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Polymers for Packaging Applications 1st Edition Sajid
Alavi Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Sajid Alavi, Sabu Thomas, K. P. Sandeep, Nandakumar Kalarikkal,
Jini Varghese, Srinivasarao Yaragalla
ISBN(s): 9781926895772, 1926895770
Edition: 1
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POLYMERS FOR
PACKAGING
APPLICATIONS
 POLYMERS FOR
PACKAGING
APPLICATIONS

Edited by
Sajid Alavi, PhD, Sabu Thomas, PhD, K. P. Sandeep, PhD,
Nandakumar Kalarikkal, PhD, Jini Varghese,
and Srinivasarao Yaragalla

Apple Academic Press

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ABOUT THE EDITORS

Sajid Alavi, PhD

Sajid Alavi, PhD, is a Professor of Extrusion Processing and Food Engineering in the
Department of Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Kansas, USA. He received his BS degree (1995) in Agricultural Engineering from
Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur), MS (1997) in Agricultural and Biological
Engineering from the Pennsylvania State University, and PhD (2002) in Food Science/
Food Engineering from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Dr. Alavi's research
activities are focused in the areas of food engineering, extrusion processing for indus-
trial and food applications, nanocomposites for packaging applications, mathematical
modeling of flow and structure formation in biopolymer melts during extrusion, food
microstructure imaging, structure-texture relationships, and new approaches to global
food security and nutrition through processing. He has secured over $6.3 million in
extramural funding from various federal, state, and industrial sponsors for his research
program. He has supervised seven PhD and 13 Masters level students. Dr. Alavi’s
received the coveted 2010 Young Research Scientist Award from AACC International,
formerly the American Association of Cereal Chemists, which is an important recogni-
tion for research accomplishments.
Dr. Alavi designs technology and R&D solutions for numerous food, feed and pet
food processors, and is involved in processing and food aid related projects in USA,
Africa, India, and other countries around the world. He has been invited to speak at
numerous international forums and institutions in USA, Italy, South Africa, Brazil,
India, Mozambique, and China. He has provided training and networking opportu-
nities to 800 industry leaders from 30 countries spanning all six continents through
his internationally reputed short course “Extrusion Processing: Technology and Com-
mercialization” and similar offerings and workshops in other countries such as India,
Brazil and Mozambique.

Sabu Thomas, PhD

Sabu Thomas, PhD, is a Professor of Polymer Science and Engineering at the School
of Chemical Sciences and Director of the International and Inter University Centre for
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Ker-
ala, India. He received his BSc degree (1980) in Chemistry from the University of
Kerala, BTech. (1983) in Polymer Science and Rubber Technology from the Cochin
University of Science and Technology, and PhD (1987) in Polymer Engineering from
the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. The research activities of Professor
Thomas include surfaces and interfaces in multiphase polymer blend and composite
systems, phase separation in polymer blends, compatibilization of immiscible polymer
vi About the Editors

blends, thermoplastic elastomers, phase transitions in polymers, nanostructured poly-

mer blends, macro-, micro- and nanocomposites, polymer rheology, recycling, reac-
tive extrusion, processing–morphology–property relationships in multiphase polymer
systems, double networking of elastomers, natural fibers and green composites, rubber
vulcanization, interpenetrating polymer networks, diffusion and transport and polymer
scaffolds for tissue engineering. He has supervised 64 PhD theses, 30 MPhil theses,
and 40 Masters theses. He has three patents to his credit. He also received the coveted
Sukumar Maithy Award for the best polymer researcher in the country for the year
2008. Very recently Professor Thomas received the MRSI and CRSI medals for his
excellent work. With over 600 publications to his credit and over 15,000 citations,
with an h-index of 65, Dr. Thomas has been ranked fifth in India as one of the most
productive scientists.

K. P. Sandeep, PhD
K. P. Sandeep, PhD, is a Professor of Food Engineering, Research Leader and As-
sociate Head in the Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences as
well as an associate faculty member in the Department of Biological and Agricultural
Engineering at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. He is
also Site Director of the Center for Advanced Processing and Packaging Studies. He
received his BS degree (1991) in Agricultural Engineering from the Indian Institute
of Technology (Kharagpur), his MS (1993), and his PhD (1996) in Agricultural and
Biological Engineering from the Pennsylvania State University. His research areas
include nanotechnology, thermal and aseptic processing, continuous flow microwave
processing, heat exchanger design, development of sensors, mathematical modeling
of fluid flow and heat transfer, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and nucle-
ar magnetic resonance (NMR). Dr. Sandeep has co-authored scores of books, peer-
reviewed publications, and technical abstracts, posters, and presentations on aseptic
processing and related topics. He has served as a consultant to several companies
and serves as a member of the advisory board to the Southeast Dairy Foods Research
Center. He also conducts short courses tailored to meet the specific needs of industry
on topics such as nanotechnology, thermal processing and NMR.

Nandakumar Kalarikkal, PhD

Dr. Nandakumar Kalarikkal is a Professor of Physics at the School of Pure and Ap-
plied Physics and Joint Director of International and Inter University Centre for Na-
noscience and Nanotechnology at Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala,
India. He received his BSc degree (1984) in Physics from Calicut University, and MSc
(1986) and PhD (1992) in Physics from Cochin University of Science and Technol-
ogy, Kerala, India. His research activities involve nanotechnology and nanomateri-
als, sol-gel synthesis of nanosystems, semiconducting glasses, ferroelectric ceramics,
and nonlinear and electro-optic materials. He is the recipient of research fellowships
and associateships from prestigious organizations such as the Department of Science
and Technology and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of the Government
of India. He has collaborated with national and international scientific institutions
About the Editors vii

in India, South Africa, Slovenia, Canada, and Australia, and is co-author of several
books chapters, peer-reviewed publications, and invited presentations in international
forums.

Jini Varghese
Ms. Jini Varghese is currently a Research Scholar at the School of Chemical Sciences
at Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. She is engaged in doctoral
studies in the area of EPDM rubber-graphene nanocomposites. She received her MSc
degree in Analytical Chemistry from Mahatma Gandhi University. Ms. Varghese is a
recipient of the Women Scientist Award from the Department of Science and Technol-
ogy of the Government of India.

