJte, SHnlicii !C.). (n. pl.
trincaxi-ni, ui. pl. (Mar.) 2ciH)bläer, trinca-ta, f. Initit, in.; in iina ~
vnota un üasco, er leert einen g-insco oiif einem SiC. ttrincato-re, m.
geclier; Säufer, m.; fintier Iriiiler, trincera n. trincea, f. (Mit.)
aaiifgrabcii, m.; *XrQnct)ie, f. || nudi nllfiement: eröcin= Mnitt (jiit
Durdilegimg oou ©trajeit, eijens oaljnliiiien), m. (u. trinciare).
trincerame-nto, m. (Fort.) SBcrteSanäung, f.; nraflcbeii mit SiiMf=,
Sdjü^cngtaben, n. trincera-re (trincero), v. a. (Mit.) bnrd) fiouf',
©dtiitjeiigräbeii (einen Ort) bc= feftigen, DerWnnjen; ttm
mitSoufgräben um» flcben II -rsi, v. rifl. ficfi burd) £aiif(iräben
fd)ilj}cn; (id) berfdjQnjen ; [it^ cingralicn || fig. —rsi dietro certi
argonienti, fid) eintet ge« hiiflen iBe^aiiptungen terfefianäeu || p.
pass. trincera-to, alä agg.: Derlc^anjt; mit üaufä. ©djüfcngräben
umMloKeu; campo -, terfdjonjteä !üaget. ttrincero-ne, m. (Mit.)
SSctMaiiäung, f. trincetta-ta, f. 4ileb, gt^nitt, ©to6 mit einem
£rtni)ter=, Sattlermeffcr, m. trince'tto, m. ©cöujtets, Satttetmenct,
n.; ®tf|ul)mad)ertiieif, m. || SluS^adet, m. (o. trinciare). trinclie-tto,
m. (Mar.) 93elon=, i8orft(ig=, SJodiegel, n. || iBefans, gocfmn[t, m.
(raeift albero di ~) (loo^l oon trinca, lucgen bcr brei= ctfigen gorm;
anbete benten on ha^ lat. triquetrus). trincia'nte, ni. [. p. pres. b.
trinciare. trincia-re (tri-ncio), v. a. (c^ncibcn; jcrid)neibcn (in fletne
©tiitte) || jcrlegen; jet» Icftneiben; botldjnciben (Me ©peilen);
tran= dltetcn (ben l^raten) || *. l'aria colle braccia, colle ali, bie Suft
burd)lc^neiben (burd)fäbcln) mit ben älrmen, Slilgcln || (ig. u. fam.
~ i panni addosso ad uno, jem. [jlnter [ei= ncm Siüden
5eruiitetrei6cn; i^m 61nterrütfä ©[61ed)te§ nad)iagen || ~ capriole,
luftige ©ptiingc t^un ; (jäutjelbaumc fd)lagen || (Giuoo. detpatlone)
* la palla, bem 33nll butct) tiUjeS Slnftfilnge« eine
riictiuärtäbreljenbe iBcloegnitg geben (fo ba6 er beim älufptatlcn
fdjief jurücfi fpringt) || -rsi, y. rifl. ficfi btedien (in ben gölten;
©toffe) || p. pres. trincia-nte, fi^neibenb ; alö agg.: \et)t fcSntf
(SBertjeng) || sost. m. 1 9iotfrt}neibet ; ^etleger (bet ©petfen ; an
alten gütfteuljöfen ic.). m. || jeft; Sot» Icges, 3;tanc^ietmeffer, n.;
trinciante-paglia, ^dtffelmeffer, n. || ffig. ^ro^ler; Slufft^ncibcr, m.
II p. yass. trincia- to, nl§ agg.: Hein gefdinitten || sost. m. Slrt
9Jancft= u. ©tpnnpf» tobal; ©c^nitttnbaf, ui. (@ti)m. nubcftimmt;
bieU. ö. tat. intermicare ü. interimere ; ob. b. internecare, ba^ im
proben?, entrencar lourbe). [omgügel. trincia'ta, f . (Cavalt.) lutjet,
fdjnrferSiuct trinciatoTe, m.; -tri-ce, f. SBorjc^netber, gcrlcger;
Irant^ierer (ber gpeifen), m.; sin, f. trinciatn'ra, f. ©cljneiben;
3trfd)neiben ; getlegen; Xtand)teten; SJotfcftneiben, n. ttrinciera, f.
f. trincera, trincea. ttri'ncio (pl. -ci ), m. baSf. lule frastaglio. t tri-nco,
1173. im ^bcbften (Stabe beraiifc^t; »oll lote eine Kanone; bejoffcn.
trinco'iie, m.; -o-na, f. Saufet; ßec^er, Xrinter; Enintenbolb, m.; =tn,
f. trinelle, f. pl. (Mar.) Se jc^Iaglcincn, f. pl.; ffiinbeftränge, m. pl.
fenlet, m. trinipo'te, m. (Jnfel Im brttten (Srab ; Ut= trinitä, f.
(25»;.^ Steieinigteit; S)teifaltlfl= teit, f. (in bcr ^"''""""^"l'^ti'i'in '"i'
chiesa fprldit baS flotentinijtbc Soll : chiesa di Santa Tri-nita, nid)t
Santa Trinitä, ^eilige Stel> falticiteilBtitt^e) (lat. trinitas). trinitä, f.
(Bot.) Seberblümdicn ; Scf)H)arj> blötterlraut, n. (Anemone
hep.Ttica). trinita-rio (pl. -rj), m. (Ecctes.) Xtini» tarier;
S)rcieiiiigteit8bctenner, ni. (Slngctiört» ger ciiieä 1198 in ©panien
gcfiiitclen, bie SoS» Inufung gefangener ß^rlften [flauen jura gwect
I)abcnbcii DrbenS). trrno, agg. gcbrttt; bteifältig ; brcicinig {Teot. bie
(5)ottI)eit) l| (Ästr.) aspctto ~, ®ci brittfdiciu; Irigonalfcljciu, m. ||
tfnr triplice (lat. triiius). |(3at)lengrö[ie, Sluäbrutf). trinomina-le ,
agg. (Ätg.) bteigliebrtg trinomio (pl. -inj), in. (Alg.j Srinom, n.;
breitcUige, breigliebrige3al)lengröBe; btei* gliebriget Üluäbtutt (b.
gr. rgi- 11. voiioq). tri'o, m. (Mus.) £rio, n.; breiftiinmigcB Sonftiitt für
Snftrnmente ; anrt) : ruöiger, me= lobifdicr SUilttclialj (einer ©onnte
k.). triöcco 11. triöcca, f. rolg. InftiiieS ®e= läge ; fröblfrf)e ,
auägeloffeue ©djmaiiferci (etljiu. bnnlel). trionfa-le, agg. jum
Irlumpfj, Sriump^» jng geljijrig; arco, carro », Iriumpl)bogcu,
:iruigen, m.; fare il buo ingresso *, feinen feftlirtien Sinjug,
©iegcSeiujug galten ; colonna ~, lilnenö ©iegcäföule, f.; via ~,
©traje, auf bcr bcr ©iegeäeiiijug ftattfinbct, f. || (Star, rovi.)
cittadiiio .*, ©ürgcr, bcr einen Xriump^ boüon getragen ^atte (tat.
