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Excel Charts 1st ed Edition John Walkenbach Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): John Walkenbach
ISBN(s): 9780764517648, 0764517643
Edition: 1st ed
File Details: PDF, 11.92 MB
Year: 2003
Language: english
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page iii

Excel Charts
John Walkenbach
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page iv

Excel Charts
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
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Copyright © 2003 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
Library of Congress Control Number: 2002110312
ISBN: 0-7645-1764-3
Manufactured in the United States of America
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1O/QR/RR/QS/IN
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
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associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

is a trademark of Wiley Publishing, Inc.

a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page v

About the Author

John Walkenbach is a leading authority on spreadsheet software and principal of
JWalk and Associates Inc., a small San Diego–based consulting firm that specializes
in spreadsheet application development. John is the author of about 30 spreadsheet
books and has written more than 300 articles and reviews for a variety of publica-
tions, including PC World, InfoWorld, PC Magazine, Windows, and PC/Computing.
He also maintains a popular Web site (The Spreadsheet Page, www.j-walk.com/ss)
and is the developer of the Power Utility Pak, an award-winning add-in for
Microsoft Excel. John graduated from the University of Missouri and earned a
Masters and Ph.D. degree from the University of Montana.
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page vi

Credits
ACQUISITIONS EDITOR PROJECT COORDINATOR
Greg Croy Nancee Reeves

PROJECT EDITOR GRAPHICS AND PRODUCTION

Susan Christophersen SPECIALISTS
Beth Brooks
TECHNICAL EDITOR Jeremey Unger
Jon Peltier
QUALITY CONTROL TECHNICIAN
COPY EDITOR Andy Hollandbeck
Susan Christophersen
PERMISSIONS EDITORS
EDITORIAL MANAGER Laura Moss
Carol Sheehan Carmen Krikorian

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EXECUTIVE GROUP PUBLISHER Megan Decraene
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PROOFREADING AND INDEXING
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EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER
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EXECUTIVE EDITORIAL DIRECTOR

Mary Bednarek
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page vii

For Pamn.
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page ix

Acknowledgments
I’ve written many Excel books, but this one was probably the most challenging.
I learned quite a bit during this project, and it furthered my belief that Excel is a
never-ending source of surprises, even for us old-timers. Excel’s charting feature is
like an iceberg: There is much more to it than appears on the surface.
Special thanks are due to Jon Peltier, one of the planet’s leading Excel chart
experts and Microsoft MVP. I was able to convince Jon to be the technical editor for
this book, and his contributions are sprinkled liberally throughout the pages. As in
the past, it was a pleasure working with Susan Christophersen, my project editor.
I’m also grateful to Greg Croy, acquisitions editor at Wiley, for giving me the go-
ahead to write this book.
The Excel community tends to be very open with their ideas, and this is espe-
cially apparent in the area of charting. I owe a special debt to many people who
provided the inspiration for several of the examples in this book. Thanks to Stephen
Bullen, Debra Dalgleish , and Tushar Mehta, all of whom are Microsoft Excel MVPs
and frequent contributors to the microsoft.public.excel.charting newsgroup. I’m
also indebted to Andy Pope, who enlightened me in the area of 3D scatterplots and
motivated me to devote an entire day to creating the Gradient Contour Chart add-
in (included on the CD-ROM). I’m also grateful to Debbie Gewand, who amazed me
with her Excel clip art. Thanks also to Nick Hodge, an Excel MVP who likes to see
his name in my books.
Many folks throughout the world have sent me charting examples. Although
there wasn’t room for most of them, many of the general ideas were incorporated
into my examples. I send a special thanks to the following: Fernando Cinquegrani,
John Crane, Gilbert Dubourjale (GeeDee), Thierry Fahmy, Serge Garneau, Steve
Kearley, Gary Klass, Bill Koran, Linda Mabree, Ken Mahrer, Joan Maslin, Sanjay S.
Mundkur, Michael O’Callaghan, and Tony Sleigh.
Finally, I’d like to acknowledge the work of Edward R. Tufte. His books should be
required reading for anyone who takes chart-making seriously.