Srinivasarao Yaragalla
Mr. Srinivasarao Yaragalla is a Research Scholar at the International and Inter Uni-
versity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kottayam, Kerala, India. He is engaged in doctoral studies in the area of graphene-
based polymer nanocomposites. He has also conducted research work at the Universiti
Teknologi MARA in Malaysia. In 2010, Mr. Yaragalla received a prestigious research
fellowship administered jointly by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
and University Grants Commission of the Government of India.
CONTENTS

List of Contributors ............................................................................................ xi

List of Abbreviations ...........................................................................................xv
Preface ..............................................................................................................xvii

PART I: CONVENTIONAL PLASTICS IN PACKAGING

APPLICATIONS
1. Properties of Plastics for Packaging Applications ........................................ 03
Vimal Katiyar, Surendra S. Gaur, Akhilesh K. Pal and Amit Kumar
2. Interaction Phenomena Between Packaging and Product ........................... 39
Boussad Abbès, Fazilay Abbès, Ying-Qiao GUO
3. Specific Migration of Antioxidants BHT, Irganox 1076 and Irgafos
168 into Typical Edible Oils under Microwave Heating Conditions........... 71
Zhigang Liu, Zhiwei Wang and Lixin Lu
4. Suitability of Polymer Based Retortable Pouches for Packaging
of Fish Products ............................................................................................... 83
J. Bindu, A. K. Mallick, C. N Ravishankar, and T. K. S. Gopal

PART II: BIO-BASED AND BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS

FOR PACKAGING
5. A View on Eco-Friendly Natural Fibers for Packaging ............................... 99
Saravana Bavan D. and Mohan Kumar G. C.
6. Environment Friendly Packaging Plastics ...................................................115
Vimal Katiyar, NeelimaTripathi, Rahul Patwa, Prakash Kotecha
7. Biopolymers: Potential Biodegradable Packaging Material for
Food Industry................................................................................................. 153
Abhishek Dutt Tripathi, S. K. Srivastava and Ajay Yadav
8. Edible Films and Coatings for Packaging Applications ............................. 173
Rungsinee Sothornvit
9. Environmental Friendly Microbial Polymers, Polyhydroxyalkanoates
(PHAs) for Packaging and Biomedical Applications .................................. 197
P. P. Kanekar, S. O. Kulkarni, S. S. Nilegaonkar, S. S. Sarnaik, P. R. Kshirsagar,
M. Ponraj, S. P. Kanekar
x Contents

PART III: BIO-NANOCOMPOSITES IN PACKAGING APPLICATIONS

10. Bionanocomposites and Their Potential Applications in
Food Packaging .............................................................................................. 229
C. Anandharamakrishnan and Usha Kiran Kolli
11. Bio-based Nanocomposites: Prospects in Green Packaging
Applications.................................................................................................... 263
Prodyut Dhar, Umesh Bhardwaj and Vimal Katiyar
12. Understanding of Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Starch,
Polyvinyl Alcohol and Layered Silicate Nanocomposite Films
Utilizing Mathematical Models .................................................................... 289
X. Z. Tang and S. Alavi
13. Analytical Techniques for Structural Characterization of
Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites ............................................................. 307
P. Kumar, K. P. Sandeep, S. Alavi and V. D. Truong

PART IV: MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND

OTHER INNOVATIONS
14. Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Food ................................................... 337
Sanjaya K. Dash
15. Application of Modified Atmosphere Packaging for Extension of
Shelf-Life of Food Commodities................................................................... 379
S. D. Deshpande
16. Active and Intelligent Packaging ................................................................. 393
Panuwat Suppakul
17. Conductive Polymers for Packaging Applications ..................................... 429
S. B. Kondawar
Index ............................................................................................................... 459
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Boussad Abbès
University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, GRESPI/MPSE, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687
REIMS Cedex 2, France.
Email: [email protected]

Fazilay Abbès
University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, GRESPI/MPSE, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687
REIMS Cedex 2, France.

S. Alavi
Department of Grain Science & Industry, Kansas State University, 201 Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, KS
66506, U.S.A.
Email: [email protected]

C. Anandharamakrishnan
Department of Food Engineering, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore – 570
020, India.
Email: [email protected]

D. Saravana Bavan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore – 575 025,
India.
Email: [email protected]

Umesh Bhardwaj
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati–781 039, Assam, India.

Dr. J. Bindu
Fish Processing Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin 682 029, Kerala, India.
Email: [email protected]

Sanjaya K. Dash
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Agricultural Processing and Food Engi-
neering, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Email: [email protected]

S. D. Deshpande
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road,Bhopal – 462 016, Madhya Pradesh,
India.
Email: [email protected]

Prodyut Dhar
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati–781 039, Assam, India.

Surendra S. Gaur
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Department of Chemical Engineering, Guwahat – 781 039,
Assam, India.

Dr. T. K. Srinivasa Gopal

Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin 682 029, Kerala, India
Email: [email protected]
xii List of Contributors

Ying-Qiao Guo
University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, GRESPI/MPSE, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687
REIMS Cedex 2, France.

P. P. Kanekar
Microbial Sciences Division, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune – 411 004,
Maharashtra, India.
Email: [email protected]
S. P. Kanekar
Microbial Sciences Division, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune – 411 004,
Maharashtra, India

Vimal Katiyar
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Department of Chemical Engineering, Guwahati – 781 039,
Assam, India.
Email: [email protected]

Usha Kiran Kolli

Department of Food Engineering, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore,
Karnataka – 570 020, India.

S. B. Kondawar
1R.T.M. Nagpur University, Department of Physics, Polymer Nanotech Laboratory, University Campus,
Amravati Road, Nagpur-440033, Maharashtra, India.
Email: [email protected]

Prakash Kotecha
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati – 781 039, Assam, India

P. R. Kshirsagar
Microbial Sciences Division, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune – 411 004,
Maharashtra, India.

Amit Kumar
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Department of Chemical Engineering, Guwahati – 781 039, As-
sam, India.

Dr. P. Kumar
Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.

S. O. Kulkarni
Microbial Sciences Division, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune – 411 004,
Maharashtra, India.

G. C. Mohan Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Srinivasnagar, Surath-
kal, Mangalore – 575025, Karnataka, India.

Zhigang Liu
Department of Packaging Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
Email: [email protected]

Lixin Lu
Department of Packaging Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.

Dr. A. K. Mallick
Export Inspection Agency, 6th Floor CMDA Tower II, No: 1, Gandhi Irwin Road, Egmore, Chennai -
600 008
Email: [email protected]
List of Contributors xiii

S. S. Nilegaonkar
Microbial Sciences Division, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune – 411 004,
Maharashtra,

Rahul Patwa
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati – 781 039, Assam, India.