triumphalis). trionfalme'nte, avv. In trinmpljierenbet )lBciie; alC'
©tcger, S^riumpOator; coinbattere, viucere ~, fiegreltf) tämpfcn; tn
grofieu EJren ficgen. trionfa"nte, agg. f. p. pres. ö. trionfare. trionfa-
re ( t r i o- n fo ) , v. n , (Sto>\ rem.) ttiumptjieten ; einen
©iegeSjng Saiten ; [icgeiib eiuäieljen || jc(5t: einen groBeii,
elircnDoIIeu ©ieg büDoutnigen ; trinm)jl)teren (dei uemico, über
ben gciub) ; Cesare trionfö delle Gallie, eäfar trug über (Sallien einen
boUftnubigen ©ieg bobon ; ^ delle difficoltA, bie ©c^loieriß« feiten
ficgreicft iibcrniinben || (Ecctes.) .^ nel cielo, in bie eiuigc ©eligtelt
eutrücft fein || p. pres. trionfa-nte, trininpl)iereub ; fieß= rcid);
fiegeäfteubig ; fto^lottcnb; aria ~, triumpbicreubc,
fiegeägclbiffeSöiiene; la Chiesa ~, bie trtnmpCierenbe Sfircl)e, b. f).
bie ®e= meinbe ber ©eligen (lat. triuniphare). trionfato"re , m.; -
tri"ce, f. (Star.) Irluinpl)ntot, m.; mit feietlidjem ®epränge
eiujicbenber ©leget; =tn, f. || ©icgct; Ü6et= loinber, ra.; =in, f.
trio'nfo, m. (Stör, rom.) Srinmpö, ni.; feietlid)er (jiujug bei ©Icgerä ;
©iegeäfeier, f.; ©iegcägcptdngc, n. || jeOt: ©ieg. m.; glänjen» btr
ISrfolg; ebbe uno splendide * dei suoi neiuici, er behauptete in
gläitjenber SBelfc feinen geinben gegenüber baä gelb || ö[fent=
Iid)e3 aob; b|feutlicf)e Slnerfennung; questa pubblicazione ö stata
un .^ per lui, biefe 5ßcrs öffeutlidiung ift ein roofiter Sriumpfi für Iftn
geraefen || aria di ~, ttinmptiierenbe, fiegeS: gcioiffe, fiegesftolje
TOiene ||cantar „, SCriump^s lieber fingen ; frol)IocEen, jubeln über
ben ©ieg, (Srfolg 11 (Ecctes.) ~ dei beati, einige ©elig= (eil II -i da
tavola, S^afelonffiitic, m. pl.; Safelicfimutf, m. || (Giuoc.) Trumpf, m.
(lat. triumphus, b. gr. ^Qcaftßos). Trio'ni, m. pl. (Astr.) Stiouen;
©tetn= bilber ber beiben SBagen (großer u. üeluer aSogen), m. pl.
(lat. triones, eigentt. : (Pflugs odifcn). triparti're (triparti-sco), v. a.
btet= teilen ; in bteiXeile teilen \\ p.pass. triparti-to, nlä agg..
breigeteilt. tripartizicne, f. Sreiteilniig, f. © tripenna-to, agg. breifadi
gefiebert. tripetalo, agg. (Bot.) tripetal; mit btci SBliinienbUittcrn.
IglicbrigcS SaltmaB. trrpla, f. (Mus.) Sripeltott, m.; bret= triplica-re
(tri-plico, -chi), v. a. tiet= breifnd)cn; mit brei multtplijiercn ||
breimat madjeu; äloeiinal (ob. breifadj) miebcr^olen || V. n. fid)
berbreifad)en |1 p. pass. triplicato, alä oi7ff.; breifad) ; breifod)
loleberl)olt|| al= sost. m. Xriplifat, n.; britte Sluäfertigung. (Int.
tiiplicare). triplicatame-nte, am. in brcifad)er iffieife ; unter
jioeimaliger (ob. breifntl)er) SSSieber^os lung. tri-plice, agg.
bretmalig; breifacB; breis fällig ; (Polit.) la ~ alleanza (ob. la
Triplice), bie !£rlpelaaianä; berSreibunb (lat. triplex, -icem). Iflaltung
(mit. triplicitas). triplicitä, f. Sreifattjlieit, f.; bteifac^e ®&= triplinto,
m. (Arch.) btcilrfiiditige TOaucr. trrplo, «<7?. breifat^; breiföltig;
brcimot fo groß; proporzione -a, breif(id)e§ IBerljält« ni«;
ÜJerliältniä ton 1:3 || sost. ra. Sret« fnd)cä, n.; guadagnai 11 *, id)
geloann baS S)relforf)e, ben breifadien Siufn!) (lat. triplus). trrpode,
m. (Ardieol.) 55rcifii6. "i. (be|. ber, auf bem bie !)5t)tl)ia u. bie
^rieflettnnen beS Slpollo faficn) (tot. tripus, -podem; B. gr.
rQt'jiov^i. Trrpoli, m. (Geogr.) Xtipoliä, n. tripoli u. trrpolo, m. (Min.)
Itipet ob. Xrippcl, m.; 8ergincl)l, n. (graugeblid)e ©tein« Ott, jum
fpolietcn uon SDletallen gebtaut^t; nacli bet ©tobt Eripoliä
benannt). trippa, f. votg. SiauiSi ; SBniift, m.|| (Macell.)
Sfälberinatieu (bcr in ileiuc Streifen gefeftnitten gegcfjen wirb), m. ;
gierte, ra. pl.; überhaupt: ®efd)Unge; ®e(rö|e, n.; Salbauncn, f. pl.
11 Xietbätmc (alä ffaScnfutlct betlanft), ra. pl. || fam. feljr
clnftifd)e8, lcid)t nadjgcbenbcS geug || scherx. SJictlbanft;
Sictbaucf); bit£bauc()igct OTenfd) (gtl)m. bunfel ; nad) fiittre
feltift^cit Urfpniugä ; ternl. engl, tripe). trippa'io (pl. -a-j), m.
«m^crätc^enbet fialbnunenbcrtnufer (für SaCcnfutter). trippaiuölo,
m. mnöerjieljenber ffiol« bauuens (SJc[röfc=, Sälbcrmageubertaufer
(für bie bon SDieufcljcn gegeffenen fialbnmien). trippe'tta, f. (dins.
b. trippa) sclierz. 18äu(S= lein, SBäutllein, n. (iffiänftlciit. trippetti'na,
f. (,dim. B. trippetta) tleineä trippettrno, m. tleineä, jierlit^eä
SJäui^« (etil (bef. bon fiinbetn). trippo'ne, ra.; -o-na, f. bittböui^ige
(bltt= luauftigc) ^erfon; Dictbnnrfi, m. tripudiare (tripu'dio), v. n.
geftc, ©elage, Sönje feiern; frödlicti u. guter Singe fein; jnncf)jcu;
froSlotfcn (Int. tripudiare). tripudiato're, m. ; -trrce, f. bcr gefte
feiert, fröölic^ u. guter S)inge ift. tripu-dio (pl. -dj), in. (ri)f)lic6e
gefteä= feier; gcft, n.; gröl)lid)!eit. f.; laute Suft lt. greubc (lat.
tripudiuin, feftli(Jer2:anäfd)ritt). trire-g-no, m. breifacftc, pöpftllt^e
Srone; Siara, f. trireme, m. (Mar. stör.) Srlreme, f.; Sret ruberer, m. ;
©tSiff mit brei übereinanbcr» liegcnbcii SJuberbiinlen, n. (lat.
trirerais). ttrisa'gio, agg. brcimal I)ciUg (Seimott ®otteä) (mit.
trisagius, b. gr. rgiadyios). ttrisarca-volo, m. Urclterbater, m. trisa-
volo, m. Uturgrofibater, m. trisezio"ne, f. (Geom.) Xcilung in btci
gleidic Seile ; 2tifc!tion (j. S. eineä saUntetä), f. trisrllabo, c^g-
breifilbig || sost. m. 33rci« filbner, m.; breifilblgcä SBott (0. gt.
zgiavXkaßoi). tri-sma (pl. -i) u. trrsmo, m. (Med.) Xtiämuä, m. ob.