ix
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page xi

Contents at a Glance
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

Part I Chart Basics

Chapter 1 Introducing Excel Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Chapter 2 Understanding Chart Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chapter 3 Working with Chart Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chapter 4 Formatting and Customizing Charts . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chapter 5 Working with Trendlines and Error Bars . . . . . . . 139
Chapter 6 Working with AutoShapes and Other Graphics . . 171

Part II Mastering Charts

Chapter 7 Creating Interactive Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Chapter 8 Charting Techniques and Tricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Chapter 9 Using Pivot Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Chapter 10 Using Excel Charts in Other Applications . . . . . . . 329
Chapter 11 Avoiding Common Chart-Making Mistakes . . . . . 339
Chapter 12 Just for Fun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Part III Using VBA with Charts

Chapter 13 Introducing VBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Chapter 14 VBA Programming Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Chapter 15 Understanding Objects, Collections,
Properties, and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Chapter 16 Using VBA with Charts: Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Appendix: What’s on the CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

End-User License Agreement . . . . . . . . . Back of Book

a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page xiii

Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

Part I Chart Basics

Chapter 1 Introducing Excel Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

What Is a Chart? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
How Excel Handles Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Embedded charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chart sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Parts of a Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Creating Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Creating a chart with one keystroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Creating a chart with a mouse click . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Using the Chart Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Hands On: Creating a Chart with the Chart Wizard . . . . . . . 12
Selecting the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chart Wizard — Step 1 of 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chart Wizard — Step 2 of 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chart Wizard — Step 3 of 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Chart Wizard — Step 4 of 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Basic Chart Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Moving and resizing a chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Changing the chart type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Copying a chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Deleting a chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Moving and deleting chart elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Other modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Printing Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chapter 2 Understanding Chart Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Conveying a Message with a Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Choosing a Chart Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Standard Chart Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Column charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Bar charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Line charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Pie charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
XY (scatter) charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Area charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page xiv

xiv Contents

Doughnut charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Radar charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Surface charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Bubble charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Stock charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Cylinder, cone, and pyramid charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Custom Chart Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
About custom chart types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Creating your own custom chart types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Chapter 3 Working with Chart Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Specifying the Data for Your Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Adding a New Series to a Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Adding a new series using drag-and-drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Adding a new series using Paste Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Adding a new series using the Source Data dialog box . . . . . . . 62
Adding a new series using the Add Data dialog box . . . . . . . . . 62
Deleting a Chart Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Modifying the Data Range for a Chart Series . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Using range highlighting to change series data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Using the Source Data dialog box to change series data . . . . . . . 66
Editing the SERIES formula to change series data . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Understanding Series Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Changing a series name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Deleting a series name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Adjusting the Series Plot Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Charting a Noncontiguous Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Using Series on Different Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Handling Missing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Controlling a Data Series by Hiding Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Using Range Names in a SERIES Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Unlinking a Chart Series from Its Data Range . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Converting a chart to a picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Converting range reference to arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Using Combination Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Creating combination charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Working with multiple axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chapter 4 Formatting and Customizing Charts . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chart Formatting Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Selecting chart elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Common chart elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Using the Format dialog boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Adjusting Borders and Areas: General Procedures . . . . . . . . 96
About the Patterns tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Formatting borders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Formatting areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page xv

Contents xv

Formatting Chart Background Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Working with the Chart Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Working with the Plot Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Formatting Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Basic series formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Using pictures and graphics for series formatting . . . . . . . . . . 105
Additional series options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Working with Chart Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Adding titles to a chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Changing title text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Formatting title text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Linking title text to a cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Working with a Chart’s Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Adding or removing a legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Moving or resizing a legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Formatting a legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Changing the legend text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Deleting a legend entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Working with Chart Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Value Axis vs. Category Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Value axis scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Using time-scale axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Creating a multiline category axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Formatting axis patterns and tick marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Removing axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Axis number formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Working with Gridlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Adding or removing gridlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Formatting gridlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Working with Data Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Adding or removing data labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Editing data labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Problems and limitations with data labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Working with a Chart Data Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Adding and removing a data table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Problems and limitations with data tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Formatting 3-D Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Modifying 3-D charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Rotating 3-D charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Formatting a surface chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Chapter 5 Working with Trendlines and Error Bars . . . . . . . . . 139
Working with Trendlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Chart types that support trendlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Data appropriate for a trendline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Adding a trendline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page xvi