Akhilesh K. Pal
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati – 781 039, Assam, India.

M. Ponraj
Microbial Sciences Division, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune – 411 004,
Maharashtra,

Dr. C. N. Ravishankar
Fish Processing Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin 682029, Kerala, India
Email: [email protected]

K. P. Sandeep
Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Email: [email protected]
S. S. Sarnaik
Microbial Sciences Division, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune – 411 004,
Maharashtra,
Rungsinee Sothornvit
Department of Food Engineering/Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaengsaen/PHTIC
Email: [email protected]

S. K. Srivastava
School of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005,
Uttar Pradesh, India.

Panuwat Suppakul
Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50
Ngamwongwan Rd., Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand 10900.
Email: [email protected]

X. Z. Tang
College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu
Province, 210046, China.

Abhishek Dutt Tripathi

Centre of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi - 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Email: [email protected]

Neelima Tripathi
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati – 781 039, Assam, India.

V. D. Truong
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, South Atlantic Area, Food Science Research Unit,
Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A.

Zhiwei Wang
Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
Ajay Yadav
Centre of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Va-
ranasi - 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AAGR 8Average annual growth rate

ADC Analog to digital convertor
AFM Atomic force microscope
ATR Attenuated total reflectance
BC Bacterial cellulose
BSEs Back-scattered electrons
CAP Controlled-atmosphere packaging
CAS Controlled atmosphere storage
CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
CSLM Confocal scanning laser microscope
DMTA Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis
DRS Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy
DSC Differential scanning calorimeter
DTA Differential thermal analysis
EELS Electron energy loss spectroscopy
EM Elastic modulus
EMI Electromagnetic interference
EPA Environmental protection agency
ERH Equilibrium relative humidity
FDA Food and drug administration
FDM Finite difference method
FEA Finite element analysis
FIB Focused ion beam
FID Flame ionization detector
FSI Food spoilage indicator
FSL Food-simulating liquids
FTIR Fourier transforms infra-red spectroscopy
GC-MS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
GFSE Grape fruit seed extracts
GPC Gel permeation chromatography
HDPE High density polyethylene
HIPS High impact polystyrene
HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
ICI Imperial chemical industry
ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
ICPs Intrinsically conductive polymers
IFT Institute of Food Technologists
ILT Ideal laminate theory
LCA Life cycle assessment
xvi List of Abbreviations

LDH Layered double hydroxide

LEO Lemongrass essential oil
LLE Liquid–liquid extraction
LMIS liquid metal ion source
LWA Liquid water absorption
MAP Modified atmosphere packaging
MWNT Multi-walled nanotubes
NCF Nanocellulose fibers
NIAS Non-intentionally added substances
NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance
NNI National nanotech initiative
OML Overall migration limit
OMLS Organically modified layered silicate
OP Oxygen permeability
OTR Oxygen transmission rate
PCNC Polymer–clay nanocomposites
PNCs Polymer nanocomposites
RFID Radio frequency identification
RH Relative humidity
SEM Scanning electron microscope
SML Specific migration limit
SPI Soy protein isolate
SPM Scanning probe microscope
STM Scanning tunneling microscope
SWNT Single-wall nanotube
TEM Transmission electron microscope
TEMAP Thermally equilibrious modified atmosphere packaging
TEMT Transmission electron microtomography
TPS Thermoplastic starch
TS Tensile strength
UPC Universal Product Code
VARTM Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding
VRH Variable range hopping
WAXS Wide-angle X-ray scattering
WPI Whey protein isolate
WVP Water vapor permeability
WVTR Water vapor transmission rate
XRD X-ray diffraction
PREFACE

The world-wide market for plastic films and sheets used in various packaging and
non-packaging applications exceeds $100 billion and is growing at an annual rate
higher than the global gross domestic product. The polymeric materials that are used
include low and high density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, biaxially ori-
ented polypropylene, copolymer polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride) and ethylene
vinyl alcohol. No doubt this massive usage of plastics is driven by several benefits
including convenience and economics, but the drawbacks are also becoming apparent.
Plastics do not biodegrade, primarily because they are made of synthetic polymers
and no microbe has yet evolved that can feed on them. Disposal of the millions of
tons of plastic waste generated every year takes up huge areas in the form of landfills.
Plastic polymers may not be toxic themselves but the myriad of chemical monomers
added to them for improving their properties can be released to the surroundings and
contact materials over time or under conditions such as heat and exposure to sunlight
or photodegradation. An example is bisphenol A or BPA that is added as a plasticizer
but banned for use in applications involving packaging or containers for infant food
due to its potential toxic effects. Waste plastics can also attract and accumulate chemi-
cal poisons present in the environment such as water contaminated with DDT and
PCB. A striking example of the problem with plastic waste is the ‘The Great Pacific
Garbage Patch’ covering an area roughly the twice the size of France in the Pacific
Ocean*. The combined weight of plastic accumulated in this 10-meter deep plastic
soup is estimated at three million tons and increasing steadily due to several major
sea currents converging to this region that bring flotsam from the Pacific coasts of
Southeast Asia, North America, Canada and Mexico. Its toxic effect on marine life is
just beginning to be understood.
In this backdrop, the development and use of bio-based and/ or biodegradable
polymers is gaining importance. Polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol and polybutylene
succinate are plastic materials that can be decomposed by bacteria or other living or-
ganisms. These materials often lack the performance characteristics, such as strength,
flame retardance or barrier properties, of conventional plastics but they can be en-
hanced by using various nanofillers. Research on such nanocomposites is also gaining
widespread attention.
Developments in the above mentioned areas were focus of the International Con-
ference on Polymers for Packaging Applications (ICPPA 2012) organized at Mahatma
Gandhi University in Kottayam, India from March 31st to April 2nd, 2012. Scientists
from the U.S.A., U.K., France, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Iran and India presented
cutting edge research in the areas of food, non-food, and industrial packaging applica-
tions of polymers, blends, nanostructured materials, macro, micro and nanocompos-
ites, and renewable and biodegradable materials. This book and its focus have origins
in the aforementioned international conference. Several of the speakers at ICPPA 2012
xviii Preface

contributed to the various chapters. Due to reasons related to sustainability, recycling

