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5r*./:^.i 
 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL A JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION EDITORS R. W. King J. O. Perrine
EDITORIAL BOARD C. F. Craig O. E. Buckley H. S. Osborne M.J. Kelly
J. J. PiLLioD A. B. Clark F, J. Feely TABLE OF CONTENTS AND INDEX
VOLUME XXVIII 1949 AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH
COMPANY NEW YORK
PRINTED IN U.S.A.
 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL VOLUME XXVIII,
1949 Table of Contents January, 1949 Propagation of TEoi Waves in
Curved Wave Guides — IV. J .Albersheim . 1 A New Type of High-
Frequency Amplilier— /. R. Pierce and W. B. Hebenslreil ^^
Experimental Observation of Amplification by Interaction Between
Two Electron Streams — A. V. Hollenberg 52 The Synthesis of Two-
Terminal Switching Circuits — Claude E. Shannon 5 ^ A Method of
Measuring Phase at Microwave Frequencies — Sloan D. Robertson
^^ Reflection from Corners in Rectangular Wave Guides—
Conformal Transformation — S. 0. Rice 104 A Set of Second-Order
Differential Equations Associated with Reflections in Rectangular
Wave Guides—Application to Guide Connected to Horn— 5. 0. Rice
1>^6 April, 1949 A Carrier System for 8000-Cycle Program
Transmission— i?. A. Leconle, D. B. Penick, C. W. Schramm and A.J.
Wier 165 Delay Equalization of Eight-KiloOycle Carrier Program
C^ircuits— C. H. Dagnall and P. W . Rounds 181 Band Pass Filter,
Band Elimination Filter and Phase Simulating Network for Carrier
Program Systems— F. S. Farkas, F. J. Hallenbeck and F. E. Slehlik
1^6 MAY 1 7 1950
 iv BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL A Precise Direct
Reading Phase and Transmission Measuring System for Video
Frequencies — D. A. Alsberg and D. Leed 221 Physical Principles
Involved in Transistor Action — J. Bardeen and W. H. Bratlain 239
Lightning Current Observations in Buried Cable — H. M. Trueblood
and E. D. Sunde 278 The Electrostatic Field in Vacuum Tubes with
Arbitrarily Spaced Elements — W. R. Bennett and L. C. Peterson 303
Transconductance as a Criterion of Electron Tube Performance — T.
Slonczewski 315 July, 1949 Editorial Note regarding Semiconductors
335 Hole Injection in Germanium — Quantitative Studies and
Filamentary Transistors — W. Shockley, G. L. Pearson and J. R.
Haynes 344 Some Circuit Aspects of the Transistor — R. M. Ryder
and R. J. Kircher 367 Theory of Transient Phenomena in the
Transport of Holes in an Excess Semiconductor^ — Conyers Herring
.- . 401 On the Theory of the A-C. Impedance of a Contact Rectifier
— /. Bardeen 428 The Theory of p-n Junctions in Semiconductors
and p-n Junction Transitors — IF. Shockley 435 Band Width and
Transmission Performance — C. B. Feldman and W. R. Bennett 490
October, 1949 Reactance Tube Modulation of Phase Shift Oscillators
— F. R. Dennis and E. P. Fetch 601 A Broad-Band Microwave Noise
Source — IF. IF. Mumford 608 Electronic Admittances of Parallel-
Plane Electron Tubes at 4000 Megacycles— Sloan D. Robertson 619
Passive Four-Pole Admittances of Microwave Triodes — Sloan D.
Robertson 647 Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems — C. E.
Shannon 656 The Design of Reactive Equalizers — A. P. Brogle, Jr
716
 Index to Volume XXVIII Admiltances, Klcctronic, of Parallel-
Plane Electron Tubes al 4000 Megacycles, Sloan D. Robertson, page
619. Admittances, I^assive Four-Pole, of Microwave Triodes, Sloan
D. Robertson, page 647. Alberslieim, W. J., Propagation of TEoi
Waves in Curved Wave Guides, page 1. Alsher^, D. A. and D. Leed,
A Precise Direct Reading Phase and Transmission Measuring System
for Video Frequencies, j)age 221. Amplification b)' Interaction
between Two Electron Streams, Experimental Observation of, .4. ]'.