Srifiä, f.; Sinnbacfeiiframpf, m.; SBiUnbtpeiTe, f. (b. gt. zsiofiög;
rgiisiy, Inirfrfien). trispa-Bto, m. /Mar.) filobcn mit brei DtDllcn, m. (0.
gr. zgiaTzaurog, brcifac^ ge* jogcii). Iinöbcficn, n. (B.). ttri'sta, f.
$ure; guliältcrin, f.; greuben« ttrista'ggine, f. baäf. irie tristizia.
tristame'nte, aiw. in erbntmlic^er, [c6tcc5= ter, gottlo (et äScifc (fii^
beneljmeu, auffnljreit) ; essere .^ faiuoso, traurig berühmt
(berüchtigt) fein. ttrista'nza, f. baäf. mie malinconia. tristanzQÖlo, m.
etroaä [c^iradjföpfiger, bummer SCicnft^; aucO: SDicnid) bon
jnmmer« lidiem, traurigem, ungcjunbem auäfcl)en. tiistarello, m.
(dim. B. tristo) Heiner ®aunet; ©djalf; Söfcroic^t, m. (pufig nit^t
im (Stufte gcbrnud)!). triste, agg. baäf. wie tristo, aber nur ges
braudjt im ©iun bon: tronrig; betrübt; me= land)oU[d); fd)locrmütig
; niebcrgefd)lngen (nic^t in ben fdilimmen nuberen SBebeutungen
B. tristo) ; ha la faccia molto », er i)at eine fe^r betrübte TOiene
(lat. tristis). triste'zza, f. Sraurigteit. f.; Setrübtfein, n.; Sd)mermi:t;
Wicbergcfc^lagenöeit, f. (B. triste) II ©dilimmbeit; SBoä^aftigtett;
äßet» berbtbeit; ®ottlofig[eit, f. (b. tristo). tristizia, f. baäf. loie
tristezza in beiben SBebcHiungcn. tristo, «7.17. traurig; betrübt;
|djmerjll(5 bciuciit II büiitel; untjeiluoH; un6ciinllc6; ~
presentimento, unSeimlid}eä, bnnfleä S8or= gefüfil (f. triste; in
bicfem ©tun meift noc^» gcteljt) II häufiger im ©inu: fd)limm;
böä> willig; boäSaft; tücfifdi; 6interliftig; xaii)' füd)tig II aucd :
jämmerlidi ; ganj fd)lc4t ; gonj iiunbäerbarmlid) (}. S. Slrbeiteu,
Sütljcr !C.); -i guadagoi, erbärmlicher ®eiBinn || fc^lau;
The text on this page is estimated to be only 21.58%
accurate

880 tristore — trombettiere tiftig; gciDCinM; BerfeSmi^t ||

[ilmmnli^ gfc= bcil)eitb (>Cflonäen u. Sicce) || imgliietlic^ ; un=
feiig ((5)cl(l)tcf) II -acera, l(f)(ct()tcä älu8(ct)cii; cera -a, betrübte
9)Meiie; ^ desioare, eibärm= H(f)Cä G(icii; desinare ~, 6ficn, bei
bcin (iUe in Xvauet Sofifeen; -a figiira, trauiifie, etbätmlic^e gigiir,
SRolIe; iigura -a, trü> be§, melanc^olil<5eä 3luä[cf|cn !C. ||
esclam. trist' e guaj ! rocöc I trist' e guaj se . . . (ob. qtiando . . .)»
lDCl)e, lücim . . .; and): trist' a Chi non si correggel lucfie bem, bcv
fitfi iii(i|t beffcit ! II ftenersi al ~ partito, firfi in ©cfa^r felieii II alla
piü trista, mod. avv. im (ctiUmmftcn goUe II fsost. m. bnät. roie
tristezza in bet jlrciten SJcbcntung ; darai al ~, auf fif)limmc
Slbroege ncrntcn; (i(^ einem [c|Ummen Sieben ergeben (lat. tristis,
-em), [conia. + tristoTe, m. ba^. loie mestizia, malinOtrisu-lco, agg.
brcijpifig; brcijactig; breifnrcf)ig (leit. trisulcus). tri'ta, f. (.igr.)
iDicbcrfioltcä auäbrejc^en beä (äetrcibcä iimti) barüber
Eingetriebene ^[erbe (in ber Sinremmn; b. lot. tritus, p.pass. ü.
terere). ff. tri-ta, f. (Mar.) Siittenfaörjeug, n.; getucfc, tritame'nte,
agg. in feingeriebener, fein= gcftoücncr Slrt || ßg. in
aHäucinge^enber ffieife (j. S. ctwiiä beriditen, (irüfcn jc). tritame-
nto, m. Serreiben; SerftoSen; ffi[ciiilcl)neibcn; 3erninlmcn, n. trita-re
(trito), v. a. in (leine Stiicte (ju'länloer) jerreibcn, jerftofien; Hein
ft^neiben (j. S. ©trol) ju itiiitterling) ; ~ la carne cruda, boä rofie
gleift^ ticin tiitf«" J ~ ü gesso, ben ®i()ä äctmadlen ||t~ >1 grano,
boä (Setreibe nuäbrcicjcn || ®~ la rena, il seotiero, ben Soben bnrdj
feine Iritte jettrcten, b. Ij. gc^en (ben ^f fab) (D. n. A.) || fig.
troppo ~ le cose, bie Xinge ollänlefir im cinjelncn befianbcln; pe
aUjuie^r breit treten || p. pass. trita-to u. tri'to, Ql§ agg.: jerrieben;
Heins geftoßen; jcrftuBen; Hein, fein gcft^nittcn, jeröactt; carne -a,
^attflelfcl), n. || abgetragen (fileibungSttilcTc) ; audi oon (jjerfouen :
in ab= getrogenen, fc^cibigen Sleiberii einl)ergcl)enb; jerriffen ;
jerlumvt || via -a, fc^r begongcne, »tel betretene ©troBe || fig.
proverbio ~, nb= genügte? , triuio (cä ©pric^luortll Mrtcj maniera -
a, aHäufefir fnä cinäetne ge^cnbe, minntiöfe, tleinltttic SDIonier (B.
lot. tritus, p. pass. U. terere). tritatu-ra, f. bO'5f. lüie tritamento.
trita-vo u. trita-volo, m. (Giur.) Urur» grofioatcr, m. (lat. triiavus).
tritei-smo, m. (Tcol.j Sriteeiämuä, m.; SInnoIjme breier !perfoncn
(ber Drcicinigteit) In ber ®ottt)Cit (». gr. rgi- u. &c6q). tritello, m.
feine» Sleienmcfil (onä ,iiuel= mnligem Surttjbeutcln gewonnen);
meljlitfjte fileie (B. trito). txitello'so, agg. Itc'.cnfioltig ; mit Siele ge=
mifcfit laiic^l). Iticum). ttri'Hco, m. boäf. wie frumento (lat. tritriti'no,
agg. (dim. 0. trito) fam. in it^ü» bigcv (Jlcganj geflcibet. tri'to, agg.
f. p. pass. B. tritare. ttritolame, m. f. tritume. t tritola-re, v. a. f.
stritolare || -rsi, v. rifl. ba^f. lote diroenarsi. trrtolo, m. Ilelneä
©tütWjen; i8i6tf)en; JErilmdjcn ; ©plitterctjen (metir olä minuzzolo
u. weniger als pezzetto), n. || un ~, ein bi6= {^en ; ein Hein Wenig
; Don aver nemmeno un ~, nit^t einmal ein firümt^en, ein
©plitter= i^en (gar nit^tä) baBon ()abcn; dammene un », gieb mir
ein biftctien. Trito'ne.m. (N. pr. mit.) Xriton, m. (ein SBIecrgott;
SBeglcltet beS aie^itunä) || (Zool.) tritoni, Xritonen; SBafInmoltI)c,
m. pl. (lot. Triton; gr. Tsüayr). |f ^Obiger Sninp (B. trito). trito"ne,
m. fam. ftljlcdjt gelleibeter Mcnfc^ ; trrtono, agg. (Mus.) onä brci
gonjcn Ionen beflclienb || sost. m. iibcrmäfiigc Unart. tri'ttico, ni.