and regulatory issues, the topics discussed in the conference and ongoing research has
gained even greater urgency in the last two years.
This book emphasizes interdisciplinary research on processing, morphology,
structure, and properties as well as applications of polymers in packaging of food and
industrial products. It is useful for chemists, materials scientists and food technolo-
gists. It details physical, mechanical, electrical and barrier properties of polymers and
biopolymers, as well as sustainability, recycling, and regulatory issues. The book con-
tains a good mix of review chapters and experimental studies, and is divided into four
major sections. Chapters in the first section provide an overview of traditional plastics
in packaging applications including a specific example related to food packaging. Ad-
ditives used for improving properties of plastics are described along with experimental
studies on their migration. The second section focuses on biopolymers and biodegrad-
able plastics, and their synthesis, commercial production, properties and use in pack-
aging of food and industrial products and biomedical applications. Recycling and life
cycle analysis for plastics and bioplastics is also discussed. The next section contains
chapters related to nanotechnology and bio-nanocomposites in packaging applica-
tions. Various nanofillers, including phyllosilicates, metallic nanofillers, carbon nano-
tubes and graphene, are described and also regulatory issues discussed. Analytical
techniques and approaches based on mathematical modeling are presented for under-
standing the structure, and barrier and mechanical properties of bio-nanocomposites.
The final section has chapters describing the state-of-the-art in modified atmosphere
packaging for foods, and innovations related to active and intelligent packaging. The
last chapter presents an intriguing concept of conductive polymers for functions such
as electromagnetic shielding and active packaging.
The editors have made a conscious effort to select authors from various parts of the
world representing diverse disciplines including material science, physics, packaging
engineering, microbial sciences and food technology. We would like to thank them
profusely for their high quality submissions and contributing to this truly multi-disci-
plinary effort. Special thanks to our readers, and the editorial staff of Apple Academy,
Inc. for their assistance and helpful suggestions at every step.

— Sajid Alavi, PhD, Sabu Thomas, PhD, K. P. Sandeep, PhD,

Nandakumar Kalarikkal, PhD, Jini Varghese,
and Srinivasarao Yaragalla
* Moore, C. J., Moore, S. L., Leecaster, M. K., and Weisberg, S. B. 2001.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 (12) 1297–300.
Part I: Conventional Plastics in
Packaging Applications
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
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OCTOBER, 1927 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Vol. XXXVIII No.

8 * V* P P 'T 7 jAMl-.S H. 15. Rl AND, CONTENTS Graenicher — On
the Biology of the Parasitic Bees of the Genus Coelioxys (Hymen.,
Megachilidae) 231 Brimley — Two new Species of Diptera from North
Carolina (Tachinidae, Conopidae) Brimley— Notes on North Carolina
Hymenoptera, Hall — A new Syrphid (Diptera) from (Guatemala _
Stiles— Summary of Votes in Recent American Referendum on Dr.
Poche's Three Propositions to Change the International Rules of
Zoological Nomenclature 241 Personals — Needham, Hallock, Rehn,
Cockerell, Townsend, Wheeler. 241 Entomological Literature 242
Review — Needham's Guide to the Study of Fresh Water Biology. . . .
252 Review — Trautmann's Die Goldwespen Europas 2.ri Review —
General Catalogue of the Hemiptera 2.S4 Review — Biological Survey
of the Mount Desert Region 255 Review — Snodgrass's Morphology
and Mechanism of the Insect Thorax 25ii Review — Esdaile's
Economic Biology tor Students of Social Science . 257 Doings of
Societies — The American Entomological Society Obituary— Oliver
Erichson Janson Obituary — George Taylor Porritt 2iil Obituary—
Julius Seelhorst Meves Obituary — Leon Diguet Obituary— Charles
Fuller Baker 2iil Obituary— Alfred Moller Obituary— Karl Baldus
Obituary— M. L. Godoelst PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES, Logan Square Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa.,
Post Office as Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the
special rate of postage prescribed for in Section . Act of October 3,
1917, authorized January 15, 1921.
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting

August and September, by The American Entomological Society.
Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., Associate Editor.
Advisory Committtee : Philip Laurent, J. A. G. Rehn, Chas. Liebeclr, J.
Chester Bradley, Ph.D., Frank Morton Jones, John C. Lutz, Max
Kisliuk, Jr. The subscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as
follows: United States and possessions . . $3.00 Canada, Central and
South America . 3.15 Foreign .... ... 3.25 Single copies 35 cents
ADVERTISING RATES: Full width of page. Payments in advance. One
issue, 1 in., $ 1.20, 2 in., $ 2.40, half page, $ 4.00, full page,, $ 8.00
Ten issues " 11.00, " 20.00, 35.00, 70.00 SUBSCRIPTIONS AND
ADVERTISEMENTS. All remittances, and communications regarding
subscriptions, non-receipt of the NEWS or of reprints, and requests
for sample copies, should be addressed to Entomological News,
1900 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. All complaints regarding non-receipt
of issues of the NEWS should be presented within three months
from date of mailing of the issue. After that time the numbers will be
furnished only at the regular rate for single copies. Not more than
two issues will be replaced gratis, through loss in transit or in
change of address, unless such have been registered, at the
subscriber's expense. MANUSCRIPTS. Address all other
communications to the editor, Dr. P. P. Calvert, Zoological Laboratory,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Pa. TO CONTRIBUTORS. All
contributions will be considered and passed upon at our earliest
convenience and, as far as may be, will be published according to
date of reception. The receipt. of all papers will be acknowledged.
Proof will be sent to authors when requested. Twenty-five "extras" of
an author's contribution, without change in form and without covers,
will be given free when they are wanted ; if more than twenty-five
copies are desired this should be stated on the MS. Owing to
increased cost of labor and materials, no illustrations will be
published in the NEWS for the present, except where authors furnish
the necessary blocks, or pay in advance the cost of making blocks
and pay for the cost of printing plates. Information as to the cost will
be furnished in each case on application to the Editor. Blocks
furnished or paid for by authors will, of course, be returned to
authors, after publication, if desired. STATED MEETINGS Of The
American Entomological Society will be held at 7.30 o'clock P. M., on
the fourth Thursday of each month, excepting June, July, August,
November and December, and on the third Thursday of November
and December. Communications on observations made in the course
of your studies are solicited; also exhibits of any specimens you
consider of interest. The printer of the NEWS will furnish reprints of
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the corresponding multiples of these rates.
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JNTOMOLOGICAL NEWS_ VOL. XXXVIII OCTOBER, 1927