xvi Contents

Formatting a trendline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Formatting a trendline “data label” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Linear Trendlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Linear forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Getting the trendline values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Nonlinear Trendlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Logarithmic trendline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Power trendline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Exponential trendline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Polynomial trendline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Displaying a Moving Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Adding a moving average line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Creating your own moving average data series . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Using Error Bars in a Chart Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Chart types that support error bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Adding error bars to a series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Formatting or modifying error bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Using custom error bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Connecting series points to a trendline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Error bar alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Other Series Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Series lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Drop Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
High-low lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Up/down bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Varied colors for data points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Chapter 6 Working with AutoShapes and Other Graphics . . . . 171
Using AutoShapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
The AutoShapes toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Inserting AutoShapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Adding text to an AutoShape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Formatting AutoShape objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Selecting multiple objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Moving objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Copying objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Changing the stack order of objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Grouping objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Using the Drawing Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Aligning objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Spacing objects evenly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Changing an AutoShape to a different AutoShape . . . . . . . . . . 182
Adding shadows and 3-D effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Changing the AutoShape defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Printing objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
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Working with Other Graphic Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

About graphics files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Using the Microsoft Clip Organizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Inserting graphics files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Copying graphics by using the Clipboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Importing from a digital camera or scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Displaying a worksheet background image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Modifying pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Using the Office Applets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Creating diagrams and org charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Creating WordArt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
A Gallery of Graphic Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Using AutoShapes and pictures with charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Calling attention to a cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Changing the look of cell comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Linking text in an object to a cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Creating flow diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Pasting pictures of cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Part II Mastering Charts

Chapter 7 Creating Interactive Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Introducing Interactive Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Hands-On: Creating a Self-Expanding Chart . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Creating the chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Creating named formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Modifying the series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Testing it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Understanding how it works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Controlling a Series with a Scroll Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Creating the chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Defining the names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Adding the Scroll Bar control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Specifying the Beginning and End Point for a Series . . . . . 220
Creating the chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Defining the names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Adding Spinner controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Specifying the Beginning and Number of Points
for a Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Creating the chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Defining the names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Adding the user interface elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Plotting the Last n Data Points in a Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Creating the chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Defining the names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
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Plotting Every nth Data Point in a Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Using AutoFiltering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Using array formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Creating named formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Plotting a Series Based on the Active Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Creating the chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Defining the names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Using a macro to force a recalculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Defining a Series Based on the Active Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Creating the chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Defining the names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Using a macro to force a recalculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Using Check Boxes to Select Series to Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Creating the chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Adding the Check Box controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Defining the names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Modifying the chart series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Creating a Very Interactive Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Getting the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Creating the Option Button controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Creating the city lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Creating the chart’s data range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Creating the chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Chapter 8 Charting Techniques and Tricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Adding Lines and Backgrounds to a Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Adding horizontal reference lines to a chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Adding a vertical line to a chart with an XY series . . . . . . . . . 242
Using background columns to represent a vertical line . . . . . . 244
Adding horizontal or vertical “bands” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Creating an XY chart with colored quadrants . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Charts That Use a Single Data Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Creating a thermometer chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Creating a gauge chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Using a Dummy Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
An introductory example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Labeling an axis with non-equal intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Column and Bar Chart Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Stacked-column chart variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Creating a step chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
A bar-line combination chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Varying column widths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Conditional colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Creating a population pyramid chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Creating Gantt charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Identifying the maximum and minimum values in a series . . . . 266
Shading between two series in a line chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
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XY Chart Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Drawing with an XY chart series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Drawing a circle with an XY series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Drawing a circle around data points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Connecting data points to the axes with error bars . . . . . . . . . 272
Connecting XY points to the origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Displaying data points on axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Creating a timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Mathematics and Statistics Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Creating frequency distributions and histograms . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Plotting a normal curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Plotting z-scores with standard deviation bands . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Calculating the area under a curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Creating a box plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Plotting mathematical functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Plotting functions with two variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Creating a 3-D scatter plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Creating “Impossible” Charts by Stacking
and Overlaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Stacking charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Overlaying charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
A Gradient Contour Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Plotting Data without a Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Plotting with ASCII characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Plotting with conditional formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Chapter 9 Using Pivot Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
What Is a Pivot Table? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
A pivot table example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Data appropriate for a pivot table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Creating a Pivot Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Step1: Specifying the data location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Step 2: Specifying the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Step 3: Completing the pivot table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Grouping Pivot Table Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Working with Pivot Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Creating a pivot chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Understanding pivot charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Modifying the data displayed in a pivot chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Formatting a pivot chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Hiding the pivot chart field buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Creating multiple pivot charts from a pivot table . . . . . . . . . . 320
Unlinking a pivot chart from a pivot table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Creating a standard chart from a pivot table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Method 1: Copy the pivot table data to another part
of your worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Method 2: Destroy the pivot table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
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Method 3: Drag or copy data into an empty chart . . . . . . . . . . 322

