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Mastering the SAP Business Information Warehouse
Leveraging the Business Intelligence Capabilities of SAP
NetWeaver 2nd Edition Kevin Mcdonald Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Kevin McDonald, Andreas Wilmsmeier, David C. Dixon, W. H.
Inmon
ISBN(s): 0764596373
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 7.21 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english
96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page iii

Mastering the SAP®

Business Information
Warehouse,
Second Edition
Leveraging the Business Intelligence
Capabilities of SAP NetWeaver

Kevin McDonald
Andreas Wilmsmeier
David C. Dixon
W.H. Inmon
96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page ii
96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page i

Mastering the SAP® Business

Information Warehouse,
Second Edition
96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page ii
96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page iii

Mastering the SAP®

Business Information
Warehouse,
Second Edition
Leveraging the Business Intelligence
Capabilities of SAP NetWeaver

Kevin McDonald
Andreas Wilmsmeier
David C. Dixon
W.H. Inmon
96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page iv

Mastering the SAP Business Information Warehouse, Second Edition

Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2006 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN-13: 978-0-7645-9637-7
ISBN-10: 0-7645-9637-3
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
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96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page v

For

Theodora and Malcolm

Rita, Theresa, and Arne

Karl
96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page vi
96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page vii

About the Authors

Kevin McDonald is a consultant and entrepreneur. He co-

founded and was the CEO of COMPENDIT, Inc., a consult-
ing services firm acquired by Inforte Corp. in 2004. He was
an Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year regional finalist
and was recognized by Entrepreneur magazine for having
created a “Hot 100” fastest-growing new business. He has
instructed, implemented, and designed enterprise decision-
processing systems for dozens of clients. Prior to co-founding COMPENDIT,
Kevin was the Director of New Dimension Technology and a corporate
spokesperson for SAP, where he had worked in both America and Germany.
He was program manager during the successful market launch of SAP Busi-
ness Information Warehouse (SAP BW), and he authored the SAP BW product
map that was first used to define the scope and development direction for the
software.
Kevin started his career at Baxter Healthcare, where he held positions in
both IT and finance functions. He has authored numerous articles about SAP’s
Business Intelligence Solution for The Data Warehouse Institute’s newsletter,
and he has made presentations on business intelligence at DCI’s Data Ware-
house World, HP World, ERP World, TDWI conferences, ASUG, SAP TechEd,
SAP Sapphire, Decision Processing 98 and 99, and Informatica World. Kevin
is an advisor to the Cognos Innovation Center and may be contacted at
[email protected].

vii
96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page viii

viii About the Authors

Andreas Wilmsmeier is a managing director of Inforte

Deutschland. Andreas has been a member of the initial SAP
BW core development team, where he has been responsible
for designing and implementing parts of the Staging Engine
(for example, the Staging BAPI). Andreas has been consult-
ing SAP BW clients since the initial customer shipment of
SAP BW 1.2A in early 1998 and has continued to contribute
to the development of SAP BW by providing feedback from
the field and to the development of business content for the financial services
and defense industries.
After receiving his diploma in computer science and business economics,
Andreas started his career in developing data warehouse and Internet solu-
tions. Prior to working for Inforte, Andreas ran the German subsidiary of
COMPENDIT until its acquisition by Inforte in early 2004.
His knowledge of data warehousing, data mining, and knowledge manage-
ment has been showcased at numerous international conferences, including
SAP Sapphire, SAP TechEd, ASUG, Cebit in Hanover, Germany, and Systems
in Munich, Germany. Andreas has authored articles in the SAP Technical Jour-
nal, (now featured on intelligentERP.com) and the German-language E/3 Mag-
azine. Andreas may be contacted at [email protected].

David Dixon is a vice president with Inforte’s SAP Practice,

where he is responsible for ensuring the quality of Inforte
solutions and project deliveries. A recognized authority in
business intelligence, he has extensive full-lifecycle project
experience in architecting and implementing complicated
global solutions for Fortune 100 companies. David has also
worked with the SAP SEM and SAP BI development teams
on numerous occasions in support of the latest products.
Prior to joining Inforte, David worked for COMPENDIT, a consulting firm
acquired by Inforte in March 2004, where he was a founding team member.
Prior to joining COMPENDIT, he was a Platinum Consultant with SAP. David
started his career as a Financials and Controlling (FI/CO) consultant with SAP
in 1995, specializing in all of the SAP reporting and analysis applications and
tools. An accomplished speaker, he has presented at industry-leading SAP and
BI events, including SAP TechEd, ASUG, and TDWI. He may be contacted at
[email protected].
96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page ix

About the Authors ix

Bill Inmon is thought of as the “father of the data ware-

house” and is co-creator of the “corporate information fac-
tory.” He has more than 28 years of experience in database
technology management and data warehouse design. He is
known globally for his seminars on developing data ware-
houses and has been a keynote speaker for every major com-
puting association and many industry conferences, seminars,
and trade shows. Bill has written about a variety of topics on building, usage,
and maintenance of the data warehouse and the corporate information factory.
More than 500 of his articles have been published in major computer journals
such as Datamation, ComputerWorld, and Byte magazine. Bill is currently a
columnist with Data Management Review and has been since its inception. He
has published 39 books.
Bill founded and took public a Silicon Valley company, Prism Solutions, in
1991. Prism Solutions became Ardent Software, which was acquired by
Informix, renamed Ascential Software, and acquired by IBM. The software he
created is still used by hundreds of companies today. More recently, Bill
decided to publish his vast data warehousing information resources on his
Web site at www.billinmon.com. The Web site has now grown to support mil-
lions of visitors a month. Bill consults with a large number of Fortune 1000
clients, offering data warehouse design and database management services.
96373ffirs.qxd 7/11/06 5:26 PM Page x

Credits

Executive Editor Vice President and Executive

Robert Elliott Group Publisher
Richard Swadley
Development Editor
Kevin Shafer Vice President and Publisher
Joseph B. Wikert
Technical Editor
Bryan Katis Compositor
Maureen Forys,
Production Editor
Happenstance Type-o-Rama
Angela Smith
Illustrator
Copy Editor
Jeff Wilson,
C.M. Jones
Happenstance Type-o-Rama
Editorial Manager
Proofreading
Mary Beth Wakefield
Jennifer Larsen, Word One
Production Manager
Indexing
Tim Tate
Johnna VanHoose Dinse

x
96373ftoc.qxd 7/11/06 5:30 PM Page xi

Contents

About the Authors vii

Foreword xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction xxiii
Chapter 1 The Origins of Business Intelligence 1
Evolution of Information Processing 1
Data-Storage Advancements 2
Transaction Processing Dominates 3
Extract Files Appear 4
The Data Warehouse Is Conceived 6
What Is Data Warehousing? 6
The Data Model 7
Different Physical Tables 8
Integration and Transformation Processing 9
Metadata 10
Granular Data 11
Historical Data 12
Timestamping 12
Data Relationships 13
Generic Data versus Specific Data 13
Data Quality 14
Volumes of Data 15
Removing Dormant Data 15
Architected Solutions 16
Corporate Information Factory 16
Government Information Factory 22

xi
96373ftoc.qxd 7/11/06 5:30 PM Page xii

xii Contents

Evolution of SAP 24
Evolution of SAP Reporting and Analysis 27
SAP BW and the New Dimension Applications 29
The Road to Business Process Integration 30
Summary 34
Chapter 2 The SAP NetWeaver Integration Platform 35
The Architectural Roots of SAP NetWeaver 35
NetWeaver Overview 38
Application Platform (Technology) 39
Application Server Architecture 39
Front-End Technologies 44
Mobile Infrastructure 46
System Landscape 48
Security 54
Administration 55
Process Integration 56
Integration Builder 58
Integration Repository 58
Integration Directory 58
Integration Server 59
Runtime Monitor 59
Information Integration 60
Business Intelligence 60
Master Data Management 60
Knowledge Management 65
People Integration 67
Portal Framework 67
Composite Application Framework 74
Summary 76
Chapter 3 SAP Business Information Warehouse Architecture 77
SAP BW Architectural Components 78
Metadata and Document Management 79
Metadata Management 79
Document Management 80
Elementary Metadata Objects 81
Obsolete Metadata Objects 84
Design, Monitoring, and Administration 85
Design 86
Monitoring 90
Administration 90
Data Acquisition and Transformation 93
Most Important Metadata Objects 94
Staging Engine 103
DataSource Manager 104
Data Storage 107
96373ftoc.qxd 7/11/06 5:30 PM Page xiii

Contents xiii

Master Data Manager 107

Data Store Object Manager 109
InfoCube Manager 109
Aggregate Manager 109
BI Accelerator 109
Information Lifecycle Manager 110
Data Access and Analysis 110
InfoProvider Interface 111
ODS BAPI 111
OLAP Cache 112
Analytic Engine 112
Analysis Process Designer 113
Information Distribution 113
Information Distribution Interfaces 113
Broadcasting 115
Presentation 115
Presentation Metadata Objects 115
BEx Analyzer and BEx Web Analyzer 119
BEx Query Designer 119
BEx Report Designer 119
BEx Web Application Designer 119
BI Patterns 120
Visual Composer 120
Planning 120
Analytic Engine 120
Planning Functions 121
Planning Sequences 121
Summary 121
Chapter 4 Information Modeling 123
Information Modeling Prerequisites 124
Understanding the SAP BW Metadata Model 127
Master-Data Data Model 127
The InfoCube Data Model 131
The DataStore Object Data Model 134
Developing an Information Model 134
Multidimensional Modeling 136
Additional Information Modeling Options 164
Summary 170
Chapter 5 Enterprise Data Warehousing 171
Business Intelligence Strategy 172
Architecture 175
Layers of an EDW Architecture 176
Topology 179
System Landscapes 185
96373ftoc.qxd 7/11/06 5:30 PM Page xiv

xiv Contents

Data Integration 186

Master Data Integration 187
Transaction Data Integration 189
Data Quality 189
Modeling the Layers of an EDW 191
Modeling the Data Staging Layer 191
Modeling the Operational Data Store 191
Modeling the Data Warehouse Layer 192
InfoMart Layer 194
Modeling Support for Data Integration 194
Modeling with Global Keys 195
Modeling with Qualified Local Keys 196
Concatenation Versus Compounding 198
Mapping Approaches 198
Modeling Support for Data Historization 199
Tracking History of Transactional Data 200
Tracking History of Master Data 201
Governance 202
Standards 203
Organization 204
Processes 206
Training 207
Project Marketing 207
Summary 208
Chapter 6 Data Acquisition and Transformation 209
Data Acquisition 214
Classes of Data 215
Data Flow and Integration 218
Dimensions of Data Acquisition 221
OLTP Technology Considerations 224
Architecture 228
Metadata Flow 228
Data and Control Flow 231
Example of an Application-Specific Extractor 234
Client-Specific Data Extraction Options 235
Architecture 239
Data and Control Flow 240
Architecture 241
Data and Control Flow 242
Data and Control Flow 243
Architecture 245
Data and Control Flow 246
Ascential DataStage 246
Architecture 248
Data and Control Flow 250
96373ftoc.qxd 7/11/06 5:30 PM Page xv

Contents xv

Transformation 251
Data Integration Transformations 252
Application Logic Transformations 254
Reference Objects for Transformations 256
Architecture and Data Flow 257
Persistency Considerations 258
Multilevel Staging Considerations 259
Conversion Routines 263
Aggregation 264
Rule Types 264
Transformation Routines 271
Loading 280
Master Data Texts 282
Master Data Hierarchies 282
Summary 286
Chapter 7 Data Access, Analysis, and Information Distribution 289
Data Access 289
Query Processing Overview 290
InfoProvider Interface 293
DataStore Objects and PSA APIs 296
Information Analysis 296
Knowledge-Discovery Process 297
Analytic Services 298
Information Distribution 324
Broadcasting 326
Interface Options for Third-Party Presentation Tools 331
The Business Explorer API 341
Summary 342
Chapter 8 Information Presentation 343
BEx Presentation Components 343
BEx Query Designer 345
BEx Analyzer 354
BEx Web 359
Generic Presentation Options 370
Personalization 371
Print Versions — PDF Output 373
Local Calculations 373
Other Presentation Options 377
Crystal Reports Integration 378
BEx Mobile Intelligence 380
Portal Integration 381
Visual Composer 382
Summary 382
96373ftoc.qxd 7/11/06 5:30 PM Page xvi

xvi Contents

Chapter 9 Integrated Planning 385

Integrated Planning Positioning 386
History and Trends 386
Definition of Planning 390
Architecture Considerations 393
Integrated Planning Technology 401
Architecture 402
Evolution 402
Planning Modeler 405
Integrated Planning Data 406
Information Logistics 407
Information Modeling 409
Data Access and Locking 414
Semantic Rules 422
Planning Functions 426
Controlling Function Behavior 427
Function Types 431
Basic Functions 435
Advanced Functions 438
Integrated Planning User Interface 450
Runtime Capabilities 450
Design-Time Capabilities 453
Integrated Planning Process Control 460
Status and Tracking 461
BW-BPS Coexistence 463
Best and Worst Practices 466
Delta Change Modeling 466
Enterprise Design 470
Summary 477
Chapter 10 Business Analytics 479
Analytic Application Architecture 482
What Is Business Content? 485
Business Content Progression 489
Horizontal Growth 489
Vertical Growth 490
Using Business Content 492
Myths 493
Usability 494
Challenges 496
Customer Relationship Analytics 501
Analytic Engines 502
Customer Behavior Analysis 502
Supply Chain Analytics 505
SCOR Model 506
Supply-Chain Cockpit 510
96373ftoc.qxd 7/11/06 5:30 PM Page xvii

Contents xvii

Demand Planning (DP) 512

Network Design and Production Planning 519
Financial Analytics 521
Corporate Performance Management 522
Enterprise Planning 528
Financial Consolidation 535
Summary 540
Notes 541
Chapter 11 Administration 543
Application-Oriented Administration 544
Process Chains 546
Data Management Processes 554
Application Management Processes 570
Monitoring 573
Troubleshooting 581
System-Oriented Administration 582
Information Lifecycle Management 583
Authorizations 588
Transports 597
Upgrades 601
Summary 604
Chapter 12 Performance Planning and Management 605
Performance Planning 607
Managing User Expectations 608
Information Modeling 609
Process Design 623
System Landscape Design and Setup 623
Performance Management 631
BI Statistics 632
Optimizing Query Performance 635
Data Loading and Data Management 648
Information Lifecycle Management 651
System Performance 652
Summary 659
Appendix A Acronyms 661
Index 669
96373flast.qxd 7/11/06 5:23 PM Page xviii
Other documents randomly have
different content
not, all your threatenings of fire, Death, nor Torments, shall make me shrinke
from the truth of Gods Word in Sacred Scriptures. The fury of a mad inquisitor to have
almost slain me.Whereupon the mad Inquisitor clapd mee on the face with his
foote, abusing me with many Raylings, and if the jesuites had not intercepted
him, he had stobbed me with a knife; where, when dismissed, I never saw him
more.

The third day insuing (and having broake their promise) the two Jesuites
returned, and after a frowning silence, the Superiour asked me of my Resolution:
I told him I was Resolved already, unlesse hee could show me good Reasons in
the contrary. Whereupon having past with me some few superficial Arguments
of their seaven Sacraments, Intercession, Transubstantiation, Images, Purgatory,
Miracles, Merit, &c. he begun to brag of their Church her Antiquity,
Universality, and Uniformity. Auncient no (sayd I) for the Profession of my
Faith, hath beene ever since the first time of the Apostles; And Christ had ever
his owne Church (howsoever obscure) in the greatest time of your darknesse.

So Rome foure hundred yeares and upward, was the true Church; but afterward
falling in apostacy by meanes of her corrupt leaders, wee have left her in
nothing, but what shee hath left her former selfe. Universall no; although shee
assumeth a Catholicke name, was not the [X. 474.]Church in the East, a greater
Church than yours in the West for hundreds of yeares, and I pray you what are
now the Orientall Churches in Asia, (besides the Greeks) and the Æthiopian
Affricans that doe not so much as know, or heare of your Pope, far lesse his
profession.

With no small adoe, Boniface the third, obtained of Phocas the Emperour to be
called universall Bishop: which was asisted afterward by Puppin the French
King, and ratified by Paleologus, the father of Constantine who lost
Constantinople: The Romish Church falls short of true antiquity, universality, and
uniformity.And what long contraversies about this new power, was betweene your
Popes, and the counsells of Carthage, Calcedon, Ephesus, Alexandria, and Nice.
Uniformable no; some of your Priests give the Sacrament onely in Bread, for
reall flesh and blood, some in Wine without Bread, and some in both.

The Bavarians in their owne language sing the Psalmes in prose at their Masses,
and not else where done: The second Commandement goeth current amongst
some of your Catholicks in France, yet not in Bretagne, nor Provance; so doth it
in Austria and Bavaria, but not in Italy and Spaine.

It is most evident, what your former Popes have confirmed, the succeeding
Popes have disanulled, and dayly doe, as their present lives, and your auncient
Histories beare a true record.

And was there not at one time, three Popes in three severall places? and
oftentimes two at once: One professing one Heresie, and another Atheisme:
What mutinies and malice, are dayly among your Monasteries, each envying
anothers priviledge, anothers preferment, anothers wealth: And your order
(father) by all the other Monasticks, is hated and vilipended to death; besides
diversities of Doctrine, betweene your professors and the Dominicans: [X.
475.]and hundreds of like disunities you have both in ceremony and order which
now I suspend: So I pray you (father) where your uniformity, much lesse your
universality, and worst of all your antiquity.

Having thus concluded, the fiery fac’d Jesuits, with boisterous menacings left
mee; and the eight day thereafter, being the last day of their Inquisition, they
returned againe, in a more milder disposition: where after divers arguments on
both sides, the two Jesuits with teares distilling from their eyes, solidly
protested, they were sorry from their heart, for that terrible death I was to
undergo, and above all the loosing of my soule: The Jesuits last allurements for my
conversion to their sect.And falling downe on their knees, cryed, convert, convert, O
deare brother! for our blessed Ladies sake convert: To whom I replyed, that
neither death nor fire I feared; for I was resolved for both, yet thinking my selfe
unworthy to suffer for Christ and the Gospells sake, considering my vildnesse
and my owne unworthinesse: yet the Spirit of God assureth my faith, it is his
divine pleasure it should be so that I must suffer. Wherefore if I should divert,
trust mee not, for I would but dissemble with you (through feare, flattery, or
force) to shunne present death.

Whereupon they called the Governour, and after their privy consulting, hee thus
spoke; Deare brother, my greatest desire is, to have thee a good Christian, a
Romane Catholick, to which if thy conscience will yeeld, I will shew thee as
great courtesie, as thou hast receaved cruelty: for pitty it were, that such an
invincible spirit, and endued with so many good parts, should perish in both
worlds for ever. Plucke up thy heart, and let the love of our blessed Lady enter in
thy soule: Let not thy former sufferings dismay thee, (for thy sores being yet
greene and curable) I shall transport thee to a fine Chamber, and there thou shalst
have all needfull things for the recovery of [X. 476.]thy health and strength. Thy
money and Patents shall be refounded, but thy hereticall Bookes are already
burned: And lastly sayd he, I will send thee with my owne Servant to Court,
Counsel, and King, with letters from the holy Inquisition, and from mee,
faithfully promising thou shalt enjoy a Pension of three hundred Duccats a yeare.

But having satisfied his bewitching policy with a Christian constancy; they all
three left mee in a thundering rage; vowing, I should that night have the first
seale of my long sorrowes: And directing their course to the Bishop and
Inquisitor (for the Governour had wrested the Inquisition upon mee, to free him
of his former aspersion layd upon the English Fleet, and my tryall therefore,
converting it all to matters of Religion) the Inquisition (I say) sat forthwith, A
condemnatory sentence to death by the Inquisition.where first I was condemned to
receave that night eleven strangling torments in my Dungeon: and then after
Easter Holy dayes, I should be transported privatly to Grenada, and there about
mid-night to be burnt body and bones into ashes, and my ashes to be flung into
the ayre: Well, that same night the Scrivan, Sergeants, and the young English
Priest entered my melancholly staunce: where the Priest in the English tongue
urging mee all that he could (though little it was hee could doe) and
unprevailing, I was disburdened of mine irones, unclothed to my skin, set on my
knees and held up fast with their hands: where instantly setting my teeth asunder
with iron Cadges, they filled my belly full of water, even gorgeing to my throat:
Then with a garter they bound fast my throat, till the white of mine eye turned
upward; and being laid on my side, I was by two Sergeants tumbled to and fro
seven times through the roome; even till I was almost strangled: This done, they
[X. 477.]fastned a small cord about each one of my great toes, and hoysing me
therewith to the roofe of a high loft (for the cords runne on two rings of iron
fastned above) they cut the garter, and there I hung, with my head downward, in
my tormented weight, till all the gushing water dissolved: This done, I was let
downe from the loft, quite senslesse, lying a long time cold dead among their
hands: whereof the Governour being informed, came running up stayres, crying,
Is he dead, O fie villanes goe fetch me Wine, which they powred in my mouth,
regayning thereby a slender sparke of breath.

A Turkish slaves charity in the bowels of compassion.These

strangling torments ended,
and I reclothed, and fast bolted againe they left mee lying on the cold floore
praysing my God, and singing of a Psalme. The next morning the pittifull Turke
visiting mee with bread and water, brought me also secretly in his shirt sleeve,
two handfull of Rasins and figges, laying them on the floore amongst the
crawling vermine, for having no use of armes nor hands, I was constrayned by
hunger and impotency of time, to licke one up with another with my tongue:
This charity of figs the slave did once every weeke or fortnight, or else I had
long or then famished.

After which sorrowfull distresse, and inhumane usage, the eye-melting Turke
taking displeasure, fell five dayes sicke, and bedfast: but the house Spaniards
understanding his disease made him beleeve I was a Divell, a Sorcerer, a
Nigromancer, and a blasphemous miscreant, against their Pope, their Lady, and
their Church; giving him such a distast, that for thirty dayes, he never durst
looke me in the face, being affraid of witchcraft.

All this time of his absence, one Ellinor the Cooke, an Indian Negro woman,
attended mee, for she being a [X. 478.]Christian drudge, had more liberty to visit
mee, than the slavish Infidell: who certainly (under God) prolonged then my
languishing life, conveighing me for foure weekes space, once a day some lesse
or more nourishment, and in The deceitfulness of female inconstancies.her pocket a
bottle glasse of Wine. Being no wayes semblable to the soule betraying teares of
her Crocodilean sex which the Spanish Proverbe prettily avoucheth: las mugeres,
engannan a los hombres, dellas lastimandoles, con sus lagrimas fingidas; dellas
hallagandoles, con Palabras lesongeras: to wit, Women deceave men, some of
them, grieving them with their fayned teares, and other fawning on them with
flattering words. But;

Kind Ellenor though blacke by nature borne,

Made bounty (not her beauty) to adorne
Her new chang’d Pagan life (though vail’d by night
Of Romish shades) to shine on mee more bright,
Then Sun scorched Æthiope beames; Art-glancing spangles:
Or that Ægyptian Bird, mans sight intangles
With rarest colours: for her loving sight
Though black as pitch, gave me transparent light:
Food, and stolne-food, though little, yet enough;
(The finer soile, the ebber tilles the Plough,)
Second with Wine, a mutchkin, thrice a weeke
 Pack’d in her pocket, for it might not speeke:
Thus Females have extreames, and two we see,
Eyther too wicked, or too good they be;
For being good no Creature can excell them,
And being bad, no ill can paralell them:
But sure this gift, from course of nature came,
Rais’d up by Heaven to be my nursing Dame;
For she a Savage bred, yet shew more Love
And humane pitty, then desert could moove:
Wherein shee stain’d the Spaniards; they did nought
[X. 479.]But what revenge, on slaughter’d sorrow wrought:
Thus, they who turn’d her, went themselves astray,
And shee though ignorant, trac’d the Christian way:
For which great God reward her make her Soule
As white within, as she without is foule;
And if I might, as reason knowes I would
Her love, and praise, my deeds should crowne with gold.

Now about the middle of Lent, Hazier, my former Friend, was appoynted to
attend me agayne, suspecting Ellenors compassion; but as my miseries were
multiplied, my Patience in God was redoubled: For men are rather killed with
the impatience they have in adversity, then adversity it selfe: And of all men, that
man is most An impatient man in trouble is a triple torture.unhappy, to whom God in his
troubles hath not given Patience; for as the violent enemy of age is griefe, so is
the mindes impatiency, the arch-corruptor of all our troubles: But indeede in the
weakenesse of judgement, when men seeme lost by long affliction to
themselves, then they are often and ever neerest to God: for who would have
thought, that I who had seene so many sects and varieties of Religion, dispersed
over the face of the earth, could have stucke fast to any religion at all; Travailers
being reputed to be Ubique et omnibus parati. But I will tell thee Christian, it
was the grace of God in me, and not mine: For as fire lying hid under ashes, and
touch’d will flame; so I seeming to my selfe carelesse of Christianity, then God
pricking my Conscience made tryall of my Faith: For Christ forbid, that every
Shippe which coasteth the rockey shoare, should leave her ruines there.

This I speake not for any selfe-prayse, but to glorifie God, and to condemne the
rash censures of opinion, and [X. 480.]with Phocion, I mistrust my selfe, because
of popular applause: Erubuit quasi peccasset quod placuerit: But now to
abbreviate a thousand Circumstances of my Lamentable sufferings, which this
Volume may not suffer to containe: By Gods great providence, about a fortnight
before Easter, Anno 1621. there came a Spanish Cavaliere of Grenada to Malaga,
whom the Governour one night invited to Supper, being of old acquaintance:
where after Supper to intertayne Discourse, the Governour related and Gods great
mercy in my first discovery by a stranger.disclosed to the stranger (God working
thereby my discovery and deliverance) all the proceedings and causes of my first
apprehending, my Confessions, Torments, starvings, their mistaking of the
English Fleete, and finally the wresting of the Inquisition upon me, and their
Condemnatory Sentence seeming also much to Lament my mis-fortunes, and
praysing my Travailes and Deserts.

Now all this while, the Gentlemans servant, a Flandrish Fleming, standing at his
Maisters backe, and adhering to all the Governours Relations, was astonished, to
heare of a sakelesse Stranger, to have indured, and to indure such damnable
Murther and Cruelty. Whereupon, the Discourse ending and mid-night past, the
stranger returned to his Lodging; where the Fleming having bedded his Maister,
and himselfe also in another Roome, he could not sleepe all that night, and if hee
slumbered, still hee thought hee saw a man Torturing, and burning in the fire:
which hee confessed to M. Wilds when morning came.

Well, he longed for day, and it being come, and hee cloathed, hee quietly left his
Lodging, inquiring for an English Factor, and comming to the House of M.
Richard Wilds, the chiefe English Consull: Hee told him [X. 481.]all what hee
heard the Governour tell his Master, but could not tell my name: only Maister
Wilds conjectur’d it was I, because of the others report of a Traveller, and of his
first and former acquaintance with me there.

These are the English Factors which first wrought my reliefe.Whereupon

the Fleming
being dismissed, he straight sent for the other English Factors, Mr. Richard
Busbitche, Mr. John Corney, Mr. Hanger, Mr. Stanton, Mr. Cooke, Mr. Rowley,
and Mr. Woodson: where advising with them, what was best to be done for my
reliefe; they sent letters away immediatly with all post dilligence, to Sir Walter
Aston, his Majesties Ambassadour lying at Madrile: Upon which hee mediating
with the King and Counsell of Spaine, obtained a strait warrant to command the
Governour of Malaga, to deliver mee over in the English hands: which being
come, to their great disliking, I was released on Easter-satturday before
midnight, and carryed uppon Hazier the slaves backe to Master Busbitches
house, where I was carefully attended till day light.