(Arte) Xriptflcljon, n.; brei= fliigcligcä Slltorbllb (0. gr. agg.
zguizvxos, breifocii). trittöngo (pl. -ghi), m. (Gram.) Xripfj» t^ong ;
Drellont ; SJreilouter, m. (j. S. iuo m figliuoloi (B. gr. TQt- u.
fp^ÖYYos, £ant). tritu'me,,. m. ®cbrödcl; ISetrümcl, n.; ©Vrcn, f.;
Überteft Bon jcrftoBenen, jcrriebcs ncn, Hein gcfcljntttenen ®0([)cn,
m.; ~ di paglia, di carta, ©tro^reftc; *}5o|Jierfd)nifecl, m. pl. II
lätu«; Stfintt, m (uon Soljlcn, Steinen je.) || (Arte) (Scmengfcl ber
formen, n.; Senuirrt^eit bietet Heinet Sinien o^ne Iclteiibcn
(Srunbgcbontcn, f. || (Lett.) littcroi» ti|(f)c, i)t)iloIogilt|e ©pten ;
ffilcinigteiten, f. pl.; §aarj))aUcrcicn, f. pl. ttritu'ra, f. boJf. loie
tritameuto || Stuä= btefrf)cn beS ®etretbc-j, n. tritura-bile, agg.
jcrreibbar; jerftoBbot; in Heine ©tiicfe (jn >:pnlDer) jcnnolnibat.
triturame'nto, m. f. triturazioue. tritnra-re (tritu-ro), t. a. in Heine
©tücEc (ju ^liiilücr) j^erniolnien, äerreiben, äers ftoBcn II (Pisiol.)
für bie !8erbaunng Borberei= ten; jermolmen; ouflöfen (ber TOogen
bie ©peifcn) {frequ. B. tritare). triturazio-ne.f.
3ermalmung;3erfti!rnng; Rerreibung, f. || (Pisiol.) Slnflbfcn ber
©pcifen (bnrd) ben SBiagenfoft), n. [wie triturare. trituzzaTe, v. a.
{frequ. B. tritare) bosf. triumvira'le, agg. ju ber XrinmDirnwilrbe
gcljörig; goveruo, potestA *, ^Regierung, Obergewalt ber XrinmBirn,
f. tritunvira-to, m. (Slar.) IrinuiBirot, n.; S)relt)crrenf)cirfe5oft, f. ||
Slmt clncä 2rlHm= Blrn, u. (Int. triumviratus). triu'mviro, m. (Stör.)
XriuniBtr; 35rci= 6crr, m. (Sincr beä irinmoiralä) (lot. triumvir). (Der.
triu'nviro, m. n. Der. f. triumviro u. trivella, f- groBcr So^ret ;
!Bolten>. ©tcln=, erbbo^ret ; 2)!aucrbot)iet,m.|| (Chir.) j?noct)en=
bo^ter, m.; 2crcbra, f. (». lot. terebella, dim. B. terebra). trivellaTO
(trivello), v. a. mit bem gtolen SoOrer (Srbbofirer) bnrtfjbol)ven,
bo^» ten, einbohren (in ctlo.) || p. pass. trivella-to, olä agg.: pozzo
~, SBo^rbrnnnen (artefifdier Srnnnen). m. trivellatu-ra, f. öoftvcn;
(äinboOren, n. || (Chir.) Surdibo^rcn eincS ftnotljen-S, n. trivellazio-
ne, f. einboöten (bef. in bie IStbe, nni SBoffer ju finben), n. trivia'le,
a^g. abgcbrofdjen ; atgenufct ; Ber= brondjt; trioial; gemein;
aUtöglicl); ))lott (SBorte, äluc-fvrücfee) II persona ~, oatöglicljc,
nidjtäfagenbe, triBiole ^erfon (lat. trivialis). trivialitä, f. XriBiolitöt, f.;
gemeine, nie» brige, oUlägticrie, abgebrofcöcne, platte Slrt ftc^
auäsubrütten ob. firf) ju geben || aHtiiglirficr, obgebrofc^ener,
platter, trioialcr Sluäbrntt; ©emeinplfl^, ui. || comuiettere delle -ä,
fi(^ SlbgcicftmocttSeiten jU ftiinlbcn tommcn loffen. trivialme-nte,
aw. in obgcbrofclicner, aa= täglicljcr, platter Sa3eife (fiel) nn-
5briicten) ; anf abgcfd)niorfte, gcwi3&n[td)c2lrt (fiel) bcncl)men).
tri-vio (pl. -vj), m. fireuäungSpnnlt breier ©troficn, m. || fg. cose,
parole, modl da ~, gemeine, iiicbrige Singe, SHJorte. Slrt;
©traBcnauäbriitfe, m. pl.; goffeniungenCnfteä Söenclinien || (St&r.
medioev.) XrlBium (in ber (Sd)nlwiffenfd)aft: ®rammotit, SR^etorlt
u. 2)iolcIti[), n. (lot. trivium). troca-ico, agg. (Mclr.) ttocI)öi[t5; auä
2rod)äen beftel)enb ('.Bcife; B. gr. T^o^at«öc). trocantere, m.
(Ärmt.j iRoll[)iigel be§ Jeüftbcinä ; Srodjonter, m. (B. gr. igoxdieiv,
laufen). trocaTre.m. (Chir.) Xrocar ob. Iroiäcart, n.; breieclige u.
breifc^neibige gopfnabel (jnm Stbäopfcn beä S8offer« bei
iKJoficrfiitfjiigcn) (B. frj. trois quarts). trocheo, m. (Met.) Xrodjönä;
fiünfcr, m. (SeräfuB: — ^) (B. gr. rjo;fc
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trombettina — trucidamento 881 gcbraitdit: öafiiv troinbetta

ob. sonator di troraba). trombettrna, f. ii. -i'no, m. iilim. v.
trombettri), tlciiic Siiibcrtrumi'ctc. ttrombe-tto, m. f. trombetia.
trombi-ni, m. pl. viiiicrjciig. Sorfioctt tu goim !lcliiec2rompctcii,n.;
3udcftvompctcn, f. pl. trombona-ta, f. Giitlabiiiig einer lioimcr»
bllrtijc, f.; E(l)ii6 au8 cüicv 2oiiiicrbücf)fe, in. trombo-ne, m. (jroBe,
lange Ziompetc; Soüttonipcle ; (~ duttile ob. spezzato) >)Jo=
JQimc, f. II fam. «polaiineiibläjrr ; !Bo(ttiiiiiit, m. II (Mü. stör.)
Soiinevbiicti[e ; Sii(l)(e mit nii bei- SBüinbiino ficfi ci-weitctiiöcm Soiii,
f. |l -i, pl. S'Jaffep, Stüvofrietftiefcr. m. pl. || (Bot./ fior - (ob. alleiii
~), volg. füc tvilipano. ttronaTe, v. n. für tonare. trona-ta, f.
