C-20-TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (20EE32P)
WEEK 12
SESSION 1
1. Prepare schedule of materials for providing single-phase OH and UG service connection for
electrification of a residential building.
Meaning of service connection or service mains:
● An electric supply through which energy is supplied to a consumer is called service mains or service
connection,
Types of service mains:
There are two types of service connection there are
1) Overhead service mains (OH)
2) Underground service mains (UG)
Overhead service mains:
● The overhead line or cable connection is taken from the nearest pole of the service line to the
consumer’s premises or their building is called service line or consumers' service connection
The below figure shows the overhead service connection.
1) The topmost wire which is called messengers wire takes a mechanical load ( usually 8 SWG) it is
tied to a supporting pipe and One side and to the pole on the other side(4 and 6)
2) The messenger wire is broken at both ends by 1.1 break insulator (9)
3) Reel Insulator is suspended through PVC service cables (3)
4) Cables are taken to the meter board through service pipe(5 and 7)
5) The service pipe is fixed to the support pipe by clamps (5)
Materials used in service mains
1) Aluminum cable of required capacity depends on load with the factor of safety of 2 is used
2) G. I pipe,38 mm diameter, 3 mm thick 1.8 m length for supporting,
3) PVC service pipe. of required diameter and thickness depending on the size and number of wires-2m
length,
4) PVC bands for the above -3 numbers
5) Varnished teak wood board of suitable size for fuse board-1no
6) Porcelain fuse units of required capacity depending upon a load-2 nos phase/neutral
7) Varnish teak wood meter board of suitable size-1no
8) 10 SWG G I wire for massaging, length depending on the distance of Pole from house
9) Porcelain break insulator to break messenger wire at the end- 2nos
10) Porcelain reel insulator 12.5mm diameter
11) Eye Bolts clamps for fixing supporting and service pipe-2 nos
12) Clamp for fixing fuse board
13) Earthing set for the meter
14) Miscellaneous materials like bending wires screws meter cardholder notice board ete
UG Service Mains with a diagram. List the materials. Write the specifications of the materials.
UG Service Mains:
Materials used in underground service mains:
1) PVC aluminum UG armored cable 1.1 KV class of required length and capacity depending on load
2) Stoneware pipes -Depending on the distance of pole from the house.
3) 38 mm diameter, 3 mm thick GI pipe for drawing cable.
4) Earthing set 1 number.
5) Iron pothead of required capacity depending on the load with terminals.
6) G.I bands, 38 mm diameter, 3 mm thick-3 NOS
7) Varnished teak wood Board of suitable size for meter board-1 NO
8) Clamp for fixing pothead
9) Eye Bolts clamps for fixing G.I pipe to the pole and on the wall of the house (meter side)
10) Miscellaneous materials like, bituminous compound, gullies, awl plugs et prepaid
Code of Practice related to service mains:
1) Earth leakage circuit breaker above 5 KVA
2) Lead in pipes is used for service connection.
3) The switchboard and meter board should be placed at a height of 1.5 meters from floor level. meter
board is placed at the entrance
4) The earth should be independent.
5) Tapping of service lines, should be at the point of support.
6) UG service lines are used for a distance of more than 25 meters. of service line across the road
should not be less than 5.7 meters.
7) 10 KVA 3 phase connection is used
SESSION 2
2.List the materials used in transmission lines with their specifications.
Classify the types of towers. Prepare a table showing voltage level, ACSR conductor used, number of discs
insulators in suspension string and tension string
List the transmission line materials and write their specifications.
The main components of of overhead transmission line
1) Supports:Poles orTowers depending upon the working voltage and the region where these are used.
2) Cross arms and clamps:These are either of wood or steel angle selection and are used on pole
structure to support the insulators.
3) Insulators: Pin, strain suspension type,Are used in supporting conductors and taking strain or
suspending the conductor respectively.
4) Conductors: Copper, aluminium or ACSR or any other composition depending on the current to be
carried and the span of the line.
