ST.

JOSEPH’S COLLEGE, DEVAGIRI

Scheme and Syllabus for
M.Sc. (Physics) Programme (CBCSS-PG-2019)
(w.e.f. 2019 admission)

The duration of the M.Sc (Physics) programme shall be 2 years, split into 4 semesters. Each
course in a semester has 4 credits (4C) with Practicals having 3 credits (3C). The total credits for the
entire programme (Core &Elective) is 80. The credits for audit courses is 8. The scheme and syllabus of
the programme, consisting of sections (a) Programme structure (b) Courses and credit distribution
summary (c) Courses in various semesters (d) Constitution of clusters (e) The credits and hours (f)
Evaluation and Grading (g) Internal evaluation/continuous assessment (h) Pattern of question papers
(i) Detailed syllabus areasfollows.

a) PROGRAMMESTRUCTURE

1. The programme shall include three types of courses :Core courses, Elective courses
andAuditCourses.
2. Comprehensive Viva-voce and Project Work / Dissertation shall be treated as Core
Courses.2. Comprehensive Viva-voce shall be done at the end of II and IV semester
and Project Work / Dissertation shall be done in the finalsemester.
3. Total credit for the programme shall be 80 (eighty), this describes the weightage of the
course concerned and the pattern of distribution is as detailedbelow:
i. Total Credit for Core Courses (both theory &practical’s) shall be 60
(sixty).
ii. Total Credit for Elective Course shall be 12(twelve).
iii. Total Credits for Comprehensive Viva-voce and Project Work combined
together shall be 8 (eight) subject to a minimum of 4 (four) credit for
ProjectWork

4. Audit Courses: In addition to the above courses there will be two Audit Courses (Ability
Enhancement Course & Professional Competency Course) with 4 credits each. These
have to be done one each in the first two semesters. The credits will not be counted for
evaluatingtheoverallSGPA&CGPA.Studentshavetoobtainonlyminimumpass

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 requirements in the Audit Courses. The details of Audit courses are given below.

Semester Course Title Suggested Area Details

Ability Enhancement Internship / Seminar presentation / Seminar: Each student has to
Course (AEC) Publications / Industrial or Practical present a seminar on a selected
I Training /Community linkage topic in physics. A report has to
programme / Book reviews etc. be prepared and submitted
before presenting the seminar.
The abstract of the seminar has
to be sent to the head of the
department through the teacher
in charge.
Or
It can be a course related to any
topic from the suggested areas.
To test the skill level of students The students in their second
Professional like testing the application level of semester will be trained on the
Competency different softwares such as use of Latex scientific
Course (PCC) document preparation system.
II Latex/Data visualization/
(The syllabus will be part of the
Python/Any software relevant to second semester). The latex
the programme of study codes for preparing the
/Translations etc. following items will be
developed.
1. A question paper
2. A review paper on a topic
related to the seminar given
in the first semester
3. A power point presentation

Evaluation of this will be

based on a multiple choice
written examination and an
internal practical exam.

Or
It can be a course related to
any topic from the
suggested areas.

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b) COURSES AND CREDIT DISTRIBUTIONSUMMARY:

Semest Teaching Total

Courses Credit
er Hours Credit
I Core Courses (Theory/Practical) Vary from
II Core Courses (Theory/Practical) For Core course 16to 24 in
(I)Core Courses total credit can each
III Theory/Practical) vary from 60 to68. Semester
(ii) Elective For Elective (For M.sc
Courses(Theory/Practical) Course total credit Physics
can vary from 12 programme,
since
to20 Minimum
Teaching conducting
(i) Core Courses(Theory Credit for one
hours can be practical
/Practical) Including: course shall not be examination
fixed by the
(a) ComprehensiveViva-voce less than 2 in each
concerned BoS
(Optional) (two)and shall not semester is
for various not viable,
Project Work/ exceed 5 (five).
courses and practical
dissertation shall not exams will
(ii) Elective Courses The maximum be
exceed 25
(Theory/Practical) credit for conducted in
hours per week
comprehensive even
@ 5 hours per semesters.
IV Viva-voce and
day. Hence the
Project Work
total credits
combined together for the
shall be 8 (eight) various
subject to a semesters
minimum credit of are as given
under:
4 (four) for Project
Sem I:16
Work. Sem II:22
SemIII:16
SemIV:26
Total credit shall be 80

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 Audit Course I : 4 (Not added for
I Ability Enhancement Course(AEC) Not coming in SGPA / CGPA) 4
Audit Course II : the normal work 4 (Not added for
II Professional Competency load SGPA / CGPA) 4
Course (PCC)

c) COURSES IN VARIOUS
SEMESTERS Semester – I(16C)
(FPHY1C01) Classical Mechanics (4C)
(FPHY1C02) Mathematical Physics – I(4C)
(FPHY1C03) Electrodynamics and Plasma Physics(4C)
(FPHY1C04) Electronics(4C)
(FPHY1L01) General Physics Practical -I *
(FPHY1L02) Electronics Practical – I**
(FPHY1A01) Ability Enhancement Course(4C)

Semester – II (22C)
(FPHY2C05) Quantum Mechanics –I (4C)
(FPHY2C06) Mathematical Physics – II (4C)
(FPHY2C07) Statistical Mechanics (4C)
(FPHY2C08) Computational Physics (4C)
(FPHY2L03) General Physics Practical - II (3C)*
(FPHY2L04) Electronics Practical – II (3C)**
(FPHY2A02) Professional Competency Course(4C)
(FPHY2V01) Viva-voce based on I & II Sem(2C)
*External Practical Exam for FPHY1L01& FPHY2L03 together will be
conducted at the end of 2nd semester
** External Practical Exam for FPHY1L02& FPHY2L04 together will be
conducted at the end of 2nd semester.

Semester -III (16C)

(FPHY3C09) Quantum Mechanics -II (4C)

(FPHY3C10) Nuclear and Particle Physics(4C)
(FPHY311) Solid State Physics(4C)
Elective -I (4C)
Project#
(FPHY3L05) Modern Physics Practical–I##

Semester -IV (26C)

(FPHY4C12) Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy(4C)
Elective -II(4C)
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 Elective -III (4C)
(FPHY4P01) Project(4C)#
(FPHY4L06) Modern Physics Practical –II (3C)##
(FPHY4L07) Computational Physics Practical3C)
(FPHY4V02)VivaVoce (Comprehensive)(2C)
#
Project will be started at 3rd semester and external evaluation for FPHY4P01 will
be conducted at the end of 4th semester.
##
External Practical Exam for FPHY3L05&FPHY4L06P together will be
conducted at the end of 4th semester

d) CONSTITUTION OFCLUSTERS

Elective -I Cluster:

(FPHY3E01) PlasmaPhysics
(FPHY3E02) Advanced Quantum Mechanics
(FPHY3E03) Radiation Physics
(FPHY3E04) Digital Signal Processing
(FPHY3E05) Experimental Techniques
(FPHY3E06) Elementary Astrophysics

Elective -IICluster:
(FPHY4E07) Advanced Nuclear Physics
(FPHY4E08) Advanced Astrophysics
(FPHY4E09) Astrophysics and Astronomical Data Analysis
(FPHY4E10) Advanced Statistical Mechanics
(FPHY4E11) Materials Science
(FPHY4E12) Electronic Instrumentation
(FPHY4E13) Laser Systems, Optical Fibres and Applications
(FPHY4E14) Communication Electronics

Elective -IIICluster:
(FPHY4E15) Quantum Field Theory
(FPHY4E16) Chaos and Nonlinear Physics
(FPHY4E17) Advanced Condensed Matter Physics
(FPHY4E18) Modern Optics
(FPHY4E19) Physics of Semiconductors
(FPHY4E20) Microprocessors, Microcontrollers and Applications

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 e) THE CREDITS AND HOURS PERWEEK

The credits and hours proposed for various courses in different semesters are as given
under.

Semest No. of Practica Theory Practical Project Semina Viva Total Total
er Theory ls r/Tutori Cred. hours Cred
Papers al
Hrs Cred Hrs Cred Hrs Cred Hrs
I 4 1. Gen.
Phys I
2. 16 16 8 0 0 0 1 0 25 16
Electro
nics I
II 4 1. Gen.
Phys II
2. 16 16 8 6 0 0 1 2 25 24
Electro
nics II
III 4 1. Mod.
Phys I 16 16 4 0 4 0 1 0 25 16

IV 3 1. Mod
Phys II
2. 12 12 8 6 4 4 1 2 25 24
Comp.
Phys
Total Credits for the Programme 80

f) EVALUATION ANDGRADING

1. Evaluation: The evaluation scheme for each course shall contain two parts; (a) Internal /
Continuous Assessment (CA) and (b) External / End Semester Evaluation (ESE). Of the total, 20%
weightage shall be given to internal evaluation / Continuous assessment and the remaining 80% to
External/ESE and the ratio and weightage between Internal and Externalis1:4.

i. Accumulated minimum credit required for successful completion of the course shall be80.
ii. A project work of 4 credits is compulsory and it should be done in III & IV semesters. Also
a comprehensive Viva Voce may be conducted by external examiners at the end of II &IV
Semester and carries 4credits.
iii. Evaluation and Grading \The evaluation scheme for each course shall containtwo parts;
(a) Internal/ContinuousAssessment(CA)and(b)External/EndSemesterEvaluation
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 (ESE). Of the total, 20% weightage shall be given to Internal evaluation / Continuous
assessment and the remaining 80% to External/ESE and the ratio and weightage between
Internal and External is 1:4.
iv. Primary evaluation for Internal and External shall be based on 6 letter grades (A+, A, B,
C, D and E) with numerical values (Grade Points) of 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 & 0respectively.

Grade Grade
Points
A+ 5
A 4
B 3
C 2
D 1
E 0

2. Grade Point Average: Internal and External components are separately graded and the
combined grade point with weightage 1 for Internal and 4 for external shall be applied to calculate
the Grade Point Average (GPA) of each course. Letter grade shall be assigned to each course
based on the categorization based on Ten point Scale shownbelow

The Grade Range for both Internal & External shall be:

Letter Grade Range Range of Merit /Indicator

Grade Percentage(%)
O 4.25 – 5.00 85.00 – 100.00 Outstanding
A+ 3.75 – 4.24 75.00 – 84.99 Excellent
A 3.25 – 3.74 65.00 – 74.99 Very Good
B+ 2.75 – 3.24 55.00 – 64.99 Good
B 2.50 – 2.74 50.00 – 54.99 Above Average
C 2.25 – 2.49 45.00 – 49.99 Average
P 2.00 -2.24 40.00 – 44.99 Pass
F < 2.00 Below 40 Fail
I 0 - Incomplete
Ab 0 - Absent

No separate minimum is required for internal evaluation for a pass, but a minimum P Grade is required
for a pass in the external evaluation. However, a minimum P grade is required for pass in a course. A
student who fails to secure a minimum grade for a pass in a course will be permitted to write the

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examination along with the next batch.

3. Semester Grade Point Average(SGPA)

The SGPA is the ratio of sum of the product of the number of credits with the grade points
scored by a student in all the courses taken by a student and the sum of the number of credits of all the
courses taken by a student. After the successful completion of a semester, Semester Grade Point
Average (SGPA) of a student in that semester is calculated using the formula given below.

Semester Grade Point Average - SGPA (Sj) = Σ (Ci x Gi) / Cr (SGPA= Total Credit
Points awarded in a semester / Total credits of the semester)

where‘Sj‘ is the jthsemester , ‘Gi ‘ is the grade point scored by the student in the ithcourse 'ci‘ is the credit
of the ithcourse,'Cr ’ is the total credits of the semester .

4. Cumulative Grade Point Average(CGPA)

Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) = Σ(Ci x Si) / Cr(CGPA= Total

Credit points awarded in all semesters/Total credits of the programme)

where C1 is the credit of the Ist semester S1is the SGPA of the Ist semester and Cr is the total
number of credits in the programme. The CGPA is also calculated in the same manner taking into
account all the courses undergone by a student over all the semesters of a programme. The SGPA
and CGPA shall be rounded off to 2 decimal points.

For the successful completion of a semester, a student should pass all courses and score a minimum
SGPA of 2.0. However, the students are permitted to move to the next semester irrespective of their
SGPA.

5. Evaluation of AuditCourses:
The examination and evaluation shall be conducted by the college itself either in the normal
structure or MCQ model from the Question Bank and other guidelines. The Question paper shall be
for minimum 20 weightage and a minimum of 2 hour duration for the examination. The result has
to be intimated / uploaded to the Controller of Examinations during the Third Semester as per the
notification.

g) INTERNAL EVALUATION / CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT(CA)

This assessment shall be based on a predetermined transparent system involving
periodic written tests, assignments, seminars and viva-voce in respect of theory courses and based
on tests, lab skill and records/viva in respect of practical courses. The criteria and percentage of
weightage assigned to various components for internal evaluation are as follows

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 Theory :
Sl.No Component Percentage Weightage
1 Examination /Test 40% 2
2 Seminars / Presentation 20% 1
3 Assignment 20% 1
4 Attendance 20% 1
Practical :
1 Lab Skill 40% 4
2 Records/viva 30% 3
3 Practical Test 30% 3

Grades given for the internal evaluation are based on the grades A+, A, B,C,D& E with grade points
5,4,3,2, 1 & 0 respectively. The overall grades shall be as per the Ten Point scale. There shall be no
separate minimum Grade Point for internal evaluation.
Project:
Internal evaluation:
a) Monthly progress - wt=2
b) Regularity and attendance -wt=1
c) Seminar and Viva Voce- wt=1

h) PATTERN OF QUESTION PAPERS

a) Theory: Every semester
Directions for question papersetters:

Part A: Set each questions to be answered in 7.5 minutes duration and should extract the critical
knowledge acquired by the candidate in the subject.
Part B: 30 minutes answerable questions each may be asked as a single question or parts.
Derivation type questions can be also asked.
Part C: 20 minutes answerable questions each and as far as possible avoid numerical type
questions.

Division Type No.of Weightage Total

Questions Weightage
Part A Short Answer 8(No Choice) 1 8
Part B Essay 2 out of 4 5 10
Part C Problems 4 out of 7 3 12
Total weightage for a question paper 30
Theory papers must contain at least 4 lectures plus 1 Tutorial. Project is equivalent to one theory
paper (4 hours) and one practical (4 hours)

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Answer to each question may be evaluated based on
(a) Idea/knowledge – wt=1
(b) Logic/steps – wt=1
(c) Analytic skill – wt=1
(d) Correctness – wt=1

b) Practical exam :At the end of II and IV semesters and each will be of 6 hoursduration.

c) Project evaluation: At the end of IV semester. Its evaluation is basedon:

External evaluation:
a) Presentation-wt= 4
b) Project Report (Novelty, Creativity & work)-wt =8
c) Project viva-wt =4

d) Comprehensive Viva-Voce at the end of IVsemester.

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 (i) DETAILED SYLLABUS

SEMESTER – I

FPHY1C01 : CLASSICAL MECHANICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Lagrangian and HamiltonianFormulation:

Constraints and Generalized coordinates,Dd'Alembert’s principle and Lagrange’s equation, Velocity dependent
potentials, Simple applications, Hamilton’s Principle, Lagrange’s equation from Hamilton’s principle, Kepler problem,
Scattering in a central force field, Transformation to lab coordinates, Legendre Transformation, Hamilton’s canonical
equations, Principle of least action, Canonical transformations, examples (17 hours)
Text : Goldstein, Sections 1.3 – 1.6, 2.1 – 2.3, 3.10, 3.11, 8.1, 8.5, 8.6, 9.1, 9.2
2. The classical background of quantummechanics:
Equations of canonical transformations, Examples, Poisson brackets and other canonical invariants, Equation of
motion in Poisson bracket form, Angular momentum Poisson brackets, Hamilton-Jacobi equation, Hamilton’s principal
and characteristic function, H-J equation for the linear harmonic oscillator, Separation of variables, Action-angle
variables, H-J formulation of the Kepler problem, H-J equation and the Schrödinger equation. (19hours)
Text : Goldstein, Sections 9.1, 9.2, 9.4 - 9.6, 10.1 – 10.5, 10.7, 10.8
3. The Kinematics and Dynamics of RigidBodies:
Space-fixed and body-fixed systems of coordinates, Description of rigid body motion in terms of direction
cosines and Euler angles, Infinitesimal rotation, Rate of change of a vector, Centrifugal and Coriolis forces, Moment of
inertia tensor, Euler’s equation of motion, Force free motion of arigidbodies. (14hours)
Text : Goldstein, Sections 4.1, 4.4, 4.8 – 4.10
4. SmallOscillations:
Formulation of the problem, Eigen value equation, Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues, Orthogonality, Principal axis
transformation, Frequencies of free vibrations, Normal coordinates, Free vibrations of a linear tri atomic molecule.
(9 hours)
Text : Goldstein, Sections 6.1 – 6.4
5. Nonlinear Equations andChaos:
Introduction, Singular points of trajectories, Nonlinear oscillations, Limit cycles, Chaos : Logistic map,
Definitions, Fixed points, Period doubling, Universality. (13 hours)
Text : Bhatia, Sections10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.51
Textbooks :
1. Goldstein “Classical Mechanics” (AddisonWesley)
2. V.B.Bhatia : “Classical Mechanics” (Narosa Publications,1997)
Reference books :
1. Michael Tabor : “Chaos and Integrability in Nonlinear Dynamics” (Wiley,1989)
2. N.C.Rana and P.S.Joag : “Classical Mechanics” (Tata McGrawHill)
3. R.G.Takwale and P.S.Puranik : “Introduction to Classical Mechanics” (Tata McGrawHill)
4. Atam P. Arya : "Introduction to Classical Mechanics, (2nd Edition )" (AddisonWesley1998)
5. Laxmana : “Nonlinear Dynamics” (Springer Verlag,2001)

For further reference: Classical Physics Video Prof. V. Balakrishnan IIT Madras
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122106027
Special Topics in Classical Mechanics Video Prof. P.C. Deshmukh IIT Madras
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/115106068/
Physics I - Oscillations & Waves Video Prof. S. Bharadwaj IIT Kharagpur
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122105023
Chaos, Fractals & Dynamic Systems Video Prof. S. Banerjee IIT Kharagpur
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=108105054