Sniioiiciiboiiner, »ftfinll, m. trouca-bile, ayj. jetrel6=, äcvtriimnievbat;
äeripaltSiir. troncame-uto, m. Settrümmeriina ; 8er= ffiommg;
SlbtciSiing. f. II (Gram.) ~ d'una parola, 2lbid)iteibeii bcä
EubbiicliflabciiS ob. ber tSiibfilbc eines SBorteä, n. troncaTe (tro-nco,
-chi), v. a. äcr= bret^en; jertrUmmem; jcripoltcn; a6=, weg=
teiSen; ~ un bastone, einen ©torf jevbrccöcn; ..imiamo, un Bore,
etncit Siuein, eine'Slume obbrecfien, abfnirfcn l| © töten || I Gram.)
~ iina parola, Don einem aSorte ble Snbfilbe ob. bcn enbbu^ftabcn
iucgla|[cn; eä oerftiimmeln || ~ un passo d'una scrittura, eineSteHe
in einem St^riftjtüct untcrbriitlen || fig. ~ un' impresa, ein
bcgonneneä Unternehmen obbretfien, ein» ftetlen; ~ la lezione, beii
SBortrag. bie ©tunbe a6bre(f)en; mitten bcirin aufljören || -rsi, V.
rifl. äcrörcd)cn (in mehrere ©tilcfe) ; in ber SDitttc burcl)brccJ)en,
jcrreifen; ä"tt)tlttern; fam. mi si troucano le gaiube, meine Seine
wollen mir fnft jerbrcc^en b. tj. id) bin tot= mübe \\ p. pass.
tronca'to u. tro-nco, nl8 agg.: abgebrochen; parola -a, am Gnbe
obgebrocöeneS Sßjort; piramide -a, abge« flumpfte ©jrainibe;
parole tronche, obge» tirotl)cne SSorte || fig. aver le braccia
troncbe, bie ülrme gebunben 6a6cn; ni(8t frei bnnbeln [önncn ||
lasciare in - un lavoro, eine Slrbeit in abgcbrot^enem, unfertigem
3uftanb laffen (0. lat. truncare, truncus). troncati-vo, agg. jum
äerbrec^en füörenb || and) : jcrbrcdjlidi ; morftft (^lOlj). troncato-
re, m. iSerftümmler; Scfc^neis ber; ~ degli anni, SBcrtürscr ber
Saljre. m. troncatu-ra, f. 3erbred)nng ; 3ertrnmme= ruiig;
Scvionltnng, f.; aibtnitlcn; Slbbrct^en, n. II S3riid)ftcUe, f. tro-nco
(pl. -ehi), m. Stamm (eines fflüumeä); Sdiaft; $nlm; ©trunt (einet
ipflonje); SBaumftamm, m. || Stumpf (be8 menfdilidjen n. tieriftben
fibtperä), m. || (Arch.j gtumpt (einer ©öule, eineä qSicbcftalS) ||
Sanptteil (©tamm) einer Slbcr, oon ber !Sct= oftclungen abgeben,
m.; S ferito un grosso ~ arterioso, eä ift eine ftotte .^anptaber
DerIonn= bet II ~ d'una strada ferrata, ©tuet (n.), aib= j^Hltt (m.),
©ttecte (f.) einer (äiieiibabnltnie || fig. Stamm (erneä (äefc^lccbtcä)
; di tal ~ uscendo, ou§ blefeni Stamme entfprofien |1 ©tumpf, m.;
~ della coda, ©diioanäflnmpf, sitnmmcl, m.; un .^ di pirauiide, ein
^i^^ra» mibcnftumpf || -cW, pl. (Cahol.J $alb= fücfeln, f. pl. (lat.
truncus). tro-nco, agg. f. p. pass. 0. troncare. tronconc^Uo, m. (dim.
». troncone) lurs jer gtnmpf, ©turamcl. ; tronco-ne, m. Stumpf;
Stummel (j. S. eineä abgenommenen (Sillebeä), m.; -i d'alberi,
Snumftümpfe, >[lö6e, m. pl. tronfia-re, v. n. baäf. (aber menlger
gebr.) nnc stronfiare (DieH. cntft. au^ traus — inflare). tronfie-zza, f.
Slufgeblalcnljeit, f.; SocI)= mut, m.; mcift fig.: ~ dello stile,
©(i)ioülftig= telt beä Stilä, f. tro-nfio (pl. -fj), agg. aufgeblafen; ftolj;
boffärtig; meift fig.: süle ~, gefc^woHener, fcbiniilftiger Stil. tronfio-
ne, m.; -o-na, f. Iiodimiltig Bei= feite ftebcnbe, aufgeblafene,
tiofföitige >5crfon. troniera, f. (Ärtigl.) ©djieSIcljarte (für fianoncn);
(Mar.) gtüctpfottc, f. (D. ftronare für tonare). tröno, nj. S5ron;
SSronfeffet; .^-ierr[t6er= fi(s, =itni)l, m.; -. reale, papale,
töniglicber, papftlicfier Eijron || fig. Ifiron; föniglic^e SBÜrbe;
^errjrtjaft; Regierung; $etritl)cr= gemalt, f.; privare del ~,
BoniSibronc ftofecn; bet ^errfdietgcltialt betauben; inalzaro al ~,
Ital. -Deutsch. iFörterb. I. auf bcnXljton etjeben ; erede del ~,
SInonevbe, m. II (Tml.j Troni, pl. einet ber Qngelriingc (ber nädjfte
um (Sottcä Sf)roii) (o. gr. i)g6voi, ©cffel). ftuono. -f-tröno (pl.
trinora.f.), m. bnSf. Wie ttropei, m. pl. iHäirbelwinbe ; ÜSccfifel»
winbc, m. pl. tropica-le, agg. ttopifd); .iii im 5;ropcn= gegenbcn
(cigentlirb: an bcn SSenbc(ielfen) gc» bbrig ob. bort befinbllrf);
regioni, paesi -i, Eropen; Xropcngcgenbcn, f. pl.; venti -i, tropifcbe,
febr f)eiBc üBiiibe, m. pl. tröpico, in. (Astr.J aUeiibetteiä (del Cancro,
del Capricorno, beä Srcbfcä, beä ©tcin= boctä), m. (0. gr, rrtomxos,
wenbenb). tr6po, m. (Rett.) Stopuä, m.; nnelgent= Iid)cc, bilblic^ct
SlnSbrntt (tat. tropus u. gt. ZQQJZOgi. tropologi'a, f. Sropologie;
Sebve oon ben bilblidjen Sluäbrücfen, f. || (Teot.) aOegorifdje
auäbrnctämeifc (ber Bibel). tropolögico, agg. figürlich; fmnbitblic^ ;
allcgottid) (biblifd)e Sarflellung). tröppo, agg. ^u Diel; äu gto&; con
* zelo, coa -a fiducia, mit ju gro6em Gifer, !Ber= trauen; il * studio
nuoce alla salute, aU^n^ »ieleä ©tubinm frf)abet ber ®cjunb6cit; ci
vuole -a pazienza, man mu& jn Diel (Sebulb Ijaben || sost. m. il ~,
ia9 Buoiel; boä Übet« nia6 II avv. ju fefit; jn oiel; i ~ caldo, eä ift jn
lieife; non ~ onesto, nidit febt (febt Itenig) ebvbat I] assoZ. nur
alläufebr; -. ö veroche. .., eä ift nur olläuiuafir, iai . . .; aiicft: pur~,
leiber ®otte§; la cosa ö pur * cosi, bie Sarf)C »erbält fid) leiber
®otteä fo || fam. bet loeitem; questo ö * piü bello di quelle, ha^i ift
bei loeitem ftböner als jeneä || ~ sarebbe, che . . . (ob. se . . .), baä
Würbe ju »lel oetlangt fein, boä würbe jn weit gefien, loenn . . . !| *
gefolgt ton per : ju febr olä bofi . . . ; ju oiel für . . . (D. mit. troppus,
§erbe, ba^ oieH. b. lat. turba flammt). tröscia, f. (Cmc.) Sobgrube, f.