5) Guys and stays:braces and cables are fastened to the pole at the termination or poles to resist lateral
forces.
6) Lighting arrestors: To discharge exhaustive voltage built upon the line to earth or angle due to
lightning.
7) Fuses and isolating switches: to isolate different pots or section of the over it system
8) Continuous Earth wire: it is run on the top of Towers to protect the line against lightning
discharges.
9) VEE Guards: provide below bare overhead lines running along or crosses Public Street to make the
line safe if it should break.
10)Guard wires : provide above or below power line while Crossing telephone or Telegraph lines. The
guard wires and steel structures are solidly connected to the earth.
11) Phase plates: are provided in order to distinguish the various phases.
12)Miscellaneous Items: Sach has danger plate, beads for jumpers, vibration damper ext
Classify the types of Towers:
a) Wood pole
b) R,C,C (Reinforced cement concrete)
c) Steel tubular poles
d) Rails and R,S Joists
e) Lattice type pole
f) Steel towers
a) Wood Poles: Chemically treated wood poles are used for transmission and distribution lines and
communication circuits. Its advantage is low cost but suffer from susceptibility to decay. The specifications
for wood poles are covered by I.S. 876 - 1961.
To prevent decay, the wood poles should be protected at the top by a zinc or aluminum cap and in the ground
by a bitumen compound.
b) Reinforced Cement Concrete Poles: These are costlier than wood poles but cheaper hat steel tubular
poles. These are extensively used for Pow distribution in urban areas and are stroke and inaccessible places,
as these can be manufactured at sites. They are also presented where decorative considerations predominate.
The RCC poles have an indefinite life and need little maintenance but we are bulky in size and extremely
heavy. They have a shattering tendency on being hit by vehicles.
Pre stressed concrete (PCC) overcome these defects to some extent. Flandling transportation and erection of
RCC poles are more difficult because of their heavy weight.
c) Steel Tubular Poles: These are of two types.
1. Stepped 2. Swaged
Steel tubular poles are suitable for lines upto 66 kw. Because of light weight, high strength to weight ratio,
and long life, they possess a distinct edge over other types of poles.
The use of a pole cap at the top, concrete muff in the ground, and regular painting will prolong their life.
d) Rails and R.S. Joists: Old and second-hand used rails and R.S. Joists are frequently used as supports for
overhead lines.
e) Lattice Type Poles: They are fabricated narrow base steel structures, They are light in weight and
economical and can be assembled at the site of bolted construction is used. The portion embedded in the
ground should be protected by concrete and the remaining portion by regular painting unless galvanized
steel is used for their fabrication,
f) Steel Towers : These are used for transmission lines operating at 66 kv and above, employing spans of 250
m and above. These are also used for lines of lower voltage when crossing rivers and valleys, where long
spans are involved. Bolted construction is employed for ease of errection. Stubs should be laid in
foundation. Concrete accurately with the line of a template,
Table showing voltage level, ACSR conductor used, number of discs insulators in suspension string and
tension string
S/S - Single Suspension String D/S - Double Suspension String
S/T - Single Tension String D/T - Double Tension String
SESSION 3
3. Prepare the schedule of materials for the 11 KV single circuit HT line for Rural Electrification."
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
1) Number of spans= 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Span is the distance between two supports
2) Number of supports=Number of span + 1( for tapping pole)
3) A 11KV Line double pole structure is to be provided for each run of 1KM with an additional DP
structure required for tapping and deviations if any.
4) Number of poles i,e R.C.C poles of 8mt long. = total no of supports-number of DP structures.