Hollenberg, page 52. Amplifier, High-Frequenc\-, A New Type of, J .
R. Pierce and W. B. Hebenstreil, page ii. B Band Width and
Transmission Performance, C. B. Feldman and W . R. Bennett, page
490. Bardeen, J., On the Theory of the A-C. Impedance of a Contact
Rectifier, page 428. Bardeen, J. and IV. H. Brattain, Physical
Principles Involved in Transistor Action, page 239. Bennett, \V. R.
and C. B. Feldman, Band Width and Transmission Performance, page
490. Bennett, W. R. and L. C. Peterson, The Electrostatic Field in
Vacuum Tubes with Arbitrarily Spaced Elements, page 303. Brattain,
W . H. and J. Bardeen, Physical Principles Involved in Transistor
Action, page 239. Broad-Band Microwave Noise Source, A, W. W.
Muniford, page 608. Brogle, A. P. Jr., The Design of Reactive
Equalizers, page 716. Cable, Buried, Lightning Current Observations
in, H. M. Trueblood and E. D. Sunde, page 278. Carrier Program
Circuits, Eight-Kilocycle, Delay Equalization of, C. H. Dagnall and P.
W . Rounds, page 181. Carrier Program Systems; Band Pass Filter,
Band Elimination Filter and Phase Simulating Network for, F. S.
Farkas, F. J. Hallenbeck, and F. E. Slehlik, page 196. Carrier System
for 80C0-Cycle Program Transmission, A, R. A. Leconte, D. B. Penick,
C. W . Schramm, and A. J. Wier, page 165. Communication Theorj-
of Secrecy Sj'stems, C. E. Shannon, page 656. Dagnall, C. H. and P.
W. Rounds, Delay Equalization of Eight-Kilocycle Carrier Program
Circuits, page 181. Dennis, F. R. and E. P. Felch, Reactance Tube
Modulation of Phase Shift Oscillators, page 601. Diflerential
Ecjuations, A Set of Second-Order, Associated with Reflections in
Rectangular Wave Guides — Application to Guide Connected to Horn,
5. O. Rice, page 136. £ Editorial Note regarding Semiconductors,
page 335. Electron Streams, Two, Exjjerimental Observation of
Amplification bj- Interaction Between, A. V. Hollenberg, page 52.
Electron Tube Performance, Transconductance as a Criterion of, T.
Slonczeicski, page 315. Electron Tubes, Parallel-Plane, at 4000
Megacycles, Electronic Admittances of, Sloan D. Robertson, page
619.
 vi BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL Electrostatic Field,
The, in Vacuum Tubes with Arbitrarily Spaced Elements, W. R.
Bennett and L. C. Peterson, i)age 303. Equalizers, Reactive, The
Design of, A. P. Brogle, Jr., page 716. Equalization, Delay, of Eight-
Kilocycle Carrier Program Circuits, C. H. Dagnall and P. W. Rounds,
page 181. F Parkas, F. S., P. J. Hallenbeck, and P. E. Stehlik, Band
Pass Filter, Band Elimination Filter and Phase Simulating Network for
Carrier Program Systems, page 196. Felch, E. P. and F. R. Dennis,
Reactance Tube Modulation of Phase Shift Oscillators, page 601.
Peldman, C. B. and W. R. Bennett, Band Width and Transmission
Performance, page 490. Filters: Band Pass Filter, Band Elimination
Filter and Phase Simulating Netwcrk for Carrier Program Systems, P.
S. Parkas, P. J. Hallenbeck, and P. E. Stehlik, page 196. G
Germanium, Hole Injection in — Quantitative Studies and
Filamentary Transistors, W. Shockley, G. L. Pearson, and J. R.
Haynes, page 344. H Hallenbeck, P. J., P. E. Stehlik, and P. S. Parkas,
Band Pass Filter, Band Elimination Filter and Phase Simulating
Network for Carrier Program Systems, page 196. Haynes, J. R., W.
Shockley, and G. L. Pearson, Hole Injection in Germanium —
Quantitative Studies and Filamentarj- Transistors, page 344.
Hebenslreit, W. B. and J. R. Pierce, A New Type of High-Frequency
Amplifier, page 33. Herring, Conyers, Theory of Transient
Phenomena in the Transport of Holes in an Excess Semiconductor,
page 401. Hole Injection in Germanium — Quantitative Studies and
Filamentary Transistors, W . Shockley, G. L. Pearson, and J . R.