|| tfüt stroscia (0. got. ga-drausjan, mbb. dreuschen, btnabwcrfen,
=Ioffeu). trdta, f. (Zool.) gotelle, f. (Salmo fario) (mit. tructa, neugr.
rgoma; »crmutlicb b. gr. zgci>ii,,i). troti-no, 0^^. cavallo*,
©rauidjimmct, m. trotta-re (trotto), v. u. trnben; irab geben
(läfetbe); Zrab fahren CSBogcn); Krab reiten (Meitet) || fig. u. fam.
babon ttabcii; eilig laufen; einen tutjeii Erab anfcblagen (^erfoueu)
|] prov. il bisogoo fa * la veccbia, 3iot lebrt beten; 3iot treibt jut Gile
an (nacb einigen ». fiippon. tat. tolutare anä beul alt= tat. Ire
tolutim; bcffcr wof)l ». aii. trotten, treten; mf)b. trotten, laufen).
trotta-ta, f. graben, n.; im Zrab äurücJ= gelegte Streäc; fare una ~,
einStüct linErab fabrcn, retten ob. laufen. trottato-re, m.; -tri-ce, f.
Xraber; Irab» renncr, m.; =in. f.; questa cavalla ö una gran -
trice,bie[e©tute ift eine norjüglicbeEroberin. trotto, m. Irab (bef.
®angart bcä bcctuug, f.; Sunb, m. tro-ifa-re (trövo), v. a. finben;
onfftn= bcn; wleberfinben ; anäfinbig innd)en (Saef)cn n. ^erfonen)
; prov. chi cerca trova, wer fucbt, wirb finbcn || bcrbeifdiaffen ;
boten; va' e trovanii matl)t ift ; lo trovo cattivo, icb finbe fic id)lctf|t
II begegnen (einet Sacf)e ob. ibni.); oorfinben; antieffeu ; lo trovo a
tutte le conversazioni, id) treffe Ibn (begegne ibm) in allen fflefeHs
fdiflften; trovai un monte di difficoltä, i(§ faub einen Jpaufen
Scbmierigtciteii cor ; i medici lo trovarono giä morto, bie ^tr,ite
fanbeil ibu fdjon tot Bor II .*. da lavorare, da desinare, Slrbeit (äU
arbeiten) finben; Gffcn (jn cffen) Botfinbcn || andare a ~ qd., fem.
auffudicn || * qd. in qualche luogo, fem. irgcnbiro über= rafdien,
ertoppcii ; -. qd. in sul fatto, jeni. auf frifthcr Ebat ertappen || ~ i
suoi affari in disordine, feine ®cfcböfte in Unorbnung Oorfin= bcn |l
~ la morte, bell Eob finbcu ; umlommen II treffen (burcb einen $ieb,
Srf)lag, SdjuB; gli tirö una fucilata, ma non lo trovo, er frf)o6 mit
bcm ®ewebre nad) ibm, traf ibn aber nid)t || -rsi, v. rifl. fid) fiuben ;
fid) un= Bcrmutct irgenbwo feben; Dante smarritosi, si trovö in una
selva oscura, 3)ante üerirrte ficb u. fanb ficb plölilicb in einem
bnntlen SSalbe || barin fein, fteden; fitb befinben ; si trova in un
mar di guaj, er fd)wtinmt (befins bet ficb) in einem iKcer Don
UngUicf || -rsi in salute, in ganibe, in denari etc., fiel) gefunb, rüftig
bcflnben; bei Selb fein !c. || -rsi male, bene in un posto, in una
condizioue, fic^ irgenbiDO, in einer Sage fdjetbt, gut bcfinben
(Cjtinn. ungcwiS; Sicj finbet am wabitd)eiiiä Itcbften, ia^ eä Dom
lat. turbare, biird))tbbern, buidifucben, tomme ; ißariä fd)Iägt tat.
tropus, SJBeife, TOelobie, alä Gtijmou Dor, foba6 bie proDcn?.
SBebcutnng : trobar, bicbten, bie Urs fptünglicbfte fei; ääcoli bentt
an tat. trua, JHübtfdjeit). ftrovagione. trova-ta, f. baäf. wie trovato ||
tbaäf. Wie trovateÜo.m. gfnbeltinb, n.; ginbling. m. trova-to, m.
Grfinbnng, f.; Ginfall, m.; glüdlicbcr gunb; glüctlicbe, gclftrcid)e
3bee;. la bicicletta ä un bei -., baä SBelOjipcb ift eine treff liebe
Grfinbung; questo sistema 6 un « dei Tedeschi, biefcä ©bftcm ift
Don ben Seutfcbcn erfunben. trovato-re. m. ; -tri-ce, f. Sinber; atnf=
fiuber; Grfinber, m.; =in, f. || (Stör, lett.) Trovatore, Sronbabour;
SKinnefängct ber ^proBenee im ÜJiittelalter, m. trovere ob. trovero,
m. (Stör, lett.) SrouDeie ob. Erouoerre, m.; norbfranjöfift^cr
(epijcber) Sid)ter im iKittelalter; Dicbter in ber liugua d'oil (11.— U.
Sabrb.). trözza, f. (Mar.) 3iatf ; Siadwcrt, n. (mit. trossa; fpan. troza;
gleitbcn Utfptungä Wie torciare). t trözzo, m. (Mit.) Xro6, m.;
§eergepäef , n. (Bergt, fr^. trousse, ajunb, ^acT, gleid)en Urs
fpruugä lote torciare). trucca-re (tru-cco,-ccbi) ,v. a.eigent:* lld) im
fiiigelfpiel : bie fiugei bcä ©cgncrä imä) bie eigne fortfto6eii ; fte
wegfptelen || fig. - qd., fem. begaunern, btnterä Siiit fübreii ||
(Teat.) -rsi, V. rill, ficb bet jU fpicienbcn Stoae gemü6 Dcrllciben; ficb
bie Gbaraltcrniaäfe geben (D. Qtigclf. thryccan, abb. drucchen,
brücfen). trucchia-rsi u. -f truccia-rsi, (v. rifl.) fie^
bieSSoibcvbeinebeim®cbcnaneinanberfd)lagen ob. sieiben
i^Cferbe). tru-cco (pl. -cchi), m. (Giuoe.) Slrt !8lllarb=, SSugellpiel;
Sciltefpiel. n. || fam. guter ©ewinn; far un buon ~ (un bei »), einen
guten ©eiDlnn einftreitbcn, cinftecten. trucco-ne, m-
^ciratäBcrmttller (unter ben Bauern), m. || Setrüger; ®auner, m.
tru-ce, agg. wilb; graufara; grimmig; fd)rcttlicb; aspetto, occhio ~,
grimmigeä Stnäfebcu; loilber, fütrf)tcrlicber Slitt; ~ dramiua,
fcbrectllcbeä , blutigcä Siroraa (lat. trux, trucem). [SBeife (j. 8.
anfdiauen). truceme-nte, am. in wltber, grimmiger tru-cia, f. fam.
grbfite amtut; ticffteä Gteuö (luie eä bef. tmSluäjebcn, in bcrSleibunj
fid) Eunb tbiit) (Bicll. B. tat. trucia, n. pl.). tracidame-nto, ui.
