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 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
beast was turned over to a quartermaster to do with as he would.
He had pickings in the corral and was probably hitched to a hay
wagon.
When struck down by that bursting shell, Colonel Cooke had me
immediately carried off on a stretcher to a less exposed place, and
on regaining consciousness good old Fairfax was pouring whiskey
down my throat. We had been severed by one of those unnecessary
camp differences and were not on good terms. Needless to say all
that was now forgotten and we were comrades once more. He
managed to get an ambulance and sent me off to the army field-
infirmary. There was another officer stretched by me in the
ambulance, very bloody and very terribly wounded. I did not think I
was hurt badly, but seemed to have no motion or feeling about the
legs. We were soon at the surgeon's camp, Dr. Guild medical director
in charge. I knew him well, a cheerful soul. "What, you too!" he
cried. "Now, turn over." And he began pinching my legs unmercifully.
I kicked and cried out loudly, and he laughed and said: "O, you are
quite right, I feared for your back. Now away to the rear across the
river; you will be on duty again in a fortnight." The hurt was a
violent contusion below the right shoulder and made the whole side
of the body black and blue with extravasated blood. Off we started
and came up with my staff comrade, Walton, slowly trotting to the
rear with a bullet in his shoulder. He took charge of things
energetically, managed by threats and bullying to get a boat, and
had us ferried across the river at Shepherdstown. There Walton got
some men to carry me, hunting a resting place; he tried everywhere,
his wound paining him all the time. The little town was full of
wounded and it looked as if we should have to lie out in the street,
but some gentle hearts were melted. At the house of the
Hamtrammocks, already crowded with wounded, the ladies gave up
their last room and put us in it, fed and cheered us, providing that
sweet sympathy and goodness that was ever present among the
noble women of battle-torn Virginia.
The Hamtrammock family was unknown to me, but stood very well
in the village and all through the Valley. It was said that their father,
long dead, had commanded a Virginia regiment in the Mexican War.
The only members of the family we saw were the two pleasant girls,
Elsie and Florence, and an aunt, Miss Sheperd. That evening the
doctor relieved Walton of acute suffering by cutting out the bullet,
which had buried itself in the muscles of the shoulder, and dressed
my battered back. So we awoke next morning refreshed and easier,
charmed with our luck in such good quarters. We were soon quite
ready to be entertained by the young ladies, and they were nothing
loth after the nurses had made us presentable. There was a
Georgian in the house, Captain D'Antignac, badly wounded in the
head, and in charge of Miss Sheperd. She would sometimes rush
into our room, laughing immoderately; the poor fellow was out of his
head and talking all sorts of nonsense. Our hostesses were very
gracious, gay, happy, well educated girls; they played and sang
prettily, and were such Confederates! We had much curiosity to
know how they had fared during the night, since they had been
robbed of their rooms; it finally came out that they had shared the
bathroom between them. But this elysium could not last long, for
next day the enemy planted some guns on the river bank and began
shelling everything. The wounded were in great peril and the
surgeons hurried them to the rear. An ambulance was sent at once
for us, and with grateful farewells to our friends, we were taken
away to a little old farmhouse fifteen miles distant, behind Lee's
army.
 CHAPTER XIV
Our Personnel—Visitors
On duty again, recovered—Army refreshed and in good
condition—Reorganization—First and Second Army Corps,
Longstreet and Stonewall commanding—Divisions
composing them—Cavalry under Stuart—Visitors to our
camp in Valley—Three Englishmen, Wolseley, Lawley, and
Vizitelly.
Within the fortnight I was returned to duty, rather stiff but quite fit,
and pleased with the hearty welcome of my brother officers.
Walton's wound proved severe and he was sent to a hospital at
Richmond. The army had picked up wonderfully, stragglers were
back in ranks, the lightly wounded were again ready with their rifles,
rations were abundant; some clothing and shoes had come, for a
small part of it, and we were just eager for Burnside or any other
fellow. Our General, like his army, was high in spirit and controlling
absolutely its destiny. Its devotion for Lee and unfaltering confidence
in him had never been surpassed. It was now that he found it
necessary to reorganize its various commands. They were all
comfortably camped in the Valley, except a small detachment sent to
the vicinity of Fredericksburg, and covered a good deal of ground.
The enemy was silent and showed no sign of movement, but we
could guess where he was likely to strike next. Somewhere about
Spottsylvania or Fredericksburg, Lee divided his army into two great
infantry corps—the First Army Corps under Lieut.-Gen. James
Longstreet; the Second Army Corps under Lieut-Gen. T. J. Jackson.
The First had five divisions under Pickett, McLaws, Hood, Richard
Anderson, and J. G. Walker; all had from four to five brigades;
except Walker's, only two, but it was known that his command was
to be but temporarily with the Virginia army. Jackson's Second Army
Corps had also four divisions under A. P. Hill, R. S. Ewell, D. H. Hill,
and Jackson's old division under Taliaferro.
The strength of the two great bodies was thus about equal. To each
division there was a battalion of artillery of four batteries, and to
each corps a reserve battalion of six batteries. Longstreet had two of
them, the Washingtons, and Alexander's battalion.
There was also a strong body of reserve artillery to the army under
command (and indeed he claimed some authority over the rest) of
Brig.-Gen. W. N. Pendleton. This officer had graduated from West
Point, had changed his uniform to the cassock and was rector of an
Episcopal church in Western Virginia. He was an especial friend of
General Lee, and leaving his pulpit brought a good battery to
Jackson's command. A well-meaning man, without qualities for the
high post he claimed—Chief of Artillery of the Army.
The cavalry under Stuart completed the good organization of that
wonderful army. An excellent body of horse it was, in fit hands, and
its commander, true body and soul to Lee, was already a great
cavalry leader. It was not, however, until next year that he rose with
it to its high-water mark of strength, efficiency, and renown.
While camped there in the Valley we had all at once three interesting
visitors, Col. Garnet Wolseley, of the British Army; Hon. Francis
Lawley, correspondent at the South for The London Times, and
Frank Vizitelly, Southern correspondent and artist for The London
Illustrated News. Wolseley was on duty in Canada and had just
slipped across the border and the army lines to have a look at the
Confederate forces. He was a small, spare man, modest and
soldierly. It was from Lawley that we learned more about him, and
that he had distinguished himself while a subaltern in the Crimea
and was considered a rising officer. It fell to me to make better
acquaintance with Wolseley and we have kept up some
communication since. It has, therefore, been good to follow his
"steps" and note the more than fulfillment of the favorable
expectations of him. Commander of the Red River Expedition;
general in charge of the Ashantee War; severe, successful service in
India; command in Egypt and defeat of Arabi at Tel-el-Kebir;
operations in the Soudan—these have been some of his various
services up to five years ago, when he was made commander-in-
chief of the forces, his tour of duty having just ended. We had a
review of one of our divisions, gave him a good mount, and he rode
well with Longstreet, admiring with an experienced eye the hardy
material of our soldiers. In a day or two he returned to Canada. He
has attained the rank of Field Marshal, and is Viscount Wolseley in
the Peerage of England, with many high orders of merit.
This distinguished officer has written well and often of his
Confederate observations. He places Lee in the first rank of generals
of the English-speaking race, with Marlborough and Wellington; and
his admiration for our leader is constant—of the very highest. A
letter pointing to his interest in Confederate autographs will be found
in the Appendix.
Frank Lawley, tall, handsome, and of distinguished appearance, had
started in English political life with everything in his favor. A fine
University education, natural aptitude, and a polished pen aided him
in becoming secretary to Mr. Gladstone when Chancellor of the
Exchequer. Soon, however, a shadow fell on Lawley. He gave up his
post and political life, taking to writing, for which he was well fitted.
The Times had sent him South, and he was about Lee's army nearly
two years, making many friends. He is now one of the principal
editors of the London Telegram, with a great salary, which, as of old,
does not go far with him.