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 FPHY1C02 : MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – I (4C, 72 hrs)
1. Vectors:
Rotation of coordinates, Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, Gradient, Divergence and Curl in orthogonal
curvilinear coordinates, Rectangular, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates, Laplacian operator, Laplace’s equation –
application to electrostatic field and wave equations, Vector integration, Enough exercises. (11 hours)
Text : Arfken & Weber , Sections 1.2, 1.6 - 1.9, 1.10, 2.1 – 2.5
2. Matrices and Tensors:
Basic properties of matrices (Review only), Orthogonal matrices, Hermitian and Unitary matrices, Similarity
and unitary transformations, Diagonalization of matrices, Definition of Tensors, Contraction, Direct products,, quotient
rule, Pseudo tensors, Dual tensors, Levi Cevita symbol, irreducible tensors, Enough exercises. (11hours)
Text : Arfken & Weber , Sections 3.2 - 3.5, 2.6 – 2.9
3. Second Order DifferentialEquations:
Partial differential equations of Physics, Separation of variables, Singular points, Ordinary series solution,
Frobenius method, A second solution, Self adjoint differential equation, eigen functions and values, Boundary conditions,
Hermitian operators and their properties, Schmidt orthogonalization, Completeness of functions, Enough exercises. (14
hours)
Text : Arfken & Weber , Sections 8.1, 8.3 – 8.6, 9.1 – 9.4
4. Special functions:
Gamma function, Beta function, Delta function, Dirac delta function, Bessel functions of the first and second
kinds, Generating function, Recurrence relation, Orthogonality, Neumann function, Spherical
Bessel function, Legendre polynomials, Generating function, Recurrence relation, Rodrigues‟ formula,
Orthogonality, Associated Legendre polynomials, Spherical harmonics, Hermite polynomials, Laguerre polynomials,
Enough exercises. ( 24 hours)
Text : Arfken & Weber , Sections 10.1, 10.4, 1.15, 11.1 – 11.3, 11.7, 12.1 – 12.4, 12.6, 13.1, 13.2
5. Fourier Series:
General properties, Advantages, Uses of Fourier series, Properties of Fourier series, Fourier integral, Fourier
transform, Properties, Inverse transform, Transform of the derivative, Convolution theorem, Laplace transform, Enough
exercises. (12 hours)
Text : Arfken & Weber , Sections 14.1 – 14.4, 15.2 – 15.5, 15.8
Text book :
1. G.B.Arfken and H.J.Weber : “Mathematical Methods for Physicists (5th Edition, 2001)”
(AcademicPress)
Reference books :
1. J.Mathews and R.Walker : “Mathematical Methods for Physics”(Benjamin)
2. L.I.Pipes and L.R.Harvill : “Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists (3rd
Edition)" (McGrawHill)
3. Erwin Kreyzig : "Advanced Engineering Mathematics - 8th edition"(Wiley)
4. M. Greenberg : "Advanced Engineering Mathematics – 2nd edition " (Pearson India2002)
5. A.W. Joshi : Matrices andtensors
6. Mathematical methods in the physical sciences, 2nd edn, Mary L Boas, John Wiley &Sons
7. Elementary Differential Equations and boundary value problems, William E. Boyce, Richard C.
DiPrima, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
8. Mathematics of Classical and Quantum Physics, F. W. Byron and R. W. Fuller, Dover
Publications, Inc., NewYork
For further reference:
Mathematics I Video Prof. Swagato K. Ray,Prof. Shobha Madan,Dr. P. Shunmugaraj
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122104017
Mathematics II Video Prof. Sunita Gakkhar, Prof. H.G. Sharma, Dr. Tanuja Srivastava IIT Roorkee
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122107036Mathematic
s III Video Prof. P.N. Agrawal, Dr. Tanuja Srivastava IIT Roorkee
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122107037

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 FPHY1C03: ELECTRODYNAMICS AND PLASMA PHYSICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Time varying fields and Maxwell’s equations:

Maxwell’s equations, Potential functions, Electromagnetic boundary conditions, Wave equations and their
solutions, Time harmonic fields, Multipole expansion of electric scalar potential and magnetic vector potential, Enough
exercises. (14 hours)
Text : Cheng, Sections 7.3 – 7.7, Griffiths, Sections 3.4, 5.4.2

2. Plane electromagnetic waves:

Plane waves in lossless media, Plane waves in lossy media, Group velocity, Flow of electromagnetic power and
the Poynting vector, Normal incidence at a plane conducting boundary, Oblique incidence at a plane conducting
boundary, Normal incidence at a plane dielectric boundary, Oblique incidence at a plane dielectric boundary, Enough
exercises. (13hours)
Text : Cheng , Sections 8.2 – 8.10

3. Transmission lines, Wave guides and cavityresonators:

Transverse electromagnetic waves along a parallel plane transmission line, General transmission line equations,
Wave characteristics on finite transmission lines, General wave behaviour along uniform guiding structures, Rectangular
wave guides, Cavity resonators (Qualitative ideas only), Enough exercises. (14 hours)
Text : Cheng, Sections 9.2 - 9.4 , 10.2, 10.4, 10-7.1

4. Relativisticelectrodynamics:
Magnetism as a relativistic phenomenon, Transformation of the field, Electric field of a point charge moving
uniformly, Electromagnetic field tensor, Electrodynamics in tensor notation, Potential formulation of relativistic
electrodynamics, Enough exercises. ( 15 hours)
Text : Griffiths, Sections 10.3.1 – 10.3.5

5. Plasma Physics:
Plasma - Definition, concepts of plasma parameter, Debye shielding, Motion of charged particles in an
electromagnetic field - Uniform electric and magnetic fields, Boltzmann and Vlasov equations, their moments - Fluid
equations, Plasma oscillations, Enough exercises. (16 hours)
Text : Chen, Sections 1.1 - 1.6, 2.2 - 2.2.2, 3.1 - 3.3.2, 4.3, 4.18, 4.19, 7.2-7.3
Text books :
1. David K. Cheng : “ Field and Wave Electromagnetics (AddissonWesley)
2. David Griffiths : “ Introductory Electrodynamics” (Prentice Hall of India,1989)
3. F. F. Chen, Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Volume I and II,
Plenum Press, recentedition
Reference books :
1. K.L. Goswami, Introduction to Plasma Physics – Central Book House,Calcutta
2. J.D.Jackson : “Classical Electrodynamics” (3rd Ed.)(Wiley,1999)

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 FPHY1C04: ELECTRONICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1 .Field effect transistors : V-I characteristics of JFETs and device operation, construction of depletion and enhancement
MOSFETs, V-I characteristics and device operation. Biasing of FETs, FETs as VVR and its applications, small signal model
of FETs, analysis of Common Source and Common Drain amplifiers at low and high frequencies, MOSFET as a switch,
CMOS and digital MOSFET gates (NOT, NAND, NOR). (10 hours)
Text: Integrated Electronics Millman and Halkias: Tata McGraw Hill
Reference:
Electronic devices and Circuit theory, Robert L Boylstead& L. Nashelsky – Pearson Education
Micro Electronic Circuits: Sedra/Smith: Oxford University Press

2. Microwave and Photonicdevices:

Tunnel diode, construction and characteristics, negative differential resistance and device operation, radiative
transitions and optical absorption, Light emitting diodes (LED) – visible and IR, semiconductor lasers,
construction and operation, population inversion, carrier and optical confinement, optical cavity and feedback,
threshold current density. Photodetectors – Photoconductor (Light dependent resistor- LDR) and photodiode,
p-n junction solar cells - short circuit current, fill factorand efficiency (14 hours)
Text: Semiconductor Devices- Physics and Technology - S.M.Sze, John Wiley andSons
Semiconductor Optoelectronic devices: Pallab Bhattacharya: Prentice Hall
Reference:
Principles of semiconductor devices: B. VanZeghbroeck Principles
of semiconductor devices: S.M. Sze: John Wiley &Sons

3. Operational Amplifier: Differential amplifiers, analysis of Emitter coupleddifferential amplifiers, OPAMP parameters:
Open loop gain,CMRR, error currents and error voltages, input and output impedances, slew rate and UGB. Frequency
response, poles and zeros; transfer functions (derivation not required), expression for phase angle. Need for compensation,
dominant pole, pole zero andleadcompensation (12hours)
Text: Integrated Electronics: Millman and Halkias: Tata McGraw Hill
Reference:
OPAMPS and Linear Integrated Circuits: Ramakant A. Gaekwad

4. OPAMP Applications: Closed loop inverting, non-inverting and difference OPAMP configurations and their
characteristics; OPAMP as inverter, scale changer, summer, V to I converter, practical integrator & differentiator, active low
pass , high pass and band pass Butterworth filters, band pass filter with multiple feedback, OPAMP notch filter, OPAMP
Wien bridge oscillator, OPAMP astable and monostable multivibrators, Schmidttriggers.
(14 hours)
Text: Integrated Electronics:Millman and Halkias : Tata McGraw Hill
OPAMPS and Linear Integrated Circuits: Ramakant A. Gaekwad
Reference:
Linear Integrated circuits:D. Roychoudhuri : New Age International Publishers

5. Digital Electronics: Minimization of Boolean functions using Karnaugh map and representation using logic gates, JK and
MSJK andD flip-flops, shift registers using D and JK flip flops and their operations, shift registers as counters, ring counter,
design of synchronous and asynchronous counters, state diagram,cascade counters, basic idea of static and dynamic RAM,
basics of charge coupled devices. R-2R ladder D/A converter, Introduction to 8 bit
microprocessor; internal architecture of Intel 8085,registerorganisation. (22hours)
Text:
Digital Principles and Applications: Malvino and Leach: Tata McGraw Hill
Digital Fundamentals: Thomas. L. Floyd: Pearson Education.
Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcomputers: B. Ram: DhanpathiRai& Sons.
Reference:
Modern Digital Electronics: R.P. Jain: Tata McGraw Hill
For further reference: Electronics Video Prof. D.C. Dube IIT Delhi,
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/115102014/
Digital Integrated Circuits Video Prof. Amitava Dasgupta IIT Madras
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=108106069
14
 FPHY1A01 Ability Enhancement Course (AEC) (4C)

Each student has to prepare and present a seminar on recent trends in a selected topic in physics. A
report has to be prepared and submitted before presenting the seminar. The abstract of the seminar has
to be sent to the head of the department through the teacher incharge.

15
 SEMESTER – II

FPHY2C05: QUANTUM MECHANICS-I (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Formulation ofQuantumMechanics (20hours)

Sequential Stern-Gerlach experiments – Analogy with the polarization of light – Need for representing a quantum
mechanical state as a vector in complex vector space. Dirac notation – Ket space, Bra spaceand Inner products – Operators
– Hermitian adjoint – Hermitian operator – Multiplication – Associative axiom – Outer product. Eigenkets and eigenvalues
of Hermitian operator – Eigenkets as base kets – Completeness relation – Projection operator – Matrix representation of
operators, kets and bras. Measurement in a quantum mechanical system – Expectation value –Illustration with spin-1/2
systems – Compatible observables and simultaneous eigenkets – Maximal set of commuting observables – Incompatible
observables and general uncertainty relation. Unitary operator – Change of basis and transformation matrix – Similarity
transformation – Diagonalization – Unitary equivalent observables. Position eigenkets and position measurements –
Infinitesimal translation operator and its properties – Linear momentum as a generator of translation – Canonical
commutation relations. Position-space wavefunction – wavefunction as an expansion coefficient – Momentum operator in
the position basis – Momentum-space wavefunction – Transformation function or the momentum eigenfunction in position
basis –Relations between wavefunctions in position-space and momentum-space. Gaussian wave packet – Computation of
dispersions of position operator and momentum operator – Minimum uncertainty product.Generalization to three
dimensions.
Text: Chapter 1, Modern Quantum Mechanics (Edn.2) by J. J. Sakurai
2. QuantumDynamics (20hours)
Time-evolution operator – Schrodinger equation for the time-evolution operator and its solutions according to the time-
dependence of the Hamiltonian operator –Energy eigenkets – Time dependence of expectation values – Time evolution of a
spin-1/2 system and Spin precession – Correlation amplitude and energy-time uncertainty relation. Schrodinger picture and
Heisenberg picture – Behaviour of state kets and observables in Schrodinger picture and Heisenberg picture – Heisenberg
equation of motion – Ehrenfest’s theorem. Time-evolution of base kets and transition amplitudes. Simple harmonic
oscillator – energy eigenkets and energy eigenvalues – Dirac’s method – Time development of the oscillator. Schrodinger’s
wave equation – Time-dependent wave equation – Time-independent wave equation – Continuity Equation – Interpretations
of the wavefunction – Classical limit of wave mechanics. Boundary conditions – Elementary solutions to Schrodinger’s
wave equation – Free particle in one dimension and three dimensions – Simple harmonic oscillator – Particle in a one-
dimensional box – Particle in a finite potential well – One-dimensional potential step – Square potentialbarrier.
Text : :(1) Chapter 2 – upto section 2.5, Modern Quantum Mechanics (Edn.2) by J. J. Sakurai
(2) Chapter 4 – section 4.3, Quantum Mechanics (Edn.4) by V. K. Thankappan
3. Theory of AngularMomentum (15hours)
Non-commutative nature of rotations around different axes – Rotation operator – Infinitesimal rotations in quantum
mechanics – Fundamental commutation relations for angular momentum operators. Rotation operators for spin-1/2 systems
– Spin precession in a magnetic field – Pauli’s two component formalism – Representation of the rotation operator as 2 x 2
matrix. Ladder operators and their commutation relations – Eigenvalue problem for angular momentum operators J2 and Jz–

16
Matrix elements of angular momentum operators and rotation operator.Orbital angular momentum – Orbital angular
momentum as generator of rotation – Spherical harmonics – Spherical harmonics as rotation matrices. Addition of orbital
angular momentum and spin angular momentum – Addition of angular momenta of two spin-1/2 particles – Formal theory
of Angular Momentum addition – Computation of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients – Clebsch-Gordan coefficients and the
rotationmatrices.
Text : Chapter 3 – sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.5, 3.6 and 3.8, Modern Quantum Mechanics (Edn.2) by J. J. Sakurai
4. CentralPotentials (8 hours)
Schrodinger’s equation for central potentials – The radial equation – Particle in an infinite spherical well – Isotropic
harmonic oscillator – The Coulomb potential and the hydrogen atom problem.
Text : Chapter 3 – section 3.7, Modern Quantum Mechanics (Edn.2) by J. J. Sakurai.

5. Invariance Principles andConservationLaws (9hours)

Symmetry and conservation laws –Space-time symmetries – Displacement in space and conservation of linear momentum –
Displacement in time and conservation of energy – Rotation in space and conservation of angular momentum – Space
inversion and conservation of parity – Time reversal symmetry. The indistinguishability principle – Symmetric and
antisymmetric wavefunctions – Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of particle-exchange operator – Spin and statistics – Pauli’s
exclusion principle and antisymmetric wavefunction – The ground state of Helium atom.
Text: Chapter 6 and 9 – relevant sections, Quantum Mechanics (Edn.4) by V. K. Thankappan
Textbooks:
1. Modern Quantum Mechanics (Edn.2) :J. J. Sakurai, Pearson Education.
2.Quantum Mechanics (Edn.4) : V. K. Thankappan, New Age International
References:
1. Principles of Quantum Mechanics (Edn.2) :R. Shankar,Springer.
2. Introductory Quantum Mechanics: Richard L. Liboff, Pearson Education.
3. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (Edn.2) : D.J. Griffiths, PearsonEducation.
4. A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics: J S Townsend, VivaBooks.
5. Quantum Mechanics : Non-Relativistic Theory (Course of Theoretical Physics Vol3): L. D. Landau and E. M.
Lifshitz, PergamonPress.
6. The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. 3, Narosa.
7. Quantum Mechanics : Concepts and Applications ( Edn.2) : Nouredine Zettili,Wiley.
8. Quantum Mechanics Demystified: David McMohan, McGrawHill2006.
9. Quantum Mechanics (Schaum’s Outline) :Yoav Pelegetal. Tata McGraw Hill Private Limited,2/e.
10. Quantum Mechanics: 500 Problems with Solutions: G Aruldhas, Prentice Hall ofIndia.
11. www.nptel/videos.in/2012/11/quantum-physics.html
12. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115106066/

17
 FPHY2C06: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-II (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Functions of ComplexVariables:
Introduction, Analyticity, Cauchy-Reimann conditions, Cauchy's integral theorem and integral formula, Laurent
expansion, Singularities, Calculus of residues and applications (15 hours)-
Text:Sections 6.1 to 6.5, 7.1, 7.2
2. GroupTheory:
Groups, multiplication table, conjugate elements and classes, subgroups, direct product groups, isomorphism
and homomorphism, permutation groups, distinct groups of given order, reducible and irreduciblerepresentations
Text :Sections 1-1.8, Joshi.
Generators of continuous groups, rotation groups SO(2) and SO(3), rotation of functions and angular
momentum, SU(2)-SO(3) homomorphism, SU(2) isospin and SU(3) eight fold way (20hours)
Text : Sections 4.2, Arfken 5th edition.
3. Calculus ofVariations:
One dependent and one independent variable, Applications of the Euler equation, Generalization to several
independent variables, Several dependent and independent variables, Lagrange Multipliers, Variation subject to
constraints, Rayleigh-Ritz variational technique. (14 hours)
Sections 17.1 to 17.8
4. Integralequations:
Integral equations- introduction, Integral transforms and generating functions, Neumann series, separable kernel
(12 hours)-
Sections 16.1 to 16.3
5. Green'sfunction:
Green's function, eigenfunction expansion, 1-dimensional Green's function, Green's function integral-
differential equation, eigenfunction, eigenvalue equation Green's function and Dirac delta function, Enough exercises.(11
hours)
Section 9.51
Text books :
1. G.B.Arfken and H.J.Weber : “Mathematical Methods for Physicists (5th Edition, 2001)”
(AcademicPress)
2. A.W.Joshi, Elements of Group theory for Physicists()(New Age International(P).Ltd)
Reference books :
1. J.Mathews and R.Walker : “Mathematical Methods for Physics”(Benjamin)
2. L.I.Pipes and L.R.Harvill : “Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists (3rd
Edition)" (McGrawHill)
3. Erwin Kreyzig : "Advanced Engineering Mathematics - 8th edition"(Wiley)
4. M. Greenberg : "Advanced Engineering Mathematics – 2nd edition " (Pearson India2002)
5. Mathematicalmethodsinthephysicalsciences,2ndedn,MaryLBoas,John Wiley&Sons
6. Elementary Differential Equations and boundary value problems, William E. Boyce, Richard C.
DiPrima, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
7. Mathematics of Classical and Quantum Physics, F. W. Byron and R. W. Fuller, Dover
Publications, Inc., NewYork

For further reference:

Mathematics I Video Prof. Swagato K. Ray,Prof. Shobha Madan,Dr. P. Shunmugaraj
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122104017
Mathematics II Video Prof. Sunita Gakkhar, Prof. H.G. Sharma, Dr. Tanuja Srivastava IIT Roorkee
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122107036
Mathematics III Video Prof. P.N. Agrawal, Dr. Tanuja Srivastava IIT Roorkee
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122107037

18
 FPHY2C07: STATISTICAL MECHANICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. The Statistical Basis ofThermodynamics:

The macroscopic and the microscopic states – Contact between statistics and Thermodynamics: Expressing T, P
and µ in terms of Ω – The classical Ideal gas - The entropy of mixing and the Gibbs paradox - Phase space of a classical
system - Liouville‟s theorem and its consequences. (13 Hours)
Text : Pathria, Sections 1.1 – 1.6, 2.1 – 2.2
2. Microcanonical, Canonical and Grand CanonicalEnsembles:
The microcanonical ensemble – Examples : (1) Classical Ideal gas, (2) Linear harmonic oscillator - Quantum
states and the phase space – Equilibrium between a system and a heat reservoir- Physical significance of the various
statistical quantities in the canonical ensemble- Alternative expressions for the partition function- Examples: (1) The
classical systems: Ideal gas, (2) A system of harmonic oscillators, (3) The statistics of paramagnetism - Energy
fluctuations in the canonical ensemble -Equipartition theorem - Virial theorem - Equilibrium between a system and a
particle-energy reservoir- Physical significance of the various statistical quantities in the grand canonical ensemble-
Example : Classical Ideal gas - Density and energy fluctuations in the grand canonical ensemble. (21 Hours)
Text : Pathria, Sections 2.3 -2.5, 3.1, 3.3 - 3.9, 4.1, 4.3 – 4.5
3. Formulation of QuantumStatistics:
Quantum-mechanical ensemble theory: The density matrix- Statistics of the various ensembles-Example: An
electron in a magnetic field - Systems composed of indistinguishable particles- An ideal gas in a quantum-mechanical
microcanonical ensemble- An ideal gas in other quantum-mechanical ensembles-Statistics of the occupation numbers (15
Hours)
Text : Pathria, Sections 5.1 - 5.4, 6.1 – 6.3
4. Ideal BoseSystems:
Thermodynamic behaviour of an ideal Bose gas- Thermodynamics of the blackbody radiation- The field of
sound waves.(10Hours)
Text : Pathria, Sections : 7.1 - 7.3
5. Ideal FermiSystems:
Thermodynamic behaviour of an ideal Fermi gas- Magnetic behaviour of an ideal Fermi Gas : (1) Pauli
paramagnetism, (2) Landau diamagnetism – The electron gas in metals (Discussion of heat capacity only), Enough
exercises. (13 Hours)
Text : Pathria, Sections : 8.1 – 8.3
Textbook:
1. Statistical Mechanics ( 2nd Edition ), R. K. Pathria , Butterworth-Heinemann /Elsevier(1996)
Reference books:
1. Statistical Mechanics : An Elementary Outline, Avijit Lahiri, Universities Press(2008)
2. An Introductory Course of Statistical Mechanics, Palash. B. Pal, Narosa(2008)
3. Statistical Mechanics : An Introduction, Evelyn Guha, Narosa(2008)
4. Statistical and Thermal Physics : An Introduction, S. Lokanathan and R.S.Gambhir, Prentice
Hall of India(2000).
5. Introductory Statistical Mechanics (2nd Edition), Roger Bowley and Mariana Sanchez, Oxford
University Press(2007)
6. Concepts in Thermal Physics, Stephen. J. Blundell and Katherine. M. Blundell, Oxford University
Press (2008)
7. An Introduction to Thermal Physics, Daniel. V. Schroeder, Pearson(2006)
8. Statistical Mechanics, Donald. A. McQuarrie, Viva Books(2005)
9. Problems and Solutions on Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Ed. by
Yung – Kuo Lim, Sarat Book House(2001)

For further reference:

Basic Thermodynamics Video Prof. S.K. Som IIT Kharagpur
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=112105123

19
 FPHY2C08 : COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Introduction to Python Programming: Concept of high level language, steps involved in the development of aProgram
- Compilers and Interpreters - Introduction to Python language: Inputs and Outputs, Variables, operators, expressions and
statements - ,Strings, Lists, Tuples, and Dictionaries, Conditionals, Iteration and looping, Functions and Modules -.
Mathematical functions (math module), File input and Output, Pickling.Formatted Printing. (13hours)
2. Tools for maths and visualisation in Python (The numpy and pylabmodules)*
Numpy module:- Arrays and Matrices – creation of arrays and matrices ( arange, linspace, zeros, ones, random, reshape,
copying), Arithmetic Operations, cross product, dot product , Saving and Restoring, Matrix inversion, solution of
simultaneous equations, Data visualization- The Matplotlib, Module- Plotting graphs, Multiple plots, .Polar plots, Pie
Charts, Plotting mathematical functions, Sine and other functions, Special functions – Bessel & Gamma, FourierSeries.
(13 hours)
3. Numerical Methods 1*: Interpolation: linear and polynomial interpolation, equidistant points - Newton’s
forward/backward difference, spline interpolation. Curve fitting- Least square fit- linear and exponential. Derivatives:
Lagrange polynomials, Newton difference polynomials, finite difference approximations. Numerical integration: simple
quadratures (trapezoid, Simpson). Solution of non-linear equations: closed domain methods (bisection and regula falsi.
Monte Carlo Method –SimpleIntegration. (15hours)
4. Numerical Methods-2* :Ordinary differential equations: Initial value problems: the first-order Euler method, the
second-order single point methods (predictor), Runge-Kutta methods. Boundary value problems: the shooting method, the
equilibrium method, the Numerov’s method, the eigenvalue problems - the equilibrium method . Fourier transforms: discrete
Fourier transforms, fastFouriertransforms. (15hours)
5. Computational methods in Physics and Computer simulations 12 hrs (24marks)*:
Classical Mechanics: One Dimensional Motion: Falling Objects: Introduction – Formulation: from Analytical methods to
Numerical Methods - Euler Method, Freely falling body, Fall of a body in viscous medium, Two dimensional motion:
Projectile motion (by Euler method) and Planetary motion (R-K Method), Accuracy considerations, -, Oscillatory motion –
Ideal Simple Harmonic Oscillator (Euler method), Motion of a damped oscillator (Feynmann-Newton method)., Logistic
maps. Monte-Carlo simulations: value of π, simulation of radioactivity. Quantum Mechanics: 1D Schrodinger equation –
wave function andeigenvalues. (16hours)
(Visualisation can be done with matplotlib/pylab)
*(Programs are to be discussed in Python)
Textbooks for Numerical Methods:
1. Introductory methods of numerical analysis, S.S. Shastry , (Prentice Hall of
India,1983)
2. Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science, Dr. B S Grewal, Khanna Publishers,
New Delhi (or any other book)
3. Numerical Mathematical Analysis, J.B.Scarborough

20
References:
(For Python any book can be used as reference. Moreover a number of open articles are available
freely in internet. Python is included in default in all GNU/Linux platforms and It is freely
downloadable for Windows platform as well. However use of GNU/Linux may be encouraged).
1. www.python.org
2. Python Essential Reference, David M. Beazley, PearsonEducation
3. Core Python Programming, Wesley J Chun, PearsonEducation
4. Python Tutorial Release 2.6.1 by Guido van Rossum, Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor.This
Tutorial can be obtained from website
http://www.altaway.com/resources/python/tutorial.pdf
5. How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python, Allen Downey , Jeffrey
Elkner , Chris Meyers,http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/thinkpython.pdf
6. Numerical Recipes in C, second Edition(1992), Cambridge UniversityPress
7. Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77, second Edition(1992), Cambridge UniversityPress
8. Numpy reference guide, http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/numpy-ref.pdf (and other
free resources available on net)
9. Matplotlib , http://matplotlib.sf.net/Matplotlib.pdf (and other free resources
available onnet)
10. Numerical Methods, E Balagurusamy, TataMcGraw-Hill
11. Numerical Methods , T Veerarajan, T Ramachandran, TatMCGraw-Hill
12. Numerical Methods with Programs I BASIC, Fortran& Pascal, S Balachandra Rao, C K
Shantha. Universities Press
13. Numerical methods for scientists and engineers, K. Sankara Rao,PHI
14. Computational Physics, V.K.Mittal, R.C.Verma & S.C.Gupta-Published by Ane
Books,4821,Pawana Bhawan,first floor,24 Ansari Road,Darya Ganj,New Delhi-110 002
(For theory part and algorithms. Programs must be discussed inPython)
15. Numerical Methods in Engineering with Python by JaanKiusalaas

21
 FPHY2A02 Professional Competency Course (PCC) (4C) (See item 4 in section (a)

Latex – scientific document preparation system : Downloading and installing a LATEX distribution, Basic types of
LATEX documents, Packages and use of package physics, Format words, lines, paragraphs and pages, Create lists, tables,
figures and captions, Citing books andjournals.
Typeset complicated equations and formulas, inserting centered and numbered equations and aligning multi-line equations,
typesetting mathematical symbols such as roots, arrows, Greek letters, and different mathematical operators, math
structures such as fractions and matrices. Enhance the documents by bringingcolor.

Activities :

1. Typeset a model question paper for M.Scprogramme

2. Develop a review paper in a format suitable for the journal “”Pramana – Journal ofPhysics”

3. Create a professional presentation using beamer

References : 1. A document preparation system – Latex : User’s guide and Reference manual, 2nd ed.. Leslie Lamport,

Pearson Education

2.A student’s guide to the study, practice and tools of modern mathematics, Donald Bindner and Martin
Erickson, CRCPress

Evaluation of this will be based on a multiple choice written examination and an internal practical.

22
 Practical for Semester I & II

a) FPHY1L01&FPHY2L03 (GENERALPHYSICS)

External Practical Exam fora) FPHY1L01&FPHY2L03 together will be

nd
conducted at the end of 2 semester
Note :
1. All the experiments should involve error analysis. Internal evaluation to be done in the respective semesters and
grades to be intimated to the controller at the end of each semester itself. Practical observation book to be
submitted to the examiners at the time ofexamination.
2. Eight experiments are to be done by a student in a semester. One mark is to be deducted from internal marks for
each experiment not done by the student if the required total of experiments arenot done in thesemesters.
3. The PHOENIX/EXPEYES Experimental Kit developed at the Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, may
be used for the experiments whereverpossible.

(At least 16 experiments should be done, 8 each for I & II semesters)

1. Yandσ-Interferencemethod(a)elliptical(b)hyperbolicfringes.TodetermineYandσof thematerialof the given
specimen by observing the elliptical and hyperbolic fringes formed in an interference setup
2. Y & σ by Koenig’smethod
3. Variation of surface tension with temperature-Jaegar’s method. To determine the surface tension of water at
different temperatures by Jaegar’s method of observing the air bubble diameter at the instant of bursting inside
water
4. Stefan’s constant-To determine Stefan’sconstant
5. Thermal conductivity of liquid and air by Lee’s discmethod.
6. Dielectric constant by Lecher wire- To determine the wave length of the waves from the given RF oscillator
and the dielectric constant of the given oil by measurement of a suitable capacitance by Lecher wiresetup.
7. Viscosity of a liquid - Oscillating disc method. To determine the viscosity of the given liquid by
measurements on the time period of oscillation of the disc in air and in theliquid
8. Mode constants of a vibrating strip. To determine the first and second mode constants of a steel vibrating strip; Y
to be measured by the Cantilever method and frequency of vibration by the Melde's stringmethod
9. Constants of a thermocouple and temperature ofinversion.
10. Study of magnetic hysteresis - B-H Curve using standard toroid / specimen in anyform.
11. Maxwell's L/C bridge -To determine the resistance and inductance of the given unknown inductorby
Maxwell's L/C bridge OR Anderson’s Bridge – L/C and self inductance. .(The kit developed by Indian
Academy of Science can also be used)
12. Susceptibility measurement by Quincke's and Guoy's methods - Paramagnetic susceptibility of salt andspecimen
13. Michelson's interferometer - (a) λ and (b) d λ and thickness of micasheet.
14. Photoelectric effect. Determination of Plank’sconstant
15. Frank Hertz experiment .To measure the ionization potential of Mercury by drawing current versus applied
voltage.
16. Fabry Perot etalon -Determination of thickness of airfilm.
17. Elementary experiments using Laser: (a) Study of Gaussian nature of laser beam (b) Evaluation of beam spot
size (c) Measurement of divergence (d) Diameter of a thinwire
18. Diffraction Experiments using lasers (a)Diffraction by single slit/double slit/circular aperture
(b)Diffraction by reflectiongrating
19. Measurement of the thermal and electrical conductivity of Cu to determine the Lorents number.(The kit developed
by Indian Academy of Science can also beused)
20. Passive filters .(The kit developed by Indian Academy of Science can also beused)
21. Microwave experiments - Determination of wavelength, VSWR, attenuation, dielectricconstant.
22. Experiments with Lock-in Amplifier(a) Calibration of Lock In Amplifier (b) Phase sensitivedetection
(c) Mutual inductance determination (d) Low resistance determination.(The kit developed by Indian Academy
of Science can also beused)
23. Cauchy’s constants using liquidprism
24. Forbe’s method of determining thermalconductivity
25. Zeeman effectusing Fabry-Perotetalon.

23
Reference Books:
1. B.L. Worsnop and H.T. Flint - Advanced Practical Physics for students - Methusen & Co(1950)
2. E.V. Smith - Manual of experiments in applied Physics - Butterworth(1970)
3. R.A. Dunlap - Experimental Physics - Modern methods - Oxford University Press(1988)
4. D. Malacara (ed) - Methods of experimental Physics - series of volumes - Academic Press Inc(1988)
5. S.P. Singh –Advanced Practical Physics – Vol I & II – Pragati Prakasan, Meerut (2003) – 13th
Edition
6. A.C. Melissinos and J.Napolitano, Experiments in Modern Physics, Academic Press,2003
7. K.Muraleedhara Varier, A Practical Approach to Nuclear Physics, Narosa Publishing House(2018)

24
 b) FPHY1L02& FPHY2BL04(ELECTRONICS)
(At least 16 experiments should be done, 8 each for I& II semesters.)

External Practical Exam for b) FPHY1L02& FPHY2L04together will be conducted at

the end of 2nd semester.

1. Study the V-I characteristics of a Silicon Controlled Rectifier – Construct half-wave and full-wave circuits using
SCR.
2. a). Study the V-I characteristics of UJT. Determine intrinsic stand-off ratio. Design and construct a relaxation
oscillator and sharp pulse generator for differentfrequencies.
b). Design and construct a time delay circuit to switch ON a suitable load driven by a SCR. Trigger the SCR using
UJT.
3. a).Studythe V-I characteristics of a JFET. Determine pinch-off voltage, saturation drain current andcut-off voltage
of thedevice.
b). Design and construct a low frequency common source amplifier using JFET. Study the frequency response,
measure the i/p and o/p impedances.
4. Design and construct a d.c voltage regulator using transistors and Zener diode. Study the line and load regulation
characteristics for suitable o/p voltage and maximum load current.
5. Design a single stage bipolar transistor amplifier. Compare the characteristics and performance of the circuit without
feedback and with a suitable negative feedback. Compare theoretical and observed magnitudes of voltage gain, i/p and o/p
impedances in bothcases.
6. Design and construct a differential amplifier using transistors. Study frequency response and measure i/p, o/p
impedances. Also measure CMRR of thecircuit.
7. a).Design and construct an amplitude modulator circuit. Study the response for suitable modulation depths.
b).Designand constructadiodeA.Mdetector circuittorecoverthemodulatingsignalfromtheA.Mwave.
8. Design and construct two stage I.F amplifier circuit. Study the response of single and coupledstages.
9. Design and construct a Darlington pair amplifier using medium power transistors for a suitableoutputcurrent. Study the
frequency response of the circuit and measure the i/p and o/pimpedances.
10. Design and construct a piezo-electric crystal oscillator to generate square waves of suitable frequencies. Compare
designed and observedfrequencies.
11.Design and construct an R.F oscillator using tunnel diode. Measure frequency of the outputsignal.
12. Design and construct OPAMP based summing and averaging amplifier for three suitable inputs.Comparethe designed
and observedoutputs.
13. Design and construct a Wien bridge oscillator using OPAMP for different frequencies. Comparedesignedand observed
frequencies.
14. Design and construct an astable multivibrator using OPAMP for suitable frequencies.
15.Design and construct a monostable multivibrator using OPAMP for suitable pulse widths.
16.Design and construct a triangular wave generator using OPAMPs for differentfrequencies.
17. Design and construct OPAMP based precision half and full wave rectifies. Observe the o/p on CRO and study the
circuitoperation.
18. DesignandconstructanastablemultivibratorusingtimerIC555.Measurefrequencyanddutycycleoftheo/p signal.
Modify the circuit to obtain almost perfect square waves.
19. Design and construct an monostable multivibrator using timer IC 555, for different pulse widths.Compare designed
and observed pulsewidths.
20.Design and construct a voltage controlled oscillator using timer IC 555. Study theperformance.
21. Design and construct Schmidt triggers using OPAMPS – for symmetrical and non-symmetrical LTP/UTP. Trace
hysteresis curve.
22.Design and construct OPAMP based analogue integrator and differentiator. Study the response in eachcase.
23. a). Design and construct OPAMP based circuit for solving a second order differentialequation.Studythe performance.
b). Design and construct OPAMP based circuit for solving a simultaneous equation. Study the performance.
24. Design and construct Second order Butterworth Low pass, High Pass and Band Pass filtersusingOPAMPs. Study the
performance in eachcase.

25
25.Design and construct a narrow band-pass filter for a given centre frequency using a single OPAMP with multiple
feedback. Study the frequencyresponse.
26. 4 bit D/A converter using R-2R ladder network. Realization of 4 bit A/D converter using D/A converter.
27. Study of 4 bit binary counter (IC 7493) and 4 bit decade counter(IC 7490) at various modes. Use the counters as
frequencydividers.
28. Design and construct a 3 bit binary to decimal decoder using suitable logic gates. Verify theoperation.
29. Set up four bit shift register IC 7495 and verify right shift and left shift operations for different datainputs.

References: Design and construction ideas may be obtained from standard electronics text books.

For further reference:

Basic Electronics and Lab Video Prof. T.S. Natarajan IIT Madras
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122106025

26
 SEMESTER – III

FPHY3C09: QUANTUM MECHANICS –II (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Time-IndependentPerturbationTheory (20Hrs.)