ÜRoiben; SUcbets mcCeln; 5iiiid)lac^tcn, n.
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882 trucidare — turare tracida-re (truci-do), v. a. gtnnlam

tblen; moiöcn; iticbcimc^cln; I)iiiitSl»tf)teii (lat. trucidnre). tmcidato-
re, m.; -tri-ce, f. Wteöcrmc^ter; $iiift6l(icl)ter; ßvaufcimcv TOorber.
m.; sin, f. tru-cio (pl. -ci), agg.fam. äu6ev[t orm; jevlumlit ;
nlijetlticii. tmciola're (tnrciolo), v. a. in deine ©tiictdjciiäCiitilUtevii,
jerlc^neiben, jccfdjnt)))>;! fein (a. B. spnpier) II * freien (bic
©cfinfc, Me §unbc) (naii Eaij UinflcUuiig oon tortiolare, torciolare).
tru-ciolo, m. Itelnc? eiillttcrc^cn, Stiitf c^en ; gellen, m.; -idi
carta,!faplctfcf)nl));)Iel,n.pl.|| assoi. -j, pl. .^lobel', SBoöifpänc, m-
pltrucoiento n. truculento, agg- ratlb; grnufdm; gräBUcö ||
ftüvmifc^; undeftüm (Meer) (Idt. truculentus). tru-ffa,f.35etnig, ni.;
S8etril9erei;¥rcncvel; ©(Innerei, f. [| ffüc chiacchera ob. baia ob.
bagatella, !poj(e ; Sllljcrnlicit ; SBinbbeutclcl, f. (tto^I B. frj. trufte,
be([en St^ra. nod) nit^t Bönälirfi nufaellävt i(t). ftombbic). tmifaldi-
no, m. ^lonSwuvft (bet S8olI§:< ttruffa-rdo, agg. bctclincrildj;
Drclleviirf). tmffa-re (tnr ffo) , v. a. bctviigen; picl> len; bcaonnevn;
Slntetä £ltf)t jiiö'ven || ab» lud)len; aboQunctn ; gli truUS mille lire,
et ^teate iSn nm toiifenb Siie || f- d- "■ -rsi, T. rifl. (icO ln(tig
machen (di qd., übet jem.); fow«" (ic"'-)- |®anner, m.; »in, f.
truffato-re, m.; -tri-ce, f. Sctiüger; tmfferra, f. Settilgcrel ; (Bannerei;
^reU terei, f.; (Sanncrftiict, n., --\imiii. baäf. loic trogolo tru'ppa, f.
Saufen, m. ; St^ar, f. ; Srnbli, m.; eccoli qua tiitti in ~, ba fommcn
fic ja aUe im gellen .^laufcn fierbci || (Mü.) XrnbtJc, f. (meifl pl. -e,
Srubfien) ; le -e d'uno Stato, ble Iruptien cincä Staates || (Mil. stör.)
SRcitetabteilung (geringer als ble Sc^wabton), f. (». frj. troupe; bieä
0. mit. troppus, baä Wofit auä lat, turba umgcbilbet). trnppe'tta u.
trappetti-na, f. (diro. b. truppa) Heiner ^laufen; Heine ©(ftat. tu,
pron. person. (bcr 2. (ßcrfoii; aber nur im !J!ominatl» gebraudöt; in
ben anberen Safuä: di te, a le [ob. ti], te [ob. ti], da te), bu; tu sei
un valentuoiuo, bu blft ein tiicl)tigec 5terl: noD parlo di te, icl) rebe
nic^t bon bir; dico a te ob. ti dico, i(^ fage bir ; te ha colpito ? bi4
fjat et getroffen; ti ha colpito? Sat et blc^ getroffen? l'ha avuto da
te, er |at eä bon bir gcl)abt Ij /am. stare a tu per tu con qd., jbm.
onf jcbe (älnioenbung antworten; flc^ nichts tagen laffen bon jbm. ;
t^m [eine Slnt» Wort ffbnlbig bleiben || dar del ~ a qd., jcin. mit
t>u anrcben ; Hin biijen || amico di ~, S)uä= freuiib, m. (tat. tu).
tu'ba, f- Sriegätrombete (bei ben alten SRömetn), f.; jc^t: tiefftc
a3a6boiauiie; %üba, 1. II ©ebiftje Sicbtnng (D.) || (Änat.) tube (ob.
trombe) Falloppiane, f. unter tromba || -, acustica, $örroIjr, n. ||
fam. EljUnber^ut, m.; polier S>ut (lat. tuba). tu'baTe(tu-bo),v.n.
eigentlich: bleSuba, ble Irombete btafcn || jcfet; girren; turteln;
lolletn (bic 'JuttcUouben). tubercolaTe, agg. tnotlg ; [noUlg ; In gorm
einet Xubertel || (Med.) tuberlulbä; tisi ~, tubcrinlöfc edjloinbfnrfit ;
Inbertulofe, f. tnbercolo, m. (Med.) Znbcrtel, f. ; frant» Softer, grauer,
(jlrfenterngrofeet ffinoten (tat. tuberculuni). ttibercolöäi. f. (Med.)
Xubcrfulofe; lubertelnlronlbcit, f. (meift: aungentubcrä lulofe;
SnngenfdjminbfucOt). tubercolo'SO, agg. (Med.) tubertuloä;
hibcrtcltvan!; lungcnfci)irinbjiltf|tlg (oud) alä sost.) (lat.
tuberculosus). Iburdne^t. tubercolu-to, agg. (Med.) mit Suberteln
tu'bero, m. Stnöuen, m. ; tnoUtge SButäet (lat. tuber). tuberositä, f.
SnoHlglelt; SEnollgtelt, f. (ä. 93. oon aSurjclu) || (Med.) 93eule;
®e= id)ionlft. f.; InoUige SlnicbiocUung. tubero'so, agg. tnouig;
(notig; Inorrig; ^öcfrig ; tuberöä (j. ffl. ®e[(l)iuulft ; Oberflöt^e) ||
sost. m. (Bot.) lubcrofe, f. ; Inblanlfctie $9a= elntfic (Polyauthes
tuberosa). Tubrnga, f. (Oecgr.) Tübingen, n. tubingne'se, agg.
tüblnglfd) || sost. m. Tubinghese, lilbinger, m. tnbe'tto u. tubetti'no,
m- {dim. B. tubo) Wöljvcljcn. n.; - di vetro, (5)la§rijl)r(fien. tu'bo, m.
D!bbre, f. ; Slobr, n. ; -i del gas, ®aätö()tcn, f. pl.; ~ di piombo,
SBlelto^t; di vetro, ®ta§rbl)re. tnbnla-re u. tnbola're, agg.
röhrenförmig. tubiüatu'ra,f.3ib6renleltung,f.,sf?ftem.n. Tuci'dide, m.