No. 8 On the Biology of the Parasitic Bees of the Genus Coelioxys
(Hymen., Megachilidae). By S. GRAENICHER, South Miami, Florida.
Although this genus is well represented in both hemispheres, it is
surprising how little is known concerning the life history of these
bees that pass their larval stages in the nests of hostbees belonging
to the genera Megachile, Chalicodouia, Antlwphora and Tctniloniit. In
a previous paper the writer1 described the methods of the
oviposition of the adults, and the habits and peculiar structures of
the first stage larvae of two species of Coelioxys found in the nests
of leaf-cutter bees (Megachile). Later on, while still a resident of
\Yisconsin, he had an opportunity to study the activities of two
additional species of Coelioxys, and thereby gained some more
information on the subject. In 1897 Ferton- published the results of
some observations made in France on two species of Coclio.vys>
ovipositing in the nests of leaf-cutter bees. The mode of oviposition
employed by one of these species agrees closely with what the
writer has seen in the species of our fauna observed so far. The
second species studied by Ferton shows an entirely different mode
of oviposition, as will be discussed in the course of this paper. In his
recent work on the "Bees of Europe"3 Friese informs us of having
found an egg of Codio.rys ntfcscens Lep. in the nest of Anthop\hora
fulritarsis Br. suspended from the roof of the cell, and this
constitutes still another method of 1 S. Gracnicher. Some
observations on the life history and habits of parasitic bees. Bull.
Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 3, pp. 153-167. 1 pi., (1905). - M. Ch.
Ferton. Nouvelle^ i >l»ervations sur 1'instinct des hymenopteres
gastrilegides dc France et de Corse. Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Vol.
52, pp. 11-13, plate 4, (1897). :! H. Friese. Die eumpaischen Bienen
(Apidae) 1923. 231
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232 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '27 oviposition met with

in Coclio.rys. He does not mention the information given by Ferton.
Both Ferton and Friese have seen larvae of Coclio.rys in advanced
stages of development, but they did not come across the very
characteristic first stage larvae. Referring to parasitic bees in
general, whereby he mentions Stclis, Coclio.vvs, Mclccta and
Nouiada as examples, Friese says that at first two eggs are present
in a cell of the hostbee (egg of parasite and egg of host), but that at
a later period only the larva of the parasite is found. He goes on to
say that it is usually assumed, that the egg of the parasite hatches
earlier than that of the host, and that the parasite consumes the
beebread more rapidly, thereby causing the death of the host larva
by starvation. In making these statements he does not consider the
fact, that, so f,ar as Stclis is concerned, it had been shown by
Verhoeff4 over thirty years ago, that the larva of the European
species Stclis minuta Nyl. attacks and kills the larva of Osiiitia
Icucomclacna Ky. in much the same manner as in this country the
Stclis larva kills the sllcidanica larva, as reported by the writer. NEST
OF LEAF-CUTTER BEES (MEGACHILE). The methods employed by
these bees in constructing their thimble-shaped cells with circular or
oval pieces cut from leaves, are well known. There are several layers
of round pieces at the bottom of the cell, and longer pieces forming
the wall. After the cell has been half-filled with the food supply for
the larva (bee-bread), an egg is placed on top of it, and the cell
closed with circular pieces. The nests of some of the species are
found in the ground, of others in dead branches on the ground, and
in still others, in excavated pithy stems. The cells are placed end to
end. MODE OF OVIPOSITION OF COELIOXYS. Ferton informs us how
Coclioxys quadridentata L. (he calls it C. conica, but this is a
synonym) pierces the inner wall of the cell of Mcgaclulc circiuncincta
K. with its pointed abdomen, *C. Verhoeff. Zool. Anz. Vol. 15, p. 51,
(1892).
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xxxviii, '27] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 233 and pushes its

egg into the slit thus formed. The posterior portion of the egg lies
between the innermost and the next layer of leaf-fragments, while
the anterior pole remains inside of the cell in contact with the bee-
bread. Ferton pictures a cell of the hostbee with 3 eggs of the
parasite, as it appears after all but the innermost layer of leaf -
fragments have been removed. (PI. 4, fig. 5). The ovipositing habits
of two species of Coelio.vys of the Wisconsin fauna, viz. C. Incrosa
Cr., a parasite of Mc After having discovered such a nest, it spent
much of its time studying the surroundings of the nest, at first
inspecting the immediate neighborhood, and then gradually taking in
the more remote parts of the territory, returning to the nest from
time to time, and entering it. It made repeated visits to tin1 SM. Ch.
Ferton. Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Vol. 4S, (IX')o). ANVol. 52, pi. 4.
figs. 9 and 10. 0 S. Graenicher. A contribution to our kno\\1r
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234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '27 nest for several

days, and showed as much familiarity with the site of the nest as the
hosthee itself. A female Coclin.i-ys behaves in exactly the same
manner. The methods employed by such a parasitic bee, after it has
found a nest, are identical with those exhibited by the hostbee from
the time it has started the construction of a nest. By a thorough
study of the surroundings, the latter is enabled to locate its nest
without any loss of time on its return. There is a highly developed
memory for visual impressions in the hostbee, and this seems to be
just as well developed in the parasitic bee. When more than one
female Coelio.rys has discovered the same nest of a host, each one
of them may come to the nest to deposit its egg. Ferton saw four
females of Coelio.rys quadrinotata appear at the nest of Megachilc
circnincincta at about the same time. At a nest of Megachilc
•i^'ootonl, the writer found three specimens of Coelio.rys nbis in
attendance. Two of them (a larger and a smaller one) visited the
nest. At first the small one entered, and stayed inside for a few
minutes. During this time the larger one entered, but on finding the
nest occupied, reappeared at once, and took up a position on a
small plant nearby. After the small one had left, the hostbee arrived
with a load of pollen, deposited it in the nest, and departed.
Thereupon the larger Coelio.rys paid a visit to the nest. There are no
signs of hostility between these rival parasites, either at the nest or
when two of them happen to meet when on the wing. In the latter
case, the writer has seen them flying around each other, face to
face, in a playful way. THE EGG OF COELIOXYS. In view of the
foregoing, we are not surprised to find more than one egg of the
parasite in the same cell. Ferton saw as many as three eggs of
Coelio.rys quadrinotata in a cell of Megachilc circiuncincta. There
were five eggs of Coelio.rys ribis in a cell of Mcgacliilc woo tout, and
this is the largest number ever found by the writer in a single cell.
The eggs of the parasite are placed in the lower portion of
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xxxviii, '27] ENTOMOLOGICAL XKWS 235 the cell wall,