Non-degenerate perturbation theory – First-order theory and Second-order theory – Examples : (1) Linear harmonic
oscillator (2) Anharmonic oscillator – Degenerate perturbation theory – Two-fold degeneracy – Higher-order degeneracy –
The fine-structure of hydrogen – Relativistic correction – Spin-orbit coupling - Zeeman effect – Weak-field Zeeman effect
– Strong-field Zeeman effect – Intermediate-field Zeeman effect – Hyperfine splitting – Linear Stark effect in the hydrogen
atom.
Text : (1) Chapter 6, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (Edn.2) by David. J. Griffiths,
(2) Chapter 8, section 8.3, Quantum Mechanics (Edn.4) by V. K. Thankappan

2. Variational Method and WKB Method (12Hrs.)

Bound states (Ritz method) – Linear harmonic oscillator – Helium atom – WKB wavefunction in classical region – Example
: Potential well with two vertical walls – WKB wavefunction in nonclassical region – Example : Tunneling – Connection
formulae – Examples : (1) Potential well with one vertical wall (2) Potential well with no vertical walls.
Text : (1) Chapter 8, section 8.2A, Quantum Mechanics (Edn.4) by V. K. Thankappan
(2 ) Chapter 6, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (Edn.2) by David. J. Griffiths

3. Time-dependentperturbationtheory (12Hrs.)
First order time-dependent perturbation theory – Constant perturbation – Transition to a continuum – Fermi’s Golden rule –
Scattering cross section in the Born approximation – Harmonic perturbation – Radiative transitions in atoms.
Text : Chapter 8, sections 8.4, 8.4A, 8.4B, Quantum Mechanics (Edn.4) by V. K. Thankappan

4. Scattering (12Hrs.)
Scattering amplitude – Method of partial waves – Scattering by a central potential – Optical theorem – Scattering by a
square-well potential
Text: Chapter 7, relevant sections, Quantum Mechanics (Edn.4) by V. K. Thankappan

5. RelativisticQuantumMechanics (16Hrs.)
Klein-Gordon equation – First order wave equations – Weyl equation – Dirac equation – Properties of Dirac matrices –
Dirac particle is spin-1/2 particle – Spinor – Equation of continuity – Dirac particle in an external magnetic field : Non-
relativisitc limit – Holetheory
Text: Chapter 10, relevant sections; Quantum Mechanics (Edn.4) by V. K. Thankappan
Textbooks:
1. Quantum Mechanics (Edn.4) :V. K. Thankappan, New AgeInternational.
2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (Edn.2) : D.J. Griffiths, PearsonEducation.
27
References :
1. Principles of Quantum Mechanics (Edn.2) :R. Shankar,Springer.
2. Introductory Quantum Mechanics: Richard L. Liboff, Pearson Education.
3. A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics: J S Townsend, VivaBooks.
4. Quantum Mechanics : Non-Relativistic Theory (Course of Theoretical Physics Vol3): L. D. Landau and E. M.
Lifshitz, PergamonPress.
5. The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol 3,Narosa.
6. Quantum Mechanics : Concepts and Applications ( Edn.2) : NouredineZettili,Wiley.
7. Quantum Mechanics Demystified: David McMohan, McGrawHill2006.
8. Quantum Mechanics (Schaum’s Outline) :YoavPelegetal. Tata McGraw Hill Private Limited,2/e.
9. Quantum Mechanics: 500 Problems with Solutions: G Aruldhas, Prentice Hall ofIndia.
10. www.nptel/videos.in/2012/11/quantum-physics.html
11. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115106066/

28
 FPHY3C10 : NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Nuclear Forces: Properties of the nucleus, size, binding energy, angular momentum , The deuteron and two-
nucleon scattering experimental data, Simple theory of the deuteron structure,Lowenergy n-p scattering,
characteristics of nuclear forces, Spin dependence,Tensor force, Scattering cross sections, Partial waves, Phase
shift, Singlet and triplet potentials, Effective range theory,p-pscattering. (12hours)
Text: K.S.Krane : “Introductory Nuclear Physics” (Wiley), (Ch. 3 and 4)

2. Nuclear Decay: Basics of alpha decay and theory of alpha emission, Beta decay, Energetics of beta decay,
Fermi theory of beta decay, Comparative half-life, Allowed and forbidden transitions, Selection rules, Parity
violation in beta decay. Neutrino. Energetics of Gamma Decay, Multipole moments, Decay rate, Angular
momentum and parity selection rules, Internalconversion,Lifetimes. (12hours)
Text: K.S.Krane : “Introductory Nuclear Physics” (Wiley), (Ch. 8, 9 and 10)

3. Nuclear Models, Fission and Fusion: Shell model potential, Spin-orbit potential, Magnetic dipole moments,
Electric quadruple moments, Valence Nucleons, Collective structure, Nuclear vibrations, Nuclear rotations,
Liquid drop Model, Semiempirical Mass formula, Energetics of Fission process, Controlled Fission reactions.
Fusion process, Characteristics of fusion, solar fusion, Controlledfusion reactors. (19hours)
Text: K.S.Krane : “Introductory Nuclear Physics” (Wiley), (Ch. 5,13.1-13.5,14)

4. Nuclear Radiation Detectors and Nuclear Electronics: Gasdetectors– Ionization chamber, Proportional
counter and G Mcounter,Scintillation detector,Photo MultiplierTube(PMT), Semiconductordetectors
– Ge(Li), Si(Li) and surface barrier detectors, Preamplifiers, Amplifiers, Single channel analyzers, Multi- channel
analyzers, counting statistics,energymeasurements. (12hours)
Text: S S Kapoor and V S Ramamurthy: “Nuclear Radiation Detectors” (Wiley)

5. Particle Physics: Four basic forces - Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Weak and Strong - Relative strengths,
classification of particles, Yukawa's theory, Conservation of energy and masses, Electric charges, Conservation of
angular momentum, Baryon and lepton numbers, Conservation of strangeness, Conservation of isospin and its
components, Conservation of parity, Charge conjugation, CP violation, time reversal and CPT theorem. Extremely
short lived particles, Resonances-detecting methods and experiments, Internal symmetry, The Sakata
model, SU (3), The eight fold way, GellmannandOkubo mass formula, Quarks and quark model, Confined
quarks, Experimental evidence,Colouredquarks. (17hours)
Text :Y.Neeman and Y.Kirsh: "The particle hunters' (CambridgeUniversityPress), Ch 6.1- 3, 3.4, 7.1-10,
8.1, 9.1-7)

Reference Books :

1. H.S.Hans :“Nuclear Physics – Experimental and theoretical” (New Age International,2001).

2. G.F.Knoll : “Radiation Detection and Measurement, (Fourth Edition, Wiley,2011)
3. G.D.Coughlan, J.E.Dodd and B.M.Gripalos “The ideas of particle physics –anintroduction for
scientists”, (CambridgePress)
4. David Griffiths – “Introduction to elementary particles” – Wiley(1989)
5. S.B.Patel : “An Introduction to Nuclear Physics” (New Age InternationalPublishers)
6. Samuel S.M.Wong: “Introductory Nuclear Physics” (PrenticeHall,India)
7.B.L.Cohen : “Concepts of Nuclear Physics” (Tata McGraw Hill)
8.E.Segre : “Nuclei and Particles” (Benjamin,1967)
9.K Muraleedhara Varier: “Nuclear Radiation Detection: Measurement and Analysis” (Narosa).

29
 FPHY3C11: SOLID STATE PHYSICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Crystal Structure andbinding:

Symmetry elements of a crystal, Types of space lattices, Miller indices, Diamond Structure, NaCI Structure,
BCC, FCC,HCP structures with examples, Description of X-ray diffraction using reciprocal lattice, Brillouin zones,
Vander Waals interaction, Cohesive energy of inert gas crystals, Madelung interaction, Cohesive energy of ionic crystals,
Covalent bonding, Metallic bonding, Hydrogen-bonded crystals (12 hours)

2. LatticeVibrations:
Vibrations of monatomic and diatomic lattices, Quantization of lattice vibrations, Inelastic scattering of
neutrons, Einstein and Debye models of specific heat, Thermal conductivity, Effect of imperfection (9hours)
3. Electron States and Semiconductors:
Free electron gas in three dimensions, Specific heat of metals, Sommerfeld theory of electrical conductivity,
Wiedemann-Franz law, Hall effect, Nearly free electron model and formation of energy bands, Bloch functions, Kronig
Penny model, Formation of energy gap at Brillouin zone boundaries, Number of orbitals in a band, Equation of motion of
electrons in energy bands, Properties of holes, Effective mass of carriers, Intrinsic carrier concentration, Hydrogenic
model of donor and acceptor states. Direct band gap and indirect band gap semiconductors (17 hours)
4. Dielectric, Ferroelectric and magneticproperties:
Theory of Dielectrics: polarization, Dielectric constant, Local Electric field, Dielectric polarisability, Polarisation from
Dipole orientation, Ferroelectric crystals, Order-disorder type of ferroelectrics, Properties of Ba Ti O3, Polarisation catastrophe,
Displasive type ferroelectrics, Landau theory of ferroelectric phase transitions, Ferroelectric domain, Antiferroelectricity,
Piezoelectricity, Applications of Piezoelectric Crystals,
Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism: Langevin’s theory of diamagnetism, Langevin’s theory of paramagnetism, theory of
Atomic magnetic moment, Hund‟s rule, Quantum theory of magnetic
Susceptibility Ferro, Anti and Ferri magnetism: Weiss theory of ferromagnetism, Ferromagnetic domains, Neel Model of
Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism, Spin waves, Magnons in Ferromagnets (qualitative) (22 hours)
5. Superconductivity:
Meissner effect, Type I and Type II superconductors, energy gap Isotope effect, London equation and penetration
of magnetic field, Cooper pairs and the B C S ground state (qualitative, Flux quantization, Single particle tunneling, DC
and AC Josepheson effects, High Tc Superconductors(qualitative) description of cuprates, Enough exercises. (12 hours)
Text books:
1. C.Kittel,: Introduction to Solid State Physics 5th edition (Wiley Eastern)
2. A.J.Dekker: Solid State Physics (Macmillian1958)
Reference Books:
1. M.Ali Omar, Elementary Solid State Physics, Addison-Wesley PublishingCompany
2. N.W. Ashcroft and Mermin : Solid State Physics (Brooks Cole(1976)
3. Elements of Solid State Physics, Srivastava J.P. Prentice Hall of India (2ndedn)
4. Ziman J.H. Principles of Theory of Solids - (Cambridge1964)
5. Harald Ibach and Hans Luth, Solid State Physics : An Introduction to Principles of Solid State Physics,
Springer(2009)

30
 ELECTIVE I:
(Elective-I to be opted from DPHY3E01T- DPHY3E06T)

FPHY3E01: PLASMA PHYSICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Introduction to Plasma Physics:

Existence of plasma, Definition of Plasma, Debye shielding 1D and 3D, Criteria for plasma, Applications of
Plasma Physics (in brief), Single Particle motions -Uniform E & B fields, Nonuniform B field, Non uniform E field,
Time varying E field, Adiabatic invariants and applications (15hours)
Text : Chen, Sections 1.1 to 1.7.7, 2.1 to 2.8.3
2. Plasma as Fluids and waves in plasmas:
Introduction –The set of fluid equations, Maxwell’s equations, Fluid drifts perpendicular to B, Fluid drifts
parallel to B, The plasma approximations, Waves in Plasma - Waves, Group velocity, Phase velocity, Plasma oscillations,
Electron Plasma Waves, Sound waves, Ion waves, Validity of Plasma approximations, Comparison of ion and electron
waves, Electrostatic electron oscillations parallel to B, Electrostatic ion waves perpendicular to B, The lower hybrid
frequency, Electromagnetic waves with B0, Cutoffs and Resonances, Electromagnetic waves parallel to B0,
Experimental consequences, Hydromagnetic waves, Magnetosonic waves, The CMA diagrams (20hours)
Text : Chen, Sections 3.1 to 3.6, 4.1 to 4.21
3. Equilibrium and stability:
Hydro magnetic equilibrium, The concept of b, Diffusion of magnetic field into plasma, Classification of
instability, Two stream instability, the gravitational instability, Resistive drift waves, the Weibel instability (13 hours)
Text : Chen, Sections 6.1 to6.8
4. Kinetic Theory :
The meaning of f(v), Equations of kinetic theory, Derivation of the fluid equations, Plasma oscillations and
Landau damping, the meaning of Landau damping, Physical derivation of Landau damping, Ion Landau damping, Kinetic
effects in a magnetic field (12 hours)
Text : Chen, Sections 7.1 to 7.6.2
5. Introduction to Controlled Fusion:
The problem of controlled fusion, Magnetic confinements such as Toruses, Mirrors, Pinches, Laser Fusion,
Plasma heating, Fusion Technology (12 hours)
Text : Chen, Sections 9.1 to 9.8

Textbook : .F. F. Chen, Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Volume I and II, Plenum Press, recent
edition.

References:
1. K.L. Goswami, Introduction to Plasma Physics – Central Book House,Calcutta

31
 FPHY3E02: ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Basic Concepts: (10Hours)

Reflections on the uncertainty principle, Complementarity principle, Information, Theory of quantum beats, The
Aharonov – Bohm effect.
Text: Sections 3.3, 3.4 and 4.1 to 4.5 of George Greenstein & Arthur G. Zajonc
2. The EPR Experiment AndBell’s Thorem: (15Hours)
The EPR argument, The BKS theorem, The hidden variable theories, The Bell‟s theorem and its proof, Tests of
Bell‟s inequalities, Alain Aspect‟s experiments.
Text : Sections 5.1 to5.3 and 6.1 of George Greenstein & Arthur G. Zajonc & 12.2 of David J Griffiths.
3. Nonlocality: (12Hours)
Bohm’s nonlocal hidden variable theory, The Mystery of the EPR correlations, Nonlocality and principle of
relativity, Quantum Nonlocality.
Text : Sections 6.2 to 6.5 & 6.7 of George Greenstein & Arthur G. Zajonc
4. Decoherence (17Hours)
Schrödinger’s cat, Super positions and mixtures, Non-observation of quantum behaviour in macro systems,
Decoherence, Watching decoherence
Text : Sections 7.1 to 7.6 of George Greenstein & Arthur G. Zajonc
5. The measurement problem in quantum mechanics: (18hours)
The measurement problem, The collapse of wave function, The infinite regress, The active nature of
measurement in quantum mechanics, Decoherence and measurement problem, Elementary ideas of quantum
cryptography and quantumteleportation
Text : Sections : Chapter 8 complete & 9.1 to 9.3 of George Greenstein & Arthur G. Zajonc
Textbook : The Quantum Challenge: Modern Researches on the foundations of Quantum Mechanics - George Greenstein
& Arthur G. Zajonc, Narosa
Reference books:
1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: David J Griffiths, PearsonEducation
2.Understanding Quantum Mechanics: Roland Omnes, Prentice-Hall,India
3. Quantum Theory and Measurement: J. A. Wheeler and W. H. Zurek, Princeton University Press,
Princeton
4. Quantum Mechanics: V. K. Thankappan, Wiley Eastern, 2ndEd.

For further reference:

Quantum Mechanics and Applications Video Prof. Ajoy Ghatak IIT Delhi
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/115102023/
Quantum Physics Video Prof. V. Balakrishnan, IIT Madras
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122106034

32
 FPHY3E03: RADIATION PHYSICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Radiation source:
Types of radiations, ionizing, non ionizing, electromagnetic, particles, neutral -gamma-neutrino-neutron,
charged alpha, beta, gamma, and heavy ion sources, radioactive sources – naturally occurring production of artificial
isotopes, accelerators–cyclotrons, nuclear reactors.(12 hours) {Ref 1,2}
2. Interaction of radiations with matter:
Electrons – classical theory of inelastic collisions with atomic electrons, energy loss per ion pair by primary and
secondary ionization, specific energy loss, bremsstrahlung, range energy relation, energy and range straggling Heavy
charged particles – stopping power, energy loss, range and range – energy relations, Bragg curve, specific ionization,
Gamma rays – Interaction mechanism – Photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, Pair production, gamma ray
attenuation, attenuation coefficients, Elastic and inelastic scattering, Cross sections, linear and mass absorption
coefficients, stopping power, LET,Neutrons – General properties, fast neutron interactions, slowing down and
moderation.(17 hours) Ref 1,2}
3. Radiation quantities, Units and Dosimeters:
Particle flux and fluence, calculation of energy flux and fluence, curie, Becquerel, exposure and its
measurements, absorbed dose and its relation to exposure, KERMA, Biological effectiveness, wighting factors, (WR and
WT), Equivalent dose, Effective dose, Dosimeters, Primary and secondary dosimeters, Pocket dosimeter, Films and solid
dosimeter (TLD and RPL), Clinical and calorimetric devices , Radiation survey meter for area monitoring. (15 hours)
{Ref 2,3}
4. Biological effects:
Basic concepts of cell biology, Effects of ionizing radiations at molecular, sub molecular and cellular levels,
secondary effects, free radicals, deterministic effects, stochastic effects,,, Effects on tissues and organs, genetic effects,
Mutation and chromosomal aberrations, applications in cancer therapy, food preservation, radiation and sterilization (12
hours) {Ref 3,4}
5. Radiation protection, shielding and transport:
Effective radiation protection, need to safeguard against continuing radiation exposure, justification and
responsibility, ALARA, concept of radiologic practice.time distance and shielding, safety specifications. method of
radiation control, Shielding factor for radiations, Choice of material, Primary and secondary radiations, Source geometry,
Beta shielding, Gamma shielding, neutron shielding, Shielding requirements for medical, industrial and research
facilities, handling of the source, sealing, transport and storage of sealed and unsealed sources. records, spills. waste
disposal, Enough exercises. (16 hours) {Ref3,4,5}

Reference Books :
1. G. F. .Knoll, Radiation detection and measurement, John Wiley & sons, Newyork,(2000)
2. K. Thayalan, Basic radiological physics, Jaypee brothers medical Publishers, New Delhi,(2003)
3. W.J. Meredith and J.B. Masse, Fundamental Physics of radiology, Varghese publishing house ,
Bombay(1992)
4. M.A.S. Sherer, P.J.Visconti, E.R Ritenour, Radiation Protection in medical radiography, Mosbey
Elsevier,(2006)
5. Lowenthal G.C and Airey P.L., Practical applications of radioactivity and nuclear radiation
sources, Cambridge University Press(2005)

33
 FPHY3E04: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (4C, 72 hrs)
1. Introduction:
Signals and systems, Classificationof signals, Concept of frequency in continuous time and discrete– time signals. Theory of
A/D and D/A conversion, Sampling of analog signals, sampling theorem. Quantization of continuous amplitude signals.
Quantization of sinusoidal signal, Coding of quantizedsamples- Digital to analog conversion (9hours)
Text : Digital Signal Processing by Proakis & Manolakis, Prentice Hall of India (Fourth edition -2013)– chapter 1
(complete)
2. Discrete- time signals andsystems:
Discrete- time linear time-invariant systems-Techniques of analysis of linear systems, Resolution of a discrete time signal
into impulses- Response of LTI systems to arbitrary inputs : Convolution sum-Properties of convolution and the
interconnection of LTI systems- Casual LTI systems Stability of LTI systems- Systems with finite duration and infinite
duration impulse, response. Discrete- time systems described by difference equations- Recursive and non-recursive discrete,
time systems LTI systems characterized by constant coefficient difference equations, Solution to linear constant coefficient
difference equations, correlation of discrete-time signals. (12 hours)
Text : Digital Signal Processing by Proakis & Manolakis, Prentice Hall of India (Fourth edition -2013)Chapter 2 (complete)
3. TheZ-transform:
The Direct Z-Transform, The Inverse Z-Transform.Properties of Z-transform, Rational Ztransforms, Poles and zeros,
Inversion of Z-transforms. The inverse Z-Transform by contour integration, Power series expansion, Partial fraction
expansion – Decomposition of rational Z-transform–Analysis of linear time-invariant systems in the Z-domain (15 hours)
Text : Digital Signal Processing by Proakis & Manolakis, Prentice Hall of India (Fourth edition -2013) (Section-3.6- 3.6.2)
4. Frequency Analysis of Signals andSystems:
Frequency analysis of continuous-time signals.- The Fourier Series for continuous Time Periodic signals, Power Density
Spectrum of Periodic Signals, The Fourier Transform of Continuous -Time Aperiodic Signals, Energy Density Spectrum of
Aperiodic Signals, Frequency analysis of discrete time signals-The Fourier Series for discrete time Periodic Signals, Power
Density Spectrum of Periodic Signals, Fourier transform for discrete time aperiodic signal, Convergence of the Fourier
Transform, Energy Density Spectrum of aperiodic signals, Relationship of the Fourier Transform to the Z Transform, The
Cepstrum. Properties of the Fourier Transform for Discrete Time Signals . LTI systems as Frequency selective filters: Ideal
filter characteristics, Lowpass, Highpass and Band pass filters, Digital resonators, Notch filters, Comb filters, All-pass
filters – Characteristics of practical frequency-selective filters, Design of linear- phase FIR filters using windows . (24
hours)
Text: Digital Signal Processing by Proakis & Manolakis, Prentice Hall of India (Fourth edition -2013) Chapter 4-sections
4.1,4.2 and 4.4, chapter 5 section 5.4, chapter10 sections 10.1.2, 10.2.2)
5. Discrete FourierTransform:
Frequency domain sampling and reconstruction of discrete time signals – The Discrete Fourier transform – DFT as a
linear transformation - Relationship of the DFT to the other transforms. Properties of DFT, Multiplication of two DFTs
and Circular convolution, Linear filtering methods based on DFT - Frequency analysis of signals using the DFT –
Discrete cosine transform - Computation of the Discrete Fourier Transform - Fast Fourier Transform algorithm (basic
ideas only) , Enough exercises.(12hours)
Text: Digital Signal Processing by Proakis & Manolakis, Prentice Hall of India (Fourth edition -2013) chapter 7
(complete), sections 8.1.1, 8.1.2