(N. pr. stör.) ZöncllbibeS. tnello, m.(embr"ibli(^e)SBurjel
beS^Pferbc» 5nf-3, f. ((äti)m.?). [Suff befteljenb. tnia'ceo, agg.
tnjfftelnartlg; tnifartig; au§ tufa-rsi (mi tu-fo), v. rifl. jufammen»
gelauert u. bcbectt bofitien ||p.^ass. tufa-to; essere ~, tiefgelcgeu
n. loarm, bunfllg fein (B. fpan. tufo, Qualm, Soniff; gr. ticpo;).
tüffame'nto, m. filus, Untertauclicn, u. tuffa're (tu' ffo) , v. a. elu=,
untertauchen (mclft nur für tilrjere geil) ; Inä SUaffer (ob. In Irgenb
eitle gliiffigtcit) für (urjc3eltbalten, ftecfeu II -rsi, v. rifi.
nntertaucf)cn ; für (ntäe Seit feine
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turata — tuto 883 E(!)rocic\cn Srlnjcii ; -rsi la bocca, in

trot)i'f"'l'fe". »• II !Bicttcvbcr((f)Iaa; ©tvofimattciiäaiin, m. (ticn Mc
OTourcr. grcSIcunialcr !C. «ni ifjt Ocvlitt Scriimjic^cn). tu-rba, f.
4>aufcn; ©cfirnntm, m.; TOcnoc; Sdjar, f. (mci(l nlcbrifien fSolteä);
Gcsü Cristo solevo predicare olle-e, 3eiu6 Ef)vlltu8 »rcbigtc iem »olfc
; le -e giudicano senipre a caso, Me gvolc fflcngc urteilt ftctä
tllnbliiiaä II lormcnbc, anfgcrcfltc, iicftig beracgte ajoltä. menge ||
assoL la~, l)ei>:pöbcl; bnä gemeine SSolt ; non voglio vivere fra la
~, iä) w\ü utd)! mit ber genietnen SDicnge leben dat. turba). turba-
bile, opj. Icidjt jultbren; tcvioin;" tturbagio'ne, f. |. turbazione. [bor.
trarbame-nto, m. Stören, d.; Störung; Hurntje, f.; meiit: (Scniüte-
nnfrcgung ; Ber» wtrrung; »cftürjung, f. || tSmpörung, f.; aufrnOr,
m. (B.). turbante, m. Xnrban; Sufbon; Xulbenb, m. (Sopfbebedung
ber Surfen ; b. IJerf. dulbend ob. tulbend, eine ülrt SKuflcliUjeng).
tnrba-re (t u- r b o), v. a. cigentlit^ : trüben ; aufiülircn
(giülfigtcitcn; bafilr jet)t: intorbare ob. intorbidarc) || ftören;
nerlloren; auf= fibren: in Unorbnung, Slufregung. Slufru^r bringen,
beriefen; ~ «na festa, ein Seit ftören; ~ la quiete pubblica, bie
bfientlidie iRu^e tlören; ~ gli aninii, bie «emliter bcr-toirrcn || beftig
bewegen, erfrfjiittern, beun= nibigen {in^i ©emilt, bie Seele |b5.) ;
quella notizia lo turbö forte, bie(e 3!od)rit6t cr= tebüttertc ibn beftig
|| (Giur.) . il possesso a qd., jcm. in (einem Sefifc ftören, fe^öblgcn
|| -rsi, T. rifl. beftilrjt, erfd)iittert, ftart beun= rufiigt ujerben; aufier
gaffung tommen; a quelle parole si turbö forte, bei biefeu SBortcn
warb er t)öd)ft bcftlirät; il viso, la fronte si turba, iai ®efid)t, bie
©tirne umnjöüt fic^, äeigt bie Seftüräung, Unrubc; autft: uno si
turba dl -riso, di colore, fem. bcränbert feine gilge, irirb bleich || fig.
l'aria, il cielo, il tenipo, il mare si turba, ber $tmmcl um> jiebt,
umitibllt ficb; baä a'etter wirb trübe; ba» Wcer wirb bewegt,
ftürmilcb || lo stoniaco mi si turba, eS wütjit mir im Wagen ; eS loirb
mir übel II p. pass. t u r b a- 1 o , aUagg.: be= ftürjt; unrubig;
betroffen; erfdiUttert; auf» geregt; volto ~, betroffene, beflürjte
Miene; ~ di uicnte, etwaä geifteägeflbrt || mar ~, ftürintfc^eä Dieer
(lat. turbare). turbate-tto, agg. (dim. u. turbato) etwaä bcrwirrt,
bcftürjt, betroffen, uurublg. turbati'vo, agg. ©tijrung Jerbcifürjrenb.
bcreitcnb ; flöreub. tnrbatoTe, m.; _tri-ce, f. ©törer; ge= nnrubtgcr;
älufwiegler, m.; 4n, f.; ©tören= frieb, ui. turbazioncella, f. (dim. ».
turbazione) fleinc , unbebeutenbe ©törung (j. S. beä Dlngcnä).
tnrbazio'ne, f. bnSf. wie turbamento || IbecicU: 3)!agcn=,
aetbammgSftöning, f. (lat. turbatio, -onem). ttUTbico, m. baSf. Wie
turbine. ttu'rbido, agg. u. Der. f. torbido. tnrbi-na, f. iMec.) Xurbine,
f.; borijon« toleä ÜBafierrab; Srcijcl=, SBirbct=,@cbncctem,
fiöffelrob, n. (o. jrj. turbine; bieä b. Int. turbo, -inera). turbina-re (tu-
rbino), t. a. umbcr= Wirbeln; im SSirbel umbreben || t. n. nmber=
Wirbeln; im Söirbet berumftiegcn ; turbinano gli atomi nel yuoto, eS
Wirbeln bie Sttome im leeren Siaumc umfier; au(b fig.: idee cbe
Tengono turbinando nella mente, (Sebanten, bie wirbelub im ®ci(tc
aufftetgen Ij p. pass. turbioa-to, nI8 agg.: (Nat.) jufammen« gerollt;
fbirolförmig tneinonber gebrebt (j. S. ©djnedcnbäufer). torbine, m.
SSÜrbelminb ; ©turmwinb, m.; un * di pioggia, wirbcinber
SRegengu^; •, di fuoco, Wirbelfturmortigeä geuer; aiicb fig. : un ~
di gente, wütcnb aufgeregte, ftUrs mifrfie SBoIIämenge; i -i del
mondo, bie Stürme be§ Sebenä || (Zool.j ®cbronben= ob.
Rrcifellcbnede; SJBenbcltreppc, f. (Turbo Bcalaris ob. clatlinis) (lat.
turbo, -inem). tmrbini-o (pl. -i'i), ni. Slufgcroüblt» werben beä
©taubes (biird) einen SBitbelwinb), n.; wirbelnbe ©taubwolte ||
ouifi: ©Inrm; SääirbcU, Wetterfturm ; ülufrubr ber (Slcmcnte, m. II
fig. un ~ di gente; il - della folla, ein ftUrmilrf)erSBol(?anflauf; baä
Bnrcbeinnnber« wirbeln ber TOengc; il - della battaglia, bnS ttllbe
®eloübl ber©rf)Iart)t ; nel ~ delle grande citt-ä, im ®ewitt)l ber
groben Etiibte || and): ~ d'idee, d'imniagini, ®ewilbl, Slrbcl ber
®ebnuten, ber pbautafliicben SorfteUungen. turbiuosame-nte, avi:
in wlrbclnbcr, ftürmilcbet SSclfc. turbino'so, agg. anfwirbelnb;
umt)er< Wirbelub, »itreibeub; ftüimild); nngeftüm; fieftig (ber
aUinb) || fig. il ~ fr.istuono delle grandi cittä, r>
15crfonen, f. pl.; il popolo ~, bnS aufgeregte, ISrmeube
SBolt; teuipi -i, ftürinifcbe, aufgeregte gelten, f. pl. (lat. turbolentus).
turbolenza, f. dgentlit^ baSf. lote torbidezza II jc8t meift filr: beftigc
©tbrnng ber öffeutlitfieH SRube u. Drbming; Slnffianb; Slufrntjr, m.;
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