5) No. of HT horizontal cross arms=no. Of poles + no. of additional deviations = No of top fittings
6) Number of pin insulator = (number of supports + number of deviation) X3
7) Number of strain insulator =3[1(starting end) +2(additional anchoring)+2(intermediate DP)+ 1 (dead
end DP)]
8) The number of guy set = (No. Of intermediate D.P) x4+(No. Of additional anchoring) x2+ No. Of
deviation (No.of guardians) x2+No.of storm guy sets (for each KM two pairs)+2(dead end DP)
9) Length of ACSR no.2 conductor required with 3% sag=3x1.03x No.of kms
10) No. of anti-climbing devices=1(No. Of single pole)2( no.of DPS)
11) No. of Danger boards=No. Of S.E.E=No. of supports
12) No. of earth guard stirrups=[ No. of poles-Additional anchoring poles]
13) provision for guarding, Transportation charges, labour charges, inspection Charges are to be
provided.
specifications of materials used in the 11 KV High Tension line, methods of calculating an
estimation of materials required.
1. Poles
● Materials used: R.C.C
● length of pole 8 meters or 9 meters, working load 140 Kg.
● Cement concrete proportion, 1:2:3 or steel with M.S round.
2. Cross Arm
● Type: H.T Horizontal cross arm or H.T v-cross arm.
● Section: L-section (Angle iron)
● Length: 0.9 meter
With HT single top support, pole clamp, bolt, nuts, washers complete set.
3. Guy Set
11 KV class, a stay clamp is fixed at which a turnbuckle with eyebolt is bolted.
15 KV strain insulator, stay wire of 8/11 SWG standard, Anchor plate of MS 300 mm * 300 mm * 3.1 mm,
Guy pit is filled with sufficient weight of stones and then fit into the earth, A complete set.
4. Pin Insulator
● Class: 11 KV for H.T
● Material: Well glazed porcelain
● Size: height 125 mm and dia 178 mm
Complete with insulator pin, nut, and washer.
5. Strain insulator
● Material: Well glazed porcelain
● No: 15
● Voltage: 15 KV
6. Conductor
Size: Squirrel, (No.4 A.C.S.R) of 6/1/2.11 mm (6. no of aluminum conductor and one central galvanized
steel conductor having a diameter of 2.11 mm each). Weasel, (No. 2 A.C.S.R) of 6/1/2.59 mm. Rabbit ( No.
1 A.C.S.R) of 6/1/3.35 mm. Wren (No. 8 A.C.S.R) of 6/1/3.33 mm. Fox (A.C.S.R) of 6/1/2.79 mm. Drake
(A.C.S.R) of 30/7/4.27 mm
7. Gang operating switch (G.O.S)
● Operating voltage: 11 KV or 13.2 KV
● No of Break: Single or double
● Current rating: 200 or 400 Amps
8. Spiral earth electrode (SEE)
● Material: 8 SWG G.I wire
● Size: 150 mm dia, 450 mm long with 115 turns.
Wound spirally from top of the pole to the ground and buried 1.5 m below the ground at bottom of the pole.
9. Anti-climbing devices
AC devices such as barbed wire are to be wound on all H.T poles above the height of 1.5 meters so that
ignored persons do not climb the pole and meet with an accident.
10. Danger board or Caution board
● Size of plate : 20 * 15 * 1.6 mm thick
● Color: Red letters in a white background or white letters on a red background
11. Earth guard stirrup (EGS)
Material: M.S. flat of size: 25 * 6 mm, length 2.74 meters.
Double inverted V-Shaped flat forming a net of 8 SWG G.I wire for conductors. If the line snaps it will hit
earth G.I wire and gets earthed.
12. Double pole structure
● Type of pole: P.C.C or R.C.C
● Height of pole: 8 meters or 9 meter
with cross arms braces, clamps bolt, nuts, with 2 No. of 8 meter RCC pole a complete set.
13. Bird guards
Material: MS sheet of 1.6 mm thick.
Size: Saw-type with a suitable arrangement for fixing in to cross arms, etc.
14. Primary cutout
● Type: Drop out lift-off (DOLO)
● Material: Porcelain
● Voltage rating: 8, 11 and 15 KV class
15. Lightening Arresters
● Type: Electrolytic multi-gap, oxide film, Thy-rite, etc
● Voltage rating : 6, 11, 13.2 KV etc.