mostly near the base. Those' of the various species of Coclio.rys
seen by the writer differ considerably in shape and size from those
of their hosts. The egg of Coclio.vys is comparatively shorter than
that of Mcijacliilc and broadened out at its cephalic pole. The
duration of the egg stage, as observed in both Coclio.vys m fit arsis
and C. ribis, amounts to about four days. (To be continued.) Two
New Species of Diptera from North Carolina (Tachinidae, Conopidae).
By C. S. 1! KIM LEY, Entomology Division, X. C. Dept. Agriculture.
Neophyto olmaba n. sp. (Tachinidae). Much like N. sctosa Coq. but
differs from it in the same way that PJiytodcs liircuh'.s Co
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236 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '27 narrow posterior

orbits yellow ; vertex, middle of front to antennae and greater part
of back of head, black or dark brown, the middle of vertex behind
tinged with yellowish. Proboscis and antennae black. Thorax and
abdomen black or dark brown, except for two short yellow-pollinose
stripes on thorax in front, a broken vertical stripe on pleura to base
of mid coxa, a transverse band on base of metanotum with a vertical
extension down each side of same, narrow apical bands on tergites
1-3, broad apical band on 4, and most of rest, all yellow pollinose.
Legs mostly yellow pollinose, apical half of hind tibiae and all tarsi
black, all the femora darkened above, claws and pulvilli yellow. The
wings have the costal cells anterior to the first vein yellow; from the
first vein and the costa beyond the tip of first vein to the third vein
the wings are blackish, this color extending to the very tip of the
third vein but not crossing it. Posterior part of wings abruptly
hyaline, but with dusky edging in discal cell to posterior branch of
fifth vein and also a dusky streak in front of fifth vein in third
posterior cell. Differs from all American Conops known to me except
brachyrhynchus in having second antennal joint longer than third
and from this and all others known to me by the wings being dark
down to the third vein only, then abruptly hyaline behind it. Type
and only specimen, Raleigh, North Carolina, June 29, 1926, C. S.
Brimley, in the North Carolina Department of Agriculture Collection.
Notes on North Carolina Hymenoptera. By C. S. BRIMLEY,
Entomology Division, N. C. Dept. Agriculture. I. KEY TO THE
SPECIES OF ELIS FABRICIUS (SCOLIIDAE) FOUND IN NORTH
CAROLINA (INCLUDING A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTH CAROLINA.)
1 . Females 2. Males 8. 2. Propodeum smooth on sides, (pronotum
with a pale band behind) 3. Propodeum striate on sides 4. 3. Two
yellow spots on front of pronotum, scutel with yellow, neck yellow
above. (Southern Pines and Aberdeen, N. C., two, Sept., Oct.).
propodcalis Rohwer
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xxxviii, '27] K.NTOMOLOGICAL XK\VS 237 No yellow spots

on front of pronotnm, scutel black, neck not yellow above. (Eastern
and central North Carolina, June to October caroliniana Panzer 4.
Pronotum with a pale band behind, scutel marked with yellow 5.
Pronotum without a pale band behind, scutel black. ... 6. 5.
Pronotum densely and coarsely punctate above, tibiae and tarsi
reddish yellow. ( Kittrell, X. C., July, one). floridanus Rohwer
Pronotum but little punctate above, tibiae and tarsi black or nearly
so. (Southern Pines. August, three). qnin(jnccincta Fabr. (>. No pale
markings on the abdomen beyond the second segment. (Charleston,
S. C., July, four). bcrlyi n. sp. Segments 1-4 or 1-5 with pale
markings 7. 7. Abdomen above with lateral spots only, venter black,
stripe on each side of propodeum undivided or absent. (Whole State,
June to ( )ctober). obscnra Fabr. Abdomen above with the lateral
spots on some of the segments nearly or quite uniting to form
crossbands, venter with lateral yellow spots, snot on each side of
propodeum deeply V-shaped. ( Whole State, June to October).
intcrntpta Say 8. A yellow spot on each side of last abdominal
segment. (Raleigh and Kittrell, X. C., July, two). atriventris Gahan No
such spots present 9. 9. Hind tibiae mainly yellow, hind femora
yellow at apex and on apical half above, no vertical groove through
yellow spot below base of wing. caroliniana Hind tibiae mainly dark,
hind femora black on sides to apex, the yellow limited to sa stripe
above 10. 10. Hind tibiae mostly black, stripes on postero-lateral
angles of propodeum usuallv entire outwardly, yellow lateral spots
present on ventrals 2-6. Groove on yellow spot below wing feeble or
absent. Larger. obscura Hind tibiae dusky or dull reddish, propodeal
stripes concave or emarginate outwardly, sixth ventral usually
unspotted, groove on yellow spot below wingbase well developed.
Smaller. interrupts Note. Determination of the last three species is
based on the examination of a number of specimens from Raleigh,
where these species arc all common and are the only ones of which
females have been taken.
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238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '27 Elis berlyi n. sp. $ .

Black with the following white : very narrow upper anterior orbits,
post-scutellum, spot below base of wings, broad band on first
abdominal segment and large spot on each side of second.
Pronotum coarsely and densely punctate above, propodeum striate
on sides and behind. Length 18-20 mm. Sharply distinguished from
all species known to me by the absence of pale markings on the
abdomen posterior to the second segment. Type, female,
Charleston, South Carolina, July 23, 1926, J. A. Berly, collector ;
paratypcs, three females, same data. One paratype is retained for
the collection of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, the
others and the type are returned to Professor Franklin Sherman,
State Entomologist, Clemson College, South Carolina, whom I wish
to thank for the privilege of examining and describing this form. II.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CERCERIS. (CERCERIDAE.)
Cerceris natallenus n. sp. Black with the following yellow or reddish
yellow : broad anterior orbits reaching1 a little above base of
antennae, clypeal process except base but including lamellae, front
of mandibles except tips, under-side of scape and of basal, two-
thirds of flagellum, tibiae and tarsi and extreme apex of femora,
broad even apical band on dorsum of second abdominal segment,
and very fine apical margins to ventral segments 2-6. Sculpture
about as in couipacia, except that the enclosure instead of being
rugose is mainly smooth with a narrow groove down the center and
incomplete coarse oblique striae on the sides, the mesepimeron also
is coarsely transversely striate on upper third and smooth on the
remaining portion. Clypeal process broader and more arched than in
com pact a, the two lamellae completely separated. Length 15 mm.
Type female, Lagrange, North Carolina, August 5, 1924, T. B.
Mitchell, in the collection of the North Carolina Department of
Agriculture. Two other females and a male agree in the sculpture of
the enclosure and of the mesepimeron, but present some color
differences as follows : the first a female from Bostic, N. C, July 7,
1921, T. B. Mitchell, agrees with the type except that the hind tibiae
are dark above and yellow beneath, length 13 mm.; the second a
female, \Yillard, N. C.,
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XXXVlii, '27] LXTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 239 July 15, 1925, C.