Haynes, page 344. Holes in an Excess Semiconductor, Theory of
Transient Phenomena in the Transport of, Conyers Herring, page
401. Hollenberg, A. V., Experimental Observation of Amplification by
Interaction between Two Electron Streams, page 52. I Impedance,
A-C, of a Contact Rectifier, On the Theory of the, /. Bardeen, page
428. K Kircher, R. J. and R. M. Ryder, Some Circuit Aspects of the
Transistor, page 367. L Leconte, R. A., D. B. Penick, C. W. Schramm,
and A. J. Wier, A Carrier System for 8000Cycle Program
Transmission, page 165. Leed, D. and D. A. Alsberg, A Precise Direct
Reading Phase and Transmission Measuring System for Video
Frequencies, page 221. Lightning Current Observations in Buried
Cable, H. M. Trueblood and E. D. Sunde, page 278. M Microwave
Frequencies, A Method of Measuring Phase at, Sloan D. Robertson,
page 99. Microwave Noise Source, A Broad-Band, W. W. Mumford,
page 608. Microwave Triodes, Passive Four-Pole Admittances of,
Sloan D. Robertson, page 647. Microwaves: Reflection from Corners
in Rectangular Wave Guides— Conformal Transformation, S. O. Rice,
page 104. A Set of Second-Order Differential Equations .\ssociated
with Reflections in Rectangular Wave Guides— Application to Guide
Connected to Horn, .S'. O. Rice, page 136. Modulation, Reactance
Tube, of Phase Shift Oscillators, P. R. Dennis and E. P. Pelch, page
601. Mumford, W. W., A Broad-Band Microwave Noise Source, page
608.
 INDEX vii N Noise Source, A Broad-Hand Microwave, W . W.
Mumford, page 608. O Oscillators, Phase Shift, Reactance Tube
Modulation of, F. R. Dennis and E. F. Felcli, page 601. Pearson, G. L.,
J. K. Haynes, and W. Shockley, Hole Injection in Germanium —
Quantitative Studies and Filamentary Transistors, page 344. Fenick,
D. B., C. W. Schramm, A. J. Wier and R. A. Leconte, A Carrier System
for 8000Cycle Program Transmission, page 165. Feterson, L. C. and
W. R. Bennett, The Electrostatic Field in Vacuum Tubes with
Arbitrarily Spaced Elements, page 303. Phase at \Iicrowave
Frequencies, A Method of Measuring, Sloan D. Robertson, page 99.
Phase, A Precise Direct Reading; and Transmission Measuring
System for Video Frequencies, D. A. Alsberg and D. Leed, page 221.
Phase Shift Oscillators, Reactance Tube Modulation of, F. R. Dennis
and E. P. Fetch, page 601. Pierce, J. R. and W. B. Hebenstreit, A New
Tj-pe of High-Frequency Amplifier, page 33. Program Circuits, Eight-
Kilocycle Carrier, Delay Equalization of, C. H. Dagnall and P. W.
Rounds, pa.ge 181. Program Systems, Carrier; Band Pass Filter, Band
Elimination Filter and Phase Simulating Network for, F. S. Farkas, F. J.
Hallenbeck, and F. E. Stehlik, page 196. Program Transmission,
8000-Cycle, A Carrier System for, R. A. Leconte, D. B. Penick, C. W .
Schramm, atid A. J. Wier, page 165. Propagation of TEoi Waves in
Curved Wave Guides, W. J. Albersheim, page 1. R Reactive
Equalizers, The Design of, A. P. Brogle, Jr., page 716. Rectifier,
Contact, On the Theory of the A-C. Impedance of a, /. Bardeen,
page 428. Reflection from Corners in Rectangular Wave Guides —
Conformal Transformation, S. 0. Ri^:e, page 104. Rice, S. 0., A Set
of Second-Order Differential Equations Associated with Reflections in
Rectangular Wave Guides — Application to Guide Connected to Horn,
page 136. Reflection from Corners in Rectangular Wave Guides —
Conformal Transformation, page 104. Robertson, Sloan D., A Method
of Measuring Phase at Microwave Frequencies, page 99. Electronic
Admittances of Parallel-Plane Electron Tubes at 4000 Megacycles,
page 619. Passive Four-Pole Admittances of Microwave Triodes, page
647. Rounds, P. W. and C. II. Dagnall, Delay Equalization of Eight-
Kilocycle Carrier Program Circuits, page 181. Ryder, R. M. and R. J.