Method 4: Copy the pivot chart to a different workbook . . . . . 323
Pivot Chart Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Creating a quick frequency distribution chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Selecting a row to plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Using data from multiple sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Chapter 10 Using Excel Charts in Other Applications . . . . . . . . . 329
Basic Copy and Paste Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Excel Copy and Paste options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
The Copy Picture dialog box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Exporting a Chart to a GIF File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Copy and paste to a graphics application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Export your file in HTML format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Use a simple VBA macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Using Excel Charts in PowerPoint or Word . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Creating charts in PowerPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Importing an Excel chart into MS Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Pasting Excel charts into a PowerPoint slide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Using Paste Special for more control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Deciding which method is best . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Chapter 11 Avoiding Common Chart-Making Mistakes . . . . . . . 339
Know Your Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Chart Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Plotting data out of context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Plotting percent change versus actual change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Exaggerating differences or similarities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Problems with Chart Type Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Category versus value axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Problems with pie charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Problems with negative values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
XY charts with the Smoothed Line option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Don’t be tempted by 3-D charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Chart Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Just plain bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Maximizing “data ink” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Chart Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Be aware of grayscale conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Text and font mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
A Chart-Maker’s Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Chapter 12 Just for Fun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Animating Stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Animated AutoShapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Animated charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Doughnut chart wheel of fortune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
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Fun with Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

A simple sine versus cosine plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Hypocycloid charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Radar chart designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Chart Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
A mountain range chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
A bubble chart mouse head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Contour chart pattern generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
An Analog Clock Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
XY Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Roll the Dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Create Your Own Clip Art? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Part III Using VBA with Charts

Chapter 13 Introducing VBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

VBA in a Nutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Introducing the Visual Basic Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Activating the VB Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
The VB Editor components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Using the Project window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Using code windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Entering VBA code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Saving your project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Chapter 14 VBA Programming Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
An Introductory Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Using Comments in Your Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Using Variables, Data Types, and Constants . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Understanding data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Declaring variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Introducing object variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Using constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Using dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Using Assignment Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Using Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Declaring an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Declaring multidimensional arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Using VBA’s Built-In Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Controlling Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
The If-Then construct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
The Select Case construct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Looping blocks of instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Basic Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Using Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Referencing a range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Some useful properties of ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page xxii

xxii Contents

Chapter 15 Understanding Objects, Collections,

Properties, and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Objects and Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
The object hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
More about collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Referring to objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Properties and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Object properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Object methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Learning more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
The Chart Object Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Using the Macro Recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Hands-on: Recording a macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Cleaning up recorded macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Watching the macro recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Recording options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Executing Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Using the Macro dialog box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Using a shortcut key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Assigning a macro to a toolbar button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Assigning a macro to an object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Chapter 16 Using VBA with Charts: Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Activating a Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Determining the Context for a Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Ensuring that a chart is selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Determining whether the active chart is embedded . . . . . . . . . 430
Identifying the Selected Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Counting and Looping through Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Counting Chart sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Counting embedded charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Looping through all charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Changing the location of all charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Deleting Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Printing All Embedded Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Basic Formatting and Customizing Examples . . . . . . . . . . 436
Changing colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Applying a random color gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Conditional color formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Setting axis values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Freezing the text size of chart elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Pasting a semitransparent shape to a series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Creating Charts With VBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Recording a macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Executing the recorded macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Writing a macro to create a chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Creating a chart from data on different worksheets . . . . . . . . . 447
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page xxiii