S. Brimley, agrees in structure with the foregoing, but the color of
the head more or less, of the propocleum and of the first and second
abdominal segments is red, and the legs are reddish, except that the
mid and hind tibiae are dark above; the first abdominal segment has
a transve apical row of three yellow spots above, length 13 mm.;
finally a male from \Yillard, N. C., July 15, 1925, C. S. B., agrees with
the type in color, but has the hind tibiae dark above as in the Bostic
specimen, and the scutellum has a broad yellow band partly divided
in the middle. In Banks' key to eastern Ccrccris this runs to coin pact
a. from which it may be distinguished by the different sculpture of
the enclosure and mesepimeron as well as by differences in color,
while from flavofasciatus (of which Dr. Rohwer tells me it is probably
a variety) it may be distinguished in the female sex at least, by the
unmarked scutellum, and in both sexes by the predominantly black
hind femora. A New Syrphid (Diptera) from Guatemala. By DAVID G.
HALL, College of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.* A new species
of Mcso^raiiiiiia from Guatemala is described herewith from a series
of specimens in the collection of J. S. Hine. Mesogramma flaviplura
sp. nov. Length 8-9 mm. Face, dark brownish black, dusted with
yellow along sides. Antennae, including arista, yellowish In-own,
third joint being somewhat silvery pollinose. Frontal triangle of male
rather narrowed above, almost black, with black colored pile, dusted
with whitish pollen- a little before ocelli. Front of female blackish,
shining and thickly dusted along sides with yellow pollen starting just
below ocelli. Median cinereous stripe of thorax moderately distinct,
the rest of thorax dark blackish brown, lightly clothed with darkpile.
A light yellow spot on mesopleurae, thinly clothed with light pile.
Scutellum unicolorous with thorax, lighter on margin. Halteres
yellowish white. Abdomen of male of the same color as thorax, dark-
brown metallic, without an apparent design or pattern. Abdomen of
the female similar to that ol male, except a series of opaque
*Rcscarch Paper X<>. 54, Journal Series, University •>!' Arkansas
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240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '27 spots that are hard

to define. First segment shining', second with a transversal spot
extending across the approximate center, not reaching lateral
margins ; third segment with a more extensive spot showing a
tendency to break into a series of smaller spots, a large one on each
side, easily contained within the borders of the segment and
connecting somewhat with each Pattern on abdomen of female
Mesogramma fiaviplura. other, across a pair of median lines. Spots
on the fourth segment distinctly separated, a pair on each side and a
pair of median lines or spots. Fifth segment with a pair of oblique
spots extending toward median posterior, a single median spot
beginning at the anterior margin, extending back about llmv fourths
the distance toward the posterior margin, taking the place of the
median lines on the preceding segments, a small triangular median
spot on posterior margin. Fifth segment and hypopygium shining
metallic brownish black. All femora black, with dark pile, knees
whitish. Ilind tibia black, with dark pile, remaining" tibia white, with
light colored pile. All tarsi dark, increasingly so toward pulvillae.
Wings, smoked a deep blackish brown, darker along margin. A series
upon which this species is based was collected by Prof. Hine during
the months of January, February and March, 1905, at Puerto
P>arrios, Guatemala, and are in his private1 collection at Columbus,
Ohio. Type — .Female in the collection of Prof. Hine.
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS PHILADELPHIA, PA., OCTOBER,

1927. Summary of Votes in Recent American Referendum on Dr.
Poche's Three Propositions to Change the International Rules of
Zoological Nomenclature. Referring to the recent referendum on Dr.
Poche's (Vienna, Austria) three propositions in regard to the Rules of
Zoological Nomenclature, the undersigned has the honor to report to
the zoological profession the following results of the hallot : Poche's
proposition I: 8 votes for; 549 votes against. Poche's proposition II:
4 votes for; 550 votes against. Poche's proposition III: 4 votes for;
551 votes against. A detailed report will be made to the Tenth
International Zoological Congress (Budapest) and the undersigned
unreservedly accepts the unambiguous results of this referendum as
definite instructions from the profession in the United States for him
to cast his vote (in the Congress as delegate, and in the Commission
as member) against all three propositions.— C. W. STILES, Professor
of Zoology, U. S. Public Health Service. Personals. PROF. J. G.
NEEDHAM wrote from Ithaca on July 14, 1927, "1 am leaving to-
night for a year in China." MR. 11. \ixoi.n C. HALLOCK has been
transferred from the Japanese Beetle Laboratory at Riverton, New
Jersey, to Westbury, Long Island, Xew York, for research work on the
Asiatic beetle, Anoniala oriciihtlis. On July 13, MR. J. A. G. REIIN,
recording secretary and associate curator of entomology of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, set off on a second
collecting trip in Costa Rica, his first visit to that country having been
made four years ago. The present expedition is planned to visit
especially Pozo Azul in the Pacific lowlands, the high south central
mountains of Santa Maria Dota, the1 higher central volcanos of Irazu
and Turrialba and, in the Atlantic lowlands, 241
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242 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '27 Talamanca and