Textbook:
Digital Signal Processing by Proakis & Manolakis, Prentice Hall of India (Fourth edition -2013)

Reference Books:
1. Digital Signal Processing by Oppenheim & Schafer, Prentice Hall India–1995
2. Digital Signal Processing by Paulo S.R. Piniz, Eduardo A.B. De Silva and Sergio Netto – Cambridge
UniversityPress
3. Analog and digital signal processing by AshokAmbradar
4. Theory and Applications of Digital Signal Processing , Rabiner& Gold, Prentice Hall India -
1996.
For further reference:
Digital Signal Processing Video Prof. T.K. Basu IIT
Kharagpurhttp://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=10810505

34
 FPHY3E05: EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Vacuum Techniques : Units and basic definitions, Roughing pumps - Oil sealed rotary vacuum pump and Sorption
pump, High vacuum pumps – Turbo molecular pump, Diffusion pump, Oil vapour booster pump, Ion pumps - Sputter ion
pump and Getter ion pump, Cryo pump, Vacuum guages - Pirani gauge, Thermocouple gauge, penning guage (Cold cathode
Ionization guage) and Hot filament ionization gauge, Vacuum accessories – Diaphragm, Gate valve, Butterfly valve, Baffle
and isolation valves, magnetic valves, adjustable valves, air inlet valves, Traps - Liquid nitrogen trap, Sorption traps, and
gaskets and O rings (19hours)
Text : Muraleedhara Varier et al. “Advanced Experimental Techniques in Modern Physics”, Sections 1.4, 1.6 – 1.8, 1.9.2.3 –
1.9.2.5, 1.10.1, 1.10.6, 1.10.3

2. Thin film techniques : Introduction, Fabrication of thin films, Thermal evaporation in vacuum – Resistive heating,
Electron beam evaporation and laser evaporation techniques, Sputter deposition, Glow discharge, Thickness measurement
by quartz crystal monitor, optical interference method, electrical conductivity measurement, Thermo electric power,
Interference filters - Multi layer optical filters, Technological Applications of thin films. (14hours)
Text : Muraleedhara Varier, et al. “Advanced Experimental Techniques in Modern Physics” Sections 2.1, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.1.4,
2.2.1.5, 2.2.2, 2.3.2, 2.3.3, 2.3.1, 2.7, 2.6.1

4 Accelerator techniques : High voltage DC accelerators, Cascade generator, Van de Graaff accelerator, Tandem Van de
Graaff accelerator, Linear accelerator, Cyclotron, Synchrotron (Electron and proton), Ion sources – Ionization processes,
simple ion source, ion plasma source and RF ion source, Ion implantation – techniques and profiles, Ion beam sputtering–
principles and applications. (14 hours)
Text : Muraleedhara Varier, et al. “Advanced Experimental Techniques in Modern Physics”, Sections 4.3, 4.4, 4.5.1, 4.5.4,
4.5.5, 4.6, 4.8.1 – 4.8.3, 4.9

4. Materials Analysis by nuclear techniques: Introduction, Basic principles and requirements, General experimental setup,
mathematical basis and nuclear reaction kinematics, Rutherford backscattering – introduction, Theoretical background –
classical and quantum mechanical, experimental set up, energy loss and straggling and applications. Neutron activation
analysis – principles and experimental arrangement, applications, Proton induced X-ray Emission – principle and
experimental set up, applications to water samples, human hair samples and forensic samples, limitations ofPIXE.
(15 hours)

Text: Advanced Experimental Techniques in Modern Physics – K. Muraleedhara Varier, Antony Joseph and
P.P.Pradyumnan, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut (2006)

5. X- Ray Diffraction Technique :Introduction, Lattice planes and Bragg's Law, Diffractometer - Instrumentation, Single
crystal and Powder diffraction, Scherrer equation, Structure factor, Applications of XRD - Crystallinity, Unit Cell
Parameters, Phase transition studies, thin film studies, Awareness on Powder Diffraction File (PDF) of the International
Centre forDiffractionData. (10hours)

Text: Elements of Modern X-ray Physics, Jens Als Nielsen and Des McMorrow, (John Wiley and Sons 2000)

Reference books:

1. Scientific foundations of vacuum techniques – S. Dushman and J.M. Laffer, John Wiley New York(1962)
2. Thin film phenomena – K.L. Chopra, Mc Graw Hill(1983)
3. R. Sreenivasan – Approach to absolute zero - Resonance magazine Vol 1 no 12, (1996) , vol 2 nos 2, 6 and 10(1997)
4. R. Berry, P.M. Hall and M.T. Harris – Thin film technology – Van Nostrand(1968)
5. Dennis and Heppel – Vacuum systemdesign
6. Nuclear Micro analysis – V.Valkovic
7. B.D. Cullity, Elements of X-ray diffraction, Addison Wesley Inc(1978)
8. Useful link forXRD-http://pd.chem.ucl.ac.uk/pdnn/powintro/whatdiff.htm

35
 FPHY3E06: Elementary Astrophysics (4C, 72 hrs)

1. The Celestial Co-ordinate systems: Identification of stars- spherical coordinates - the Alt - azimuth system –
Local equatorial system – the universal equatorial system – aspects of sky at a given place - Other systems - Stellar parallax
and units of stellar distance. (14hours)

2. Stellar magnitude sequence: Absolute magnitude and distance modulus, Colour index of a star, Luminosities of
stars. Spectral classification of stars, Boltzmann’s formula, Saha's equation of thermal ionization, Harward system of
classification, Luminosity effect of stellar spectra, Importance of ionization theory, Spectroscopic parallax. (15hours)

3. Hertzsprung - Russel diagram. Structure and evolution of stars, Observational basis, Equation of state for stellar
interior, Mechanical and thermal equilibrium in stars, Energy transport in stellar interior, Energy generation in stars
(thermonuclear reactions), Stellar evolution, White dwarfs , Neutron stars, pulsars and black holes. (15hours)

4. Astronomical Instruments: Optical properties of telescopes - aberrations – Specialpurposetelescopes –

photometry, photographic & photo-electric - instruments and techniques – radio telescopes. (14hours)

5. Space Astronomy: Infrared Astronomy, detection and measurement–Ultra- violet astronomy, range
and importance – X-ray astronomy – Gammarayastronomy. (14hours)
Textbooks:
1. K. D. Abhyankar: “Astrophysics – stars and galaxies”, (Universities press)
Relevant sections from Chapters 2, 19 and20.
2. Baidyanath Basusu M :“An introduction to Astrophysics” (Prentice Hall of
India) Relevant sections of Chapters 3,4, 14 and15.

Reference books:
1. Gerald North: “Astronomy explained”, (Springer, 2011)

36
 SEMESTER IV

FPHY4B12: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Atomic Spectroscopy: (12hours)

Vector Atom model – L S coupling & J J coupling, effect of electric & magnetic field on atoms and molecules;
Zeeman effect, Paschen Back effect and stark effect
Text: Sections10.1to10.11, 12.1to12.10, 13.1 to13.9, 20.1to 20.8 –Introduction to atomic spectra by H E White

2. Microwave and Infrared spectroscopy: (17hours)

The spectrum of non rigid rotator, e.g. of HF, spectrum of symmetric top molecule e.g. of CH3Cl, Instrumentation
for Microwave Spectroscopy Stark Modulator, Information derived from Rotational Spectrum: I R Spectroscopy: Born –
Oppenheimer approximation, Effect of Breakdown of Born Oppenheimer approximation, Normal modes and vibration of
H2O and CO2. Instrumentation for I R Spectroscopy – Fourier transformation I R Spectroscopy
Text: Sections 6.6 ,6.7,6.8,6.9 6.11,6.13,6.14 7.1 to 7.71,7.12,7.15,7.16,7.17,7.18 Molecular structure and Spectroscopy
by G. Aruldhas

3. Raman Spectroscopy: (14hours)

Rotational Raman Spectrum of Symmetric top molecules, e.g.of CHCl3 Combined use of Raman & IR
Spectroscopy in structure determination e.g. of CO2 and NO3. Instrumentation for Raman Spectroscopy, Non-linear Raman
effects, Hyper Raman effect, stimulated Raman effectand Inverse RamanEffect
Text: Sections 8.32, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.10, 15.1, 15.215.3, 15.4 Molecular structure and Spectroscopy by G.Aruldhas

4. Electronic Spectroscopy of molecules: (12hours)

Vibrational Analysis of band systems, Deslander’s table, Progressions & sequences, Information Derived from
vibrational analysis, Franck Condon Principle. Rotational fine structure and P R and R Branches, fortrat Diagram,
Dissociation Energy, Example of Iodine molecule
Text: Sections 9.1 to9.9 Molecular structure and Spectroscopy by G .Aruldhas

5. Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: (17hours)

Interaction of nuclear spin and magnetic field, level population Larmour precession, Resonance Conditions, Bloch
equations, Relaxation times, Spin-spin and spin lattice relaxation. The chemical shift, Instrumentation for NMR
spectroscopy, Electron Spin Spectroscopy of the unpaired e, Total Hamiltonian, Fine structure, Electron Nucleus coupling,
and hyperfine spectrum ESR spectrometer. Mossbauer Spectroscopy, Resonance fluroscence of γ-rays, Recoilless emission
of γ-rays and Mossbauer effect, Chemical shift, effect of magnetic field. Eg.ofFe57 Experimental techniques, Enough
exercises.
Text: Sections 10.1 to 10.9, 11.1 to11.5.4, 13.1 to13.5 Molecular structure and Spectroscopy by G.Aruldas

Textbooks:
1. Molecular Structure & Spectroscopy GAruldas
2. C N Banwell & E.M. Mccash – Fundamentals of MolecularSpectroscopy
3. Atomic Spectroscopy –White
Reference books:
1. Straughan and Walker Spectroscopy Volume I, II andIII
2. G.M.Barrow – Introduction to MolecularSpectroscopy
3. H.H. Willard, Instrumental Methods of Analysis,7th Edition , CBS-Publishers, NewDelhi.
4. Atomic Spectroscopy –K P Rajappan Nair, MJP Publishers,Chennai
5. Elements of spectroscopy Gupta &Kumar –Pragati Prakasan,Meerut

37
 Elective -II
(Elective-II to be opted from DPHY4E07T- DPHY4E14T)

PHY4E07: ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Nuclear ShellModel:
Shell structure and magic numbers, The nuclear one particle potential, spin-orbit term, realistic one body
potentials, Nuclear volume parameter, single particle spectra of closed shell + 1 nuclei, Harmonic oscillator and infinite
square well potentials in 3- dimensions, coupling of spin and orbital angular momentum, magnetic dipole moment and
electric quadrupole moment, Schmidt diagram; Single particle orbitals in deformed nuclei, perturbation treatment,
asymptotic wave functions, single particle orbitals in an axially symmetric modified oscillator potential (18 Hours)
Text : “Shapes and Shells in Nuclear Structure”, S.G. Nilsson and I. Ragnarsson, Sections Chapter 5, 6, 7,
8.1-8.6
2. Nuclear collectivemodels:
Nuclear rotational motion- rotational energy spectrum and wave functions for eveneven and odd A nuclei -
Nuclear moments- collective vibrational excitations, Rotational Bands - The particle rotor model, strong coupling-
deformation alignment, Decoupled bands - rotational alignment; two particle excitations and back- bending; Fast nuclear
rotation- the cranking model; Rotating harmonic oscillator (12 Hours)
Texts :
1. “Nuclear Physics- Theory and Experiment”, R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam (Wiley Eastern)
Sections, 8.1 –8.5
2. “Shapes and Shells in Nuclear Structure”, S.G. Nilsson and I. Ragnarsson, Sections : 11,
11.1 – 11.3, 12, 12.1,12.2
3. NuclearReactions:
Reactions and Cross-sections, Resonances, Breit-Wigner formula for l = 0, Compound Nucleus formation,
continuum theory, statistical theory, evaporation probability, Heavy ion reactions (12 Hours)
Texts :
1. “Nuclear Physics- Theory and Experiment”, R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam (Wiley Eastern) Sections
6.1, 6.2, 6.4 –6.8
2. Kenneth Krane – “ Introductory Nuclear Physics”, (Wiley), Section11.13
4. NuclearFission:
The semi-empirical mass formula , The stability peninsula, nuclear fission and the liquid drop model, some
basic fission phenomena, fission barrier .Nuclear Fission- cross-section, spontaneous fission, Mass and energy
distribution of fragments, Statistical model of Fission (15Hours)
Text : “Nuclear Physics- Theory and Experiment”, R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam (Wiley Eastern) Sections, Chapter 5 full
5. ReactorPhysics:
Fick‟s law and its validity, Diffusion equation, diffusion length, Energy loss in elastic collision,
Lethargy, Fermi age equation- solutions and measurement of age, Fermi age theory of bare thermal reactors, criticality ,
one region finite thermal reactor, criticality condition for different geometries ( 15 Hours)
Text : “Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory”, B.R. Lamarsh ( Addisson- Wesley) Sections 5.1, - 5.7, 5.11, 6.1, 6.4, 6.9
– 6.14, 9.1 – 9.8
Reference Books :
1.“Introductory Nuclear Physics”, Samuel M. Wong ( Prentice Hall India 1996) Chapter7)
2. “Nuclear Physics – Experimental and theoretical” – H.S. Hans, New Age International(2001)
3. “Theory of nuclear structure” – M.K Pal, (East West Press PvtLtd)

38
 FPHY4E08: ADVANCED ASTROPHYSICS (4C, 72 hrs)
1. RadiativeProcess:
Theory of Black Body Radiation-Photoelectric Effect-Pressure of Radiation -Absorption and Emission
spectra - Doppler Effect - Zeeman Effect- Bremsstrahlung - Synchrotron Radiation - Scattering of Radiation -
Compton Effect - and Inverse Compton effect (10 Hours)
Text : Baidyanath Basu, Ch 2
2. Variablestars:
Classification of Variable stars – Cepheid variables – RV Tauri variables - Mira variables – Red Irregular
and Semi-regular variables – Beta Canis Majoris Variables–U Geminorum and Flare stars–Theory of Variable
stars. (10 hours)
Text : Baidyanath Basu, Ch. 8
3. Galaxies:
The Milkyway galaxy - Kinematics of the Milkyway – Morphology – Galactic Centre – Morphological
classification of galaxies – Effects of environment – Galaxy luminosity function – The local group – Surface
photometry of galaxies - ellipticals and disk galaxies – Globular cluster systems – Abnormal galaxies-Active
galactic nuclei. (24 Hours)
Text : Binney & Merrifield, Ch.4
4. GeneralRelativity:
General Considerations - Connection Between Gravity and Geometry - Metric Tensor and Gravity -
Particle Trajectories in Gravitational field - Physics in curved space-time – Curvature - Properties of Energy and
momentum Tensor - Scwarzchild Metric - Gravitational Collapse and BlackHoles – Gravitational Waves (16
Hours)
Text : Padmanabhan, Vol 2, Ch.11

5. Cosmology:
Cosmological Principle - Cosmic Standard Coordinates - Equivalent Coordinates – Robertson-Walker
Metric - The Red Shift - Measures of Distance - RedShift VersusDistance Relation - Steady State Cosmology (12
Hours)
Text : Narlikar, Sections 3.1-3.8
Reference Books :
1. Gravitation & Cosmology-Steven Weinberg- John Wiley (1972) ISBN:0-471-92567-5
2. Theoretical Astro Physics Vol 1 and 2- T. Padmanabhan- Cambridge University Press
(2000) ISBN: 0-521-56240-6,0-521-56241-4
3. Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei- Ajit K Kembhavi and Jayat V Narlikar-Cambridge
University Press (1999)ISBN:0-521-47477-9
4. The Physical Universe, AnIntroduction to Astronomy-F. Shu-Oxford University Press-
(1982) ISBN:0-19-855706-X
5. A Different Approach to Cosmology - Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey, Jayant V Narlikar
Cambridge University Press (2000)ISBN:0-521-66223-0
6. An Introduction to AstroPhysics - Baidyanath Basu- Prentice Hall India ( 1997)
ISBN:81-203-1121-3
7. Discovering the Cosmos-R.C. Bless - University Science Books (1996) - ISBN:0-
935702-67-9
8. Text Book of Astronomy and Astrophysics with Elements of Cosmology- V.B. Bhatia-
Narosa publications(2001)ISBN:81-7319-339-8
9. Modern Astrophysics - B.W. Carroll & D.A. Ostille - Addison Wesley (1996) ISBN:0-201-
54730-9
10. Galactic Astronomy – J. Binney & M. Merrifield, Princeton UniversityPress
11. Galactic Dynamics – J. Binney & S. Tremaine, Princeton UniversityPress
12. An Introduction to Cosmology, Third Edition- J. V. Narlikar, Cambridge University
Press (2002)

For further reference:

Astrophysics & Cosmology Video Prof. S. Bharadwaj IIT Kharagpur
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/115105046/

39
 FPHY4E09 : ASTROPHYSICS AND ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Introduction to Astronomy and astrophysics: Astronomy and astrophysics – importance, methods and
scope, Apparent luminosities of stars. Mass, lengthand time scales in astrophysics, the
emergence of modern astrophysics, celestial coordinates, magnitude scale, applications of physicsto
, sources of astronomical information (12 Hours)
Text : Astrophysics – stars and galaxies by K D Abhyankar : Chapter 1 and 3)
Text : Astrophysics for physicist by Arnab Rai Choudhari Chapter 1: 1.1-1.6)

2. Stellar Physics: Stellar observational data and determination of stellar parameters, main sequence, red
giants and white dwarfs, Stellar evolution, stellar rotation and magnetic fields, supernovae, Binary X-ray
sources-Accretiondisks (8Hours)
Text : Astrophysics for physicist by Arnab Rai Choudhari - Chapter 3: 3.5,3.6, Chapter 4 : 4.5,4.7,4.8 ,
Chapter 5 : 5.6
3. Galaxies: The Milkyway galaxy - of the Milkyway –Morphology –Galactic Centre –Morphological
classification of galaxies –Effects of environment –Galaxy luminosity function –The local group –Surface
photometry of galaxies -ellipticals and disk galaxies –Globular cluster systems –Abnormal galaxies-Active
galacticnuclei. (24Hours)
Text : Binney & Merrifield, Chapter 4.

