NAME: ____________________________ DATE: SCORE

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CB:
MODULE – DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS

Measures of Relative Position

A measure of position is a method by which the position that a particular data value has within a
given data set can be identified. As with other types of measures, there is more than one approach to
defining such a measure.

A. Standard Score (z-score)

The standard score (often called the z-score) for a given data value x is the number of standard
deviations that x is above or below the mean of the data. The following formulas show how to calculate the
z-score for a data value x in a population and sample.

x−μ x−x
Population data: z= or Sample data: z=
σ s

To compute a standard score, only the mean and standard deviation are required. However, since
both of those quantities do depend on every value in the data set, a small change in one data value will
change every z-score.

Example 1:
Scores on a history test have an average of 80 with a standard deviation of 6. What is the z-score for
a student who earned a 75 on the test?
Given: average means μ=80 ; standard deviation means σ = 6 and score means X = 75
Soln:
x−μ
z=
σ
75 – 80
z=
6
−5
¿
6
z=−0.8333 or
z=−0.83

Example 2:
The weight of chocolate bars from a particular chocolate factory has a mean of 8 ounces with a
standard deviation of .1 ounce. What is the z-score corresponding to a weight of 8.17 ounces?
Given: average means x=8 ; standard deviation means s = 0.1 and score means X = 8.17
Soln:
x−x
z=
s
8.17 – 8
z=
0.1
0.17
¿
0.1
z=1.7

B. Percentiles

A value x is called the pth percentile of a data set provided p% of the data values are less than x.
Example 1:
In a recent year, the median annual salary for a physical therapist was Php 74,480. If the 90th
percentile for the annual salary of a physical therapist was Php 105,900; find the percent of physical
therapists whose annual salary was
a. More than Php 74,480
b. Less than Php 105,900
c. Between Php 74,480 and Php 105,900

Soln:
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 a. By definition, the median is the 50th percentile. Therefore, 50% of the physical therapists earned
more than Php 74,480 per year.
b. Because Php 105,900 is the 90th percentile, 90% of all physical therapists earned less than Php
105,900.
c. From parts a and b, 90 %−50 %=40 %

40% of the physical therapists earned between Php 74,480 and Php 105,900.

Percentile for a Given Data Value

Given a set of data and a data value x.

number of data values less than X

Percentile of score x= ∙ 100
total number of data values

Example 1:
On a reading examination given to 900 students. Mary’s score of 602 was higher than the scores of
576 of the students who took the examination. What is the percentile for Mary’s score?

Solution:
number of datavalues less than X
Percentile of score x= ∙ 100
total number of data values
576
Percentile¿ ∙ 100
900
¿ 64
Therefore, Mary’s score of 602 places him at the 64th percentile.

C. Quartile
The three numbers Q 1, Q 2∧Q3 that partitions a ranked data into four equal groups are called
quartiles.
 1st quartile (Q 1 ¿. There are 25% of the observations below Q 1 and 75% of the observation
above Q 1.
 2nd quartile (Q 2 ¿ . There are 50% of the observations below Q 2 and 50% of the observations
above Q 2 Q. The second quartile is also the median.
 3rd quartile (Q 3 ¿ ). There are 75% of the observations below Q 3and 25% of the observations
above Q 3.

The Median procedure for Finding Quartiles:

1. Rank the data.
2. Find the median of the data. This is the second quartileQ 2.
3. The first quartile Q 1 is the median of the data values less than Q 2 .
The third quartile Q 3is the median of the data values greater than Q 2

Example 1:
The following table lists the calories per 100 milliliters of 25 popular sodas.
Find the quartiles for the data.
Calories per 100 milliliters of Selected sodas

43 37 42 40 53
62 36 32 50 49
26 53 73 48 45
39 45 48 40 56
41 36 58 42 39
Soln:
Step 1: Rank the data as shown as the following table.

Rank X (dataset) Rank X Rank X Rank X Rank X (dataset)

1 26 6 39 11 42 16 48 21 53
2 32 7 39 12 42 17 48 22 56
3 36 8 40 13 43 18 49 23 58
4 36 9 40 14 45 19 50 24 62
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5 37 10 41 15 45 20 53 25 73
 Step 2: The median of these 25 data values has a rank of 13. Thus, the median is 43. The second
quartileQ 2 is the median of the data, so Q 2=¿ 43

Step 3: There are 12 data values less than the median and 12 data values greater than the median.
The first quartile is the median of the data values less than the median. Thus, Q 1 is the mean of the data
values with rank of 6 and 7.
39+39
Q 1= =39
2
The third quartile is the median of the data values greater than the median. Thus, Q 3 is the mean of the data
values with ranks of 19 and 20.
50+53
Q 3= =51.5
2

D. Box-and-Whisker Plot.

It is sometimes called as box-plot. It is often used to provide a visual summary of a set of data. A
box-and-whisker plot shows the median, the first and the third quartiles, and the minimum and maximum
values of a data set.

Construction of a Box-and-Whisker Plot

1. Draw a horizontal scale that extends from minimum data value the maximum data value.
2. Above the scale, draw a rectangle (a box) with left side at Q 1 and its right at Q 3.
3. Draw a vertical line segment across the rectangle at the median,Q 2
4. Draw a horizontal line segment, called a whisker, that extends from Q 1to the minimum and another
whisker that extends from Q 3to the maximum.

Example 1:
Construct a box plot for the following data: 12, 5, 22, 30, 7, 36, 14, 42, 15, 53, 25

Soln:
Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending order.

Step 2: Find the median, lower quartile and upper quartile

5 , 7 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 22 , 25 , 30 , 36 , 42 , 53

Lower quartile Median Upper quartile

Therefore:
Median (middle value) = 22
Lower quartile (middle value of the lower half) = 12
Upper quartile (middle value of the upper half) = 36

Take note:
(If there is an even number of data items, then we need to get the average of the middle
numbers.)

Step 3: Draw a number line that will include the smallest and the largest data.

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 Step 4: Draw three vertical lines at the lower quartile (12), median (22) and the upper quartile (36),
just above the number line.

Step 5: Join the lines for the lower quartile and the upper quartile to form a box.

Step 6: Draw a line from the smallest value (5) to the left side of the box and draw a line from the
right side of the box to the biggest value (53).

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