Santa Clara. He expects to return to Philadelphia near the end of
September. PROF. T. D. A. COCKERELL wrote from Leningrad, Russia.
July 11, 1927: We arrived here yesterday on the S.S. Soviet (COBET
in Russian) from London. On the way had three days at Bremen and
saw much of J. D. Alfken, who has retired from teaching and now
devotes his whole time to the study of bees. Was present at a
meeting of the Bremen Entomological Society. Much kindness shown
to us by all the people in Bremen and also here in Leningrad. To-day
we saw the entomological collections of Academy of Sciences,
beautifully arranged and cared for, the largest series of Bonibus in
the world, I think. They wish to exchange insects and have much to
offer in all orders. Fortunately the collections were not at all
damaged during the revolution. We expect to start for Irkutsk, a
journey of eight days, to-morrow. [See the NEWS for February last,
page 57, for an outline of Prof. Cockerell's proposed journey. — ED.]
DR. C. H. T. TOWNSEND has been placed in charge of the Peruvian
Agricultural Institute of Parasitology. (Jour. Econ. Ent.) At the
meeting of the Entomological Society of France, March 9, 1927, Prof.
W. M. WHEELER was awarded the Dollfuss prize of 300 francs for his
work Lcs Socictcs d'luscctcs. Lcur originc. Lciir evolution.
Entomological Literature COMPILED BY E. T. CRESSON, JR. LTnder
the above head it is intended to note papers received at the
Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, pertaining to the
Kntomology of the Americas (North and South), including' Arachnida
and Myriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American entomology will not
be not< d; but contributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology
of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species
will be recorded. The numbers in Heavy- Faced Type refer to the
journals, as numbe.vd in the following list, in which the papers are
published. All continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded
only at their first installments. Papers of systematic nature will be
found in the paragraph beginning with (N). Those pertaining to
Neotropical species only will be found in paragraphs beginning with
(S). Those containing descriptions of new forms are preceded by an
*. For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station K<
cord, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. Also Review of
Applied Entomology, Series A, London. For records of papers on
Medical Entomology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B.
Papers published in the Entomological News are not listed. 4—
Canadian Ent., Guelph. 5 — Psyche, Cambridge, Mass. 8 — Ent.
Monthly Mag., London. 9 — Entomologist, London. 10 — Proc., Ent.
~ Soc. ^Washington. 11 — Deutsche Ent. Zcitschrift, Berlin. 12—
Jour, of Economic Ent. 14 — Ent. Zeitschrift, Frankfurt a. M. 17—
Ent. Rundsclwi, Stuttgart.
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xxxvii'i, '27 j ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 243 18— Intern. Ent.

Zeitsehrifi. Guben. 20- Societas Entomologica, Stuttgart. 21— The
Entomologist's Record, London. 22— Bull. Enl. Research, London. -
Ann. Soc. Ent. France. 25— Hull. Soc. Ent. France. 26— Ent.
An/.eiger, \\'ien. 27— Hull. Soc. Ent. Ttaliana. 35— Proc., Ent. Soc.,
London. 45— Zeit. f. AYissenschil. Insektenbiol., Berlin. 50i'i-oc., U.
S. National Museum. 55 — Pan-Pacific Ent.. San Francisco. 56—
Konowia. Wien. 61— Proc., California Acad. Sci. 68— Science. 69—
Comptes R., Acad. Sci., Paris. 70Entomologica Americana. Brooklyn.
77 — Comptes R., Soc. Biologic, Paris. 78 — Bull. Biol. France et
Belgique. 80Lepid. Rundschau, \Yien. 101 — Hiological Bui. Woods
Hole, Mass. 107— Biolugisches Zentralblatt. 109— Ann. Hist. Nat.
Mus. Xat.. llungarici. 122— Zeit. f. Morph. u. Oekol. Tiere, Berlin. 130
— Ohio Jour. Sciences, Columbus. 131— Ent. Blatter. Berlin. 133—
Jour. Experimental Zool. 135 — Quarterly Jour. Microscopic. Sci. 144
— Ann. Sci. Xat., Zool., Paris. 153— Bull. Museum Xat. Hist.
Naturelle, Paris. GENERAL — Bethune-Baker, G. T.— Remarks on Dr.
Verity's "Explanation and Justification." (21, xxxix, p. 103104.)" Bird,
R. D. — Xotes on insects bred from native and cultivated fruit trees
and shrubs of southern Manitoba. (4 lix, p. 124-128.) Blasche, P. —
Raupen in hummclnest. Selbstanfertigung von
gebrauchsgegenstanden. (18 xxi, p. 71.) Bois, N. D. -Leon Diquet
Explorateur-naturaliste, Correspondent du Museum. (153, l. 164-1 1
>5. ) Hedicke and others — Hexapoda [ Abstracts!. (Zoologischer lU-
richt. l^erlin. xii, ]>p. 436-451.) Houard. C. — Les collections
cccidolo.giqurs du Lab. d'I'Jit. du Mus. Hi-t. Xat. Paris; (lallcs de In (
iuyane Francais(\ Mem. 2. (Marcellia, xxi. ]). 971-128, ill.) Houard, C.
— Les Collections cecidologiques du laboraloire d'entomologie du
Museum d'llistoirc Xat 
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244 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '27 urelle de Paris:

Galles cle 1'Amerique tropicale. (Marcellia, Avellino, vol. xxiii, fasc. 1-
6, pp. 95-124.) Howard, L. O.— The historical development and
present organization of applied entomology in the United States.
(Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie etc., Jena 2te Abt., Bd. 71, pp. 105-
113.) Jordan, D. S.Concerning "species grinding." (Science, Ixvi, p.
14-15.) Lameere, A. — Abrege de la classification zoologiqne.
(Annales Societe royale zoologique de Belgiqne, Ivii, p. 68-182.)
[Arthropods pp. 110-135.] Leon, N. — Entomologia Medicala. (Acad.
Romana Bucnresti. Stud. Cere, ix, 248, pp. ill., 1925.) McAtee, W. L.
— Notes on insect inhabitants of bird houses. (10, xxix, p. 87-90.)
Moznette, G. F. — Notes on some insects occurring on the Island of
New Providence, Bahama Archipelago, and their bearing on
horticulture in Florida. (Quarterly Bull. State Plant Board of Florida,
xi, p. 119-121.) Muller & Schuster von Forstner. — Vulkanausbriiche
und insekten. (17, xliv, p. 22-23.) Needham, J. G. & Christenson, R.
O.— Economic Insects in some streams of Northern Utah. (Bull. 201,
Utah Agr. Exper. Sta., Logan, Utah, pp. 36, ill.) Parisi, B.Notiziario
della sezione du zoologia del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di
Milano. II nuovo ordinamento delle collezioni entomologiche.
(Nature, Milano, xviii, p. 42-46, ill.) Puengeler, R._Obituary(ll, 1927,
p. 97-100.) deStefani, T.— Piccole note alctini insetti. (II Nat.
Siciliano, xxv, p. 1-10). Turner, H. J.— Nomenclature. Errors. (21,
xxxix, p. 95-96.) