Transformer

Contents
Introduction
Basic Principle
Transformer Types
Ideal & Practical Transformer
Equivalent Circuit
Losses in Transformer
Regulation & Efficiency
Auto-Transformer
3-Phase Transformer Connections
Introduction
The transformer is a static device which is used to transfer electrical energy from on
circuit to another circuit.
Input to a transformer and output from a transformer both are alternating quantitie
(AC).
It has two windings i.e. Primary & secondary winding. Both winding are wounded
around a stationary iron core.
There is no electrical contact between the two winding.
Introduction
Electrically separated but Magnetically linked or Coupled
Primary Winding – Supply mains
Secondary Winding – Energy is Drawn – Faraday’s Law
Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
Without change of frequency
Possible – Electromagnetic Induction
Two electric circuits are in Mutual Inductive Influence of each other
Basic Principle
 Basic Principle
he primary winding is connected to the single – phase ac supply, an ac
urrent starts flowing through it.
he ac primary current produces an alternating flux (Ф) in the core.
Most of this changing flux gets linked with the primary and secondary
inding through the core.
he varying flux will induce voltage into the primary and secondary
inding according to the faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
oltage level change but frequency i.e. time period remains same.
an the transformer operate on DC?
nswer: NO
he transformer action does not take place with a direct current of const
agnitude.
ecause with a DC primary current, the flux produced in the core is n
ternating but it is of constant value.
s there is no change in the flux linkage with the secondary winding,
duced emf in the secondary is zero.
DC is applied to the primary then there is a possibility of transformer c
turation.
core saturates the primary will draw excessively large current. Theref
pplication of DC should be avoided.
 Transformer Types
he transformers are of different types depending on the arrangement of
ore and the windings.
Core Type Shell Type

indings surround a considerable part of the core. The core surrounds a considerable part of the wind
 Core Construction
n all types of transformers, core is constructed by assembling (stackin
aminated sheets of steel.
The steel used is having high silicon content to provide high permeability an
ow hysteresis loss.
The sheets are cut in the shape as E,I and L.
 Ideal Transformer
has no losses i.e. its windings have no ohmic resistance, no magne
akage.
n ideal transformer consists of two purely inductive coils wound on a lo
ee core.
n practice an ideal transformer is not possible as there is loss of power in
ore and windings.
 Practical Transformer

The primary and secondary windings have finite resistance.

There is a leakage flux, i.e., whole of the flux is not confined to the
magnetic circuit.
There are losses in the transformer.
transformer Therefore, the efficiency of a
practical transformer is less than 100 %.
 EMF Equation of The Transformer
N1 = Number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb)) = (B
( m * A)
= frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)

verage rate of change of flux

Φ / = Φ /
m (T/4) m (1/4f)

verage rate of change of flux = 4f Φm (

(Wb/s)
average rate of change of flux = 4f Φm (Wb/s)
Now, Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn
Therefore, average emf per turn = 4f Φm ..........(Volts).

Now, Form factor = RMS value / average value

RMS value of emf per turn = Form factor * average emf per turn.
As, the flux Φ varies sinusoidally,, form factor of a sine wave is 1.11
Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = 1.11 * 4f Φm = 4.44f Φm.
RMS value of induced emf in whole primary winding (E1) = RMS value of
emf per turn * Number of turns in primary winding

E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm ............................. eq (1)

Similarly, RMS induced emf in secondary winding (E2) can be given as
E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm. ............................ eq (2)
from the above equations 1 and 2,

This is called the emf equation of transformer,

transformer
which shows, emf / number of turns is same for both primary and
secondary winding.
For an ideal transformer on no load, E1 = V1 and E2 = V2 .
where, V1 = supply voltage of primary winding

V2 = terminal voltage of secondary winding (Mutual Induced EM

oltage Transformation Ratio, k and Turns Ratio

Voltage Transformation Ratio = 1 / Turns Ratio

Numerical Example – 1
Numerical Example – 2
Example
An 11000/440 V, 50 Hz, single-phase
phase transformer has maximum value of
lux density of 1.1 tesla. Number of turns in the primary winding is 5500
Calculate (i) area of cross section of the core, (ii) number of turns in the
econdary winding, (iii) turns ratio, (iv) transformation ratio, (v) volt pe
urn.

Ans. (i) A = 0.00819 m2

(ii) N2 = 220
(iii) Turns ratio = N1 / N2 = 25
(iv) Transformation ratio = V2/ V1 = 0.04
(v) Voltage per turn = V1/T1 = 2
Example
The primary winding of a 50-Hz
Hz transformer has 480 turns and is fed
from a 6400-VV supply. Determine (a) the peak value of the flux in the
core, and (b) the secondary voltage if the secondary winding has 20
turns.

[Ans. : (a) 0.06 Wb; (b) 266.4 V]

nsformer on No-Load
Ideal Transformer – No core losses & copper losses
Actual Transformer – Put on Load – Iron loss in core & copper loss in
the winding
No load – primary input current is not reactive
No load input power

Φ0 – primary power factor under no-load

no conditions
nsformer on No-Load
Vector representation,

Primary current I0 has two component

1) In phase with V1
Active/working/Iron loss component

2) In quadrature with V1 – Magnetizing Component

Function – Sustain alternating flux in the core
Points to be noted – No Load:

• No load primary current I0 is very small compared to the ful

load primary current, 1% of full load current
• Cu losses is negligible
• No load primary input is practically equal to the iron loss in
transformer
Numerical Example
Transformer – Equivalent Resistance
Transformer – Equivalent Resistance
ransformer with Resistance & Leakage Reactance

Flux linked with primary winding also linked secondary windings.

Flux linking with each winding, produces self induced emf in windings
Equivalent effect – inductive coil in series with each windings
ransformer with Resistance & Leakage Reactance
ransformer with Resistance & Leakage Reactance
Reactance can also be transferred form one winding to other in same
way as resistance.
quivalent Circuit of Transformer
ransformer Losses
n any electrical machine, 'loss' can be defined as the difference
between input power and output power.
power
A transformer only consists of electrical losses (iron losses and coppe
osses).
Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depend upon the magnetic
properties of the material used for the construction of core. Hence
hese losses are also known as core losses or iron losses. It is also
onstant losses as it does not dependent on load.
Copper loss is due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings.
t depends on load current also. So it varies with load.
Iron Loss or Core Loss
Hysteresis Loss => Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization
in the transformer core.
This loss depends upon the volume and grade of the iron, frequency
of magnetic reversals and value of flux density.
The hysteresis loss of a magnetic material depends upon its area of
the hysteresis loop.
Hence the magnetic materials such as silicon steel, which has very
small hysteresis loop area, are used for the construction of the core to
minimize the hysteresis loss in a transformer.
ddy current loss in transformer
Due to alternating flux in a transformer, some EMF is induced in th
transformer core.
This induced EMF causes some currents to flow through the core o
the transformer. These currents are known as eddy currents.
The core of transformer has some finite resistance. Hence due to th
flow of eddy currents, some power losses take place and are known
as ‘Eddy current losses’
Due to these eddy currents, some energy will be dissipated in the form
of heat.
Pe = KeV f2 t2 Bm2
Eddy current loss in transformer:
transformer
he eddy current losses in transformer are minimized by using the laminated core.
hese laminations are insulated from each other by mean of a thin varnish coating.
ence each lamination acts as a separate core of a small cross sectional area, offe
gh resistance to the flow of eddy currents.
currents
opper Loss
Copper loss is due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings.
Copper loss for the primary winding is I12R1 and for secondary winding
R2. Where, I1 and I2 are current in primary and secondary windin
spectively, R1 and R2 are the resistances of primary and seconda
nding respectively.
It is clear that Cu loss is proportional to square of the current, an
rrent depends on the load. Hence copper loss in transformer varies wit
e load.
Copper Loss = IP2 RP + IS2 RS
Example
The primary and the secondary windings of a 500kVA transformer
have resistance of 0.42 ohms and 0.0011 ohms respectively.
The primary and the secondary voltages are 6600V and 400V
respectively. Calculate copper losses at the full load.

Answer : 4125W
Efficiency
ust like any other electrical machine, efficiency of a transformer can
be defined as the output power divided by the input power.
That is efficiency = output in watts / input in watts
Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical devices. Most of
the transformers have full load efficiency between 95% to 98.5% .
A better method to find efficiency of a transformer is using, efficiency
= (input - losses) / input = 1 - (losses / input).
Efficiency
Example

In a 50-kVA, 11-kV/400-V, single-phase

single transformer, the iron and
copper losses are 500 W and 600 W, respectively under rated
conditions. Calculate the efficiency at unity power factor at full load.
[Ans. : (a) 97.85 %
Example
A 500 KVA transformer has 2500 watts iron loss, and 7500 watts
copper loss at full load. The power factor is 0.8 lagging. Calculate:
transformer efficiency at full load

(Ans) : 97.56%
Voltage Regulation of Transformer
The voltage regulation of transformer is defined as the change
in secondary terminal voltage (V2) from no-load to full load a
constant primary voltage.
It is expressed as a percentage of the secondary no-load voltage.

% Regulation of transformer = (E2 – V2) x 100 / E2

Example
A single-phase
phase transformer with a voltage regulation of 4% has a
secondary terminal voltage of 115.4 volts at full load current.
Calculate its no-load
load terminal voltage when the load is removed.

Answer :120.20 V
 Auto Transformer
The working principle of autotransformer is similar to that of
ordinary two winding transformers.
n a two-winding transformer, primary and secondary are only
magnetically linked by a common core but are completely insulated
rom each other.
But in the case of an auto transformer windings are connected
electrically as well as magnetically.
t consists of only one winding wound on a
minated magnetic core, with a rotary movable contact.
Construction of Auto Transformer
An auto transformer consists of a single copper winding, which is common
in both primary as well as secondary circuit.
The copper wire is wound a laminated silicon steel core, with at least three
tapping taken out. Secondary and primary circuit share the same neutra
point of the winding.

(V2/ V1) = (N2 / N1) = K

 Advantages of Auto Transformer
• They are smaller in size

• Continuously varying voltage can be obtained.

• It needs less copper hence cheap in cost

• less drop and less losses

• so it is more efficient than a two-winding
two transformer of
same ratings.