Frank Vizitelly (Italian family, for centuries settled in England) was a
burly-looking, reckless "Bohemian," of many accomplishments. He
could write, could sing, could draw and paint, could dance and ride,
could tell good stories (good only in the telling, not in the matter) by
the hour, and, finally, could drink like a fish, and did so. He made
spirited drawings of battles, persons, and all sorts of scenes during
the two years he was with us in the South, and managed to get
them through the blockade to his paper.
When Vizitelly left us he served his paper all over the world,
whenever there was war; and finally joining Hicks Pasha's Expedition
for subduing the Soudan, perished in the complete massacre of that
ill-fated column.
His name, with six other war correspondents who fell at their several
posts elsewhere, is carved in a tablet set in the walls of St. Paul's
Cathedral, London. I never thought Vizitelly could possibly come to
such respectable distinction.
 CHAPTER XV
The Staff
Staff of First Corps—Kirkwood Rangers escort—A camp
dinner party in state—Lee's aggressiveness—Ropes's
description of Lee—Duties of the staff.
The organization of the army having been described, it is time to
show the staff of the First Army Corps; thus, October, 1862:
Major G. M. Sorrel, A. A. G. and Chief of Staff.
Major John W. Fairfax, A. A. G. and Inspector.
Major Osmun Latrobe, A. A. G. and Inspector.
Lieut.-Col. P. T. Manning, Chief of Ordnance.
Captain F. W. Dawson, Assistant to Chief of Ordnance.
Major Thomas Walton, A. D. C.
Captain Thomas Goree, A. D. C.
Lieutenant Blackwell, A. D. C.
Major R. J. Moses, Chief Commissary of Subsistence.
Major Mitchell, Chief Quartermaster.
Captain J. H. Manning, Signal Officer.
Surgeon J. S. D. Cullen, Medical Director.
Surgeon R. Barksdale, Medical Inspector.
Surgeon Kellum, Medical Inspector.
Assistant Surgeon Thomas Maury, Assistant to Medical
Director.
 Major Chichester, Commissary of Subsistence.
Major I. G. Clarke, Engineer Corps.
Of the names of those starting out with Longstreet at the beginning
only a few have already been given. The others were added as the
command grew in strength and wants. Some of those here named
may not have joined until a little later than this time, which I fix at
about November 15, 1862. Latrobe, a Marylander, had been serving
with D. R. Jones's small division. Upon its being broken up he came
to us and proved most acceptable to the Lieutenant-General, and a
valuable staff officer. He was eventually to succeed me when I was
in 1864 promoted to command in another corps. Moses, the chief
commissary, had been a leading lawyer in Georgia, and was now a
most intelligent, efficient officer. He was much older than most of us,
but "bon comrade," and had an exhaustless fund of incident and
anecdote, which he told inimitably.
Latrobe, whom I often see, is my dear friend as I write; in fine
health and good condition; big in body and frame as he is in heart.
To corps headquarters at this time was attached a good troop of
cavalry for courier and escort service. It was the Kirkwood Rangers,
from South Carolina, first commanded by Captain Shannon, then by
Captain Tobey. Captain Shannon was that excellent man, somewhat
advanced in years, and retired, who was forced into a duel in South
Carolina, and killed. The staff well understood their General and he
knew them; they worked together with good results and never did
one of them fail him.
An officer who might also be numbered on the staff was Colonel E.
P. Alexander, although he commanded the reserve artillery; but
Longstreet thought so well of his engineering and reconnoitering
abilities that he kept him very near headquarters.
While the three Englishmen were visiting us it was decided to give
them a dinner. Two hospital tents were thrown together and made a
fine mess hall, embellished with trophies of arms and flags. Flowers
and ferns did the rest for decoration. For the table there were planks
on trestles, and the same for seats. The countryside was generous in
lending, as well as giving provisions, and our fête did not lack a
good white covering over its bare boards. Provisions were plentiful
outside the army rations, and I aver that on this occasion they were
paid for honestly. Young pig, well fattened, turkeys, fowls, fresh
beef, and vegetables topped off the commissary's pork and hardtack.
There were good cooks at our call, and the negro servants of the
officers fairly grinned with delight at such a feast. We had many
officers of note to meet our guests, and the function went off most
agreeably. The absence of wine was conspicuous, but no one lacked
for good whiskey, and perhaps before parting it had been tasted too
often by some. After dinner came cards—poker. The Englishmen,
except Wolseley, knew the game and enjoyed it. I know that I was a
considerable loser, then a turn of chance brought me even, and soon
we quit for bed, my last real game of poker to this date.
The army had now been long enough under Lee to satisfy all that he
meant fighting, always fighting. That was the business of the army,
and only by fighting could Virginia be cleared of the enemy and
Richmond made secure. When he first took command there were a
few unthinking speeches made. He had fortified Richmond, and like
a skilful general knew the value of field-works and temporary
entrenchments. Some in the army were given to speak of him as the
"King of Spades" who would never allow us to show fighting. The
past fourteen months had indeed opened the eyes of these sneerers.
Ropes, the distinguished Northern military historian, writing always,
even in the most heated controversy, fairly and dispassionately, has
this to say for our hero, en passant, in one of his books, having
already once declared him "The most accomplished soldier of the
day":
At the time of his appointment to the command of the
Army of Northern Virginia, General Lee was 55 years of
age, in perfect health, vigorous, robust, of a commanding
presence. His character, public and private, was of the
highest. In intellect it may be doubted whether he was
 superior to the able soldier whom he succeeded; indeed,
Joseph E. Johnston possessed as good a military mind as
any general on either side; but in that fortunate
combination of qualities, physical, mental, and moral,
which go to make up a great commander, General Lee
was unquestionably more favored than any of the leaders
of the Civil War. He possessed at once the entire
confidence of his Government and the unquestioning and
enthusiastic devotion of the army. He had no rival, either
in the councils of the Richmond War Department or in the
colloquies around camp-fires. Lee's position was unique.
No army commander on either side was so universally
believed in, so absolutely trusted. Nor was there ever a
commander who better deserved the support of his
Government and the affection and confidence of his
soldiers.
With the growth of Longstreet's command my duties had become
doubly important, and with weighty responsibilities. The General left
much to me, both in camp and on the field. As chief of his staff it
was my part to respond to calls for instruction and to anticipate
them. The General was kept fully advised after the event, if he was
not near by at the time; but action had to be swift and sure, without
waiting to hunt him up on a different part of the field.
The change of movement of a brigade or division in battle certainly
carried a grave responsibility, but it has often to be faced by the
chief staff officer if the general happened to be out of reach. Nearly
two years of war on a grand scale had given me experience and
confidence, and Longstreet was always generous with good support
when things were done apparently for the best. This gave me good
prestige in our large corps, and I found hosts of friends among
officers and men.
The reorganization had made the First Corps 40,000 strong,
effective, by the time it got to Fredericksburg in December. Jackson's
Second Corps was fully 38,000 strong.
 CHAPTER XVI
Events Preceding Fredericksburg
Burnside in command of Army of the Potomac—Sketch—
Lee's plans—At Fredericksburg—General Patrick, U. S. A.—
Flag of truce—Arrival of army in position—Poor defensive
works—Bad-weather march—Some expedients by
Longstreet—The stone wall—Major-General McLaws,
Major-General Hood, Major-General Anderson, Major-
General Walker—Sketches.
The new commander of the Army of the Potomac was one of the
most highly respected officers of the United States Army, but he was
not equal to the command, and so stated to the officers who
brought him Mr. Lincoln's commission and orders.
McClellan was of decided ability in many respects; timorous, but
safe; and there was no better organizer. He seemed to hate battle,
and it is surprising that with such a record he should have secured
and retained the devotion and confidence of his men to the very
end. There was no lack of physical courage; it was a mental doubt
with him.
Burnside had no prominent reputation, but made a success of an
unimportant expedition into North Carolina. He conspicuously failed
at Sharpsburg, where all day the bridge on the right was the scene
of combat, without his movement to seize it. His great corps, held
idly in hand, was equal to it ten times over. But he may have been
waiting on McClellan, with whom he was in the closest intimacy of
friendship.
At all events, Burnside could and would fight, even if he did not
know how, and after "Little Mac" this was what Mr. Lincoln was
trying for. He was a handsome man, from Rhode Island, of fine,
courteous bearing.
Franklin should have been, I think, the man for Lincoln; but who
knows? There was a powerful clique always about McClellan, most
unwisely at difference, sometimes, with the Administration.
A pause in the operations ensued while we lay about Bunker Hill and
Winchester. But Lee had, in the first half of November, decided
where he should make Burnside fight. It was Fredericksburg.
Longstreet had previously sent McLaws's division east of the
mountains to the vicinity of Culpeper, and about November 16
started him for the old town on the Rappahannock, following a day
or two later from his Valley camps with the remainder of the corps.
The gaps of the Blue Ridge were well occupied and defended by
Jackson and Stuart's cavalry during Lee's transfer of his army in this
delicate strategical operation.
I parted from Longstreet for a day or two, and arrived near
Fredericksburg with some of the leading troops, before him.
My ride was in the worst weather, roads deep in mud, with rain in
torrents. Fredericksburg is one of the oldest and most aristocratic of
the Virginia towns. A dwindling trade had thinned the population and
quieted its ambitions. At this time the place was the home of families
of historical importance and present interest, with a thorough
knowledge of good living, and still respectable cellars of old Madeira
that had been imported by them many years before.
The enemy had a small garrison there and a provost marshal, an
elderly United States officer, kind and gentle in his authority, and
much liked by the citizens.
From this officer I received a request to meet him under flag of
truce, and we made acquaintance in a little block-house just outside
the town. The good old General Patrick was quite in ignorance
apparently of the great operation that was then culminating.
Expecting to hold the city with his little garrison he wished to avert
any shelling of the town by our guns.
His friends had not yet made their appearance on the Falmouth Hills,
commanding the town on the left bank of the river. We had
outstripped their march.
General Patrick was informed that he must at once withdraw from
Fredericksburg, that we should occupy it in force. He smiled,
thinking it a bluff, and wanted to know where the soldiers were. On
this point he got no information, of course, and we parted. However,
he was soon to see our men pouring forward, and McLaws's division
seizing the city and posting his gallant Mississippians on the river
front, under the intrepid Barksdale.
Patrick's little gang had, of course, immediately slipped away when
they saw what was coming.
This I think was about November 21. The entire army soon after
arrived and took position behind the Rappahannock, a wide,
undulating plain for the most part stretching between our lines and
the river itself. Longstreet took the left and Jackson the right; the
former's most important point being the stone wall and sunken road
at the foot of Marye's Hill.
Looking back at the situation, it seems surprising that we did so little
in the way of defensive field-works. The enemy in great masses
were crowding the Falmouth Hills, and we knew intended to cross
and strike us. But yet we contented ourselves with the little stone
wall (which proved helpful), and two or three tiers of light
trenchwork extended on the slope of the hill behind and on our left.
The like observation applies to Jackson, whose lines were above the
same as ours in strength, except the stone wall.
Later in the war such a fault could not have been found. Experience
had taught us that to win, we must fight; and that fighting under
cover was the thing to keep up the army and beat the enemy. He
knew it, too, and practised it, so later on veterans no sooner got to
facing each other than they began to dig, if ever so little; a little
trench, a tiny hillock is often a very helpful defense and protection.
The march to Fredericksburg in bad weather and over almost
bottomless roads had caused great suffering to the men and some
losses among the animals. It was then that Longstreet told his men
of an expedient that as an old soldier he had often resorted to.
"Rake," he sent word to the men, "the coals and ashes from your
cooking fires and sleep on that ground; it will be dry and warm."
And so it proved. Also, there being many barefooted men, "Take the
rawhides of the beef cattle, killed for food; cut roughly for a
moccasin-like covering for the feet, and there you are with
something to walk in. "But this did not go. The foot-wear had
nothing like soles of stiffening, and in the mud and icy slush of the
Virginian roads the moist, fresh skins slipped about as if on ice. The
wearers, constantly up or down, finally kicked them aside and took
the road as best they could, barefooted or wrapped with rags or
straw. Richmond did its best to supply, but there was always trouble
for want of shoes. Great quantities were run in from England by
blockade, but they were worthless, shoddy things that might be
done for in a day's use. I once wore a pair of them, and in a single
day of wet and mud the cheats came to pieces and developed bits of
paper and odds of leather things, where should be good, strong,
well tanned cow skin.
It is said that our friends, the enemy, across the lines fared badly as
well in shoddy, and that too from their own neighbors and
countrymen.
It was awfully nasty work getting down to that stone wall for giving
orders or receiving information, the way swept by the enemy's
volume of fire over every foot. Once at the wall it was fairly snug,
but the coming back was still worse, and one drew a long breath on
emerging safely from the deadly fusilade.
We could only manage it on foot by making short rushes from point
to point, affording perhaps some little cover. It was on such a duty
that my friend Lord King was killed. He was A. D. C. to McLaws, of
the family of Kings of southern Georgia.
The ranking major-general of our corps was L. McLaws, his division
made up of Georgians, Mississippians, and South Carolinians. He was
an officer of much experience and most careful. Fond of detail, his
command was in excellent condition, and his ground and position
well examined and reconnoitered; not brilliant in the field or quick in
movement there or elsewhere, he could always be counted on and
had secured the entire confidence of his officers and men.
Maj.-Gen. John B. Hood's appearance was very striking; in age only
34, he had a personality that would attract attention anywhere. Very
tall and somewhat loose-jointed; a long, oval face shaded by
yellowish beard, plentiful hair of same color, and voice of great
power and compass.
With very winning manners, he is said to have used these
advantages actively for his own advancement. But apart from that,
his services in the field were of the best. Resigning from the United
States Army he was made colonel of one of the three Texas
regiments that were sent to Virginia. There he quickly showed his
soldierly qualities and was made brigadier-general over the brigade
formed of the three Texas regiments and the Third Arkansas. It was
conspicuous in all of the many combats in which it was engaged,
and Hood soon came on for promotion to one of the divisions of
Longstreet's corps. As major-general he continued to display high
qualities and he might be considered an ideal officer of that rank and
command. At Gettysburg he received a wound in the arm. It is said
that at Richmond, while convalescing, he suffered himself to criticize
very freely our operations in Pennsylvania. As soon as recovered he
resumed his division, which he took to Chickamauga, where his
conduct was magnificent. There he lost a leg. Longstreet
immediately recommended him to promotion to lieutenant-general,
which was done, and on recovery Hood was assigned to the Western
army under J. E. Johnston. There I must leave him. His biographers
will relate his promotion to the rank of full general; his superseding
Johnston; his march to the enemy's rear; the sanguinary battles of
Franklin and Nashville, and the crushing defeat of his expedition by
Thomas, making possible the great decisive strategic operation of
Sherman's "March to the sea."
Maj.-Gen. G. E. Pickett we already know. He had a very fine division
of five Virginia brigades, all well commanded by brigadiers who
greatly helped the Major-General to the high reputation gained by
this gallant body of men.
Maj.-Gen. Richard H. Anderson, of South Carolina, had been a
captain of cavalry in the United States Army, and was rather an
interesting character. His courage was of the highest order, but he
was indolent. His capacity and intelligence excellent, but it was hard
to get him to use them. Withal, of a nature so true and lovable that
it goes against me to criticize him. He had served well as a brigadier-
general, and now with Longstreet, commanding a division, had more
to do. Longstreet knew him well and could get a good deal out of
him, more than any one else. His division was of Georgians, South
Carolinians, Alabamians and Mississippians.
Maj.-Gen. J. B. Walker was commanding two brigades of North
Carolinians. I had no intimate knowledge of this officer, who it was
known would be with the Virginia army but for a short time. He bore
a high reputation among those of his acquaintance.
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