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Handbook of Algal Technologies and
Phytochemicals
Volume II: Phycoremediation, Biofuels
and Global Biomass Production
Handbook of Algal Technologies and
Phytochemicals
Volume II: Phycoremediation, Biofuels
and Global Biomass Production

Edited by
Gokare A. Ravishankar and Ambati Ranga Rao
CRC Press
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 Dedication

E. Wolfgang Becker
(1939–2017)
We wish to offer our humble dedicaton of the military from 1959 to 1960 as lieutenant.
this volume to Dr. E. Wolfgang Becker, who He earned his bachelor’s degree with a biology
was a doyen of Algal technology. During the major in 1965, from the University of Hamburg,
1970s, Dr. Becker was keen to find alternate Germany, and master’s in biology in 1967, from
sources of protein through algae-based the University of Tubingen, Germany. He earned
foods to alleviate protein malnutrition in his PhD in 1972 from the Institute for Plant
humans, which matched with the interests Physiology, University of Tubingen, Germany,
of the Central Food Technological Research working under the guidance of Dr. H. Metzner, on
Institute (CFTRI) at Mysore, India. This led to the topic physiological analysis of photosynthesis
Dr. Becker’s decision to initiate algal biomass of algae under extreme temperature conditions.
production at Mysore under the support of the From 1973 to 1976, Dr. Becker established
Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation, the algal production unit at CFTRI under
West Germany, and the Government of India the Indo-German Algal Project. The studies
from 1973 to 1976. He, along with Dr. L.V. focused initially on the cultivation of Chlorella
Venkataraman, was able to lay a firm foundation and Scenedesmus. Realizing the difficulty
for the mass production of microalgae for food in harvesting unicellular form for low-cost
applications, which is recognized globally. cultivation, the emphasis shifted to Spirulina—
E. Wolfgang Becker was born in Wriezen, a multicellular cyanophycean form of high
Brandenburg/Oderbruch, Germany on April 11, nutritional value. This laid a strong foundation
1939. He obtained his education in Schleswig- for micro-algal cultivation technology. Dr. Becker
Holstein, West Germany, and later served in was of the belief that technology should be
 adaptable by rural populations to produce allergic reactions in humans. He published
quality biomass for human consumption. He and nearly 90 research papers, and 5 books.
his team developed several recipes for polarized
Dr. Becker’s interest in algae, and his love for
algae-based foods. Integrated technology for
India and Indian food, brought him to Mysore
use of poultry waste and biogas digester effluent
almost every alternate year. His visits had lasting
to produce algae, and utilization of the algal
influence on the research and development at
biomass for poulty feed and fish feed, was
CFTRI for several decades to follow. Dr. Becker
developed to produce food and bioenergy. Strong
untiringly continued his interest in algal
scientific study of algal biomass production
studies and was sought after by international
technology laid a firm foundation for the
scientific bodies and various countries for his
industrial production of microalgae at a global
expert advice. One of the editors—GAR—was
level. He evaluated the quality of Spirulina
associated with him closely and served as a
produced in India, Thailand, and Peru, which
member of an international delegation to China
formed the guidelines for worldwide adoption
for quality assessment of Spirulina cultivation.
of the low-cost production technology.
After returning to Germany, Dr. Becker Dr. E. Wolfgang Becker will be remembered
continued his association with the University for his contributions to algal cultivation
of Tubingen, working on algae-based technology worldwide. He was an ever
bioremediation for pollution abatement of heavy smiling, friendly, and kindhearted person.
metals. He was actively involved in biomedical His associates remember him as an excellent
research, working on projects on drug-induced host! He breathed his last on April 1, 2017.
Contents
Preface.........................................................................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................................................... xiii
Editors........................................................................................................................................................................xv
Contributors.............................................................................................................................................................xvii

Section I  Phycoremediation Applications

Chapter 1 Wastewater Phycoremediation by Microalgae for Sustainable Bioproduct Production...........................3

Najeeha Mohd. Apandi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, and
Amir Hashim Mohd. Kassim

Chapter 2 Green Technology Applications for Algal Bloom Control.................................................................... 13

Mostafa M. El-Sheekh, Mohamed M. Abdeldaim, Samiha M. Gharib, and HalaY. El- Ksassas

Chapter 3 Natural Algal Photobioreactors for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment................................................23

D. M. Mahapatra, N. V. Joshi, G. S. Murthy, and T. V. Ramachandra

Section II  Algal Biofuels

Chapter 4 Opportunities and Challenges in Seaweeds as Feed Stock for Biofuel Production ..............................39
Mohammad Javad Hessami, Ambati Ranga Rao, and Gokare A. Ravishankar

Chapter 5 Biodiesel Production from Microalgal Biomass: Challenges and Perspectives ................................... 51
Srijoni Banerjee and Debabrata Das

Chapter 6 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration by Microalgae.......................................................................................63

G.V. Swarnalatha, A. Shekh, P.V. Sijil, C.K. Madhubalaji, V.S. Chauhan, and R. Sarada

Chapter 7 Modulation of Lipid Biosynthesis by Stress in Diatoms.......................................................................77

Bing Huang, Virginie Mimouni, Annick Morant-Manceau, Justine Marchand, Lionel Ulmann,
and Benoît Schoefs

Chapter 8 Microalgal Biomass, Lipids, and Fatty Acids Production through Open or Closed Cultivation
Systems: Challenges and Future Perspectives....................................................................................... 91
Ambati Ranga Rao and Gokare A. Ravishankar

Chapter 9 Microalgae for Sustainable Fuel Technology: Coupling Photobioreactor and Bioelectrochemical
System for Microalgae Cultivation and Hydrogen Generation............................................................ 101
Surajbhan Sevda, Dipak A. Jadhav, S.P. Jeevan Kumar, and T.R. Sreekrishnan

vii
viii Contents

Section III  Other Products of Economic Value

Chapter 10 Seaweed as Source of Plant Growth Promoters and Bio-Fertilizers: An Overview........................... 111
Sananda Mondal and Debasish Panda

Chapter 11 Algae: A Nutraceutical Supplement in Aquaculture........................................................................... 123

Helena M. Amaro, I. Sousa-Pinto, and A. Catarina Guedes

Chapter 12 Techno-Economic Analysis of Multiple Scenarios for the Production of Microalgal Chemicals
and Polymers....................................................................................................................................... 133
Giannis Penloglou and Costas Kiparissides

Chapter 13 Kappaphycus Farming for Socio-Economic Development of Coastal People in India....................... 145
P.V. Subba Rao and C. Periyasamy

Chapter 14 Diversity and Utilization of Marine Cyanobacteria............................................................................ 155

N. Thajuddin and G. Subramanian

Section IV Mass Production of Microalgae

Chapter 15 Open Cultivation Systems and Closed Photobioreactors for Microalgal Cultivation and Biomass
Production........................................................................................................................................... 179
C.K. Madhubalaji, Ajam Shekh, P.V. Sijil, Sandeep Mudliar, Vikas Singh Chauhan, R. Sarada,
Ambati Ranga Rao, and Gokare A. Ravishankar

Chapter 16 Bioprocessing of Microalgae for the Production of Value Compounds..............................................203

Giorgos Markou, Christina Ν. Economou, and Imene Chentir

Chapter 17 Production of Low-Cost EPA-Enriched Biomass with a Focus on the Filamentous

Algal Strain Tribonema spp................................................................................................................ 211
Xuemei Bai, Hong Wu, Yu Chen, Hui ling Wang, Lin Wang, Jinfeng Geng, Zhongzhen Cai,
Jinyang Zhang, Qing Li, Jie Teng, Qian Feng, Jiantao Luo, Fangwei Liu, Min Xu, and Zhenqi Zhu

Chapter 18 New Strategies for the Design and Control of Raceway Reactors to Optimize
Microalgae Production........................................................................................................................ 221
Marta Barceló Villalobos, Francisco Gabriel Acién Fernández, José Luis Guzmán, Jose María
Fernández Sevilla, and Manuel Berenguel

Chapter 19 Sustainable Water and Nutrient Management in Algal Biomass Production Systems........................ 231
Daniel P. Geller, Keshav C. Das, Gary L. Hawkins, Brian H. Kiepper, and Manjinder Singh
Contents ix

Chapter 20 Technologies for Separation and Drying of Algal Biomass for Varied Applications.......................... 241
Júlio Cesar de Carvalho, Eduardo Bittencourt Sydney, Paulo Cesar de Souza Kirnev,
Adriane Bianchi Pedroni Medeiros, and Carlos Ricardo Soccol

Section V Production of Algal Biomass and Products Worldwide

Chapter 21 Micro- and Macroalgae Production in Thailand for Food, Feed and Other Applications:
Current Trends and Future Challenges................................................................................................ 253
Apiradee Hongsthong, Ratana Chaiklahan and Boosya Bunnag

Chapter 22 Global Microalgal-Based Products for Industrial Applications.......................................................... 267

Ambati Ranga Rao and Gokare A. Ravishankar

Chapter 23 Macro and Micro Algal Impact on Marine Ecosystem: A Global Perspective................................... 279
Sarban Sengupta and Ruma Pal