Kircher, Some Circuit Aspects of the Transistor, page 367. Schramm,
C. W., A. J. Wier, R. A. Leconte, and D. B. Penick, A Carrier System
for 8000Cycle Program Transmission, page 165. Secrecy Systems,
Communication Theory of, C. E. Shannon, page 656. Semiconductor,
Excess, Theory of Transient Phenomena in the Transport of Holes in
an, Conyers Herring, page 401 . Semiconductors, Editorial Note
regarding, page 335. Semiconductors and p-n Junction Transistors,
The Theory of {)-n Junctions in, W. Shockley, page 435.
Semiconductors: On the Theory of the AC. Impedance of a Contact
Rectitier, J. Bardeen, page 428. Shannon, C. E., Communication
Theory of Secrec)- Systems, page 656. The Synthesis of Two-
Terminal Switching Circuits, page 59. Shockley, W., The Theory of p-
n Junctions in Semiconductors and p-n Junction Transistors, page
435.
 viii BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL Shockley, W ., G. L.
Pearson, and J . R. Haynes, Hole Injection in Germanium —
Quantitalive Studies and Filament ;iry Transistors, page 344.
Slonczewski, T., Transconductance as a Criterion of Electron Tube
Performance, page 315. Slelilik, F. E., F. S. Farkas, and F. J.
Ilallenbeck, Band Pass Filter, Band F^limination Filter and Phase
Simulating Network for Carrier Program Systems, page 196. Siinde,
E. D. and II. M. Trueblood, Lightning Current Observations in Buried
Cable, page 278. Switching Circuits, Two-Terminal, The Synthesis of,
Claude E. Shannon, page 59. Transconductance as a Criterion of
Electron Tube Performance, T. Slonczewski, page 315.
Transformation, Conformal — Reflection from Corners in Rectangular
Wave Guides, S. 0Rice, page 104. Transient Phenomena in the
Transport of Holes in an Excess Semiconductor, Theory of, Conyers
Herring, page 401. Transistor, Some Circuit Aspects of the, R. M.
Ryder and R. J. Kircher, page 367. Transistor Action, Physical
Principles Involved in, J. Bardeen and W. II. Braltain, page 239.
Transistors: Editorial Note regarding Semiconductors, page 335.
Theory of Transient Phenomena in the Transport of Holes in an
Excess Semiconductor, Conyers Herring, page 401. Transistors,
Filamentary, and Quantitative Studies — Hole Injection in
Germanium, W. Shockley, G. L. Pearson, and J. R. Haynes, page 344.
Transistors, p-n Junction, The Theory of p-n Junctions in
Semiconductors and, W. Shockley, page 435. Transmission, 8000-
Cycle Program, A Carrier System for, R. A. Leconte, D. B. Penick, C.
W. Schramm, and A. J. Wier, page 165. Transmission Measuring
System for Video Frequencies, A Precise Direct Reading .Phase and,
D. A. Alsberg and D. Leed, page 221. Transmission Performance,
Band Width and, C. B. Feldman and W . R. Bennett, page 490.
Triodes, Microwave, Passive Four-Pole Admittances of, Sloan D.
Robertson, page 647. Trueblood, H. M. and E. D. 5««de, Lightning
Current Observations in Buried Cable, page 278. Tube Performance,
Electron, Transconductance as a Criterion of, T. Slonczewski, page
315. Tubes, Parallel-Plane Electron, at 4000 Megacycles, Electronic
Admittances of, Sloan D. Robertson, page 619. Tubes, Vacuum, with
Arbitrarily Spaced Elements, The Electrostatic Field in, W. R. Bennett
and L. C. Peterson, page 303. Vacuum Tubes with Arbitrarily Spaced
Elements, The Electrostatic Field in, W. R. Bennett and L. C.
Peterson, page 303. Video Frequencies, A Precise Direct Reading
Phase and Transmission Measuring System for, D. A. Alsberg and D.
Leed, page 221. W Wave Guides, Curved, Propagation of TEoi Waves
in, IV. J. Albersheim page 1. Wave Guides, Rectangular, Reflection
from Corners in — Conformal Transformation, S. 0. Rice, page 104.
Wave Guides, Rectangular, A Set of Second-Order Differential
Equations Associated with Reflections in — Application to Guide
Connected to Horn, S. 0. Rice, page 136. Wier, A. J., R. A. Leconte,
D .B. Penick, and C. W. Schramm, \ Carrier System for 8000Cycle
Program Transmission, page 165.
 VOLUME XXVIII JANUARY, 1949 no. i THE BELL SYSTEM
*^^5* TECHNICAL JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE SCIENTIFIC AND
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION
Propagation of TEoi Waves in Curved Wave Guides W. J. Albersheim
1 A New Type of High -Frequency Amplifier J. R. Pierce and W. B.
Hebenstreit 33 Experimental Observation of Amplification by
Interaction Between Two Electron Streams. . . .A. V. Hollenberg 52
The Synthesis of Two-Terminal Switching Circuits Claude E. Shannon
59 A Method of Measuring Phase at Microwave Frequencies Sloan D.
Robertson 99 Reflection from Comers in Rectangular Wave Guides —
Conformal Transformation. S. O. Rice 104 A Set of Second-Order
Differential Equations Associated with Reflections in Rectangular
Wave Guides — Application to Guide Connected to Horn . . . . S. O.
Rice 136 Abstracts of Technical Articles by Bell System Authors ...
157 Contributors to this Issue 162 AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND
TELEGRAPH COMPANY NEW YORK 50^ per copy $1.50 per Year \K
 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL Published
quarterly by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company 195
Broadway, New York, N. Y. »»ii««»t« ■"■ ' EDITORS R. W. King J. O.
Perrine EDITORIAL BOARD C. F. Craig O. E. Buckley O. B. BlackweU
M. J. KeUy H. S. Osborne A. B. Clark J. J. PiUiod F. J. Feely ■ii«ii»ii«
■ i«ii» ■ It ■ ■ SUBSCRIPTIONS Subscriptions are accepted at $1.50
per year. Single copies are 50 cents each. The foreign postage is 35
cents per year or 9 cents per copy. Copyright, 1949 American
Telephone and Telegraph Company PRINTED IN U.S. A.
 The Bell System Technical Journal Vol. XXVIII Janitarv, 1949
No. 1 Propagation of TEqi Waves in Curved Wave Guides By W. J.
ALBERSHEIM TFloi waves transmitted through curve wave guides
lose power by conversion to other modes, especially to TMn. This
power transfer to coupled modes is explained by the theor\- of
coupled transmission lines. It is shown that the power interchange
between coupled lines and their propagation constants can be
derived from a single couiJJing discriminant. Earlier calculations of
TEoi conversion loss in circular wave guide bends are confirmed and
extended to S-shaped bends. Tolerance limits for random deflections
from an average straight course arc given. THE TEoi mode of
propagation in circular wave guides has great potential value for the
transmission of wide-band signals because its attenuation decreases
with frequency. In order to take full advantage of this property one
must use sufficiently large wave guides to operate well above the
cutoff of the lowest transmitted frequency. The difficulty of this
transmission method lies in the fact that TEoi is not the dominant
mode and that energy may be lost by transfer to the many other
modes capable of transmission in the wave guide. In an ideal wave
guide, which is perfectly straight, perfectly circular and perfectly
conducting, the propagation is undisturbed; but slight imperfections
and especially a slight curvature of the wave guide axis may produce
serious disturbances. The character of these disturbances has been
investigated in several publications by Prof. M. Jouguet^ and in
unpublished work by Mr. S. O. Rice of the Bell Telephone
Laboratories. Both Jouguet and Rice use the method of
perturbations, which is a form of calculus invented by astronomers
to compute the deviations from the exact elliptical orbits of the
planets which are caused by the disturbing influences of their fellow
planets. Although the above-mentioned authors obtained valuable
results, the interpretation of their solutions is difficult due to this
rather abstract mathematical formulation. To most engineers the
understanding of a physical problem is greatly helped if it is possible
to use a method of analysis which is elementary in character and
easily interpreted in familiar physical terms. The familiar concept on
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