● Enclosure material: porcelain with suitable top and bottom terminal for connection.
Methods Of Calculating Materials Required for HT Lines
Materials required are :
1. No of span= Length of line / span
2. No of supports = No of span + 1
3. For 11 KV lines, Double pole structure is to be provided for each run of 1 KM with an additional DP
structure required for tapping and deviations if any.
Therefore, No of DP structures = No of KM + (Deviation ) 1 + 1 ( for tapping )
4. Number of poles i.e., R.C.C poles of 8 meters long
= total no of supports – number of DP structures.
5. No of HT horizontal cross arms
= No of poles + No of additional deviations
= No of top fittings
6. No of pin insulators
=(No of supports + No of additional deviations) * 3
7. No of strain or Disc insulators
= 3[1 (staring end) + 2(additional anchoring) + 2(intermediate DP) + 1(dead end DP)]
8. No of Guy set required
= (No of intermediate D.P) * 4 + (No of additional anchoring’s) * 2 + No of deviation + (No of guardings) *
2 + No of storm guysets (for each KM two pairs) + 2(dead end DP)
9. Length of A.C.S.R conductor required with 3% sag = 3*1.03*No of KMS.
10. During stringing of the conductor in order to reduce the sag of the conductor every 6th span pole is
anchored is called anchored pole i.e., at a distance of 0.5 KM.
Hence additional anchoring at pole = No of KM, because the anchoring is to be had at each 0.5 KM, and as
one anchoring will be done at DP itself, so for each KM there will be only one additional anchoring at the
pole.
11. No of anti-climbing devices
= 1 (No of the single pole) + 2 ( No of DPS)
12. No of Danger boards = No of supports
13. No of Earth guard stirrups
= [No of poles – Additional anchoring poles]
14. Provision for guarding, Transportation charges, labor charges, inspection charges are to be provided.
Estimation of materials required for HT line construction
Q: A 11 KV line is to be tapped and extended to a distance of 7 km, rural electrification. Prepare a list of
materials required for (a) Tapping (b) Extending an 11 KV line assuming a span of 85 meters.
Solution :
(A). Materials required for tapping
(B). Materials calculation for extension of 11 KV line
Assuming anchoring at 0.5 KM and D.P for each KM run.
1. No of span = 7000/85 = 82.3 or say 82
2. No of supports required = 82 + 1 = 83 No’s
3. No of D.P structure = 7 No’s
4. No of 8-meter R.C.C poles
= No of supports – (No of DP + one tapping) = 83 – 8 = 75
5. No of Horizontal cross arms with H.T.S.T.S = No of poles = 75 (No deviations)
6. No of pin insulators with pin and clamps
= 3 (No of cross arms + No of DPS) = 3(75 + 7) = 82 No’s
7. No of disc insulators
= 3[1(starting end + 2 * 6(Intermediate DPS) + 2 * 7(additional anchoring) + 1(dead end DP)]
= 3[1 + 2 * 6 + 2 * 7 + 1] = 28 * 3 = 84 No’s
additional anchoring at the pole for 7 KM length of line apart from DP is 7.
8. No of Guy sets
= 4 ( No of intermediate DP) + 2( No of additional anchoring ) + 2 ( dead ends )
= 4 * 6 + 2 * 7 + 2 * 1 = 40 sets.
9. Length of A.C.S.R No 2 with 3% sag = 7 * 3 * 1.03 = 21.63 KM
10. No of spiral earth electrodes = No of poles + No of DPS = 75 + 7 = 82
11. No of danger boards = 82
12. Earth guard stirrups
= No of poles – No of anchoring points = 75 – 7 = 68
13. No of A.C devices
= No of poles – No of anchoring points = 75 – 7 = 68
14. Miscellaneous materials such as bolts and nuts, etc.