Meanewhile (by great fortune) there being a Squader of his Majesties Ships
lying in the Road, Sir Richard Halkins came earely a shoare, accompanied with a
strong trayne, and receaved mee from the Merchants: Whence I was carryed on
mens armes in a payre of blanquets, to I durst not stay a shoare for feare of the
Inquisition.the Vangard his Majesties ship. And three dayes thereafter, I was
transported to a ship bound for England, the Fleets victualler, named the
goodwill of Harwich; by direction of the Generall Sir Robert Maunsell: where
being well placed, and charge given by Sir Richard Halkins to the ships master
William Westerdale, for his carefulnes toward the preservation of my life, which
then was brought so low & miserable. The foresaid Merchants [X. 482.]sent mee
from shoare (besides the ships victuals) a sute of Spanish apparrell, twelve
Hennes, a barrell of Wine, a basket full of Egges, two Roves of Figges and
Rasins, two hundred Orenges and Lemmons, eight pounds of Sugar, a number of
excellent good Bread, and two hundred Realls in Silver and Gold; besides two
double Pistolls Sir Richard Halkins sent mee as a token of his love.

The kindnesses of whom to bury in oblivion, were in me the very shame of

ingratitude, I being then a lost man and hopelesse of life, which argued in them a
greater singularitie of kindnesse and compassion. Yet I remember Religious Sir
Richard Halkins my speciall friend.for all my lamenes and distraction, I intreated Sir
Richard Halkins to goe a shoare to the Governour, and demand him for my gold,
my eight Patents, my Booke of Armes, and his Majesties Letters and Seales; the
which he willingly obeyed, (being accompanied with Captaine Cave, and
Captaine Raymond) but could obtaine nothing at all, save blandements and
leying excuses.

And now on the twelfth day of our lying in the Road, our ship weighing her
Anchors, and hoysing her Sailes, wee passed through the straits of Gibelterre, or
fretum Herculeum; for this was the furthest Land that Hercules could attayne
unto; which made him erect a Pillar, and indent thereon, nil ultra; but when
Charles the fift, returned from that untoward voyage of Algier, hee caused to set
up in the same place, Plus ultra.

Here in this Channell, I remarked a perpetuall current; flowing from the Ocean
to the Mediterrene Sea without any regresse: which indeed is admirable the
Mediterranean [X. 483.]Seas being hembd in, and environed with the mayne
Continent of South Europe; the North and North west coasts of Asia, and the
Northerne parts of Affricke; save onely the narrow passage of Hellespont, which
from Mare Propontis bendeth his course to Mare Euxinum: And yet the Euxine,
or blacke Sea, hath no affinity with any other moving waters, being likewise
incompassed with the mayne continent: And from it also runneth a continuall
current, through Bosphorus Thraicus, to the Mediterraneum.

The strait of Gibelterre five leagues broad.This

narrow Sea on Affricke, or side of Fez,
consisteth betweene Cap di Sprat, and the Promontore of Sewty, and upon the
coast of Spayne, betweene Cap de Trafolger, and the butting forehead-land of
Gibelterre, or Jubile Tauro; the passage being five leagues broad, and nine in
length.

And to be briefe, upon the fifty day after my departure from Malaga, I arrived at
Datford upon Thames; whence the next morning I was carried to Theoballs on a
feather-bed, and brought to the privy Gallery, for the Kings comming from
Parke. Witnesse all the Court of England, even from the King to the Kitchin,
what a martyrd anatomy I was, at then of me their first sight; and what small
hope was either expected of my life or recovery.

Where, when immediatly having made my most humble and grievous

complaints unto his sacred Majesty, his gracious consideration (in the meane
time) was such, for the recovery of my health, that I was twice sent to the Bath at
the charges of his Royall love, during the space of twenty seven weekes, where
by the Divine providence, and his Princely clemency, I have recovered for the
time in a [X. 484.]large measure, the health and strength of my body, although my
left Arme, and crushed bones be incurable.

Meane while, in the first Weeke of my Arrivall in England, I was conveyed from
Theobalds (by his Majesties direction) to Don Diego Surmento de Gundamore,
the Spanish Ambassadour, then Resident in Holborne. A false promise
unperformed.Where he votally undertooke, before then the two Lord Marquesses,
Hammilton and Buckingham, (confirming it the day following to his Majesty at
Greenewich) that after a condigne tryall had from Spaine, concerning my
grievances: I should have all my money, Cloathes, Observations, Testimoniall
Patents, and his Majesties Seales restored me agayne, with a thousand pound
sterling also, (beeing modified by his Royall pleasure) of the Governour of
Malagaes meanes, for the maintayning of my Lame and Racked body.

These promises were made the sixt of June 1621. and were to be performed
againe Michaelmasse day insuing: But this day come, hee continued his drifts to
the Prima vera; and it also arrived, he deferred time, with new protestations,
onely to Easter or Pascua: And that Season come, he turned my Pascua to Prison:
For a little before his departure (seeing his policy too strong for mine oppressed
patience) I told him flatly in his face, from the griefe of my soule, what he was,
and what he went about; which afterward proved true: Whereupon in the
Chamber of Presence, before the Emperours Ambassadour, and diverse Knights
and Gentle-men, his Majesties servants: A single combat betweene a Spanish Earle and
a Scottish Traveller.he rashly adventured the credite of Leager honour, in a single
Combat against me a retorted Plaintive: Where indeed his Fistula was contra-
banded with a fist, and for Victory, favour lent him authority; because of my
Commitment, [X. 485.]for I lay nine Weekes incarcerate in the Marshall-Sea at
Southwarke: Whence I returned with more credite, then hee left England with
honesty; beeing both Vanquish’d and Victor. And my Muse left to mourne for
my Liberty, deplored thus.

Low levell’d lie, my lofty staring aymes,

Low droupes the flight, of my swift wing’d designe;
Low bowes that top, whose hight true merit claimes:
Low head-long fals the scope of my Engine:
Low turnes my round, harsh grow the sacred nine;
Low sinke my joyes, pale griefe, converts in care:
Low lurkes Ambition, in this breast of mine:
Low stoupe these smiles, that Fortune wont to share;
Low rest my drifts, my curious Travailes rare:
Low scude the limits, of my high-bred thought:
Low plunge my hopes, in darke deepes of despaire;
Low I o’erthrowne, with crosses low am brought:
Low live I here, in sad restraint and strife:
Low then the lower of the lowest life:
Low as I am, I’le lowly Sacrifice:
Low deep fetch’d sighes, to heaven on my low Knees.
But I remember in the aforesayd time of this my A false aspersion laid on me by
Papists.imprisonment, there were two Papists my Countrey-men, who wrot to me
a Letter; not like to a familiar Epistle of Cicero: No, but they would have fastned
an untruth upon me; affirming that I was a Romane Catholicke in my heart; and
that they would justifie it, that I received the Sacrament at Rome, in the first
yeare that Paulus (Burgesius) Papa Quintus, came to his triple Crowne: to whom
in a true and Christian defence, my serious and approbable reply was thus:

[X. 486.]This is your Papall marke,

that as you runne astray,
You eyther would, or needes will have,
Christs Flocke to loose their way:
Can you avouch this point,
and dare you blaze your shame,
Thus Painter-like to portray’d so,
a figure for a name:
Shall Symbolizing I,
by Paragraphs defind,
In Paradoxicke passages,
Equivocate my minde.
No tincture shall ingrosse,
my Senses so delude,
To maculate my Splendant path,
with positives intrude:
In this Aversion I,
I more then Victor live,
Let Crittickes sterne aspersions spew,
this project I’le Atchieve:
My words shall Seale the truth,
my heart reserves the stamp,
Wherein my Characters of Faith,
as zealous shall incampe:
That desuetude of Soule,
I never did imbrace,
Nor shall; nor did, God is my Judge,
Such was his Heavenly grace:
No secondary meane,
shall aggrevate my hope,
The auncient Rule of Primacy,
shall be my moderne scope:
[X. 487.]Can such occurrents stand,
as ominous in me,
When you detract and falsly wrest,
the truth in perjury:
It is your lineall straine,
Collusions to induct,
With Misticke Contradictories,
your implies you Construct:
No inference can prye,
nor strange illation proove,
In your exorbitanting braines,
my period I did moove:
This microcosmos mine,
such imputation scornes;
And turnes this grim demoniat spight,
on your Hell-forked hornes.
My name you presse to staine,
by base abortive leyes,
To circumcise my recent fame,
with sharpe edg’d Calumnies:
And labour to depresse,
that Confluence I have
From Heaven ascrib’d, confirmed by Grace,
the pledge my Spirit doth crave:
That strife can not avayle,
I so assume the right;
Your doubled darkned eies perceive,
I triumph in the light:
It’s not your bloody Priests,
nor Tortures can prevaile,
I past your Purgatory ones,
the rest must you impale.
For what by dread or straine,
you can not worke nor do,
[X. 488.]You wrest, you leye, you paint, you faine,
and add illusions too:
 These Latent Forgeries,
annexed to your Faith,
As pendicles precipitate,
inhaunce your Soules to death:
With shrew’d Acerbious speech,
you Anathematize
My will Reciprocall to yours,
such guile you Moralize:
But this reflexing heart,
in a transparent flame,
Can by experience conster well,
your Churches Sire and Dame:
No Tort I introduct,
to damnifie your Sexe,
Whose empty Sculles (illuding feare)
your selves perverstly vexe:
I Organize the Truth,
you Allegate the Sense,
Disbending cominous defects,
in your absurd pretence:
Your immateriall proofes,
I wish you would detect,
My Processe craves Sedulity,
for what you Gulles Suspect.

After this, their sequell answere being mortified, and I set at liberty by a just
favour of the Privy Councell, my formalists durst never attempt any further
dispute with me, neither any passing countenance in our rancounters: But what
shall I say concerning my grievances, Sed qui Patitur vincit: Since there is no
helpe or Redresse to bee [X. 489.]had for wrongs past, no, neither (alasse) for any
present in either meane, or mighty falls: for when the Starres of great states,
decline under the selfe-same constellation of my sorrowes, and made the
deplored for spectacles, of the inconstancy of fortune; what shall I then in a
privat life, and publicke pilgrimage expect, but the common calamity of this age,
and the irrevocable redresse of my miseries sustayned, for this Crowne and
Kingdome of England, which shall be presently cleared: yet would to God, I
might doe, as Xerxes the Persian King did, that when the Greekes had taken
Sardis, the Metropole of Lydia, he commanded one of his servants to stand
before him everyday at dinner, and cry aloud, saying; the Grecians have taken
Sardis: whereby he was never at quiet, till it was recovered.

Incompatible griefe without deserved reliefe.So

would I, oppressed I, by mighty powers;
(though not a King, yet the faythfull subject of a King) cry dayly from the heart-
broken sorrow of my incompatible injuries; O barbarous, and inhumane Malaga!
when shall my soule be revenged on thy cruell murther, and when shall mine
eyes see thy mercilesse destruction? But tush, what dreame I? now a dayes
griefe can find no reliefe, far lesse compassion, and meaner revenge, and so
farewell satisfaction, when flattering feare dare challenge obsequiousnesse, to
the alteration of any thing.

But afterward when death, Heavens fatall messenger, and enemy to nature, had
darted King James of matchlesse memory; who sometimes (besides my
soveraigne) in some respects, and for the former cause, was a father to me; then
was I forcibly (I say) constrayned to preferre a bill of grievance to the upper
house of Parliament Anno 1626. which I dayly followed 17. weekes: Well; my
grievances [X. 490.]were heard and considered, and thereupon an order graunted
me (bearing the Lords reference and pleasure concerning my suite) unto Sir
Thomas Coventrey, Lord keeper of Englands great Seale; and through whose
office my businesse should have passed: which order was delivered unto him, by
Mr. James Maxwell Knight of the blacke Rode, and one of his Majesties Bed-
chamber, in behalfe of the Lords of the upper house: The order thus being
reserved then with the Lord-keeper for a moneth, hee appointed me to fetch him
(because of a Warrant to his A direction for Certificats by the Lord Keeper.State office)
the Certificats of Sir Walter Aston, Sir Robert Maunsell, and Sir Thomas Button,
to cleare my sufferings, and the causes wherefore: which I gladly obeyed, and
brought all their three Certificates unto him: yea, and Sir Walter Aston, (besides
his hand-writ) spoke seriously face to face with him thereanent.

Meane-while the house breaking up abruptly (because of soveraigne disliking)

their order for my suite could take none effect as then, nor yet since, in regard it
was no Session Parliament; and so my order and reliefe lyeth suspended till
some hapy time.

But now to confound the calumnious and vituperious Papists, the miscreant and
miserable Atheists, the peevish and selfe-opiniating Puritanes, the faithles
misbeleeving Mungrells of true Religion, and of this trueth: And the very
objections have beene sayd sometimes in my face, by irreligious and disdainefull
Nullifidians: who have sayd and thought that I could neither be so constant, nor
they so cruell: I thinke it not amisse, to set downe verbally one of their
Certificats here, being all of one style, and to one purpose; and thus it followeth.

[X. 491.]To the Right Honorable, Sir Thomas Coventry Knight, Lord Keeper of the
great Seale of England, &c.

May it please your Honour: I have taken boldnesse to certifie your good Lordship, of
the trueth concerning the grievous sufferings of this heavily injured man, William
Lithgow: true it is, that this bearer, being bound for Alexandria in Egypt, having with
him Letters of safe Conduct, under the Hand and Seale of his late Majesty King James
of blessed memory; ran-countred with us, and our Fleete at Malaga: Whereof I was
imployed as Vice-Admirall against the Pyrats of Algier; where he repayring a Boord of
us, and frequenting our Company a shoare, was presently (after we had set Sayle)
apprehended by Command of the Governour and Magistrates there as a Spie; whom
they suspected, had of purpose beene left behind by our Generall, and us of the
Counsell of Warre, for the Discovery of that place, and other adjacent parts:
Whereupon beeing secretly imprisoned in the Governours Palace; and after serious
examination of our intention; hee was without any cause done, or offered by him, most
[X. 492.]unjustly put to the cruell Racke and tortures; besides all other his unspeakable
miseries, which for a long time he sustained thereafter: whereof I was credibly and
infallibly informed by M. Richard Wilds, to whom he was first discovered, and by
other English Factors of good note then resident there: in my repayring diverse times to
the Roade of that towne with my Squadron of shippes, during the time of his long
imprisonment, and after his deliverance. And afterward the Governour there beeing
better informed of our loyall proceedings in those parts, and to colour their former
cruelties, and suspition had of us, hee did wrest the Inquisition upon him, where being
condemned to Death, he had doubtlesse undergone (as I was likewise truely informed
by the afore-said Merchants) the finall Sentence of their Inquisition: if it had not beene,
for the Religious care, and speedy prevention of Sir Walter Aston, then Leiger
Ambassadour there: By whose earnest mediation he being delivered, and afterwards
sent home by direction of Sir Robert Maunsell Generall: I now commend his grievous
and lamentable cause, unto your Lordshippes tender and Religious Consideration.
Resting,

Your Lordships to Command,

to serve You:

From Fulham this tenth

of July. 1626.

Sir Thomas Button.

[X. 493.]And now to conclude this Tragicall discourse, the Religious eye, may
perceive Gods compassionate love, foure wayes here extended. First, his
powerfull providence in my long and admirable preservation in Prison: hunger,
Vermine, and Tortures, being my comfortlesse Companions. Secondly, the
pittifull kindnesse of his All-seeing Gods miraculous mercy in my deliverances.Eye, in
the miraculous Wonder of my Discovery, when the perverted policy of subtile
Serpents, had sceleratly suggested my concealement. Thirdly, his unspeakable
mercy in my unlooked-for deliverance, beeing by hopelesse me, not thought, nor
sought; and yet by his munificence was wrought. And lastly, his gracious
goodnesse, in the recovery (after some large measure) of my health and use of
body againe; all prayse and glory be to his infinite Majesty therefore.

And finally, merit beeing masked, with the darkenesse of ingratitude, and the
morning Spring-tide of 1627. come: I set face from Court for Scotland, suiting
my discontents, with a pedestriall Progresse, and my feete with the palludiat
way; where fixing mine eyes on Edenbrugh, and prosecuting the Tennor of a
Regall Commission (which partly beeing some where obeyed, and other-where
suspended) it gave mee a large sight of the whole Kingdome, both Continent,
and Iles. The particular Description whereof, in all parts, and of all places,
besides Ports and Rivers: I must referre to the owne Volume already perfected,
Intitulated Lithgowes Surveigh of Scotland: which this Worke may not Containe,
nor time suffer to publish till a fitter occasion. Only Commenting a little upon
some generalls. I hasten [X. 494.]to be at Finis. Traversing the Westerne Iles
(whose inhabitants, like to as many Bulwarkes, are abler and apter to preserve
and defend, their libertie and Precincts from incursive invasions; then any neede
of Forts or Fortified places they have, or can be required there: Such is the The
kindnes I received from the illustrious Lord the Marques of Hammilton.desperate courage of
these awfull Hebridians:) I arrived (I say) at the Ile of Arrane, Anno 1628. where
for certayne dayes, in the Castle of Braidwicke, I was kindly intertayned, by the
illustrious Lord, James Marquesse of Hammilton, Earle of Arrane and
Cambridge, &c.

Whom GOD may strengthen, with the liveliest Heart,

And fearelesse Minde, of all, e’vr fac’d that Art
For Bohems Queene: Heavens prosper His intent!
With Glorious Successe, and a Brave event:
That by a King beene Sped, for a Kings Sake,
To helpe a King; all Three from Him may take
 Auspicuous Service, Friendship, Faithfull Love,
’Gainst whom, and his, no time can breach improove.
Let then (great God) blest Sparkes of Favour fall
On his Designes, and Theirs, our Friends, and All;
And Angels Guard Him, let Thy Mighty hand
(Partition-like) ’twixt Him, and dangers stand:
That Martiall ends, and Victory may Crowne
His happy Hopes, his Life, with Love Renowne.

This Ile of Arrane, is thirty miles long, eight in breadth, and distant from the
Maine, twenty foure miles; beeing sur-clouded with Goatfield Hill: which with
wide-eyes, over-looketh our Westerne Continent, and the Northerne Countrey of
Ireland: bringing also to sight in a cleare Summers day, the Ile of Manne, and the
higher [X. 495.]Coast of Cumberland: A larger prospect no Mountaine in the
World can show, poynting out three Kingdomes at one sight: Neither any like Ile
or braver Gentry, for good Archers, and hill-hovering Hunters. Having agayne
re-shoared the Maine, I coasted Galloway even to the Mould that butteth into the
Sea, with a large Promontore, being the South-most part of the Kingdome. And
thence footing all that large Countrey to Dumfries, and so to Carlile: I found
heere in Galloway in diverse Rode-way Innes, as good Cheare, Hospitality, and
Serviceable attendance, as though I had beene ingrafted in Lombardy or Naples.

The nobility and commodities of Galloway excell in goodnesse.The Wooll

of which
Countrey, is nothing inferiour to that in Biscai of Spaine: providing they had
skill, to fine, Spin, Weave, and labour it as they should. Nay, the Calabrian silke,
had never a better luster, and softer gripe, then I have seene and touched this
growing wooll there on Sheepes backes: the Mutton whereof excelleth in
sweetnesse. So this Country aboundeth in Bestiall, especially in little Horses,
which for mettall and Riding, may rather be tearmed bastard Barbs, then
Gallowedian Nagges.

Likewise their Nobility and Gentry are as courteous, and every way generously
disposed, as eyther discretion would wish, and honour Command: that
(Cunningham being excepted, which may bee called the Accademy of Religion,
for a sanctified Clergy, and a godly people) certainly [X. 496.]Galloway is
become more civill of late, then any Maritine Country, bordering with the
Westerne Sea. But now to observe my former Summary condition, the length of
the Kingdome lyeth South and North: That is, betweene Dungsby head in
Cathnes, and the afore-sayde Mould of Galloway; beeing distant per rectam
lineam, which my weary feet troad over from poynt to poynt (the way of
Lochreall, Carrick, Kyle, Aire, Glasgow, Stirveling, St. Johns Towne, Stormount,
the Blair of Atholl, the Bra of Mar, Badeynoh, Innernes, Rosse, Sutherland, and
so to the North Promontore of Cathnes) extending to three hundred twenty
miles: which I reckon to be foure hundred and fifty English miles: Confounding
hereby the ignorant presumption of blind Cosmographers, who Scotland is 120.
miles longer than England.in their Mappes make England longer than Scotland;
when contrariwise Scotland out strippeth the other in length, a hundred and
twenty miles. The breadth whereof I grant is narrower than England; yet
extending betweene the extremities of both Coasts in divers parts to threescore,
fourscore, and a hundred of our miles: But because of the Sea ingulfing the
Land, and cutting it in so many Angles, making great Lakes, Bayes, and
dangerous Firths, on both sides of the Kingdome, the true breadth thereof can
not justly be conjectured, nor soundly set downe.

Our chiefest fresh water Lakes are these, Lochlomond, contayning twenty foure
Iles, and in length as many miles: divers whereof are inriched with Woods,
Deere, and other Bestiall: The large and long Lake of Loch-Tay, in Atholl, the
Mother and Godmother of Headstrong Tay, the greatest River in the Kingdome:
And Lochnes, in the higher parts of Murray, the River whereof (that graceth the
pleasant and commodious situation of Innernes) no frost can freize: The
propriety of which water will quickly melt and dissolve any hard congealed
lumps of frozen Ice, be it on Man or Beast, stone or timber.

The chiefest Rivers are Clyde, Tay, Tweed, Forth, Dee, Spay, Nith, Nesse, and
Dingwells flood-ingorging Lake, that confirmeth Porta salutis; being all of them,
[X. 497.]where they returne their tributs to their father Ocean portable; and as it
were resting places for turmoyled seas and ships: And the principall Townes are
Edenbrugh, Perth, Glasgow, Dundie, Abirdene, St. Andrewes, Aire, Stirveling,
Lithgow, Dumfries, Innernes, Elgin, Minros, Jedbrugh, Hadington, Leith, &c.
and for antiquity, old Lanerk, &c.

So the most delicious soiles of the Kingdome are these following: first, the
bounds of Clyde, or Cliddisdale, betweene Lanerk and Dunbertan, distanced
twenty sixe miles; and thence downeward to Rossay that kisseth the
devulgements of the River: the beginning whereof is at Arick stone sixteene
miles above Lanerk, whose course contendeth for threescore miles: All which,
being the best mixed Countrey for Cornes, Meeds, Pastorage, Woods, Parks,
Orchards, Castles, Pallaces, divers kinds of Coale, and earth-fewell, that our
included Albion Cliddisdale is the Paradice of Scotland.produceth: And may justly be
surnamed the Paradice of Scotland: Besides, it is adorned on both borders along,
with the greatest Peeres, and Nobility in the Kingdome: The Duke of Lennox,
the Marques of Hammilton, the Earle of Angus, the Earle of Argyle, and the
Earles of Glencairne, Wigton, and Abircorne.

And for Lord Barons, Semple, Rosse, Blantyre, and Dalliell: The chiefest Gentry
whereof are the Knights and Lairds of Luce, Skellmurelie, Blakhall, Greenock,
Newwark, Houston, Pook-maxwell, Sir George Elpingston of Blythswood,
Minto, Cambusnethen, Calderwood, the two Knights of Lieye, and Castel-hill,
Sir James Lokharts elder & yonger, Lamington, Westraw, his Majesties
Gentleman Sewer, Blakwood, Cobinton, Stanebyres, and Corhous, &c. All
which in each degree, as they illuminat the soyle with grandure, so the soyle
reflecteth on them againe with beauty, bounty, and riches.

[X. 498.]But least I partiall prove, because my breath

First sprung from Lanerk, so my christian faith;
Where thence (O natall place) my soule did coyle,
Blood, sprit, and sense, flesh, birth, life, love, and soyle;
I’le leave Clydes fragrant fields, resplendant banks,
Bedeckt with Silvans, stately beauteous ranks
Of Pandedalian sparks; which lend the sight
Of variable colours, best Natures light;
And close these silver shades, that dazeling bloome
Mongst thickest Groaves, with many brae-fac’d broome;
Strict in the records of eternall fame,
For sight, for gaine, for birth, for noble name.

And now the second soyle for pleasure, is the platformd Carse and Murray two
pleasant Soyles.Carse of Gowry, twelve miles long (Wheat, Rye, Cornes, Fruit
yards, being its onely commodity) which I may tearme for its levelld face, to be
the Garden of Angus; yea, the Diamond-plot of Tay, or rather the youngest Sister
of matchlesse Piemont: The Inhabitants being onely defective in affablenesse,
and communicating courtesies of naturall things, whence sprung this Proverbe,
The kearlles of the Carse.
The third, and beautifull soyle, is the delectable planure of Murray, thirty miles
long, and sixe in breadth: whose comely grounds, inriched with Cornes,
Plantings, Pastorage, stately dwellings, overfaced with a generous Octavian
Gentrye, and topped with a Noble Earle, its chiefest Patrone; it may be surstyled,
a second Lombardy, or pleasant Meaddow of the North.

Neither may I (abandoning eye-pleasing grounds) seclude here that sudaick

bottome, reaching thirty miles twixt Perth and Minros; involving the halfe of
Angus, [X. 499.]within a fruitfull, populous, and nobilitat planure, the heart
whereof saluting Glames, kisseth Cowper: So likewise, as thrice divided
Louthiane, is a girnell of graine, for forrane Nations; and Fiffe twixt Carraill and
Largo, the Ceren trenches of a Royall Camp, the incircling coast a nest of
Corporations; and Meandring Forth from tip-toed Snadoun, the prospicuous
mirrour for matchlesse Majesty: Even so is melting Tweed, and weeping Tiviot,
the Ægyptian Strands, that irriguat the fertile fields, which imbolster both
bosomes, sending their bordering breath of dayly necessaries to strengthen the
life of Barwick.

The Nobility and Gentry of Scotland, are the best house-keepers, and generous Gentlemen in the
World.Now as for the Nobility and Gentry of the Kingdome; certainely, as they
are generous, manly, and full of courage; so are they courteous, discreet, learned
Schollers, well read in best Histories, delicatly linguishd, the most part of them,
being brought up in France or Italy: That for a generall compleat worthinesse, I
never found their matches amongst the best people of forrane Nations: being
also good house-keepers, affable to strangers, and full of Hospitality.

And in a word the Seas of Scotland, and the Iles abound plentifully in all kind of
Fishes, the Rivers are ingorged with Salmond, the high-landish mountaines
overcled with Firre-trees, infinite Deere, and all sorts of other Bestiall, the
Valleyes full of Pasture, and Wild fowle; the low layd Playnes inriched with beds
of grayne; Justice all where administred, Lawes obeyed, malefactors punished,
Oppressors curbed, the Clergy religious, the people sincere Professors, and the
Country peaceable to all men.

The chiefest commodities whereof, transported beyond sea, are these, Wheat,
Cornes, Hides, Skins, Tallow, Yearn, Linnen, Salt, Coale, Herrings, Salmond,
Wooll, [X. 500.]Keilling, Ling, Turbet and Seaths. And last, and worst, all the
Gold of the Kingdome, is daily Transported away with superfluous posting for
Court. Whence they never returne any thing, save spend all, End all, then
farewell Fortune: So that numbers of our Nobility and Gentry now, become with
idle projects, downe-drawers of destruction, upon their owne neckes, their
children, and their estates: and posting Postilions by dissolute courses, to
Prodigall and superfluous posting from Scotland to Court.inrich Strangers, leave
themselves deservingly desolate, of Lands, Meanes, and Honesty for ever. Doing
even with their former Vertue, long continuance, and memory of their noble
Ancestors, as M. Knoxe did with our glorious Churches of Abbocies, and
Monasteries (which were the greatest beauty of the Kingdome,) knocking all
down to desolation; leaving nought to be seene of admirable Edifices, but like to
the Ruines of Troy, Tyrus, and Thebes, lumpes of Wals, and heapes of stones.

So do our ignoble Gallants (though nobly borne) swallow up the honour of their
famous Predecessours, with posting foolery, boy-winding Hornes, cormandizing
Gluttony, Lust, and vaine Apparrell; making a Transmigration of perpetuity to
their present Belly, and Backe. O lashivious ends: which I have condignely
sisted, in my last Worke Intitulated Scotlands welcome to King Charles: with all
the abuses and grievances of the whole Kingdome besides.

But now leaving Prodigalls to their Purgatoriall Postings, I come to Trace

through Rosse, Sutherland, and Cathnes: Soiles so abundant in all things, fit to
illustrate greatnesse, Resplendour Gentry, and succour Commons; that their
fertile goodnesse far exceeded my expectation, and the affability of the better
sort my deservings: beeing [X. 501.]all of them the best, and most bountifull
Christmasse-keepers (the Greekes excepted) that ever I saw in the Christian
World: Whose continuall incorporate Feastings one with another, beginning at
Saint Andrewes day, never end til Shrovetide: which Ravished me, to behold,
such great and daily cheare, familiar fellow-ship, and joviall chearefulnesse; that
me thought the whole Winter there, seemed to me, but the Jubilee of one day.
And now beeing arrived at Maii, to imbarke for Orknay, sight, A dutifull
remembrance of two Noble persons.time, and duty, command me to celebrate these
following Lines, to gratifie the kindnesse of that noble Lord, George Earle of
Cathnes, with his Honorable Cousing, and first Accadent of his House, the Right
worshipful Sir William Sinclair of Catboll Knight, Laird of Maii.

Sir! sighting now thy Selfe, and Pallace Faire,

I find a novelty, and that most rare,
The time though cold and stormy, sharper Sun,
And far to Summer, scarce the Spring begun;
Yet with good lucke, in Februar, Saturnes prey
Have I not sought, and found out Fruitfull May,
Flank’d with the Marine Coast, prospective stands,
Right opposite to the Orcade Iles and Lands:
Where I for floures, ingorg’d strong grapes of Spaine,
And liquor’d French, both Red and white amaine:
Which Pallace doth containe, two foure-squar’d Courts,
Graft with brave Works, where th’ Art-drawne pensile sports
On Hals, high Chambers, Galleries, office Bowres,
Cells, Roomes, and Turrets, Plat-formes, stately Towres:
Where greene-fac’d gardens, set at Floraes feet,
Make Natures beauty, quicke Appelles greet:
All which surveigh’d, at last the mid-most gate
Design’d to me, the Armes of that great state,
[X. 502.]The Earles of Cathnes; to whose praise inbag’d,
My Muse must mount, and here’s my pen incadg’d:
First then their Armes, a Crosse, did me produce
Limbd like a Scallet, trac’d with fleur du Luce;
The Lyon, red, and rag’d, two times divided
From coyne to coyne, as Heraulds have decyded:
The third joynd Staunce denotes to me a Galley,
That on their sea-rapt foes, dare make assailley:
The fourth a gallant Ship, pust with taunt saile
Gainst them, their Ocean dare, or Coast assaile:
On whose bent Creist, a Pelican doth sit
An Embleme, for like love, drawne wondrous fit:
Who as shee feeds her young, with her heart blood
Denotes these Lords, to theirs, like kind, like good:
Whose best Supporters, guard both Sea, and Land,
Two sterne drawne Griffons, in their strength to stand:
Their Dictum beares this verdict, for Heavens Ode
Ascribd this clause; commit thy worke to God:
O sacred Motto! Bishop Sinclairs straine,
Who turnd Fiffes Lord, on Scotlands foes agayne:
Loe! here’s the Armes of Cathnes, here’s the Stock!
On which branch’d-boughes relye, as on a Rocke.
But further in, I found like Armes more patent;
To kind Sir William, and his line as latent;
The Primier Accade, of that noble race
Who for his vertue, may reclayme the place;
Whose Armes, with tongue and buckle, now they make
Fast crosse, signe ty’d, for a faire Lesslyes sake.
The Lyon hunts o’re Land, the Ship, the Sea,
The ragged Crosse can scale high walles wee see;
The wing-layd Galley, with her factious oares
Both Havens and Floods command, and circling shoares:
The feathred Griffon flees, O grim-limbd beast!
[X. 503.]That winging Sea and Land, upholds this Creist:
But for the Pelicans, life-sprung kind Story,
Sir William Sinclairs Motto.Makes honour sing, Virtute, et Amore.
Nay, not by blood, as she her selfe can do,
But by her paterne, feeding younglings too;
For which this Patrones Crescent stands so stay,
That neither Spight, nor Tempest, can shake Maii:
Whose Cutchions cleave so fast, to top, and side,
Portends to mee, his Armes shall ever bide.
So Murckles Armes are so, except the Rose
Spred on the Crosse, which Bothwels Armes disclose;
Whose Uterine blood he is, and present Brother
To Cathnes Lord; all three sprung from one Mother.
Bothwels prime Heretrix, plight to Hepburnes Race,
From whom Religious Murckles Rose I trace,
This Countries instant Shrieve: whose Vertue rais’d
His honoured worth, his godly life more prais’d.
But now to rouze their Rootes, and how they Sprung,
See how Antiquity, Times triumph Sung.
This Scallet, worth them blanch’d, for endeavour
And Service done, to Englands Conquerour;
With whom from France, they first to Britaine came,
Sprung from a Towne St. Claire, now turn’d their name.
Whose Predecessours, by their Val’rous hand,
Wonne endlesse Fame, twice in the Holy Land:
Where in that Christian Warre, their blood beene lost,
They loath’d of Gaule, and sought our Albion Coast.
Themselves to Scotland came, in Cammoires Raigne
 With good Queene Margret, and her English traine.
The Ship from Orknay Sayl’d, now rul’d by Charles,
Whereof they Sinclairs, long time, had beene Earles.
Whose Lord then William, was by Scotlands King,
(Call’d Robert Second, First, whence Stewarts spring)
[X. 504.]Sent with his second Sonne, to France, cross’d James
Who eighteene yeares, liv’d Captivate at Thames.
This Prisner last turn’d King, call’d James the First,
Who Sinclairs Credit, kept in Honours thirst:
The Galley was the Badge of Cathnes Lords,
As Malcome Cammoirs raigne at length Records:
Which was to Magnus given, for Service done,
Against Mackbaith, usurper of his Crowne.
The Lyon came, by an Heretrix to passe,
By Marriage; whose Sire, was surnam’d Dowglas.
Where after him, the Sinclair now Record,
Was Shirefe of Dumfreis, and Nidsdales Lord:
Whose wife was Neece, to good King James the Third;
Who for exchange, ’twixt Wicke and Southerne Nidde
Did Lands incambiat: whence this Cathnes Soile
Stands fast for them, the rest, their Friends recoile.
Then Circle-bounded Cathnes, Sinclairs ground,
Which Pentland Firth invirones, Orknayes sound;
Whose top is Dunkanes Bay, the Roote the Ord;
Long may it long, stand fast for their true Lord:
And as long too, Heavens grant what I require,
The Race of Maii, may in that Stocke aspire;
Till my Age may last, Times glasse be runne,
For Earths last darke Ecclipse, of no more Sunne.

Forsaking Cathnes, I imbraced the trembling Surges (at Dungsby) of strugling

Neptune, which ingorgeth Pentland or Pitland Firth with nine contrarious Tides:
each Tide over-thwarting another with repugnant courses, have such violent
streames, and combustious waves, that if these dangerous Births be not rightly
taken in passing [X. 505.]over, the Passengers shall quickely loose sight of life
and land for ever: yea, and one of these tides so forcible, at the backe of
Stromaii, that it will carry any Vessell backward, in despight of the winds, the
length of its rapinous current.
A dangerous place in Pentland Firth.This
dreadfull Firth is in breadth betweene the
Continent of Cathnes, and the Ile of South Rannald-shaw in Orknay twelve
miles: And I denote this credibly, in a part of the North-west end of this Gulfe,
there is a certaine place of sea, where these destracted tydes make their
rancountering Randevouze, that whirleth ever about: cutting in the middle circle
a devalling hole, with which if either Ship or Boat shall happen to encroach, they
must quickly either throw over some thing into it, as a Barrell, a piece of timber,
and such like, or that fatall Euripus shall then suddenly become their swallowing
Sepulcher. A custome which these bordering Cathenians and Orcadians have
ever heretofore observed.

Arriv’d at South Rannaldshaw an Ile of five miles long, and thwarting the Ile of
Burray, I sighted Kirkwall, the Metropole of Pomonia, the mayne Land of
Orknay, and the onely Mistresse of all the circumjacent Iles being thirty in
number. The chiefest whereof (besides this tract of ground, in length twenty sixe,
and broad five, sixe and seven miles) are the Iles of Sanda, Westra, and Stronza:
Kirkwall it selfe is adorned with the stately and magnifick Church of St. Magnus
built by the Danes, whose Signiory with the Iles lately it was; but indeed for the
time present, more beautified with the godly life of a most venerable and
religious Bishop Mr. George Grahame: whom now I may tearme (Soveraignity
excepted) to be the Father of the Countries government, then an Ecclesiasticke
Prelat: The Inhabitants being left void of a Governour, or solid Patrone, are just
become like to a [X. 506.]broken battell, a scattered people without a head: having
but a Burges Shreive to administer Justice, and he too an Aliene to them, and a
Resider in Edenburgh: So that in most differences, and questions of importance,
the Plaintives are inforced to implore the Bishop for their Judge, and hee, the
adverse Party for redresse.

Zetland mightily impoverished by corrupt governement.But

the more remote parts of this
auncient little Kingdome, as Zetland, and the adjacent Iles there; have found
such a sting of deoccular government within these few yeares; that these once
happy Iles, which long agoe my feet traded over, are Metamorphosed in the
Anatomy of succourlesse oppression, and the felicity of the Inhabitants,
reinvolved within the closet of a Cittadinean cluster.

But now referring the whole particulars, and dividuall descriptions of these
Septentrion Iles, the mayne Continent, and the Gigantick Hebridian Iles, to my
aforesayd worke to be published, intitulated Lithgows surveigh of Scotland, I
send this generall verdict to the World:

Now having seene most part of thy selfe glore

Great Kingdomes, Ilands, stately Courts, rich Townes,
Most gorgeous showes, pomp-glory deckt renownes,
Hearbagious fields, the Pelage-beating shoare
Propitious Princes, Prelats, potent Crownes:
Smoake shadow’d times, curst Churles, Misers, Clownes.
Impregnate Forts, devalling floods, and more
Earth-gazing heights, Vayle-curling Plaines in store:
Court-rising honours, throwne on envies frownes;
Worme-vestur’d workes, Enamild Arts, wits lore:
Masse-marbled Mansions, Mineralls, coynd Ore,
State-superficiall showes, swift-glyding Moones:
I loath thy sight, pale streames, staine wattry eyne,
Whose glorious shades evanish, no more seene.

[X. 507.]And now to conclude, as a Painter, may spoyle a Picture, but not the
face; so may some Stoicall Reader misconster and misconceave some parts of
this eye-set History, though not able to marre the trueth of it: yet howsoever,
here is the just relation of nineteene yeares travells, perfited in three deare-
bought voyages: The generall computation of which dimmensious spaces, in my
goings, traversings, and returnings, through Kingdomes, Continents, and Ilands,
which my paynefull feet traced over (besides my passages of Seas and Rivers)
amounteth to thirty six thousand and odde miles, which draweth neare to twice
the circumference of the whole Earth. And so farewell.

FINIS.
 Index
Abasines, of Mount Moriah, 220;
of Mount Sinai, 222;
of Fez, 325.

Abdeminoples, Mahomet sold to, 130.

Abydos, fortress on the Hellespont (Asia Minor) opposite Sestos, 112.

Achaia, district of Greece, situation of, 107, 108;

chief cities of, 108.

Adriatic Coast, cities and sea-port towns on, 33.

Adriatic Sea, marriage of the Doge and the, 36.

Ægean Sea, 98.

Æneas Silvius, Cosmographical Treatise of Europe by, 61.

Æneid, Virgil’s, quotation from, 108, 109.

Agamemnon at the siege of Troy, 98.

Ahetzo, M. Chatteline at, 326, 327.

Aiton, young, friend of Lithgow, 9.

Alcade, of Malaga, 392, 395;

and the Inquisition, 399.

Alcino, gardens of, 53.

Alcoran, or Koran, Mohammedan scriptures, 132, 135.

Aleppo, commerce of, 147;

Venetian consul at, 177;
Pasha of, 180;
comments upon, 181.

Alexandria, 285, 286.

Algiers, captured by Barbarossa (a.d. 1515), 317;

pirates of, 317;
slaves of, 317, 318;
comments upon, 316–319.

Allathya, the, of London, 154.

Allen, John, a Scotchman, 83.

Allen, Robert, panegyric verses of, xxvii.

Alps crossed, 9, 295.

Ambassador, Spanish, in London, false promises of the, 419.

Ancona, city of, 32.

Androsians, Themistocles and the, 98.

Angusa, comments upon, 85.

Antioch, ancient capital of the Greek kings of Syria, 176;

Christians at, 176.

Antiochus the Great, founder of Antioch, 176.

Antonio, Signior Marco, Venetian consul at Cairo, 267.

Apollo, temple of, at Delos, 85.

Arabia, kings of, 203;

boundaries and inhabitants of, 262.

Arabia Felix, 188.

Arabia Petrœa, 188.

Arabs, wandering, travellers attacked by, 206, 231, 258.

Aragon, Peter of, and the Sicilian vespers, 346;

kingdom of, 384.

Arcadia, 62, 63.

Archimedes, 344.

Archipelago, Grecian, islands of the, 84 ff., 98.

Arethusa, fountain of, at Syracuse, 344.

Aristotle, death of, 103.

Armada, English, and the Moors, news of the, 406.

Armenians, caravan of, 182.

Armies, Turkish, 150.

Arran, island of, description of, 428.

Arthur, James, Scottish gentleman, 28, 32.

Asia Minor, comments upon, 154, 155.

Asisi, St. Francis of, 21.

Aston, Sir Walter, English ambassador to Madrid (1621), and the governor of Malaga, 417;
and the sufferings of Lithgow, 424.

Athens, 66–68.

Athos, Mount, Greek reverence for, 115.

Atodala, converted Jew, and Mahomet, 131.

Aughmuty, Mr. James, 15.

Authors, famous classical, 15.

Azamglians, compared to the Pretorian army, 149.

Babylon, journey from Aleppo to, 177.

Badgello, captain of the sergeants at Pestoia, knavery of, and Lithgow, 308, 309.

Bailey, William, native of Clydesdale, 369.

Bajazet II. and the Jews, 54.

Baldwin, King, tomb of, at Jerusalem, 238.

Balsam, garden of, at Cairo, 274.

Baptista, Jean, 253, 255.

Barbarossa and the Spaniards, 51.

Barbary, kingdom of, 287;

Turkish policy in (a.d. 1615), 318;
and the provinces betwixt Egypt and Gibraltar, 319;
women of, 320.

Basan, Og, king of, 204.

Beauclair, M., French consul at Cairo, and Lithgow, 268.

Beershacke (Birejeck), in Mesopotamia, 179.

Beglerbeg, or Bassa (Pasha), Turkish governor of Greece, 66;

Sofia, residence of Grecian, 66;
rules concerning the, 66;
of Damascus, 186.

Beglerbegs, Bassas (Pashas), number of, 150.

Beglerbergship, the, of Barbary, 331.

Berne, comments upon, 383.

Bethany, tomb of Lazarus at, 251.

Bethlehem, Franciscan monastery at, 246;
of Judea, 248.

Biscay, province of Spain, 383.

Bishops’ College of Malaga, priest of the, 407.

Bithynia, division of Asia Minor, 154.

Black Sea, 125.

Boniface III., Pope, 133, 134.

Books and observations, Lithgow’s, translated into Spanish, 407.

Bothwell, Earl of, at Naples, 294.

Bouillon, Godfrey de, tomb of, at Jerusalem, 238.

Boyde, Alexander, commendation of Lithgow’s history by, xxx.

Breda, ‘A True and Experimentall Discourse upon the beginning Proceeding and Victorious
Event of this last Siege of,’ by William Lithgow. London, 1637, xii.

Bridge, Jacob’s, across the Jordan, 190.

Brioni, islands of, 41.

Brockesse, Master, English factor at Sidon, 199.

Browne, John, 309, 311.

Bruce, David, of Clackmannan, 304.

Bryson, Robert, printer, Edinburgh, xii.

Buda, 361;
recovered by Soliman II., 104;
beglerbeg of, 362.
Button, Sir Thomas, and the sufferings of Lithgow, 424;
letter from, to Sir Thomas Coventry, 425, 426.

Byzantium, see Constantinople.

Cæsarea Philippi, ruins of, 193.

Caffar, tribute, exacted by Arabs from Christians in Palestine, 201.

Cairo, commerce of, 147;

comments upon, 266–273;
consuls at, 267;
beglerbeg of, 268;
description of, 269 ff.;
commerce of, 271;
cosmopolitanism of, 271;
caves of mummies at, 274.

Caithness, Lord George, Earl of, 433;

lines to, 434–436.

Calabria, 309;
bandits in, 310;
peasant women of, 311;
Albanians fled to, 311.

Caligula, Caius, founder of Gallipoli, 114.

Caliph, see Mufti.

Calistha, birthplace of Calimachus, 85.

Calvary, Mount, beauty of, 237.

Camels, nature of, and dromedaries, 263.

Cana of Galilee, 193.

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