Contents xxiii

Sizing and Aligning Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Applying Data Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
A basic data label macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Applying linked data labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Prompting for a range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Exporting Charts as GIF Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Determining the Ranges Used in a Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Protecting Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Chart protection properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Protecting all charts when the workbook is opened . . . . . . . . . 459
Modifying Chart sheet protection properties directly . . . . . . . . 460
Creating a Scrolling Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Event Procedure Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Worksheet_Change event procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Chart event procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

Appendix: What’s on the CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

End-User License Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . Back of Book

a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page xxv

Introduction
Welcome to Excel Charts. This book is intended for spreadsheet users who want to
get the most out of Excel’s charting and graphics features. I approached this project
with one goal in mind: to write the ultimate Excel charting book that would appeal
to users of all levels.
As you probably know, most bookstores offer dozens of Excel books. The vast
majority of these books are general-purpose user guides that explain how to use the
features available in Excel (often by simply rewording the text in the help files).
Most of these books include a chapter or two that cover charts and graphics. None,
however, provide the level of detail that you’ll find in this book.
I’ve used Excel for more than a decade, and I’ve been creating charts for more than
30 years. Back in the pre-computer days, I often spent hours creating a publication-
quality chart by hand, using rulers, graph paper, and rub-off lettering. Today, creat-
ing such a chart with Excel would require only a few minutes — and would probably
look much better.
I spend a lot of time participating in the Excel newsgroups on the Internet. I’ve
come to the conclusion that many Excel users tend to overlook the powerful chart-
ing features available. For many, creating anything but the simplest chart often
seems like a daunting task. This book starts with the basics and covers every aspect
of charting, including macros. If I’ve done my job, working through this book will
give you some new insights and perhaps a greater appreciation for Excel.

What You Should Know

This is not a book for beginning Excel users. If you have absolutely no experience
with Excel, this may not be the best book for you. To get the most out of this book,
you should have some background using Excel. Specifically, I assume that you
know how to:

◆ Create workbooks, enter data, insert sheets, save files, and other basic tasks.

◆ Navigate through a workbook.

◆ Use Excel’s menus, toolbars, and dialog boxes.

◆ Create basic formulas.

◆ Use common Windows features, such as file management and copy and
paste techniques.

xxv
a517643 FM.F 10/14/02 8:38 AM Page xxvi

xxvi Introduction

Later chapters cover VBA programming, and the main focus is on creating and
controlling charts using VBA. Although I provide a basic introduction to VBA, this
book is not intended to teach VBA programming to nonprogrammers. Those who
have some experience with VBA or another programming language will benefit
most from these programming chapters. They’ll be able to customize the examples
and make them even more powerful. Others, however, should be able to modify the
examples to work with their own data.

What You Should Have

To make the best use of this book, you need a copy of Microsoft Excel. When I wrote
the current edition of the book, I was using Excel 2002 (which is part of Microsoft
Office XP). Most of the material in this book also applies to all earlier versions of
Excel that are still in use. Fact is, Microsoft has made very few significant changes
to Excel’s charting features over the years. Where applicable, I point out differences
in previous versions.
To use the examples on the companion CD-ROM, you’ll need a CD-ROM drive.
The examples on the CD-ROM are discussed further in the appendix.

I use Excel for Windows exclusively, and do not own a Macintosh.Therefore, I

can’t guarantee that all the examples will work with Excel for Macintosh.
Excel’s cross-platform compatibility is pretty good, but it’s definitely not
perfect.

As far as hardware goes, the faster the better. And, of course, the more memory
in your system, the happier you’ll be. I strongly recommend using a high-resolution
video mode: at least 1024 x 768, preferably higher. When working with charts, it’s
very convenient to be able to see lots of information without scrolling.

Conventions Used in This Book

Take a minute to skim this section and learn some of the typographic conventions
used throughout this book.

Formula listings
Formulas usually appear on a separate line in monospace font. For example, I may
list the following formula:

=VLOOKUP(StockNumber,PriceList,2,False)
Other documents randomly have
different content
liveliness. Here, for example, are a few:
Gaylard he was as goldfinch in the shaw,

or,
Such glaring eyen had he as an hare;

or,
As piled (bald) as an ape was his skull.

The self-indulgent friars are

Like Jovinian,
Fat as a whale, and walken as a swan.

The Pardoner describes his own preaching in these words:

Then pain I me to stretche forth my neck
And east and west upon the people I beck,
As doth a dove, sitting on a barn.

Very often, too, Chaucer derives his happiest metaphors from birds
and beasts. Of Troy in its misfortune and decline he says: Fortune
Gan pull away the feathers bright of Troy
From day to day.

Love-sick Troilus soliloquizes thus:

He said: “O fool, now art thou in the snare
That whilom japedest at lovés pain,
Now art thou hent, now gnaw thin owné chain.”

The metaphor of Troy’s bright feathers reminds me of a very

beautiful simile borrowed from the life of the plants:
 And as in winter leavés been bereft,
Each after other, till the tree be bare,
So that there nis but bark and branches left,
Lieth Troilus, bereft of each welfare,
Ybounden in the blacke bark of care.

And this, in turn, reminds me of that couplet in which Chaucer

compares a girl to a flowering pear-tree:
She was well more blissful on to see
Than is the newe parjonette tree.

Chaucer is as much at home among the stars as he is among the

birds and beasts and flowers of earth. There are some literary men
of to-day who are not merely not ashamed to confess their total
ignorance of all facts of a “scientific” order, but even make a boast of
it. Chaucer would have regarded such persons with pity and
contempt. His own knowledge of astronomy was wide and exact.
Those whose education has been as horribly imperfect as my own
will always find some difficulty in following him as he moves with
easy assurance through the heavens. Still, it is possible without
knowing any mathematics to appreciate Chaucer’s descriptions of
the great pageant of the sun and stars as they march in triumph
from mansion to mansion through the year. He does not always
trouble to take out his astrolabe and measure the progress of
“Phebus, with his rosy cart”; he can record the god’s movements in
more general terms than may be understood even by the literary
man of nineteen hundred and twenty-three. Here, for example, is a
description of “the colde frosty seisoun of Decembre,” in which
matters celestial and earthly are mingled to make a picture of
extraordinary richness:
 Phebus wox old and hewed like latoun,
That in his hoté declinacioun
Shone as the burned gold, with streames bright;
But now in Capricorn adown he light,
Where as he shone full pale; I dare well sayn
The bitter frostes with the sleet and rain
Destroyed hath the green in every yerd.
Janus sit by the fire with double beard,
And drinketh of his bugle horn the wine;
Beforn him stont the brawn of tusked swine,
And “noel” cryeth every lusty man.

In astrology he does not seem to have believed. The magnificent

passage in the Man of Law’s Tale, where it is said that
In the starres, clearer than is glass,
Is written, God wot, whoso can it read,
The death of every man withouten drede,

is balanced by the categorical statement found in the scientific and

educational treatise on the astrolabe, that judicial astrology is mere
deceit.
His scepticism with regard to astrology is not surprising. Highly as he
prizes authority, he prefers the evidence of experience, and where
that evidence is lacking he is content to profess a quiet agnosticism.
His respect for the law of kind is accompanied by a complementary
mistrust of all that does not appear to belong to the natural order of
things. There are moments when he doubts even the fundamental
beliefs of the Church:
 A thousand sythes have I herd men telle
That there is joye in heaven and peyne in helle;
And I accorde well that it be so.
But natheless, this wot I well also
That there is none that dwelleth in this countree
That either hath in helle or heaven y-be.

Of the fate of the spirit after death he speaks in much the same
style:
His spiryt changed was, and wente there
As I came never, I cannot tellen where;
Therefore I stint, I nam no divinistre;
Of soules fynde I not in this registre,
Ne me list not th’ opiniouns to telle
Of hem, though that they witten where they dwelle.

He has no patience with superstitions. Belief in dreams, in auguries,

fear of the “ravenes qualm or schrychynge of thise owles” are all
unbefitting to a self-respecting man:
To trowen on it bothe false and foul is;
Alas, alas, so noble a creature
As is a man shall dreaden such ordure!

By an absurd pun he turns all Calchas’s magic arts of prophecy to

ridicule:
So when this Calkas knew by calkulynge,
And eke by answer of this Apollo
That Grekes sholden such a people bringe,
Through which that Troye muste ben fordo,
He cast anon out of the town to go.

It would not be making a fanciful comparison to say that Chaucer in

many respects resembles Anatole France. Both men possess a
profound love of this world for its own sake, coupled with a profound
and gentle scepticism about all that lies beyond this world. To both
of them the lavish beauty of Nature is a never-failing and all-
sufficient source of happiness. Neither of them are ascetics; in pain
and privation they see nothing but evil. To both of them the notion
that self-denial and self-mortification are necessarily righteous and
productive of good is wholly alien. Both of them are apostles of
sweetness and light, of humanity and reasonableness. Unbounded
tolerance of human weakness and a pity, not the less sincere for
being a little ironical, characterize them both. Deep knowledge of the
evils and horrors of this unintelligible world makes them all the more
attached to its kindly beauty. But in at least one important respect
Chaucer shows himself to be the greater, the completer spirit. He
possesses, what Anatole France does not, an imaginative as well as
an intellectual comprehension of things. Faced by the multitudinous
variety of human character, Anatole France exhibits a curious
impotence of imagination. He does not understand characters in the
sense that, say, Tolstoy understands them; he cannot, by the power
of imagination, get inside them, become what he contemplates.
None of the persons of his creation are complete characters; they
cannot be looked at from every side; they are portrayed, as it were,
in the flat and not in three dimensions. But Chaucer has the power
of getting into someone else’s character. His understanding of the
men and women of whom he writes is complete; his slightest
character sketches are always solid and three-dimensional. The
Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, in which the effects are almost
entirely produced by the description of external physical features,
furnishes us with the most obvious example of his three-dimensional
drawing. Or, again, take that description in the Merchant’s tale of old
January and his young wife May after their wedding night. It is
wholly a description of external details, yet the result is not a
superficial picture. We are given a glimpse of the characters in their
entirety:
 Thus laboureth he till that the day gan dawe.
And then he taketh a sop in fine clarré,
And upright in his bed then sitteth he.
And after that he sang full loud and clear,
And kissed his wife and made wanton cheer.
He was all coltish, full of ragerye,
And full of jargon as a flecked pye.
The slacké skin about his necké shaketh,
While that he sang, so chanteth he and craketh.
But God wot what that May thought in her heart,
When she him saw up sitting in his shirt,
In his night cap and with his necké lean;
She praiseth not his playing worth a bean.

But these are all slight sketches. For full-length portraits of character
we must turn to Troilus and Cressida, a work which, though it was
written before the fullest maturity of Chaucer’s powers, is in many
ways his most remarkable achievement, and one, moreover, which
has never been rivalled for beauty and insight in the whole field of
English narrative poetry. When one sees with what certainty and
precision Chaucer describes every movement of Cressida’s spirit from
the first movement she hears of Troilus’ love for her to the moment
when she is unfaithful to him, one can only wonder why the novel of
character should have been so slow to make its appearance. It was
not until the eighteenth century that narrative artists, using prose as
their medium instead of verse, began to rediscover the secrets that
were familiar to Chaucer in the fourteenth.
Troilus and Cressida was written, as we have said, before Chaucer
had learnt to make the fullest use of his powers. In colouring it is
fainter, less sharp and brilliant than the best of the Canterbury Tales.
The character studies are there, carefully and accurately worked out;
but we miss the bright vividness of presentation with which Chaucer
was to endow his later art. The characters are all alive and
completely seen and understood. But they move, as it were, behind
a veil—the veil of that poetic convention which had, in the earliest
poems, almost completely shrouded Chaucer’s genius, and which, as
he grew up, as he adventured and discovered, grew thinner and
thinner, and finally vanished like gauzy mist in the sunlight. When
Troilus and Cressida was written the mist had not completely
dissipated, and the figures of his creation, complete in conception
and execution as they are, are seen a little dimly because of the
interposed veil.
The only moment in the poem when Chaucer’s insight seems to fail
him is at the very end; he has to account for Cressida’s
unfaithfulness, and he is at a loss to know how he shall do it.
Shakespeare, when he re-handled the theme, had no such difficulty.
His version of the story, planned on much coarser lines than
Chaucer’s, leads obviously and inevitably to the fore-ordained
conclusion; his Cressida is a minx who simply lives up to her
character. What could be more simple? But to Chaucer the problem
is not so simple. His Cressida is not a minx. From the moment he
first sets eyes on her Chaucer, like his own unhappy Troilus, falls
head over ears in love. Beautiful, gentle, gay; possessing, it is true,
somewhat “tendre wittes,” but making up for her lack of skill in
ratiocination by the “sudden avysements” of intuition; vain, but not
disagreeably so, of her good looks and of her power over so great
and noble a knight as Troilus; slow to feel love, but once she has
yielded, rendering back to Troilus passion for passion; in a word, the
“least mannish” of all possible creatures—she is to Chaucer the ideal
of gracious and courtly womanhood. But, alas, the old story tells us
that Cressida jilted her Troilus for that gross prize-fighter of a man,
Diomed. The woman whom Chaucer has made his ideal proves to be
no better than she should be; there is a flaw in the crystal. Chaucer
is infinitely reluctant to admit the fact. But the old story is specific in
its statement; indeed, its whole point consists in Cressida’s infidelity.
Called upon to explain his heroine’s fall, Chaucer is completely at a
loss. He makes a few half-hearted attempts to solve the problem,
and then gives it up, falling back on authority. The old clerks say it
was so, therefore it must be so, and that’s that. The fact is that
Chaucer pitched his version of the story in a different key from that
which is found in the “olde bokes,” with the result that the note on
which he is compelled by his respect for authority to close is
completely out of harmony with the rest of the music. It is this that
accounts for the chief, and indeed the only, defect of the poem—its
hurried and boggled conclusion.
I cannot leave Cressida without some mention of the doom which
was prepared for her by one of Chaucer’s worthiest disciples, Robert
Henryson, in some ways the best of the Scottish poets of the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Shocked by the fact that, in
Chaucer’s poem, Cressida receives no punishment for her infidelity,
Henryson composed a short sequel, The Testament of Cresseid, to
show that poetic justice was duly performed. Diomed, we are told,
grew weary as soon as he had “all his appetyte and mair, fulfillit on
this fair ladie” and cast her off, to become a common drab.
O fair Cresseid! the flour and A per se
Of Troy and Greece, how wast thow fortunait!
To change in filth all thy feminitie
And be with fleshly lust sa maculait,
And go amang the Grekis, air and late
So giglot-like.

In her misery she curses Venus and Cupid for having caused her to
love only to lead her to this degradation:
The seed of love was sowen in my face
And ay grew green through your supply and grace.
But now, alas! that seed with frost is slain,
And I fra lovers left, and all forlane.

In revenge Cupid and his mother summon a council of gods and

condemn the A per se of Greece and Troy to be a hideous leper. And
so she goes forth with the other lepers, armed with bowl and
clapper, to beg her bread. One day Troilus rides past the place where
she is sitting by the roadside near the gates of Troy:
 Then upon him she cast up both her een,
And with ane blenk it cam into his thocht,
That he some time before her face had seen,
But she was in such plight he knew her nocht,
Yet then her look into his mind it brocht
The sweet visage and amorous blenking
Of fair Cresseid, one sometime his own darling.

He throws her an alms and the poor creature dies. And so the moral
sense is satisfied. There is a good deal of superfluous mythology and
unnecessary verbiage in The Testament of Cresseid, but the main
lines of the poem are firmly and powerfully drawn. Of all the
disciples of Chaucer, from Hoccleve and the Monk of Bury down to
Mr. Masefield, Henryson may deservedly claim to stand the highest.
 FOOTNOTES
1. Collected Poems, by Edward Thomas: with a Foreword by W.
de la Mare. Selwyn & Blount.

2. Wordsworth: an Anthology, edited, with a Preface, by T. J.

Cobden-Sanderson. R. Cobden-Sanderson.

3. Ben Jonson, by G. Gregory Smith. (English Men of Letters

Series.) Macmillan, 1919.
Transcriber’s Notes
The following minor changes have been made:
The word “poety” was changed to “poetry” on
page 42.
A comma was added after “C” on page 63.
Accents were added to “numérotés” on page 63
and “Où” on page 157.
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