Index........................................................................................................................................................................287
Preface
Algae are the most significant group of autotrophic Applications of algae for polysaccharides such as
organisms which support life forms in aquatic, semi alginate, agar and most recent trends in utility of fucoi-
aquatic and terrestrial environments. They are also the dan in food, nutraceuticals and health care products have
earliest organisms on this planet which shaped the eco- been highlighted.
system, making it fit for an enormous number of diverse Utility of Spirulina and Chlorella which are the ear-
life forms including humans. Ironically, on one hand liest cultivated microalgal forms has been discussed.
their biodiversity has still not been fully explored by Spirulina has been termed “super food” by WHO and is
mankind, but on the other hand we are unfortunately expected to rule the microalgal market in future as well.
losing them from our ecosystem due to human activities. Antimicrobials from seaweeds are finding utility in
Their destruction is bound to create imbalances in our various applications in food preservation, cosmetics and
planet causing irreversible damage to the ecosystem and health formulations.
food chain. The emerging opportunities of volatiles of algae
Human ingenuity to utilize the macroalgae and the add newer dimensions to the potentials of micro- and
seaweeds has been well known for several centuries. macroalgae.
Whereas the advancement of science and technology The extraction methods using ultrasound technol-
has laid emphasis on the identification of micro- and ogy, supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical water
macroalgal forms, their cultivation and utilization for affords recovery of metabolite without the loss of bio-
various intended uses, their utility as sources of food, logical activities during downstream processing.
and as phytochemical factories, is beginning to open up Applications of seaweed for treatment of diabetes
immense opportunities for industrial production. They are interesting as they open up newer option of usage as
also have enormous abilities for environmental clean- nutraceutical or functional food.
up of polluted ecosystems. The shift in consumer pref- For the vegetarians, the sources of B12 being limited,
erences for nature derived, natural and nature identical here is a detailed report from a novel seaweed source,
molecules has provided a new impetus into research with a possibility of utilization in vegan foods.
and development to explore the potential of micro- and Carotenoids such as β carotene and astaxanthin which
macroalgae for food, health, energy and environmental are industrially produced pigments from microalgae
needs. Dunaliella and Haematococcus have been presented in
Realizing the need to provide a focus on this impor- detail with newer perspectives of future utility as nutraceu-
tant group of organisms with unlimited potential for ticals and cosmeceuticals. Fucoxanthin from seaweeds has
multifaceted utilities and industrial applications, we been dealt with extensively, bringing to focus the health
embarked on bringing out two comprehensive volumes applications. Thus, the emerging applications of carot-
for the benefit of researchers, industrialists, entrepre- enoids from algal sources in the treatment of diseases such
neurs and consumers. The contents of the two volumes as cancer, ulcer and many more, provide future directions.
offer an overview of the organisms, their distribution in A wide range of utilities of micro- and macroalgae
various parts of the globe, the methods to culture them, with special reference to marine forms has been dis-
scale-up technologies, downstream processing, biologi- cussed with examples of human trials on the basis of
cal activities, regulatory considerations, utilization of several leads obtained through drug discovery programs
biomass in processed foods, feed, health and pharma leading to the evaluation of bio-efficacies. Their utility
products and other novel applications including fuel and in the health foods and nutraceuticals segments is begin-
environmental aspects. ning to expand. The market share of algae-based prod-
These aspects have been described in the two vol- ucts has been dealt in a few of the chapters providing
umes and the following points provide focus at glance. global perspectives in bio-business.
The future lies in the exploitation of omics tools to elu-
cidate genetic regulation of the phytochemicals of micro-
VOLUME I algae for augmented production; also, to produce the
This volume relates to the use of micro- and macroalgae molecules of interest in newer hosts, which is expected
in food, health and nutraceutical applications. to open up production of novel products and processes.

xi
xii Preface

VOLUME II The overall objective of these two volumes is to pro-

vide up-to-date information and projected future possi-
This volume relates to the use of micro- and macroalgae
bilities based on the advancing research and innovations
in bioremediation, biofuels and global biomass produc-
in the diversified facets of phycotechnologies.
tion for commercial applications.
The chapters are written by experts from 28 coun-
Phycoremediation is receiving attention due to its
tries. This collective effort from scientists from all
potential to clean up heavy metals, pollutants and atmo-
over the world represents global perspectives on the
spheric carbon dioxide, acting as a sequestration agent
topics, which are discussed in a focused manner to
and in treatment strategies. The eco-friendly nature and
bring up to date information, and is largely based on
efficiency of the process has been discussed. Also, the
the authors’ own experience in working with various
utilization of algal biomass in open cultivation, or closed
systems.
cultivation through photobioreactor systems, for the
The organization of the chapters in each of the vol-
treatment of contaminants is highlighted.
umes is under the following heads:
Algae-based biofuels are being explored globally as
a source of alternate fuels. However, the challenges to
Algal Constituents for Food, Health and Disease
overcome low productivity are still a big bottle neck.
Applications (Vol I: Chapters 1 through 22)
However, emerging strategies to enhance the yields have
Algal Genomics and Metabolomics (Vol I: Chapter
been discussed. Integration of algal biofuel production
23 through 25)
with wastewater treatment, carbon dioxide sequestration
Phycoremediation Applications (Vol II: Chapters 1
and genetic regulation of lipid production pathways has
through 3)
been recommended as a sustainable production strategy.
Algal Biofuels (Vol II: Chapters 4 through 9)
Photobioreactor applications for biofuels would provide
Other Products of Economic Value (Vol II:
adoption of technology independent of environmen-
Chapters 10 through 14)
tal conditions and also usage of flue gases in effective
Mass Production of Microalgae (Vol II: Chapters
manner. The bio-refinery approach to produce multiple
15 through 20)
products is envisaged to provide economically viable
Production of Algal Biomass and Products
technologies.
Worldwide (Vol II: Chapters 21 through 23)
Application of seaweed as a source of fertilizer, health
foods and cosmetics, coupled to their cultivation meth-
These two volumes will be a treasure trove of infor-
odologies for the production of value-added biomass for
mation to students and researchers of plant sciences,
gainful employment is promising.
biological sciences, agricultural sciences, foods and
Detailed treatise on the cyanobacterial diversity and
nutrition sciences, health sciences and environmental
potential for future applications has thrown open innu-
sciences. However, its application value will impact
merable industrial possibilities.
professionals such as agricultural scientists, food
The scale up technologies are constantly being inno-
experts, biotechnologists, ecologists, environmental-
vated for open pond production or closed cultivation in
ists and biomass specialists. Its global relevance and
photobioreactors. The current research on the design of
outreach have economic implications in industries
reactors for mass cultivation and downstream processing
dealing with foods, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals,
strategies for varied applications have been presented in
cosmeceuticals, bioenergy, health care products and
a few chapters.
bioenergy.
Global perspectives of algal biomass production with
a few of the major industries across the globe has been Gokare A. Ravishankar
highlighted. Case studies with reference to industries in Ambati Ranga Rao
Thailand and Indonesia have been detailed.
Acknowledgments
At the outset the editors are extremely thankful to the Research, for the grant of financial support to our stud-
contributors for their dedication in providing the mate- ies on algal biotechnology done at CSIR-Central Food
rial in a comprehensive manner for the benefit of readers Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru,
across the globe. Their kind cooperation in every facet India.
of publication is gratefully acknowledged. The quality We thank the staff and students of the Plant Cell
of these volumes is attributable to the contributors’ com- Biotechnology Department and collaborating depart-
mitment to share their knowledge and experience with ments at CSIR-CFTRI for the research done by our team,
all those interested in the topic pertaining to basic and especially, the late Dr. L.V. Venkararaman, Dr. R. Sarada,
applied aspects of phycotechnologies. Dr. M. Mahadevaswamy, Dr. KSMS Raghava Rao,
We are grateful to Alice Oven, Lara Spieker, Dr. V. Baskaran, Dr. Shylaja Dharmesh, T.R. Shamala,
Jennifer Blaise and their team at CRC Press for their Dr. K. Udaya Sankar and many non-technical staff,
diligent efforts in publishing these volumes in an ele- including K. Shivanna, C.V. Venkatesh, H.S. Jaya in
gant manner. many of our algal projects. Also, thanks are due to a
We are thankful to our families who have extended number of research students and associates of G.A.R.
wholehearted support and encouraged us to take up this for their dedication to research and authorship in a large
task, even though it involved a lot of time away from number of publications.
them. G.A.R. thanks his wife Shyla, son Prashanth, G.A.R. is proud to have associated with doyens of
daughter-in-law Vasudha, and daughter Apoorva. A.R.R. Algal Biotechnology, the late Dr. L.V. Venkataraman
thanks his wife Deepika, daughter Jesvisree, parents (LVV) of CFTRI, Mysore and the late Dr. E. Wolfgang
Venkateswaralu and Tulasidevi, brothers, sisters-in-law, Becker of Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Tubingen,
sisters and brothers-in-law. Germany, who started the Algal Projects at CFTRI,
G.A.R. is thankful to Dr. Premachandra Sagar, Vice with the support of GTZ (Gesellschaft für Technische
Chairman, Dayananda Sagar Institutions, Bengaluru, for Zusammenarbeit), Germany. This laboratory at CFTRI
granting permission to take this additional responsibility. gained prominence as world renowned center for algal
A.R.R. is thankful to Dr. L. Rathaiah, Chairman; Mr. biotechnology research.
L. Sri Krishnadevarayalu, Vice-Chairman; Prof. Dr. K. G.A.R. is also thankful to the Department of
Ramamurthy Naidu, Chancellor; Dr. M.Y.S. Prasad, Biotechnology Government of India for the National
Vice-Chancellor; Dr. Madhusudhan Rao, Director, Technology Day Award conferred on him and LVV
Engineering and Management; Dean Academics, Dean on May 11, 2003 for commercialization of Spirulina
R&D; and Head, Biotechnology Department of Vignan’s Technology in India.
Foundation for Science, Technology and Research A.R.R. is thankful to IUFoST (Canada) and TWAS-
University for providing facility and support to fulfill CAS for being honored as a young affiliate for his work
this new assignment. on Astaxanthin from Haematococcus.
We thank the institutions of the Government of
India, Department of Biotechnology, Department of Gokare A. Ravishankar
Science and Technology and Indian Council of Medical Ambati Ranga Rao

xiii
Editors
Gokare A. Ravishankar is pres- Dr. Ravishankar is honored as a fellow of several
ently the vice president of research national organizations in India, viz. National Academy
and development (R&D) in life of Sciences; National Academy of Agricultural
sciences and biotechnology at Sciences; Association of Microbiologists of India;
Dayananda Sagar Institutions, Society of Agricultural Biochemists; Society for
Bengaluru, India; he is a professor Applied Biotechnology; Indian Botanical Society; and
of biotechnology. Earlier, he had the Association of Food Scientists and Technologists of
a distinguished research career of India. He has held honorary positions of President of the
more than 30 years working at the Society of Biological Chemists, Mysore Chapter, and
Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), President of Association of Microbiologists of India,
Mysuru, India, and in the institutions of government Mysore and Bangalore Chapters.
of India. He served as chairman of the board of stud- Several premier international bodies have also hon-
ies in biotechnology at the Visvesvaraya Technological ored him with fellowships, viz., the International
University, Belgavi, India, and as academic council Academy of Food Science and Technology (Canada);
member of Dayananda Sagar University. He has also the Institute of Food Technologists (USA); the Institute
been a member of the boards of eight universities. He of Food Science and Technology (UK); and the Certified
is an internationally recognized expert in the areas of Food Scientists of the United States. Dr. Ravishankar is
plant biotechnology, algal biotechnology, food biotech- a very active member of the task forces of several orga-
nology and postharvest technologies, plant secondary nizations of the government of India and has served as
metabolites, functional foods, herbal products, genetic an expert on the selection committees for the appoint-
engineering, and biofuels, and served as visiting profes- ment of professors, scientists, and research students in
sor to universities in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Russia. universities, as well as R&D institutions. He has also
Dr. Ravishankar earned a master’s and PhD degrees served as advisor and resource at international confer-
from Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, India. ences, seminars, workshops, and short courses; he has
He mentored more than 40 PhD students, 62 master’s convened national and international seminars in biology,
students, 7 postdocs, and 8 international guest scientists; biotechnology, and food science and technology. He is
he has authored more than 260 peer-reviewed research an associate editor and reviewer of a large number of
papers in international and national journals, 48 reviews, reputed research journals.
55 patents in India and abroad, edited 3 books, with an
h-index of 59. He has presented more than 200 lectures Ambati Ranga Rao is a scien-
in various scientific meetings in India and abroad, tist and assistant professor in the
including visits to more than 25 countries. Department of Biotechnology at
Dr. Ravishankar has received several coveted honors and Vignan’s Foundation for Science,
awards: Young Scientist Award (Botany) by the then prime Technology, and Research (Deemed
minister of India in 1992; National Technology Day Award to be University), Andhra Pradesh,
of Government of India in 2003; Laljee Godhoo Smarak India. Dr. Ambati earned bachelor’s
Nidhi Award for food biotechnology R&D of industrial and master’s degrees from Acharya Nagarjuna University,
relevance; the prestigious Professor V. Subramanyan Andhra Pradesh, India, and a PhD degree from the
Food-Industrial Achievement Award; Professor S.S. University of Mysore, India. He started his research
Katiyar Endowment Lecture Award in New Biology by career in 2004 as a research assistant at the Department
Indian Science Congress; Professor Vyas Memorial Award of Plant Cell Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and
of Association of Microbiologists of India; Professor V.N. Industrial Research (CSIR) Central Food Technological
Raja Rao Endowment Lecture Award in Applied Botany, Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, India, under the
University of Madras, India; Lifetime Achievement Award supervision of Dr. G. A. Ravishankar and Dr. R. Sarada.
by the Society of Applied Biotechnologists; Dr. Diwaker He was awarded Senior Research Fellow of Indian
Patel Memorial Award by Anand Agricultural University, Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi,
India; Prof C.S. Paulose Memorial Oration Award by in the year 2007. His PhD work at CFTRI focused on
Society for Biotechnologists of India. the production of astaxanthin from cultured green alga

xv
xvi Editors

Haematococcus pluvialis, and its biological activities. of more than 30 peer-reviewed publications, 36 inter-
He worked extensively on process optimization of algal national/national conference papers (including invited
biomass production; mass culture of various algal spe- talks), 5 reviews, and 9 chapters in books. His research
cies in raceway ponds and photobioreactors; downstream citations exceed 1,600, with h-Index (12), and i-index
processing of algal metabolites and evaluation of their (14) as per Google Scholar. He has attended international
possible nutraceutical applications in in vitro and in vivo and national conferences/symposia in the United States,
models. Further, Dr. Ambati worked as lead scientist in Canada, Brazil, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Oman.
Algal Technologies, Carot Labs Pvt Ltd, India; postdoc- Based on his research accomplishments, he is honored
toral research associate in Laboratory of Algal Research TWAS-Young Affiliate (2014) by Regional Office of
and Biotechnology, Arizona State University, under East South-East Asia and the Pacific, Chinese Academy
the supervision of Prof. Milton Sommerfeld and Qiang of Sciences (CAS), China; Carl Storm International
Hu; visiting assistant professor in Food Science and Diversity Fellowship Award (2010) by Gordon Research
Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University– Conferences. Dr. Ambati is a fellow of the Society for
Hong Kong Baptist University, United International Applied Biotechnology (2013), India. He has received
College, China, under the supervision of Prof. Bo Lei; vis- research grants and travel grant fellowships as both
iting senior research fellow in the Institute of Ocean and international and national awards, under young scientist
Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Malaysia, under schemes. He also serves as editorial board member and
the guidance of Prof. Phang Siew Moi. He is the author reviewer for reputed international and national journals.
Contributors
Mohamed M. Abdeldaim A. Catarina Guedes
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and
Suez Canal University Environmental Research (CIIMAR)
Ismailia, Egypt University of Porto
Matosinhos, Portugal
Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi
Micropollutant Research Centre Ratana Chaiklahan
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Johor, Malaysia Bangkok, Thailand

Vikas Singh Chauhan

Helena M. Amaro
Plant Cell Biotechnology Department
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and
CSIR, Central Food Technological Research
Environmental Research (CIIMAR)
Institute
University of Porto
Mysuru, India
Matosinhos, Portugal
and
Najeeha Mohd. Apandi
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
Micropollutant Research Centre
Ghaziabad, India
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Yu Chen
Johor, Malaysia ENN Group
Economic and Technology Development Zone
Xuemei Bai Hebei, China
ENN Group
Economic and Technology Development Zone Imene Chentir
Hebei, China Department of Biotechnology
Nature and Life Sciences Faculty
Srijoni Banerjee Blida 1 University
Advanced Technology Development Center Blida, Algeria
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Khargpur, India and
Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and
Manuel Berenguel Microbiology
Department of Informatics National School of Engineering of Sfax
University of Almería University of Sfax
Almería, Spain Sfax, Tunisia

Boosya Bunnag Debabrata Das

School of Bioresources and Technology Department of Biotechnology
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Bangkok, Thailand Kharagpur, India

Zhongzhen Cai Keshav C. Das

ENN Group College of Engineering
Economic and Technology Development Zone University of Georgia
Hebei, China Athens, Georgia

xvii
xviii Contributors

Julio Cesar de Carvalho Gary L. Hawkins

Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department J. Phil Campbell REC
Federal University of Paraná State Watkinsville, Georgia
Curitiba, Brazil
Mohammad Javad Hessami
Paulo Cesar de Souza Kirnev Institute of Biological Sciences
Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department University of Malaya
Federal University of Paraná State Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Curitiba, Brazil
and
Christina Ν. Economou Department of Biotechnology
Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies
University of Patras University of Isfahan
Patras, Greece Isfahan, Iran

HalaY. El-Ksassas Apiradee Hongsthong

National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Biochemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Research
Alexandria, Egypt and Development Unit
National Center for Genetic Engineering and
Mostafa M. El-Sheekh Biotechnology
Botany Department National Science and Technology Development
Faculty of Science Agency
Tanta University King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Tanta, Egypt Bangkok, Thailand

Qian Feng Bing Huang

ENN Group Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules
Economic and Technology Development Zone and Applications
Hebei, China Mer Molécules Sante
Le Mans University
Francisco Gabriel Acién Fernández Le Mans, France
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Almería Dipak A. Jadhav
Almería, Spain Department of Agricultural Engineering
Maharashtra Institute of Technology
Daniel P. Geller Maharashtra, India
College of Engineering
University of Georgia S.P. Jeevan Kumar
Athens, Georgia Department of Seed Biotechnology
ICAR, Indian Institute of Seed Science
Jinfeng Geng Mau, India
ENN Group
Economic and Technology Development Zone N.V. Joshi
Hebei, China Energy and Wetlands Research Group
Center for Ecological Sciences
Samiha M. Gharib Indian Institute of Science
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Bangalore, India
Alexandria, Egypt
Amir Hashim Mohd. Kassim
Jose Luis Guzmán Micropollutant Research Centre
Department of Informatics Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Almería Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Almería, Spain Johor, Malaysia
Contributors xix

Brian H. Kiepper Giorgos Markou

309 Poultry Science Building Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products
University of Georgia Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter
Athens, Georgia Lykovrysi, Greece

Costas Kiparissides Adriane Bianchi Pedroni Medeiros

Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI) Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department
Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH) Federal University of Paraná State
Department of Chemical Engineering Curitiba, Brazil
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH)
Thessaloniki, Greece Virginie Mimouni
Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules
Qing Li and Applications
ENN Group Mer Molécules Santé
Economic and Technology Development Zone Le Mans University
Hebei, China Le Mans, France

Fangwei Liu Sananda Mondal

ENN Group Institute of Agriculture
Economic and Technology Development Zone Visva-Bharati Central University
Hebei, China West Bengal, India

Jiantao Luo Annick Morant-Manceau

ENN Group Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules
Economic and Technology Development Zone and Applications
Hebei, China Mer Molécules Sante
Le Mans University
C.K. Madhubalaji Le Mans, France
Plant Cell Biotechnology Department
CSIR, Central Food Technological Research Institute Sandeep Mudliar
Mysuru, India Plant Cell Biotechnology Department
CSIR, Central Food Technological Research Institute
and
Mysuru, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
and
Ghaziabad, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
D.M. Mahapatra Ghaziabad, India
Energy and Wetlands Research Group
Center for Ecological Sciences G.S. Murthy
Indian Institute of Science Biological and Ecological Engineering
Bangalore, India Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
and
Biological and Ecological Engineering Ruma Pal
Oregon State University Phycology Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon Department of Botany
University of Calcutta
Justine Marchand Kolkata, India
Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules
and Applications Debasish Panda
Mer Molécules Sante Institute of Agriculture
Le Mans University Visva-Bharati Central University
Le Mans, France West Bengal, India
xx Contributors

Giannis Penloglou Jose María Fernández Sevilla

Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI) Department of Chemical Engineering
Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH) University of Almería
Thessaloniki, Greece Almería, Spain

C. Periyasamy Ajam Shekh

Department of Botany Plant Cell Biotechnology Department
Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar College CSIR, Central Food Technological Research
Manonmanium Sundaranar University Institute
Tamil Nadu, India Mysuru, India
Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed and
Micropollutant Research Centre Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Ghaziabad, India
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Johor, Malaysia P.V. Sijil
Plant Cell Biotechnology Department
T.V. Ramachandra CSIR, Central Food Technological Research Institute
Energy and Wetlands Research Group Mysuru, India
Center for Ecological Sciences
Center for Sustainable Technologies and
Indian Institute of Science Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
Bangalore, India Ghaziabad, India
Sarada Ravi Manjinder Singh
Plant Cell Biotechnology Department 2012 Orchard Walk
CSIR, Central Food Technological Research Institute Watkinsville, Georgia
Mysuru, India
and Carlos Ricardo Soccol
Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Department
Ghaziabad, India Federal University of Paraná State
Curitiba, Brazil
Benoit Schoefs
Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules I. Sousa Pinto
and Applications Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and
Mer Molécules Sante Environmental Research (CIIMAR)
Le Mans University University of Porto
Le Mans, France Matosinhos, Portugal
Sarban Sengupta and
Phycology Laboratory Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto
Department of Botany Porto, Portugal
University of Calcutta
Kolkata, India T.R. Sreekrishnan
Department of Biochemical Engineering and
Surajbhan Sevda
Biotechnology
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
New Delhi, India
Assam, India
Contributors xxi

P.V. Subba Rao Marta Barceló Villalobos

Aquaculture Foundation of India Department of Informatics
Tamil Nadu, India University of Almería
Almería, Spain
G. Subramanian
Professor and Head (Retired) Hui Ling Wang
Department of Microbiology ENN Group
Founder Director, National Facility for Marine Economic and Technology Development Zone
Cyanobacteria Hebei, China
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirappalli, India Lin Wang
ENN Group
G.V. Swarnalatha Economic and Technology Development Zone
Plant Cell Biotechnology Department Hebei, China
CSIR, Central Food Technological Research Institute
Mysuru, India Hong Wu
ENN Group
and
Economic and Technology Development Zone
Department of Biochemistry Hebei, China
Rayalaseema University
Kurnool, India Min Xu
ENN Group
Eduardo Bittencourt Sydney Economic and Technology Development Zone
Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department Hebei, China
Federal University of Paraná State
Curitiba, Brazil Jinyang Zhang
ENN Group
Jie Teng Economic and Technology Development Zone
ENN Group Hebei, China
Economic and Technology Development Zone
Hebei, China Zhenqi Zhu
ENN Group
N. Thajuddin Economic and Technology Development Zone
Department of Microbiology Hebei, China
School of Life Sciences
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirappalli, India

Lionel Ulmann
Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules
and Applications
Mer Molécules Santé
Le Mans University
Le Mans, France
Section I
Phycoremediation Applications
 1 Wastewater Phycoremediation
by Microalgae for Sustainable
Bioproduct Production
Najeeha Mohd. Apandi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed,
Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, and Amir Hashim Mohd. Kassim

CONTENTS
Abbreviations...............................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................4
Conventional Wastewater Treatment............................................................................................................................4
Phycoremediation and Wastewater Treatment.............................................................................................................6
Heavy Metal Removal via Phycoremediation..............................................................................................................6
Mechanism of Nutrient Removal Using Algae............................................................................................................7
Factors Affecting Microalgae Culture..........................................................................................................................8
Microalgae Cultivation System....................................................................................................................................9
Microalgal Biomass as a Sustainable Bioproduct........................................................................................................9
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................................... 10
References.................................................................................................................................................................. 10

BOX 1.1 SALIENT FEATURES The use of microalgae has been commercialized in
wastewater treatment applications. Mass produc-
The rapid and ever-increasing world population
tion of strains such as Scenedesmus almeriesnsis,
along with the advancement in science and tech-
Botrycoccus sp., Chlorella sp. and Dundiella sp.
nology has increased the utilization of resources.
are being used for animal feeds, fertilizers, phar-
This has created challenges in wastewater process-
maceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, aquaculture
ing. The discharge of rich wastewater into rivers
and pollution control. Moreover, biomass yield can
and aquatic environments without proper treatment
be used as food supplements, bioenergy resources
contributes to eutrophication and deterioration in
and pharmaceutical products. Microalgae have
water quality. Most of the current wastewater treat-
been previously suggested as one of the alterna-
ment practices are not economically viable as
tive methods for nutrient removal from wastewa-
they incur high operation costs and maintenance
ter. Nutrient removal has been shown to be more
costs. In addition, these practices also produce an
efficient when algae strains with special attributes
extensive volume of sludge. Through the phycore-
are used. Recently, bio-treatment using microalgae
mediation method, sludge can be used for biomass
has increased in popularity because of its photo-
production. The use of bacteria or other natural
synthetic capabilities which converts solar energy
microorganisms such as microalgae for biological
into useful biomasses and removes nutrients such
treatment is cost effective, accessible and requires
as nitrogen and phosphorus that cause eutrophica-
low maintenance. The bioremediation of wastewater
tion. Microalgae systems can treat human sewage,
using microalgae also overcomes problems related
livestock wastes, agro-industrial wastes, indus-
to the physical and chemical treatment of waste-
trial wastes, municipal wastewater and domestic
water. Compared to other conventional treatment
wastewater. The removal or remediation of nutri-
methods, phycoremediation is a simple and practi-
ents by microalgae takes place through one of two
cal wastewater treatment technique that uses algae.