4. X-ray astronomy : X-ray data reduction – event file, data, extracting analysis product and calibration
and analysis, X-ray data analysis – introduction, lowresolutionspectral analysis,imaging
analysis,timing analysis.
(12 Hours)
Text : Handbook of X-ray astronomy – Edited byKeithA Arnaud, Randal K Smith and Aneta
Siemiginowska - Chapter 4 : 4.1-4.4, Chapter 5 : 5.1, 5.2.1 - 5.2.4, 5.4,5.5

5. Infrared astronomy : Infrared sky- Introduction, Atmospheric transmission, Terrestrial background

radiation, Extraterrestrial background sources, South Pole sites, The sky as revealed by infrared
surveys, Balloon and airplane observatories, Satellite observatories, Infrared databases, Infrared
photometry - Infrared photometric bands, Standard star observations, Colors of normal stars, Absolute
calibration, IRAS photometry, Bolometric magnitudes, Stellar effective temperaturesPhotometry.
(16 Hours)
Text : Handbook of infrared astronomy by I S Glass – Chapter 2,3
Reference books :
1) Astrophysics – stars and galaxies by K D Abhyankar, University Press. (Firstedition)
2) Astrophysics for physicist by Arnab Rai Choudhari, Cambridge University Press.(First South Asian
edition)
3) Galactic Astronomy by James Binney & Merrifield, Princeton UniversityPress.(First edition)
4) Handbook of X-ray astronomy – Edited by Keith A Arnaud, Randal K Smith and Aneta
Siemiginowska, Cambridge University Press. (Firstedition)
5) Handbook of infrared astronomy by I S Glass, Cambridge University Press.(Firstedition)
6) Galactic Dynamics by James Binney and Scott Tremaine, PrincetonUniversityPress. (Secondedition)
7) The Physical Universe, AnIntroduction to Astronomy by Frank H Shu,OxfordUniversity Press.
(First edition)
8) The handbook of image processing by Richard Berry and James Bernel (Secondedition)
9) Galaxies in the Universe : an Intriduction by Linda S Sparke, John SGallagherIII, Cambridge
University Press. (Secondedition)
10) An Introduction to AstroPhysics Baidyanath Basu, Prentice Hall India Pvt.Ltd.(First edition)
11) An Introduction to Modern Stellar Astrophysics – Dale A. Ostlie, BardleyWCarroll, Addison-Wisely
(Secondedition)
12) Astronomy Today by Eric Chaisson and Steve McMillan, Addison-Wisely (8thEdition).

40
 FPHY4E10: ADVANCED STATISTICAL MECHANICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Thermodynamics of crystal lattice, the field of sound waves, phonons and second sound, The Debye model,
Debye temperature, specific heat of solid in the Debye model (12hours)
2. Non ideal systems, intermolecular interactions, Lennard Jones potential, Corrections to the ideal gas law, Van der
Waals equation, Short distance and long distance interaction, The plasma gas and ionic solutions, The Debye-
Huckel radius (14hours)
3. Phase transition, critical point, First order phase transition, Phase diagrams, The theory of Lang and Lee, A
dynamical model for phase transitions, Weiss theory of ferromagnetism, Second order phase transition,
Landau theory, Critical point exponents, Chemical equilibrium and chemical reactions (15hours)
4. Ising model as a macroscopic model of phase transition, Why the Ising model is very important? Relationship
betweeen lattice models, models of ferroelectrics and Ising model, The classical formulation of the problem,
Exact solutions, Drawbacks of the mean field approximation, The static fluctuation approximation as new
method for solving the Ising problem (17hours)
5. Fluctuations, fluctuations of macroscopic variables, Theory of random processes, Response and fluctuation,
Correlation functions, Spectral analysis of fluctuations: the Weiner-Khintchine theorem, The Nyquist
theorem, Applications of the Nyquist theorem (14hours)
Text Book : Patria : “Statistical Mechanics” (Butterworth-Heinemann,1996)
Reference Books:
1. Kerson Huang : “Statistical Mechanics” (second edition)(Wiley,1987)
2. B.K. Agarwal and Melvin Eisner :”StatisticalPhysics”
3. Guptha and Kumar : “StatisticalPhysics”
4. J.E. Meyer and M.G. Meyer, Statistical Mechanics, JohnWiley

41
 FPHY4E11: MATERIALS SCIENCE (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Crystal Imperfections- 8Hours

Point imperfections- The geometry of dislocations- Other properties of dislocations- Surface
imperfections
Text book: „ Materials Science and Engineering – A First Course‟ – IV th Edition- V.Raghavan
(Prentice-Hall of India- 1988) (Sections: 6.1 to 6.4)
2. Phase Diagrams &Diffusion In Solids - 14Hours
The phase rule- Single component system- Binary phase diagrams- The Lever rule- Some typical phase
diagrams and applications
Text book: „ Materials Science and Engineering – A First Course‟ – IV th Edition- V.Raghavan (Prentice-Hall
India- 1988) (Sections: 7.1 to 7.7)
Fick‟s law and solutions- Applications based on the second law solution- The Kirkendall effect- The atomic
model of diffusion- Other diffusion processes
Text book: „ Materials Science and Engineering – A First Course‟ – IV th Edition- V.Raghavan (Prentice-Hall of
India- 1988) (Sections: 8.1 to 8.6)
3. Plastic Deformation AndFracture Of Materials-12Hours.
The tensile stress- Strain curve- Plastic deformation by slip- Shear strength of perfect and real crystals-The
stress to move a dislocation- Dislocation multiplication-Work hardening- The effect of grain size and precipitate
particles on dislocation motion- Mechanism of creep.
Text book: „ Materials Science and Engineering – A First Course‟ – IV th Edition- V.Raghavan (Prentice-Hall
India- 1988) (Sections: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.6,11.7, 11.8, 11.10 & 11.11 )
Ductile fracture- Brittle fracture- Fatigue fracture- Methods of protection against fracture.
Text book: „ Materials Science and Engineering – A First Course‟ – IV th Edition- V.Raghavan (Prentice-Hall of
India- 1988) (Sections: 12.1, 12.2, 12.5 & 12.6
4. Engineering Materials- 26Hours
Giant molecules-Linear polymers- Three dimensional polymers-Deformation of plastics-Electrical behavior
of polymers-Stability of polymers
Text book : „Elements of Materials Science‟ –IIIrd Edition – Lawrence H. Van Vlack ( Addison- Wesley
Publishing Company Inc.1964.) ( Sections : 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6 & 7.7)
Ceramic phases- Silicate structures- Glasses- Electromagnetic behavior of ceramics- Mechanical behavior of
ceramic materials.
Text book : „Elements of Materials Science‟ – IIIrd Edition – Lawrence H. Van Vlack ( Addison- Wesley
Publishing Company Inc. 1964. ) ( Sections : 8.1, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7 & 8.8) -18 Hours

Growth techniques of nanomaterials- Top-down Vs.Bottom-up technique-Lithographic process and its

limitations- Nonlithographic techniques-Plasma arc discharge-Sputtering- Evaporation-Thermal evaporation- e-
beam evaporation – Chemical vapor deposition- Molecular beam epitaxy-Other processes.
Text book : „ Introduction to Nanoscience &Technology ‟- K.K.Chathopadhyay, A.N.Banerjee ( Prentice-Hall of
India -2011.) ( Sections 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.4.1, 6.4.2,6.4.3, 6.4.3.1, 6.4.3.2, 6.4.4, 6.4.6 & 6.4.9.)
- 8 Hours
5. Characterization Of Nanomaterials- 12Hours
Characterization tools of Nanomaterials-Scanning probe microscopy- Tunnelling current- Local barrier
height-Applications of STM- AFM- Scanned –Proximity probe microscopes-Laser beam deflection-AFM
cantilevers-piezoceramics-feedback loop-Alternative imaging modes-AFM and biology-Electron microscopy-
Resolution vs. magnification-Scanning Electron microscope-SEM techniques-Electron gun-Specimen interactions-
Environmental SEM- Transmission electron microscopy-Buckminsterfullerene-Carbon nanotube.
Text book : „ Introduction to Nanoscience & Technology ‟- K.K.Chathopadhyay, A.N.Banerjee ( Prentice-Hall of
India -2011.) ( Sections 7.1.2, 7.1.3.1, 7.1.3.2, 7.1.3.5, 7.2.1,7.2.2, 7.2.3, 7.2.4, 7.2.5, 7.2.6, 7.2.7, 7.3.1, 7.3.2,
7.3.3, 7.3.4, 7.3.5, 7.3.6, 7.3.7, 7.4, 8.2.1 & 8.2.2)
References:
1. „Solid State Physics‟- A.J.Dekker (MacMillan India Ltd.-1958)
2. „Principles of the Solid State‟- H. V.Keer ( Wiley Eastern –1993)
3. „Solid State Physics: Structure and Properties of Materials‟- M.A.Wahab ( Narosa-2007).
4. „Materials Science and Processes‟ – S.K. Hajra Choudhury ( Indian Book PublishingCo.-2009)
5. „Nanotechnology ‟- Richard Booker, Earl Boysen (Wiley Publishing Inc. 2005).

42
 FPHY4E12: ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Electronic Instrumentation for measuring basicparameters:

Electronic DC voltmeters, DC voltmeter circuit with FET, amplified voltage and current meter, chopper
stabilized amplifier, electronic AC voltmeters (average responding, peak responding and true rms responding
types), electronic multimeters , differential voltmeters –digital voltmeters (ramp and staircase type), RF
millivoltmeter, Q meter (basic circuit and measurement methods, sources of error), bolometer and RF power
measurement (14hours)
2. Signal generators andOscilloscopes:
Standard signal generator, laboratory signal generator, AF sine wave and square wave generator,
function generator and pulse generator, Block diagram of general purpose CRO, CRT circuits , vertical deflection
system , delay line, multiple trace, horizontal deflection system, oscilloscope probes and transducers,
oscilloscope technique, storage oscilloscopes,samplingoscilloscopes. (17hours)
3. Fibre optic measurements andTransducers:
Sources and detectors, fibre optic power measurement, stabilized light sources, optical time domain
reflectometer, Classification of transducers – strain gauges – displacement transducers – temperature
measurements – photosensitive devices - Radiation detectors – solid state and scintillation detectors – neutron
detectors, ECG and EEG (brain imaging – X ray, CT, MRI andnuclearimaging) (18hours)
4. Computer controlled testsystems:
Testing an audio amplifier – testing a radio receiver – instruments used in computer controlled
instrumentation – IEEE 488 electrical interface – digital control – signal timing in a microprocessor based
measurement. (11hours)
5. Power control:SCR
Control of current in rectifiers with an inductive load – triggering control by phase shifting – saturable
reactor control – combined d.c. and phase control – on off pulse control of the SCR – SCR supply for d.c. motor
– speed regulation by armature voltage and current control -–armature current limiting control of low torque a.c.
motors (12hours)
Books:
1. ModernElectronicinstrumentationandmeasurementtechnique–AlbertDHelfrickand
William D Cooper (Tata Mc Graw Hill) for modules 1, 3, 4 and second part of2
2. Electronic Instrumentation – Second edition – H.S. Kalsi (Tata Mc Graw Hill) for
modules 1 and first part of module2
3. Principles of Medical electronics and bio medical instrumentation – C Rajarao and S.K.
Gupta (Universities Press) forTransducers
4. Bio Instrumentation – John G Webster (Wiley student edition) – for Transducers
5. “Introduction to Experimental Nuclear Physics”, Singru,R.M., (Wiley Eastern, 1972). for
transducers
6. “Engineering Electronics”, 2nd Edition,Ryder, J.D., (McGraw Hill, 1967). for module5

43
 FPHY4E13: LASER SYSTEMS, OPTICAL FIBRES AND APPLICATIONS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Basic Laser theory: Einstein coefficients, Light amplification, The threshold condition, Line broadening
mechanisms, Laser rate equations, Theory of Q-switched and Modelocked lasers, Cavity modes, stable and
unstable resonators, Analysis of opticalresonators. (18hours)
2. Various laser systems: Ruby, Nd:YAG, Argon ion, He-Ne, CO2 laser, Fiber Laser, Semionductor Lasers,
Optical parametric Oscillator – Working principle and energyleveldiagrams. (12hours)
3. Nonlinear optics: Nonlinear polarization, Second and third Harmonic generation, Symmetry requirement
for second Harmonic generation, Nonlinear refractive index, Multi photon absorption, Nonlinear materials,
Four wave mixing andZ-scanTechnique (14hours)
4. Laser Applications: Spatial frequency filtering, Holograpy, Industrial application of lasers, Lasers in
medicine, Isotope separation, laser induced chemical reactions, Laser induced fusion (13hours)
5. Optical Fibers: Introduction, What are optical fibers, Importance, propagation of light in optical fibers,
Basic structure, Acceptance angle, Numerical aperture, Stepped index monomode fibers, disadvantages,
Graded index monomode fibers, Optical fibers as cylindrical waveguides, Scalar wave equation and the
modes of a fiber, Modal analysis for a step index fiber, Singlemodefibers. (15 hours)
Textbooks:
1. K.Thyagarajan and Ajoy Ghatak : “LASERS :Fundamentals and Applications” (2nd Edition,Springer,
2010)
2. William T Silfvast :” Laser fundamentals” (2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press,2004))
3. B.B Laud : “Lasers and Nonlinear Optics” (3rd Edition, New age international Publishers,2011)
4. Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan “Optical Electronics” (Cambridge University Press,1989)

5. John. M.Senior : “Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice” (3rd Edition, Pearson
Education India,2009)

Reference books
1. Subirkumar Sarkar :”Optical Fiber and Fiber Optic Communication Systems” (S. Chand &Co.)
2. Ajoy Ghatak and K.Thayagarajan : Introduction to Fiber Optics” (Cambridge University Press,1998)

44
 FPHY4E14: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Amplitude and anglemodulation:

Amplitude modulation – Amplitude modulation and demodulation circuits – single side band generation
and detection – SSB balanced modulator – Comparison of signal to noise ratios – Frequency modulation - Phase
modulation – Angle modulation circuits – Detection of FM signals –Foster–Seeley discriminator – Ratio detector
– Noise in FM (12hours)
2. Pulse modulation and digitalcommunication:
Elements of information theory – Pulse transmission – Pulse amplitude modulation – Pulse time
modulation – Pulse code modulation – Coding – Codes – Error detector and correction codes – Digital carrier
systems – Teleprinter and telegraph circuits (12 hours)
3. Communication systems:
Receivers – Superheterodyne receiver – AM receivers – Automatic gain control –Communications
receivers – FM receivers – Single and independent side band receivers. Transmitters –Telegraph transmitters
– AM transmitters – FM transmitters – Television transmitters HF radio systems –VHF/UHF systems –
Microwave systems – Satellite communications (15hours)
4. Signals andSystems:
Classifications of signals, concept of frequency in continuous - time and discrete –time signals. Theory
of A/D and D/A conversion, Sampling of Analog signals, sampling Theorem. Quantization of continuous
amplitude signal, Coding of quantized samples, Discrete time linear time invariant systems - Techniques of
analysis of linear systems, Resolution of a discrete time signal into impulses- Response of LTI systems to
arbitrary inputs :Convolution sum- properties of convolution and the interconnection of LTI systems-Casual LTI
systems – Stability of LTI systems. (15hours)
5. Radiation andantennas:
Potential functions and the EM field – Radiation from an oscillating dipole –Power radiated by a current
element – Radiation resistance of a short dipole – Radiation from a quarter wave monopole - Directivity – Gain
and effective aperture - Antenna arrays – Two element, linear and binomial – Frequency independent antennae –
Log periodic antennae – Yagi antennae. Propagation of radio waves - Ground waves, Sky wave propagation,
Space waves, Tropospheric scatter propagation, Extra terrestrial communication. Ionosphere –Reflection and
refraction of waves by the ionosphere – Attenuation, Enough exercises. (18hours)
Text and Reference books:
1. “Electronic Communications”, Roddy and Coolen, J., (PHI, 1986). Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 18, 19
2. “Electronic Communication Systems”, 4th Edition, Kennedy, G. and Davis, B. (McGraw
Hill, 1992). Chapter6,8.
3. “Electromagnetic waves and Radiating Systems”, Jordan E.C. and Balmain, K.G. (PHI,
1979). Chapters10,11,15,17.
4. “Digital Signal Processing” by Proakis and Manolakis, Prentice Hall of India(1997)

45
 ELECTIVE -III

(Elective-III to be opted fromDPHY4E15T- DPHY4E20T)

FPHY4E15: QUANTUM FIELD THEORY (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Classical Field Theory:

Harmonicoscillator,Thelinearchain-classicaltreatment,thelinearchain–quantumtreatment, classical field
theory, Hamiltonian formalism, Functional derivatives , Canonical quantization of nonrelativistic fields,
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian for the Schroedinger field, Quantization of fermions and bosons, Normalization of
Fockstates (14hours)
Textbook : “Field Quantization” Greiner and Reinhardt (Spinger-Verlag -1996), Sections 1.3 – 1.5, 2.2,2.3,
3.1 – 3.3, Exercise 3.1
2. Canonical quantization of Klein Gordon and photon fields:
The neutral Klein – Gordon field Commutation relation for creation and annihilation operators, Charged
Klein – Gordon field, Invariant commutation relations, Scalar Feyman propagator, Canonical quantization of
photon field - Maxwells equations, Larangian density for the Maxwell field, Electromagnetic field in the Lorentz
gauge, Canonical quantization of the Lorentz gauge – Gupta-Bleuler method, Canonical quantization in the
Coulombgauge (20hours)
Textbook : “Field Quantization” Greiner and Reinhardt (Spinger-Verlag -1996), Sections 4.1, 4.2, 4.4,4.5,
7.1 – 7.4, 7.7
3. Canonical quantization of spin ½ fields:
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian densities for the Dirac field, Canonical quantization of the Dirac field,
Plane wave expansion of the field operator, Feyman propagator for theDirac field (12hours)
Textbook : “Field Quantization” Greiner and Reinhardt (Spinger-Verlag -1996), Sections 5.1 – 5.4 4.
Interacting quantum fields and Quantum Electrodynamics :
The interaction picture, Time evolution operator, Scattering matrix, Wick‟s theorem, Feynman rules for
QED, Moller scattering andComptonscattering (12hours)
Textbook : “Field Quantization” Greiner and Reinhardt (Spinger-Verlag -1996), Sections 8.2 – 8.6, Example 8.4
5. The path integral method:
Path integrals in non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics, Feynman path integral, Multidimensional path
integral, Time ordered product and n-point functions, Path integrals for scalar quantum fields, The Euclidian field
theory, The Feynman propagator, Generating functional and Green‟s function, Generating functional for
interacting fields,Enoughexercises. (14hours)
Textbook : “Field Quantization” Greiner and Reinhardt (Spinger-Verlag -1996), Sections 11.2 – 11.5, 12.1
– 12.5
References :
1. “Quantum Field theory”, Lewis H. Ryder (Cambridge University Press-1995)
2. “Field Theory – Amodern primer” – Pierre Ramond (Bengamin – 1996)
3. “Quantum Field theory”, Itzyskon and Zuber (McGraw Hill –1989)
4. “Quantum Field theory”, Karson Huang(Wiley)

46
 FPHY4E16: CHAOS AND NONLINEAR PHYSICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. The Dynamics of Differential Equations:

Integration of linear second order equations by quadrature, The damped oscillator, Integration of
nonlinear second order equation, Jacobi elliptic functions, Weierstrass elliptic functions, Periodic structure of
elliptic functions, The pendulum equation, Phase portrait of the pendulum, Phase portraits for conservative
systems, Linear stability analysis, Linear stability matrix, Classification of fixed points, Examples of fixed point
analysis, Limit cycle, Time dependent integrals, Non autonomous systems, The driven oscillator, Remarks on
integration of differential equations, Elliptic functions .(Chap 1, Tabor) (16 hours)
2. Hamiltonian Dynamics:
Lagrangian formulation of mechanics, Lagrangian function and Hamilton's principle, Properties of the
Lagrangian and generalized momentum, Hamiltonian formulation of mechanics, Hamilton's equations, Canonical
transformations, The preservation of phase volume, The optimal transformation, Generating function, Hamilton
Jacobi equation for one degree of freedom, Action angle variable for one degree of freedom, Integrable
Hamiltonians, Separable systems, Properties of integrable systems, Examples of integrable systems, Motion on
the tori, Fundamental issues, KAM theorem (Chap 2 and sec 3.4, Tabor) (15hours)
3. Chaos in Hamiltonian systems and area preserving mappings:
Surface of section, Surface of section for two degrees of freedom Hamiltonians, The Henon Heiles
Hamiltonian, The Toda lattice, Surface of section as a symplectic mapping, Twist maps, Mapping on the plane,
Connection between area preserving maps and Hamiltonians, The standard maps, The tangent map, Classification
of fixed points, Poincare Birkhoff fixed point theorem, Homoclinic and heteroclinic points, The intersection of
H+ and H- whorls and tendrils, Criteria for local chaos, Lyapunov exponents, Power spectra, Criteria for onset of
widespread chaos, Method of overlapping resonances, Greene's method, Statistical concepts in strongly chaotic
systems, Ergodicity, Mixing, The Baker's transformation and Bernoulli systems, Heirarchies of randomness,
Hamiltonian chaos in liquids, Fluid mechanical background, The model system, Experimental results (Sec 4.1 to
4.8, Tabor) (16hours)
4. Dynamics of dissipative systems:
Dissipative systems and turbulence, The Navier Stokes equations, The concept of turbulence-a
Hamiltonian degression, Experimental observations on the onset of turbulence, Couette flow, Rayleigh-Benard
convection, Landau-Hopf theory, Hopf bifurcation theory, Ruelle-Takens theory, Other scenarios, Fractals,
Mathematical model of strange attractors, Lorentz systems, Variations on Lorentz model, The Henon map, Period
doubling bifurcations - Period doubling mechanism - Bifurcation diagram - Behaviour beyond 1µ - Other
universality classes (Sec. 5.1 to 5.5, Tabor) (15 hours)
5. Solitons :
Historical background, Russel's observations, The F U P experiment, Discovery of the soliton, Basic
properties of KdV equations, Effects of nonlinearity and dispersion, The traveling wave solution, Enough
exercises. (Sec 7.1 and 7.2, Tabor) (10 hours)
Text Book:
1. “Chaos and Integrability in Nonlinear Dynamics”, M.Tabor (Wiley, New York)
References:
1. “Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics-An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers”,
R.Hilborn (Oxford UniversityPress)
2. “Deterministic Chaos -An Introduction”, H.G. Schuster (Wiley, NewYork)
3. “Chaos in Dynamical Systems”, E. Ott (Cambridge UniversityPress)
4. “Chaotic Dynamics-An Introduction”, G.Baker and J. Gollub (Cambridge University
Press)
5. “An Introduction to Chaotic Dynamical Systems”, R.L.Devaney(Benjamin-Cummings,
CA)
6. “Deterministic Chaos – Complex chance out of simple necessity”, N.Kumar , Universities Press
(1996)
7. “Nonlinear dynamics – Integrability, Chaos and Patterns”, Muthusamy Laxmanan and
Shanmuganathan Rajasekar (Springer Verlag,2001)

47
 FPHY4E17: ADVANCED CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Elementary Excitations inSolids

Interacting electron gas - Hartree Fock approximation; Plasmons and electron plasmon interactions;
Linhard equation for dielectric constant of electron gas; Electron Hole interactions-excitons; Block and Wannier
representations, Frenkel excitons, Ion-ion interactions,-classical equations of motion- Energy in lattice
vibrations;Phonon dispersion relations-density of states Spin-spin interactions-magnons. (18 hours)
Text: Introduction to solid state theory O Madlung Springer Ny1978
2. Alloyingphenomenon:
Physicsofalloyformation-Phasediagramsandalloyformation-Ternarygroupsandquaternarygroups- band
structure calculation of alloys superstructures-quantum well structures- super lattices (11hours)
Text: Semiconductor physics and Devices: S S Islam, Oxford

3. Defects in solids and strength ofmaterials:

Diffusion in solids, Vacancies, dislocations and mechanical strengths, ionic conductivity etching, photo
graphic processes, radiation damage in solids, Fracture, Ductile and brittle fractures, Fracture mechanics,
Fatigue, Crack initiation and propagation, Creep, Generalized creep behaviour, Stress and temperature effects.
(14hours)
Text: Elementary solid state physics, Ali Omar; Pearson and Mechanical properties of matter: AH Cortell, Wiley
NY.
4. Nano scale science andtechnology
Nano materials and Quantum mechanics- quantum dots-Three dimensional Systems(bulk materials)-two
dimensional systems(films)-one dimensional systems( quantum wires)-Zero dimensional systems(quantum dots)-
Energy levels of quantum dots- nano wires and nano tubessynthesis and applications (16 hours).
Text: Nano technology- Principles and fundamentals: Ed G nter ũ Schmid, Wiley
5. Thin Film Technology andApplications
Thin film Growth process- Nucleation & film growth- Semiconducting thin films-Vapour deposition
techniques- Solution deposition techniques- Optoelectronic applications of thin films- Micro electronic
applications, Enough exercises. (13 hours).
Texts: Thin film devises and applications: Chpora & I Kaur, Plenum Press Thin
Film Fundamentals: A Goswami New Age Publishers
Text and Reference books:
1. Solid State Physics: Structure and Properties of Materials by A. M. Wahab (Narosa
Publishing House, India) 2nd Edition2005
2. Elements of Solid State Physics (second Edition) by J. P. Srivatsava (Printice Hall of
India)2001
3. Introductory Solid State physics by H. P. Myers (Taylor & Francis Ltd, London) 2nd
Edition1998
4. Solid State Physics by Ashcroft & Mermin 1st edition2003
5. Solid State Physics by C. M. Kachhava (Tata McGraw-Hill) 1st Edition1996
6. Solid State Physics by C. Kittel (Wiley, 7th Edition)2004

48
 FPHY4E18: MODERN OPTICS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Light Propagation and Vectorial Nature:

Electromagnetic wave propagation, Harmonic waves, phase velocity, group velocity, Energy flow
Poynting vector. Different polarizations – Matrix representations – Jone’s calculus. Ray vectors and ray matrices,
Gaussian beams in homogeneous media, ABCD law. (13 hours)
2. Coherence:
Principle of superposition – Theory of partial coherence and visibility of fringes - coherence time and
coherence length – Physical origin of line width. Spatial coherence, Hanburry-Brown-Twiss experiment.Basic
idea of Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. (13hours)
3. Interference with multiple beams:
Interference with multiple beams – Fabry-Perot interferometer –Resolving power, applications. Theory
of multilayer films.( 9 hours)
4. Diffraction :
Kirchoff‟s theorem, Fresnel-Kirchoff formula, Babinet‟s principle, Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction,
Fraunhoffer diffraction patterns of single slit, double slit and circular aperture, theory of diffraction grating.
Fresnel diffraction pattern – zone plate, Rectangular aperture, Fresnel integrals, Corn spiral. Applications of
Fourier transforms to diffraction. Aperture function, Apodization, Spatial filtering, phase contrast and phase
gratings, wave form reconstruction by diffraction holography. (17 hours)
5. Optics of Solids:
Microscopic fields and Maxwell‟s equations.Propagation of light in isotropic dielectric
media.Dispersion-Sellmier‟s formula. Propagation of light in anisotropic media – double refraction, phase
velocity surface, polarizing prisms. Optical activity, Faraday rotation in solids, Kerr effect and Pockel‟s effect
(basic ideas only). Elements of nonlinear optics, Physical origin of nonlinearity.Second harmonic generation.
Phase matching conditions. Applications of second harmonic generation, Enough exercises. (20 hours)
Textbooks :
1. G.R. Fowles, Introduction to Modern Optics (Dover Publishers) ISBN:0486659577
2. A. Yariv, Optical Electronics (1985)
References:
1. S.G. Lupson, H.L. Upaon and D.S. Tannhauser, Optical Physics (Cambridge University
Press)
2. A.N. Matvev, Optics (MIRPublishers)
3. Hecht, Optics (AddisonWealey)
4. Ajov-Ghatak, Optics (Tata Mc GrawHill)

49
 FPHY4E19: PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS (4C, 72 hrs)

1. Band structural aspects:

Effects of temperature and electric field on band structure, Frank-Keldysh effect, Localized states of
impurities : theoretical models and experimental probes (Capacitive and spectroscopic techniques), optical
properties : allowed and forbidden, and phonon assisted transitions and their spectral shapes, Burstein Moss
effect, excitons : free and bound excitons. ( 14 hours)
2. Statistical thermodynamics of carriers :
Fermi level in intrinsic and doped materials, Non stoichiometric semiconductors, role of structural
defects, Heavy doping and degeneracy, electrical conductivity, Hall effect – two band model, mobility of carriers,
Mechanisms of scattering, measurements of mobility, recombination process, Boltzmann equation for electron
transport, equilibrium and non equilibrium processes, effective mass and its measurement, Thermoelectric power,
magneto resistivity. ( 17 hours)
3. Metal-semiconductor contacts:
Schottky barrier, P-N junctions, theory of carrier transport in p-n junctions, characteristics of practical
junctions and deviations from ideality, capacitance effects, space charge and diffusion capacitance, impurity
profiling through capacitance measurements, tunnel diode and applications (14 hours)
4. Photoconductivity:
Role of traps and recombination, photo voltaic devices for solar cells and radiation detection,
luminescence, light emitting diodes and laser action in p-n junction diodes (10 hours)
5. Surface states:
Band bending and effect on bulk properties, Thin film structures, low dimensional semiconductors,
Quantum wells, multiple quantum well structures, quantum dot structures, methods of preparation, special
characteristics and devices based on quantum wells, Quantum Hall effect, high electron mobility transistor ,
Enough exercises. (17 hours)
References :
1. R.A Smith – Semiconductors, Academic Publishers, Calcutta(1989)
2. A.B. Lev – Semiconductors and electron devices, Prentice Hall(1987)
3. M. Shur – Physics of Semiconductor devices, Prentice Hall(1990)
4. S.M. Sze – Physics of Semiconductor devices, Wiley Eastern (1991)
5. W. Schockley – Electrons and Holes in semiconductors, D. Van Nostrand(1950)
6. W.C. Dunlop – An introduction to semiconductors, Wiley(1957)

50
 FPHY4E20: MICROPROCESSORS, MICROCONTROLLERS AND APPLICATIONS

(4C, 72 hrs)

1. Microprocessor and Assembly language programming:

Microprocessor as CPU, Internal architecture of Intel 8085, Instruction set, Addressing modes, Examples
of Assembly language programming, Addition and subtraction of 2 byte numbers, multiplication and
division of 1 byte numbers, Sorting of 1bytenumbers (12 hrs)
Text: 1. Introduction to Microprocessors–A.P. Mathur (Tata-McGrawHill).
2. Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Micro Computers”– B. Ram- DhanapatiRai

2 Microprocessor timings; Interfacing memory and I/O devices:

Instruction cycles, machine cycles and timing diagram, address space partitioning, generation of control
signals for memory and I/O device interfacing, memory interfacing, I/O device interfacing, Address
decodingusing74LS138 (10hrs)
Text: 1. “Introduction to Microprocessors” –A.P. Mathur (Tata-McGraw Hill).
2 Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Micro Computers”– B. Ram- Dhanapati Rai

3 Peripheral devices and interfacing:

Programmable Peripheral Interface- Intel 8255, Programmable Interval Timer- Intel 8253, Programmable
DMA controller- Intel 8257, Programmable Interrupt controller- Intel 8259. ADC interfacing - General idea
with block diagram, 7 segment LED display interfacing – General idea of displayanddriver (16 hrs)
Text 1. Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Micro Computers– B. Ram – DhanapatiRai
2. Introduction to Microprocessors –A.P. Mathur (Tata-McGrawHill).
3. Microprocessors – Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085 - R.S.Gaonkar (Wiley
Eastern)

4 Microcontrollers and Programming:

Microcontroller vs microprocessor, microcontrollers in embedded systems. Overview of AVR family of
microcontrollers, simplified block diagram of AVR microcontroller, General idea of ROM, RAM,
EEPROM, I/O pins and peripherals in microcontroller.
AVR architecture and Assembly level programming – General purpose registers, Data memory and
instructions, status register and instructions, branch instructions, call and time delay loops; Assembler
directives, sample programs.
Text : (Relevant sections from chapters 1,2 and 3: Textbook 4)
Arithmetic and logical instructions –sampleprograms. (16 hrs)
Text : (Relevant sections from chapters 5: The Book4)

5. AVR Programming:
I/O programming, I/O port pins and functions, features of ports A, B, C and D, dual role of Ports, sample
programs. I/O ports and bit addressability.
Text : (Relevant sections from chapter 4: Book 4)
AVR programming in C:
C language data types for AVR, C programs for arithmetic, logic time delay andI/O operations. (18 hrs)

Text : (Relevant sections from chapter 7: Book4)

Textbooks:
6. 1. Introduction to Microprocessors–A.P. Mathur (Tata-McGrawHill).
2. Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Micro Computers”– B. Ram- Dhanapati Rai
3.Microprocessors – Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085 - R.S.Gaonkar (Wiley
Eastern)
4. The AVR microcontroller and embedded systems – using Assembly and C.
Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Sarmad Naimi, Sepehr Naimi, Prentice Hall -Pearson
Ref: 1. Programming and customizing the AVR microcontroller: Dhananjay V Gadre.
2. Embedded C programming and the Atmel AVR: Barnett, Cox,O’Cull.
Practical for Semesters III & IV
51
 a) FPHY3L05&FPHY4L06 (MODERNPHYSICS)

External Practical Exam for a) FPHY3L05&FPHY4L06 together will be conducted at

the end of 4th semester.
At least 10 experiments are to be done from Part A and 2 each from the elective paper as
listed in Part B. If no practicals have been given for a particular elective papers, two more
experiments from Part A should be done. It may be noted that some experiments are given
both in Part A and B – of course such experiments can be done only once: either as included
in part A or in part B. Internal evaluation to be done in each semester and final grades to be
intimated to the controller at the end of 2nd and 4th semesters. One mark is to be deducted
from internal marks for each experiment not done by the student if the required total number
of experiments arenot done in the semesters. The PHOENIX/EXPEYES Experimental Kit
developed at the Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, may be used for experiments
wherever possible.

PART A
1. G.M. Counter plateau and statistics of counting - To obtain the plateau, operating voltage and to verify the
distribution law satisfied by the radioactivedecay
2. Absorption coefficient for beta & gamma rays -To determine the absorption coefficient of the given
materials using a G. M.Counter
3. Feather analysis – End point energy - To determine the end point energy of the beta particles from a given
source using Featheranalysis
4. Scintillation counter - To calibrate the given gamma ray (scintillation) spectrometer using standard gamma
sources and to determine the energy of an unknown gamma raysource
5. Compton scattering - To verify the theoretical expression for the energy of the Compton scattered gamma
rays at a given angle using a Scintillation gamma spectrometer / determine the rest mass energy of the
electron
6. Half life of Indium – thermal neutron absorption - To determine the half life of In-116 by irradiation of In
foil and beta counting using a GMcounter
7. Photoelectric effect in lead - To get the spectrum of X rays emitted form lead target by photo electric effect
using Cs-137gammas
8. Conductivity, Reflectivity, sheet resistance and refractive index of thinfilms
9. Hall effect in semiconductors-To determine the carrier concentration in the given specimen of
semiconductingmaterial
10. ESR spectrometer – Determination of gfactor
11. Rydberg constantdetermination
12. Absorption spectrum of KMnO4 and Iodine. To determine the wavelength of the absorption bands of
KMnO4 and to determine the dissociation energy of iodine molecule from its absorptionspectrum.
13. Ionic conductivity of KCl/NaClcrystals
14. Curie Weiss law -To determine the Curietemperature
15. To study the Thermoluminescence of F-centres of Alkalihalides
16. Variation of dielectric constant with temperature of a ferroelectric material (BariumTitanate)
17. Polarization of light and verification of Malu‟slaw.
18. Refractive index measurement of a transparent material by measuring Brewster‟sangle
19. Measurement of the thermal relaxation time constant of a serial lightbulb.
20. Dielectric constant of a non polarliquid
21. Vacuum pump – pumpingspeed
22. Pirani gauge –characteristics
23. Ultrasonic interferometer. To determine the velocity and compressibility of sound inliquids.
24. Study of LED characteristics - Determination of wavelength of emission, I-V characteristics and variation
with tempearture, variation of output power vs. appliedvoltage
25. Optical fibre characteristics - To determine the numerical aperture, attenuation and band width of the given
optical fibrespecimen
26. Band gap energy of Ge by four probe method.-To study bulk resistance and to determine band gapenergy.
27. Thomson‟s e/m measurement.-To determine charge to mass ratio of the electron by Thomson‟smethod.
28. Determination of Band gap energy of Ge and Si usingdiodes.
29. Millikan‟s oil drop experiment .To measure the charge on theelectron.
52
 30. Zener voltage characteristic at low and ambient temperatures – To study the variation of the Zener
voltage of the given Zener diode withtemperature
31. Thermionic work function – To determine the thermionic work function of the material of the cathode of
the given vacuum diode/triode from the characteristic at different filamentcurrents

PART B
I . ADVANCED ELECTRONICS
1. Simple temperature controlcircuit
2. Binary ratemultiplier
3. Optical feedbackamplifier
4. Frequency modulation and pulsemodulation
5. Binarymultiplier
6. Write ALP and execute using 8085 kit for generating a square wave of desired frequency using PPI 8255
interfacing. observe the output on CRO and measurefrequency.
7. Write ALP to alternately switch on/off a green and a red LED within a given small time interval. Execute
using 8085kit.
8. Write ALP to convert a given d.c voltage (between 0 and 5 V) using ADC 0800/0808 interfaced to 8085
microprocessor. Execute using the given kit and check theresult.

II MATERIAL SCIENCE / CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

1. Curie-Weiss law – (To determine the Curietemperature)
2. Solid-liquid phase transitions – measurement of resistivity ofmetals
3. Growth of a single crystal from solution and determination of structural, electrical and opticalproperties
4. Study of colour centres – Thermoluminiscence glowcurves
5. Ionic conductivity in KCl/NaClcrystals
6. Thermoluminiscence spectra of alkalihalides
7. Thermo emf of bulk samples (Al/Cu)
8. Electron spinresonance
9. Strain guage – Y of a metalbeam
10. Variation of dielectric constant with temperature of a ferro electric material ( Bariumtitanate)
11. Ferrite specimen – variation of magnetic properties withcomposition

III COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS

1. Amplitude modulation anddemodulation
2. Frequency modulation anddemodulation
3. Pulse amplitude modulation anddemodulation
4. Pulse code modulation anddemodulation
5. Pulse position modulation and demodulation
6. Study of crystaldetector
7. L-C transmission linecharacteristic
8. Tuned RFamplifier
9. Seelydiscriminators
10. AM transmitter
11. Radiation from dipoleantenna
12. Optical fibre characteristics (Numerical aperture, attenuation andbandwidth)
13. Optical feed back circuit (Feedback factor, gain and frequencyresponse)

IV. ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS and RADIATIONPHYSICS

1. Half-life of Indium – thermal neutron absorption - To determine the half-life of In-116 by irradiation of In foil
and beta counting using a GMcounter
2. Alpha spectrometer - To calibrate the given alpha spectrometer and determine theresolution
3. Photoelectric effect in lead - To get the spectrum of X rays emitted form lead target by photo electric effect using
Cs-137gammas
4. Inner bremsstrahlung - To study the intensity spectrum of inner bremsstrahlung from given gammasource
5. Coincidence circuits - To construct and study the performance of series and parallel coincidence circuits using
transistors and to determine the resolvingtime
6. Single channel analyzer - Study of characteristics of a SCA using precisionpulser
7. Ionization chamber - Study of variation of pulse height with applied voltage and to obtaing the pulseheight
53
 spectrum of X-rays
8. Proportional counter - Study of variation of pulse height with applied voltage and to obtaining the pulse height
spectrum of X-rays
9. Track detector – track diameter distribution - To measure the diameters of the alpha tracks in CR-39 trackdetector
10. Beta ray spectrometer - To plot the momentum distribution of beta particles from given betasources
11. Range of alpha particles in air and mylar - To determine the range of alpha particles from Am-241 source in air
and in mylar using either a surface barrier detector or a GMcounter

V EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
1. Rydberg constant – hydrogenspectrum
2. ESR – Lande gfactor
3. IR spectrum of fewsamples
4. Vacuum pump – pumpingspeed
5. Vacuum pump – Effect of connectingpipes
6. Absorption bands of Iodine
7. Vibrational bands ofAlO
8. Pirani gauge –characteristics
9. Thin films – electrical properties (sheetresistance)
10. Thin films – optical properties (Reflectivity, transmission, attenuation, refractiveindex)

VI. ELECTRONICINSTRUMENTATION
1. Straingauge
2. Simpleservomechanism
3. Temperaturecontrol
4. Coincidencecircuits
5. Multiplexer
6. IEEE 488 Electricalinterface
7. Single channelanalyzer
8. Differentialvoltmeter
9. Frequency synthesizer – Signalgenerator
10. Silicon controlled rectifier –characteristics
11. Silicon controlled rectifier – power control

VII. DIGITAL SIGNALPROCESSING

1 (a) Compute and plot the cross and auto correlation coefficients of one dimensional signal
(b)Estimate the pitch period of a periodic signal using correlation method. (3hours).

2 (a) Compute and plot the convolution coefficients of one dimensional signal .
(b)Estimate the pitch period of a periodic signal using convolution method. (3hours).

3 Write a program for determining the Linear and circular Convolution of a finite sequence x(n) and
h(n).Accept the sequences x(n) and h(n) from the user. Display the output sequence y(n).Plot all three
sequences. (3hours).

4 Compute the N-point DFT of the following. Vary the value of N and visualize the effect with N=8, 16, 24,
64,128,256. (3hours).

5 Design an N point FIR low pass filter with cutoff frequency 0.2* pi using i) Rectangular ii) Hamming iii)
Kaiser windows. Plot for N=16,32,64,128,256.Comparewith N=1024 and record your observations. (3hours).

(The programs are to be executed in Python/MATLAB)

VIII. LASER SYSTEMS, OPTICAL FIBRES ANDAPPLICATIONS

1. Optical fibre characteristics (Numerical aperture, attenuation andbandwidth)
2. Optical feed back circuit (Feedback factor, gain and frequencyresponse
3. Determination of size of lycopodium particles by Laserdiffraction
54
 Reference Books forDPHY3B16P & DPHY4B18P :
1. B.L. Worsnop and H.T. Flint – Advanced Practical Physics for students – Methusen & Co
(1950)
2. E.V. Smith – Manual of experiments in applied Physics – Butterworth(1970)
3. R.A. Dunlap – Experimental Physics – Modern methods – Oxford University Press
(1988)
4. D. Malacara (ed) – Methods of experimental Physics – series of volumes – Academic
Press Inc (1988)
5. A.C.Melissinos, J.Napolitano - Experiments in Modern Physics -Academic Press2003.

b) FPHY4L07: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICSPRACTICAL

The programs are to be executed in Python. For visualization Pylab/matplotlib may be used.
At least 10 experiments are to be done, opting any 5 from Part A and another 5 from
Part B. The Practical examination is of 6 hoursduration.
.
Part A
1. Interpolation : To interpolate the value of a function using Lagrange’s interpolatingpolynomial
2. Least square fitting :Toobtain the slope and intercept by linear and Non-linearfitting.
3. Evaluation of polynomials. Bessel and Legendre functions: Using the series expansion and recurrence
relations.
4. Numerical integration : By using Trapezoidal method and Simpson’smethod
5. Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations .Newton Raphson method, minimum of afunction
6. Solution of algebraic equation by Bisectionmethod
7. Matrix addition, multiplication, trace, transpose andinverse
8. Solution of second order differential equation- Runge Kuttamethod
9. Monte Carlo method : Determination of the value of π by using randomnumbers
10. Numerical doubleintegration
11. Solution of parabolic/elliptical partial differentialequations
(e.g.: differential equations for heat and mass transfer in fluids and solids, unsteady behaviour of fluid
flow past bodies, Laplace equation etc.,)

Part B
1. To plot the trajectory of a particle moving in a Coulomb field (Rutherford scattering) and to determine the
deflection angle as a function of the impactparameter
2. Generate phase space plots - To plot the momentum v/s position plots for the following systems : (i) a
conservative case ( simple pendulum) (ii) a dissipative case ( dampedpendulum)
3. Simulation of the wave function for a particle in a box - To plot the wave function and probability density
of a particle in a box; Schrödinger equation to be solved and eigen value must be calculatednumerically.
4. Simulation of a two slit photon interference experiment :To plot the light intensity as a function of distance
along the screen kept at a distance from the two slitarrangement.
5. Trajectory of motion of (a) projectile without air resistance (b) projectile with airresistance
6. Logistic map function – Solution and bifurcationdiagram
7. Experiment with Phoenix/expEYES kit - Time constant of RC circuits by curve fitting.*
8. Experiment with Phoenix/expEYES kit - Fourier analysis of different waveforms captured using the
instrument. *
(*If Phoenix is not available, data may be given in tabulated form)
9. Simulation of Kepler’s orbit and verification of Kepler’slaws.
10. Simulations of small oscillations in simple molecules:: Diatomic molecule/Triatomic molecule for
various lengths(any onecase)
11. Simulation of random walk in 1D/2D and determination of mean squaredistance.
12. Simulation of magnetic field - To plot the axial magnetic field v/s distance due to a current loop
carryingcurrent.
13. Simulation of the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform magneticfield.
14. Simulation of polarisation of electromagneticwaves.
15. Simulation of coupled oscillators - Phase spaceportraits.
55
Textbooks :
1. Computational Physics -An introduction., R.C.Varma, P.K.Ahluwalia and K.C.Sharma, New Age International
Publishers
2. Numpy Reference guide, http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/numpy-ref.pdf (also, free resources available onnet)
3. Matplotlib ,http://matplotlib.sf.net/Matplotlib.pdf(and other free resources available onnet)
4. Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science, Dr. B S Grewal, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi (or any other
book)
5. Numerical Methods, E Balagurusamy, TataMcGraw-Hill
6. Numerical Methods , T Veerarajan, T Ramachandran, TatMCGraw-Hill
7. Numerical Methods with Programs I BASIC, Fortran&Pascal, S Balachandra Rao, C K Shantha. Universities
Press
8. Numerical methods for scientists and engineers, K. Sankara Rao,PHI
9. Introductory methods of numerical analysis, S.S.Shastry , (Prentice Hall ofIndia,1983)
10. Numerical Methods in Engineering with Python by JaanKiusalaas
Note: Experiments from Part A can be done with data from physical situations where ever possible. For example
consider the following cases.

a) The load W placed on a spring reduces its length L. A set of observations are given below. Calculate
force constant and length of the spring beforeloading
W
(kg) 0.28 0.51 0.67 0.93 1.15 1.38 1.60 1.98
L (m) 6.62 5.93 4.46 4.25 3.3 3.15 2.43 1.46
b) Thedisplacementsofaparticleatdifferentinstantsaregivenbelow.Whatisthetimeinstantatwhich the
displacement is 70.2m
t(s) 1.0 2.2 301 4.5 5.8 6.7 7.6 8.3 9.4
s(m) 3.0 10.56 19.07 37.12 59.16 77.38 98.04 115.78 146.6

56
MODEL QUESTION PAPERS

57
 FIRST SEMESTER M Sc DEGREE EXAMINATION
PHYSICS
FPHY1C01: CLASSICAL MECHANICS
Time: 3 Hours. Total weightage: 30

Section A
(8 Short questions, each answerable within 6 minutes)
(Answer ALL questions, Each carry weightage 1)
1. State Hamilton’s principle and hence obtain Lagrange’s equation of motion.
2. Obtain the relation between the scattering angles in laboratory frame and centre of mass frame in
Rutherford’s scattering experiment.
3. Define Poisson’s bracket and hence obtain Hamilton’s equation of motion in Poisson’s bracket
form and Fundamental Poisson’s brackets.
4. Briefly explain the method of action and angle variables.
5. Distinguish between centrifugal and Coriolis forces.
6. Explain the meaning of normal modes of vibration and normal coordinates.
7. What are limit cycles? Distinguish between stable limit cycle and semi-stable limit cycle.
8. Explain the concept of attractors in chaos. What is the basis of attraction? What are strange
attractors?
(Total weightage 8x1=8)
Section B
(4 Essay questions, Each answerable within 30 minutes)
(Answer ANY TWO questions, Each carry Weightage 5)

9. Using Lagrangian formulation, obtain the equation of orbit and hence show that the orbit is
elliptical for a planet moving around Sun.
10. Obtain Hamilton Jacobi equation in Hamilton’s Principal function and Hamilton's characteristic
function and discuss the separation of variables. Discuss the one dimensional harmonic oscillator
problem using H-J equation
11. Define Euler’s angles and obtain complete set of transformation matrix.
12. With reference to the standard quadratic map x n +1 = Ax n (1 − x n ) , discuss fixed points, stability of
fixed points and periodic attractor. Explain how bifurcation leads to chaos.
(Total Weightage 2x5=10)

58
 Section C
(7 Problem questions, Each answerable within 18 minutes)
Answer ANY FOUR questions, Each carry Weightage 3)
13. A pendulum of mass m is attached to a block of mass M. The block slides on a horizontal
frictionless surface. Find the Lagrangian and equation of motion of the pendulum. For small
amplitude oscillation, derive the expression for period of oscillations.
14. Find the equation of trajectory of a particle projected at an angle α with the horizontal and with an
initial velocity v0
15. Show that the transformation q = 2 P sin Q and p = 2 P cos Q is canonical and find F1 .
16. Apply Hamilton-Jacobi theory to determine the motion of a body falling vertically in a uniform
gravitational field.
17. Calculate the inertia tensor for a rigid body consists of three masses 2,1,4 grams located at (1,-1,1),
(2,0,2), (-1,1,0) cm respectively
18. Find the normal modes of the system with Lagrangian,
L= 1
2
( x& 2 + y& 2 ) − 12 ( 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 2 xy )

19. Show that the period of oscillations of a simple pendulum = 1+ , where =2 and

is the amplitude of oscillations

(Total Weightage 4x3=12)

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 FIRST SEMESTER M Sc DEGREE EXAMINATION
PHYSICS
FPHY1C02 : MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS I
Time: 3hours Maximum weightage: 30
Section A
(8 Short questions, each answerable within 6 minutes)
(Answer ALL questions, Each carry weightage 1)
1. Show that the determinant of an orthogonal matrix is ±1.
2. “The eigen values of a hermitian matrix are real”. Establish.
3. What is a unitary transformation? Give an example.
4. Show that the gradient of a scalar function is a covariant vector.
5. Evaluate εijkδij and justify your answer.
6. Show that is ascalar.
7. Derive the relation between beta and gamma function.
8. Give the importance of orthogonality property of special functions
(Total weightage 8x1=8)
Section B
(4 Essay questions, Each answerable within 30 minutes)
(Answer ANY TWO questions, Each carry Weightage 5)

3 −1 1
9. Describe the process of diagonalisation of a matrix .Diagonalise the matrix −1 5 −1 .
1 −1 3
10. Describe the terms outer product, inner product and contraction of tensors with examples. How do we check
whether a given set of functions A(i,j,k) are components of a tensor or not?
11. Obtain Rodrigue’s formula for Legendre polynomials. Deduce first three Legendre polynomials
12. Show that Pn(x) is the coefficient of tn in the expansion of (1 − 2 + ) /

(Total Weightage 2x5=10)

Section C
(7 Problem questions, Each answerable within 18 minutes)
Answer ANY FOUR questions, Each carry Weightage 3)
13. Use the Levi Civita symbol to evaluate the scalar triple product of three vectors.
14. Show that trace of a matrix is invariant under a similarity transformation.
15. Find the Fourier series of a square wave given by f(x) =-a for –π < x < 0 and f(x) =a for0 < x < π.
16. Prove any two recurrence relations of Legedre polynomial.
17. Prove the Orthogonality property of Bessel’s function
18. Find the power series solution of Laugerre differential equation and find L1(x) , L2(x) and L3(x) from
Rodrigue’s formula.
19. State and prove symmetry property of beta function.

(Total Weightage 4x3=12)

60
 FIRST SEMESTER M Sc DEGREE EXAMINATION
PHYSICS
FPHY1C03: ELECTRODYNAMICS AND PLASMA PHYSICS
Time: 3 Hours Total weightage : 30
Section A
(8 Short questions, each answerable within 6 minutes)
(Answer ALL questions, Each carry weightage 1)

1. What do you mean by quasi static fields?

2. Explain how Maxwell modified Ampere’s law.
3. Define Poynting vector.
4. On what factors does the input impedance of a transmission line depend?
5. Under what conditions will reflection and transmission coefficients be real.
6. What is meant by dominant mode of a waveguide?
7. What is four vector?
8. Explain Boltzmann equation
( Total weightage 8x1 = 8)
Section B
(4 Essay questions, Each answerable within 30 minutes)
(Answer ANY TWO questions, Each carry Weightage 5)

9. Starting from Maxwell’s equations obtain the wave equations for potentials.
10. Make a study of the behavior of electromagnetic waves incident obliquely on a plane conducting
boundary.
11. What are wave guides? Discuss the behavior of TM waves in rectangular waveguides.
12. Obtain the four vector form of continuity equation, Lorentz gauge and wave equation for potentials.
(Total weightage 2x5 = 10)

Section C
(7 Problem questions, Each answerable within 18 minutes)
Answer ANY FOUR questions, Each carry Weightage 3)

13. The skin depth of graphite at 100 MHz is 0.16 nm. Determine the conductivity of graphite.
14. A 200 keV deuteron in a large mirror fusion device has pitch angle of θ of 450 at the midplane,
where B = 0.7 Tesla. Compute the Larmour radius.
15. Show that ( ) is relativistically invariant.
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16. Obtain the boundary conditions for and fields
17. Show that for a plane electromagnetic wave Poynting vector is c times energy density of the field.
18. Assuming that the electric vector of an electromagnetic wave is E =E . Prove the various
laws of reflection and refraction.
19. A point charge q is at rest at the origin in system S0. What is the electric field of this charge in
system S, which moves to the right at speed v0 relative to S0.

(Total weightage 4x3 = 12)

62
 FIRST SEMESTER M Sc DEGREE EXAMINATION
PHYSICS
FPHY1C04: ELECTRONICS
Time: 3 Hours Total weightage : 30
Section A
(8 Short questions, each answerable within 6 minutes)
(Answer ALL questions, Each carry weightage 1)

1. Draw the circuit of a CMOS inverter and explain its operation.

2. Give the basic principle of working of LDR.
3. Give two characteristics of non-inverting amplifier.
4. Draw the circuit of an Op-amp as a sign changer.
5. Define slew rate of an Op-amp. How can it be measured?
6. What is meant by master slave flip-flops? What is the advantage of using master slave flip-flops.
7. Distinguish between static and dynamic RAM.
8. Write a note on A/D convertors.
(Total weightage 8x1=8)

Section B
(4 Essay questions, Each answerable within 30 minutes)
(Answer ANY TWO questions, Each carry Weightage 5)

9. What do you mean by a Butterworth filter? With the help of a circuit diagrams, explain the working of a low
pass and highpass Butterworth filters using OP-amp 741.
10. (a)Explain Op-amp differential amplifier and obtain the expression for CMRR.
(b) Draw the circuit diagram for emitter coupled differential amplifier and obtain the expression for common
mode and differential mode.
11. Discuss the principle and working of semiconductor lasers.
12. Discuss the working of synchronous and asynchronous counters.
(Total Weightage 2x5=10)

Section C
(7 Problem questions, Each answerable within 18 minutes)
Answer ANY FOUR questions, Each carry Weightage 3)

13. In a self-bias n-channel JFET, the operating point is to be set at ID=1.5 mA and VDS=10 V. The JFET
parameters are IDSS=5 mA and VP=-2 V. Find the values of RS and RD. Given that VDD=20 V.
14. Sketch the circuit of a CS amplifier and explain its working.
15. Calculate the photon current and carrier transit time for a photoconductor with quantum efficiency = 80 %,
number of photons reaching per second = 1000, mobility=3000 cm2/V-s, effective electric field = 5 KV/cm,
L=10µm, carrier life time 0.7 ns.
16. Design an Op-amp Schmitt trigger circuit with an upper triggering voltage 0.2 V and lower triggering
voltage -0.2 V if Vsaturation=10 V.
17. Determine the output voltage of an Op-amp for input voltages of V1=150 µV, V2=140 µV. The amplifier has
a differential gain of Ad=4000 and value of CMRR is 100.

63
18. A truth table has low outputs for inputs 0000 to 0110, a high output for 0111, low outputs for 1000 to 1001
and don’t care states for 1010 to 1111. Using Karnaugh map find the simplest logic circuit for this truth
table.
19. Recognize the functions of various pins of the 8085 microprocessor.
(Total Weightage 4x3=12)

64