3
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
octobre 1913. Or, ces deux assemblées se sont séparées sans
étudier ni voter les moyens de mettre leur résolution en pratique, et
la célébration du bi-centenaire de la naissance de Diperot se trouve
ajournée a une date indéterminée. — Heureusement, Diperor est du
nombre des morts qui peuvent attendre ».
 CHRONIQUE. 475 Marie Anne Sochon, sa légitime épouze.
A été son parrein pierre haley et Commémorations. sa marine Marie
Magdeleine de Launey qui ont signé avec nous. MM. Delauney, P.
Halley, Ad. Leperchey, vic. de Beaumont. Jusqu’ici aucun monument
ne rappelle sa mémoire a ses concitoyens. Deux comités, — un
comité d’initiative présidé par le maire, M. Dossrn, et un comité
d’honneur dont Henri Porncareé avait accepté la présidence, — se
sont constitués pour vombler cet oubli. Une souscription est donc
ouverte « pour élever 4 la mémoire de lillustre astronome un
monument dans son pays natal, la ov il fit ses premiers pas, et prés
de Vécole ou grandit et se développa ce puissant génie ». Les
cotisations doivent étre adressées 4 M. LE Prince, ayocat 4
Beaumont-en-Auge, trésorier de la Commission. Lord Kelvin (1824-
1907). — La ville natale de Lord Ketvin, Belfast, vient de lui élever
une statue par souscription publique, dans le Jardin botanique de
cette ville. Elle a été inaugurée le 19 juin dernier, en présence d’une
grande affluence, par le chancelier de l'Université de Belfast, le
comte de SHAarrespury. A cette occasion, Sir Jos—EpH LARMOR a
prononcé un discours dans lequel il a rappelé quelques traits de la
vie et de l’ceuvre de lillustre savant anglais. Le comité de
souscription se propose également de faire placer, dans la grande
salle de l’Université, une plaque de cuivre en mémoire du frére de
Lord Ketviy, Sir James Tuomson, qui professa le Génie civil au collége
de la Reine, a Belfast, de 1857 4 1873. Une autre plaque sera érigée
dans le hall de V'Institution académique royale de Belfast, en
souvenir du pére de Lord Ketvin, JAMes THomson, qui fut professeur
de mathématiques au collége de Belfast, de 1814 4 1832 (Revue
générale des Sciences, t. XXIV, p. 97 du « Supplément », Paris,
1913). Pierre Prévost (1751-1839) -— Le 5 juin dernier a eu lieu, 4
Genéye, une cérémonie commémorative en l’'honneur de Prerre
Pritvosr. Un buste en bronze de |’éminent physicien a été inauguré
dans l’Aula de l'Université... — Le nom de Prévost demeure attaché,
dans les sciences, 4 la théorie de l’équilibre mobile des
températures. Par cette théorie, il n’expliquait pas seulement
nombre de faits qui embarrassaient les chercheurs de son temps; il
donnait, en outre, les premiers exemples d’un mode de
raisonnement plus d’une fois appliqué dans la suite : d'une théorie
purement statistique. On considére chaque ¢lément d'un systéme
comme indépendant de tous les autres : il donne et recoit, et l’on
écrit pour l’équilibre que la recette est égale 4 la dépense : c'est
ainsi que l'on analyse aujourd'hui nombre de phénoménes en
physicochimie... (Ibidem).
 Sources. 476 ISIS. I. 1913. Voigtlanders Quellenbiicher. —
J’ai déja insisté plusieurs fois sur cette idée, que ce qui caractérise,
le mieux peut-étre, la civilisation moderne, c'est la pénétration et la
diffusion continues des méthodes scientifiques dans le domaine de la
vie quotidienne. Cette vulgarisation, non pas artificielle mais bien
réelle, de la science et des habitudes scientifiques, se manifeste
notamment par le besoin croissant d'information exacte et directe.
Les hommes les plus éloignés par leur métier du domaine de la
science pure, s’habituent peu a peu a exiger la connaissance des
sources, pour se laisser convaincre. Un éditeur intelligent, la firme R.
VoIGTLAENDER de Leipzig, a songé 4 tirer parti de ce besoin
nouveau de lesprit humain, en créant une collection fort
intéressante: les Voigtlinders Quellenbiicher. Chacun des volumes de
prix variable (+ 1 fr.) qui composent cette collection, est consacré a
l'étude d’une question déterminée, a l'aide des sources principales,
— du moins a l’aide de quelques documents originaux
judicieusement choisis. Ces documents sont des extraits de
manuscrits, ou d'imprimés, ou encore des dessins, des
photographies. Voici d’ailleurs, quelques extraits du programme de
cette collection, qui en préciseront le point de vue directeur : Statt
des Abgeleiteten also die Quelle; statt des Begriffes die Anschauung
; statt einer Information von dritter Seite eigenes Gewinnen und so
tieferer Gewinn ; statt der auf breiter Oberfliche erscheinenden
Kenntnisse und Begriffe ein Hinabsteigen an wenigen, aber
bezeichnenden Punkten in den Schacht der Quellen und in neu
gewonnene Tiefen. Das alles einerseits auf der Grundlage strenger
kritischer Auswahl und Erlduterung, getroffen und geboten von
Fachmdnnern und vom neuesten Standpunkte der betreffenden
Forschung aus ; das alles andererseits in einer Auswahl! und in einer
Form, die die Lektiire fiir jeden zu einer angenehmen Unterhaltung
macht. ’ Grundsatzlich sucht die Sammlung nur wirkliche Quellen zu
bringen: Urkunden, Literatur-Denkmdler oder Monumente. Sache der
Herausgeber aber war es und wird es sein, das Wichtige und
Bezeichnende auszuwahlen, es durch Einleitungen, Ueberleitungen,
Anmerkungen usw. ins rechte Licht zu setzen und verstandlich zu
machen, denn das Lesen von Quellen setzt Vorarbeit voraus, die der
Herausgeber dem Leser abzunehmen hat. — Zuweilen muss aber
auch die quellenmdssige Darstellung an Stelle der Quellen treten,
namlich wenn diese so zerstreut oder trocken sind (z, B.
Stadtrechnungen), dass sie im Original wenig geniessbar sind, —
Bestehen die Quellen gar aus «Monumenten », besitzen wir also nur
bildliche Ueberlieferungen, Fundstticke oder Bauten, die mehr oder
minder erhalten noch heute vor unseren Augen stehen, dann
nehmen die « Quellenbicher » das Bild zur Grundlage und erlautern
es durch den beigegebenen Text, auch wenn dieser der Form nach
den eigentlichen Aufbau bildet.
 CHRONIQUE. 477 Inhaltlich erstreckt sich das Unternehmen
auf alle nur méglichen Gebiete und Stoffe, auf welche die
geschilderten Formen der Darbietung anwendbar sind, namentlich
auch auf die Naturwissenschaften. Parmi les volumes publiés jusqu’a
présent, je citerai ceux qui ressortissent directement au domaine
d’Isis: 1. « Die ersten deutschen Eisenbahnen Niirnberg-Fiirth und
Leipzig-Dresden », hrg. v. Friepricu ScuuLze. — 3. « Corneivus
Cersus tiber die Grundfragen der Medizin », hrg. v. TH. MEYER-
STEINEG. — 11] et 31. « Geographie des Erdkreises, y. Pomponius
Me.a», hrg. v. Hans Puiuipp. — 12. « ROBERT MAYER iiber die
Erhaltung der Kraft», hrg. v. ALBERT NEUBURGER. — 13. «
Vulkanausbriiche in alter und neuer Zeit, nach den Berichten yon
Augenzeugen », hrg. v. PAUL SCHNEIDER. — 14. « FRIEDRICH
HoFFrMANN tiber das Kohlenoxydgas und die Gegenschrift yon
ANDREAS ERDMANN », hrg. y. ALBERT NEUBURGER. — 20. « OTTO
VON GUERICKE iiber die Luftpumpe und den Luftdruck », hrg. v.
WitLy Bern. — 30. « Die Entdeckung der Krankheitserreger », hrg. v.
J. GRoper. — 32. « Aus der Entdeckungsgeschichte der lebendigen
Substanz », hrg. v. GOTTFRIED BRUCKNER. Il n’existe en langue
francaise, aucune collection comparable a celle-ci L’anno di nascita di
Agricola (GrorG Baver). — Cosi i piu riputati libri di storia delle
scienze come le migliori enciclopedie biografiche sono divise nell’
assegnare la data dell’ anno di nascita del grande mineralogista e
metallurgo GIoRGIO AGRICOLA. Portano la data del 1490, fra gli altri
: Giimper, nell’ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (Leipzig, 1875); H.
Kopp, neue Beitriige sur Geschichte der Chemie III St.
(Braunschweig, 1875); E. GERLAND nella, Gesch. der Physik
(Miinchen, 1913); Fr. DANNEMANN, in Die Entwicklung der
Naturwissenschaft (mi é stata solamente accessibile di quest’opera la
II ed., Leipzig, 1903); S. Giinruer, nella Gesch. der
Naturwissenschaften (Leipzig, 1909); Ic. Guarescut, nell’ Enc. di
Chimica, etc , ed inoltre il Meyers Konversations-Lexikon; |’
Encyclopeedia Britannica (Cambridge); la Grande Encyclopedie, ete.
Portano invece la data del 1494: H. Kopp, nella Gesch. der Chemie
(Braunschweig, 1843); le Storie della chimica dell’ Hérer e del
TuorPe; A. v. Zitren, nella Gesch. der Geologie und Paleontologie
(Miinchen, 1899); L. Beck, nella Gesch. des Eisens (vol. II, Leipzig,
1893-1895, pag. 22 e segg); E. v. Meyer, Gesch. der Chemie (III ed.,
Leipzig, 1905), ete., ed inoltre il Brockuaus’ Konversations-Lexikon, il
Dict. universel del Larousse, la Enciclopedia universal (Barcelona),
etc. Ora non é ammissibile che seguiti a sussistere una tale
sconcordanza, tanto pid, anche, che la data di nascita di AGrioo.a ha
importanza per yalutare i suoi rapporti scientifici col grandissimo
senese VANNOCCIO Sources. Questions.
 Questions. Méthodologie. 478 ISIS. I. 1913. BrrinGuccio
(1480-1539), uno dei fondatori del metodo sperimentale, dei
rinnovatori della chimica, e dei pionieri della mineralogia e della
metallurgia. Nelle mie note all’ ultima edizione dell’ opera di questo
grande scienziato (V. B. De la Pirotechnia, Bari, 1913) io ho prescelto
la data del 1494, perché, non contando in questo campo il numero
degli autori che riportano una data cifra (infatti le date vengono
tranquillamente ricopiate dalle opere preesistenti), il solo documento
valido che avessi sott’ occhio era l’epitaffio che fu posto sulla tomba
di AGRICOLA e che é riportato dal Beck (I. c. pag. 30). Questo
conferma assolutamente la data del 1494. Trascrivo il documento
come si trova nel Beck : « D. O. M. Giorgio AGRICOLAE, Medicinae
Doctori et Cons. Chemni( censi, viro pietate atque doctrina insigni,
deque Republica sua «( optime merito, cuius nomen scripta, quae
reliquit, preeclara, immor« talitati consecrarunt. Spiritum autem
Christis in sua illa eterna « tabernacula transtulit. « Uxor et Liberi
lugentes F. C. « Mortuus est etatis suze 62 10 calend. Nov. Anno
post Christum natum 1555. » Sarebbe desiderabile, e percio io
pongo qui una tale questione, che la data della nascita di AGrico_a
fosse ripresa in esame da chi é in grado di potere consultare
idocumenti originali relativi (ad esempio ricercando, se é possibile,
l’atto di nascita, etc ). Confermato il documento del Breck, si
dovrebbe subito curare a che la datasbagliata venga tolta dalle
pubblicazioni serie ed autorevoli. Aupo MIELI. Fortschritte des
chemisch-historischen Unterrichts in Oesterreich. — Nach den
Priifungsvorschriften fiir das Lehramt der Chemie an den
Osterreichischen Mittelschulen haben die Kandidaten auch
Kenntnisse aus der Geschichte der Chemie nachzuweisen. Der
Lehrplan fiir den Chemieunterricht der Osterreichischen Realschulen
(!) schreibt vor, das historische Moment sei zu pflegen, jedoch ohne
das Gedachtnis der Schiiler zu tiberlasten. Die Lehrbiicher haben
bisher die letztere Vorschrift so durchgefiihrt, dass sie im 5.
Schuljahr als EHinleitung einen ganz kurzen historischen Abriss
brachten und die Darlegung der chemischen Grundgesetze an das
Lebenswerk Lavoisiers anschlossen, um schliesslich bei den
wichtigsten Elementen und Verbindungen die Daten der Entdeckung
anzugeben. Referent hat demgegeniiber schon (4) Dies sind
siebenklaesige lateinlose Anstalten, an welchen Chemie durch drei
Jahre, in der 4., 5. und 6. Klasse als besonderer
Unterrichtsgegenstand gelehrt wird. In der 4. Klasse erfolgt die erste
Einfithrung, in der 5. wird anorganische, in der 6. organische Chemie
gelehrt.
 CHRONIQUE. 479 vor lingerem (!) darauf hingewiesen, in
wie grossem Umfang es méglich ist, ohne Mehrbelastung der Schiiler
die Zeitalter der Chemie anschaulich darzustellen, Biographien
grosser Forscher und Entdecker zu geben und Episoden, die wichtige
Marksteine in der Geschichte der Chemie bezeichnen,
heranzuziehen; wie sehr ferner dadurch das Verstiindnis und das
Interesse der Schiiler gesteigert werden kénnen. Diese Ausfiihrungen
beriihren sich nahe mit jenen, welche D* Sarton (Isis, I, p. 34-36)
gegeben hat. Im Rahmen des Osterr. Lehrplans kénnen diese
Grundsiitze durchgefiihrt werden und Referent steht mit seinem
Vorgang durchaus nicht allein. Nunmehr kann auch iiber ein
Lehrbuch berichtet werden, das eine dhnliche Richtung vertritt und
bereits vom Ministerium fiir den Unterricht zugelassen wurde. Es ist
dies die Anorganische Chemie fir die Oberstufe der Realschulen yon
D* Bertuotp Konic und D* JoHANN Matuscuek (Verlag Picuter, Wien,
1913). Bei Durchsicht des Buches fallen zuniichst die mehrfach
eingeschalteten Originalstellen auf, die, soweit deutsch oder
franzésisch, in der Ursprache geboten werden. Lucrez, SCHEELE,
LAVOISIER, SCHROTTER (der Entdecker des roten Phosphors, ein
Oesterreicher), Moissan, die Curtes kommen zu Worte.
Aeusserungen Goetues iiber die Chemie seiner Zeit, ethische
Sentenzen aus Davys Tagebiichern finden ihren Platz. Die Chemie
der technisch wichtigen Metalle, des Glases, Porzellans u. s. w. wird
jeweils durch treffliche historische Streiflichter eingeleitet. Auch eine
Originalarbeit des einen Verfassers ist herangezogen, worin derselbe
es wahrscheinlich macht, dass der « Stein der Weisen » mit
kolloidem Gold identisch gewesen sei. Elf Forscherbildnisse zieren
das Buch. Das Werk atmet kriiftiges Leben und wird jedem, der wie
Verfasser und Referent auch fiir die Altersstufe von 15 bis 16 Jahren
noch ein Eingehen auf die jugendliche Denk- und Gefiihlsrichtung
wiinschen, Freude bereiten. Gewisse Miingel im einzelnen, wie sie
dieser ersten Auflage noch anhaften, werden sicherlich kiinftig
behoben werden. Referent glaubt nicht fehlzugehen, wenn er diese
bedeutsame Neu. erscheinung als den ersten offiziell anerkannten
Versuch bezeichnet, eine historische Methode im chemischen
Mittelschulunterricht einzufiihren. Ernst Biocn (Prossnitz). Vil®
Riunione della Societa italiana per il progresso delle scienze. (Siena,
22-27 settembre 1913). — La gentile e squisita ospitalita della
bellissima Siena rese attraente ed istruttiva la VII riunione di questa
(*) Programm der Staatsrealschule Prossnitz 1909; Oesterreichische
Mittelschule, 1910, Heft 1. Méthodologie. Congres.
 Congrés. 480 ISIS. I. 1913. notevole Societa scientifica
italiana. Diversi discorsi generali e di classe interessavano la storia
delle scienze. Fra i primi rammento quello di ANronio GARBAsSO che
trattando sui principi della meccanica toeco in modo sintetico varie
questioni storiche, e quello anche di ELIA MILLOSEVICH che in un
discorso intitolato Urania e Clio accenno alle relazioni fra l’astronomia
e la cronologia. Fra i secondi cito quello di Domenico Barpuzzi sulla
dottrina galileiana e la medicina sperimentale. La sezione di storia
delle scienze alla quale si era, per questa yolta, unita la Sociata
italiana per la storia critica delle scienze mediche e naturali, esauri
anche un lavoro non piccolo. Vi furono infatti le comunicazioni
seguenti: DomMENIco Barpvzzi, sulle origini e sulle vicende principali
della R. Accademia delle Scienze detta dei Fisiocritici di Siena ;
GUGLIELMO BILANCIONI, alcune lettere inedite del Corueno, e note
sul tAMAZZINI con documenti inediti; MassmiLiANo CaARpINI, Lo
scritto galenico « Come l’ottimo medico sia anche filosofo »;
MAssmmo CHIADINI, nuove memorie inedite di G. B. MorGaeni et la
figura scientifica di G. MERCURIALE; ANDREA CorsINi, documenti
per la storia del primo congresso degli scienziati italiani (Pisa 1839);
e alcuni documenti inediti su GIROLAMO SEGATO e la sua scoperta
sulla pietrificazione ; ALpDOo MIELI, notizie e note su VANNOccIOo
Birincuccio e sulla sua opera « de la pirotechnia »; e necessita ed
urgenza da parte del Governo di rendere possibili’in Italia gli studi
complessivi e sintetici di storia delle scienze, istituendo presso
qualche grande biblioteca pubblica dei reparti speciali, destinati a
tale disciplina, dove fosse possibile trovare, oltre le antiche edizioni,
anche tutta la moderna letteratura contemporanea che riguarda un
tale soggetto; VirGINIo PensuT!, Babilonia e la medicina ippocratica
(questa conferenza fu illustrata da numerose ed interessanti
proiezioni); GIUSEPPE RAVAGLIA, intorno a TuRA Di CaSTELLO ed il
suo trattato sulle acque di Porretta; FRANCESCO SIMONELLI, di
GEROLAMO MERCURIALE da Forlie del suo trattato De morbis
cutaneis et omnibus corporis humani excrementis. Le suddette
comunicazioni saranno pubblicate in sunto nel volume degli atti;
inoltre molte saranno riprodotte per esteso, in parte sulla Rivista
della Societa italiana di storia critica delle sciense mediche e naturali,
in parte altrove. Su alecune comunicazioni si ebbero discussioni e
voti. La prima di A. CorsInI porto cosi a votare il seguente ordine del
giorno : La sezione di storia delle scienze della Societa italiana per il
progresso delle scienze, udita importante comunicazione del Prof.
ANDREA Corsini, considerando l'interesse grande dei documenti,
finora sconosciuti, riferentesi al I congresso degli Scienziati italiani
tenutosi in Pisa nel 1839, sia dal lato politico che scientifico,
 CHRONIQUE. 48] fa voti che la Societa italiana etc. curi la
pubblicazione dei documenti stessi. La seconda comunicazione di A.
MIELI, in seguito ad animata discussione, fece votare l’ordine del
giorno seguente. La sezione di Storia delle Scienze della Societa
italiana per il progresso delle science, considerando le difficolta che i
cultori della detta disciplina incontrano nei loro studi per non poter
seguire completamente la letteratura relativa, si augura che il
governo faciliti in Italia gli studi complessivi e sintetici in tale
disciplina, favorendoli con opportuni acquisti e formazioni di speciali
cataloghi presso qualche grande biblioteca publica (1). Inoltre fu
votato un ordine del giorno proposto da Dom. Barpvuzz1, nel quale,
considerato il bisogno sempre crescente delle opere di GALILEO e
l’introvabilita dell’ edizione nazionale, limitata a poche copie sparse
per qualche biblioteca, si fa voti che, per incitamento della Societa
italiana per il progresso delle Scienze, si addivenga ad una nuova
edizione popolare delle opere stesse. Isuddetti ordini del giorno
approvati dalla Sezione, furono poi portati ed approvati nella seduta
generale. Inoltre su proposta di A. MrexI, appogiato da G.
BILANCIONI, si voto nella sezione anche il seguente ordine del
giorno: La Sezione di Storia delle Scienze della Societa italiana per il
progresso delle science, ritenuto che il suo scopo principale
dovrebbe essere quello di mettere a contatto i cultori della storia
delle varie discipline scientifiche, in maniera tale da contribuire
efficacemente a quell’ opera di sintesi storica che sola pud darci una
veduta completa ed adeguata dello sviluppo del pensiero scientifico
umano, (!) L’ordine del giorno votato attenua la richiesta da me
formulata e che chiedeva la creazione, in alcune biblioteche, di
sezioni speciali dedicate alla storia delle scienze. Questa
attenuazione fu apportata dal desiderio di vedere pit facilmente
soddisfatta la richiesta, e di poter ottenere almeno un acquisto pid
copioso di libri ora quasi introvabili in Italia, mentre sono
assolutamente necessari per uno studio coscienzioso. Pur non
illudendomi affatto sull’ esito cui ordinariamente sono condannati tali
voti, io credo che sarebbe stato opportuno che i cultori della storia
delle scienze, col richiedere delle speciali sezioni in aleune
biblioteche, avessero solennemmente affermato che questa nuova
disciplina, che ora si comincia a perseguire con metodo e con
proficui risultati, ha diritto, come le altre, al suo posto, é non ultimo,
nella scienza ufficiale. E cosi come le varie parti di questa hanno i
loro laboratori e le loro biblioteche speciali, cosi pure la storia delle
scienze ha diritto ad un simile traitamento. Non é inutile rammentare
qui come qualche anno fa, con alcune scuse d’orCongres.
 Congres. 482 ISIS. I. 1913. fa voti che, oltre ad aversi un
concorso notevole degli storici di tutte le discipline, vengano riunite
nella sezione di storia delle scienze tutte quelle comunicazioni che
hanno un carattere storico e che nelle varie Riunioni delle Societa
sono state non di rado disperse fra le varie sezioni speciali, e fa voti
ancora che per mezzo dell’ interessamento dei vari cultori di storia
delle scienze, e, nel caso, per opera di un eventuale ed opportuno
comitato permanente, si provveda a dare ai lavori delle sezione
stessa quella continuita ed organicita che sono condizioni
indispensabili per rendere l’opera sua veramente utile e proficua.
L’occasione di questo voto, fu dato dal desiderio di promuovere u
n’opera organica collettiva nel campo della storia del pensiero
scientifico ed anche dal fatto che varie comunicazioni d’indole storica
furono annunziate ed anche comunicate in altre sezioni. Esso fu
emesso anche per il desiderio di dare un carattere di continuita a
queste riunioni annuali, cosa che esse ancora non hanno acquistato.
Mentre infatti l’anno scorso, nella riunione di Genova, la sezione di
storia delle scienze si occupo prevalentemente di argomenti
matematici, quella di quest’anno ebbe in grande preponderanza
carattere medico. Questo quasi specializzarsi delle singole riunioni
non giova, certamente, allo scopo principale cui esse dovrebbero
tendere, cioé a porre in rapporto i cultori della storia di discipline
diverse per favorire quella sintesi che sola puo darci una vera
comprensione dello sviluppo del pensiero scientifico (‘). dine
amministrativo, furono tolti vari incarichi che esistevano per corsi di
storia di scienze speciali in varie universita; e cosi, ad es. ad A.
Favaro fu tolta la Storia della matematica a Padova, a V. Prensuti la
Storia della medicina a Roma. Gia nello scorso anno la Societa
italiana per il progresso delle scienze ebbe ad occuparsi di questo
fatto increscioso, non rassicurante per l’alta coltura italiana,
emettendo un voto che chiedeva il ripristinamento dei vari corsi. Ma
oltre e pit che come complesso di varie storie speciali, la storia delle
scienze deve affermarsi comme unita, e chiedere instancabilmente il
posto a cui ha diritto. E, data la sua natura speciale, credo che essa
debba, per prima cosa, chiedere reparti suoi propri in alcune
biblioteche, fornite riccamente di antiche edizioni, dotati di fondi
sufficienti capaci di permettere loro di radunare tutte le cose
importanti che sull’ argomento si vanno pubbliccando nel monde
civile. Ora, purtroppo, bisogna riconoscere che in Italia uno studio
esauriente, completo e generale di storia delle scienze, non si puo
fare e per le condizioni appunto delle nostre. biblioteche. (') Posso
annunziare che in seguito al voto suddetto, si sta gid pensando ad
organizzare per la ventura riunione e per le successive un lavoro
interessante e completo. Spero di poter dare assai presto notizie pid
concrete su questa argomento.
 CHRONIQUE. 483 Alla riunione di Siena furono anche
presentatii primi quattro volumi della Collezione dei classici delle
scienze e della filosofia diretta da A. Mrexi ed E. Troito; e il primo
volumetto delle Vite dei medici e naturalisti celebri dirette da A.
CorsInN1. La prossima riunione della Societa avra luogo in Bart nell’
autumo del prossimo anno. ALpO MIELI. IJ. — ORGANISATION DE
LA SCIENCE. a) Généralités. XX* Congrés de la paix (La Haye, 18-23
aout 1913). — Quelques lecteurs s’étonneront peut-étre de trouver
ici une note consacrée au Congres de la paix. Ces lecteurs n’auront
sans doute pas bien compris le point de vue d’Jsis, sinon ils ne
s’étonneraient point. Car il est tout simple, quand on étudie
lorganisation de la science, de s’intéresser aux conditions extérieures
quirendent cette organisation possible: or, il est bien évident que la
toute premiére des conditions nécessaires pour garantir l’existence
et le développement de la science, c'est la paix. Et pour que
lascience puisse s’épanouir dans toute son ampleur, il ne suffit méme
point que la paix existe, il faut encore que les charges militaires ne
pésent pas trop rudement sur les citoyens, et n’accaparent point une
trop grande partie de leur activité. — Aussi, quoiqu’il existe une
science de la guerre, et quoique les habitudes fratricides imposées
aux hommes leur aient suggéré quelques inventions, il n’en est pas
moins vrai, en thése générale, que les sciences ne florissent que
lorsque la paix régne: c’est 14 un lieu commun qui a inspiré aux
artistes et aux pottes beaucoup d’allégories. Ce XX*Congrés a
obtenu un grand succés. I] a coincidé avec deux cérémonies
émouvantes: |’inauguration du Palais de la Paix, a La Haye, et une
visite solennelle au tombeau de HuGo Grotivs,a Delft. — Il est inutile
d’insister davantage sur ce congrés, auquel tous les grands journaux
du monde ont consacré de longs articles ; on en trouvera également
des comptes rendus plus ou moins développés dans les nombreuses
revues pacifistes qui sont actuellement publices dans tous les pays
civilisés. Je citerai en particulier, les comptes rendus publiés dans la
Paix par le droit, n° 17 (10, rue Monjardin, Nimes, France) et dans le
Mouvement pacifiste, n™ 8 et 9 (Imprimerie Biicuter et C*, Berne,
Suisse), La Paix par le droit a publié aussi dans son n° 15-16, 23°
annéc, p. 467-473, un article de Jacques Pannier, intitulé: « Ov et
quand Grortivs a composé le De jure belli. » Congrés. Généralités.
 Généralités. 434 ISIS. I. 1913. Puisque Paix et Science sont
deux phénoménes qui sont si intimement liés l’un a l’autre, n’est-il
pas évident que toute personne qui prétend s’intéresser 4
l’organisation de la science et a l'étude des conditions de meilleur
rendement intellectuel de l’humanité, est en quelque sorte
moralement et logiquement obligée de s’affilier 4 l’une ou l'autre
société pacifiste ? Les forces de réaction sont si grandes, les intéréts
financiers engagés dans les entreprises militaristes sont si puissants
et siagressifs, qu’il est du devoir de toutes les personnes
sincérement pacifiques d’unir leurs efforts. Les savants loublient trop
souvent, et cependant les intéréts qui leur sont les plus chers, les
intéréts mémes de la science, devraient les obliger a exiger
énergiquement la Paix. Pourquoi oublient-ils done de s’affilier au
mouvement pacifiste ? Oublient-ils aussi d’assurer leur laboratoire ou
de s’assurer eux-mémes contre le vol ou contre l’incendie ? Le
prochain Congrés de la paix, le XXT*, aura lieu a Vienne, en 1914.
Deuxiéme session du Congrés mondial des Associations
Internationales (Bruxelles-Gand, 15-18 juin 1913). — Les secrétaires
généraux de ce congrés, H. La Fonrarne et P. OrLer en ont publié un
excellent compte rendu dans la Vie Internationale, t. III, p. 439-524,
Bruxelles, 1913. J’en extrais les renseignements suivants : Cent
soixante-neuf associations internationales avaient adhéré a ce
congrés et vingt-deux gouvernements y étaient officiellement
représentés. A la premiére session, tenue a Bruxelles, en 1910,
n’avaient pris part que cent trente-sept associations et treize
gouvernements. Les travaux du Congrés avaient été longuement
préparés: les publications de la premiére session, c’est-a-dire les
Actes du Congres de 1910, d'une part, et l’Annuaire de la vie
internationale et la revue La Vie internationale, d’autre part, en
constituaient ensemble les travaux préléminaires. Je ne puis
développer ici, faute de place, les idées fondamentales qui dominent
les travaux de ce congrés. En deux mots, ces idées sont les idées
dorganisation de la vie internationale : organisation des Etats entre
eux d’une part, organisation des Associations internationales
entr’elles, d’autre part. Les lecteurs d’Jsis qui voudraient plus
complétement se renseigner a cet égard, n’ont qu’a s’adresser a
l’Office central des Associations internationales, rue de la Régence,
3bis, Bruxelles. Les membres du congrés ayaient été invités et
préparés a discuter les huit questions suivantes: 1. Coopération
entre A. I. (= Associations internationales). — 2. Régime juridique
des A.I. et modes divers de leur interyention dans la réglementation.
— 3. Unification et systéme d’unités. — 4. Organisation interne des
A. I. — 5. Enregistrement et
 ~~ rn p= CHRONIQUE. 485 diffusion des connaissances. —
6. Langage scientifique et emploi des langues. — 7. Organisation
générale de la vie internationale; résultats généraux de l’action des
A. I. — 8. L’Union des A. I. et le centre international. Parmi ces
questions, il en est trois qui ressortissent plus directement au
domaine d’Jsis, notamment la troisiéme, la cinquieme et la sixiéme,
et que nous allons considérer d'un peu plus prés. Voici le texte in
extenso des résolutions qui ont été yotées relativement a la
troisicéme question : A. — Systémes internationauva d'unités
légales. — Le bureau du Congrés mondial est chargé de transmettre
4 toutes le A. I. intéressées, avec mission de les présenter 4 leur
gouvernement, les voeux ci-aprés relatifs 4 l’unification des unites
légales dans les diverses sections : I. Utilité dune classification des
unités en: unités fondamentales, unités dérivées primaires, unité
dérivées secondaires ; Il Utilité d’une classification scientifique en :
unités mécaniques, unités de température, unités électriques, unités
photométriques ; If. Utilité d’une entente internationale pour
l’adoption soit d’un seul nombre, soit d'un nombre par « zone » pour
l’accélération de la pesanteur; IV. Opportunité de définir l’unité
d’intervalle de température, pour les besoins des transactions
commerciales et industrielles de — 240°a-+- 1,000°, par échelle
centésimale du thermométre a hydrogéne, dite échelle normale ; V.
En vue de tenir compte de la durée de fixité des lois des divers pays,
il est recommandé d’adopter pour les unités électriques : a) par un
texte de loi, au méme titre que les unités fondamentales
mécaniques: unité fondamentale de résistance électrique, ]’vhm
adopté, en 1908, par la Conférence internationale des Unités
électriques de Londres ; 4) par un texte annexe 4 la loi (Régle ment
d’administration publique, Décret, etc.) : 1° Unités dérivées
primairesl'ampere, déduit de la loi de Joutg; le volt, déduit de la loi
d’Oum. En outre, une indication complémentaire spécifiant que «
dans les transactions indus, trielles et commerciales, chacune de ces
unités est représentée en fonction d’unétalon matériel déterminé » ;
2° unités dérivées secondaires: le coulomb; l'ohmsecentimetre ; VI.
Utilité d’une unification légale des mesures photométriques en se
basant sur les résultats obtenus dans ces derniéres années par les
grands laboratoires des diverses nations. B. — Unification de la
fabrication industrielle (Standardisation), —a) La standardisation
internationale au point de vue technique et industriel est une
nécessité qui s'impose et un progrés a réaliser & raison des procédés
modernes de fabrication en série et du caractére mondial des
marchés économiques. Cette standardisation doit étre limitée aux
éléments pour lesquels elle présente un évident intérét économique,
en évitant d’apporter des entraves au développeGénéralités.
 Généralités. 486 ISIS. I. 1913. ment de l'industrie; ») La
standardisation technique et industrielle doit avoir pour base les
unités de mesures internationales: systéme métrique, unités
électriques, etc.; c) Les systémes de régles en vigueur dans les
diverses branches de la technique doivent étre reliés les uns aux
autres de maniére a constituer des séries homogénes et uniques. C.
— Unification dans le domaine commercial, —I] est désirable que
l’unification se poursuive dans tous les départements du domaine
commercial internationalisé. Les mesures d’unification doivent
comprendre notamment la qualification, le conditionnement, les
méthodes d’examen et d’analyse, le classement type des
marchandises, l’adoption d’un contrat normal, l’uniformisation des
usages. . D. — Unification dans le domaine moral et social. — Dans
la mesure ov elle est utile, l’unificafion doit étre poursuivie dans le
domaine moral et social aussi bien que dans le domaine technique,
notamment l’unification du droit, des coutumes et des régles de
conduite. Voici quelles sont les conclusions du congrés, relativement
4 la cinquiéme question (Enregistrement et diffusion des
connaissances). Il y a lieu de créer une Union internationale pour la
Documentation, ayant pour but de réunir en une organisation
générale les multiples organisations actuellement existantes et qui
sont sans lien les unes avec les autres. Cette organisation doit étre
établie sur les bases suivantes : I. Objet: 1° La bibliographie
universelle (livres, publications officielles) ; 2° catalogues collectifs
des principales bibliothéques du monde; 3° échanges
internationaux; 4° préts entre bibliothéques; 5° bibliothéque
internationale centrale; II. Organisation: a) Organisation mixte
unissant les Etats (administration et institutions nationales,
notamment les bibliothéques nationales), et les A. I.; 6) bureau
central en relation permanente avec les services nationaux désignés
par les Etats et avec les services internationaux des associations ; c)
utilisation et amalgamation des travaux, institutions et services
existants s’engageant désormais 4 réaliser chacun une partie du
programme arrété par Yunion ; Ill. Bibliographie : a) Chaque Etat
s'engage a établir ou 4 faire établir la Buibliographie nationale ou
liste compléte des ceuvres publiées dans les limites de son territoire
et 4 mettre a la disposition des autres Etats, des exemplaires ou
copies de cette bibliographie; ¥) chaque grande A. I. s’engage 4
établir ou a faire établir sous son contrdle la bibliographie
internationale classée de sa matiére, incorporant les éléments des
bibliographies nationales fournies par les Etats et y ajoutant le
dépouillement des périodiques ; c) les travaux bibliographiques sont
établis en observant un minimum de régles communes de maniére 4
permettre leur intégration dans la Bibliographie universelle formée
par la réunion des bibliographies particuliéres, nationales et
spéciales;
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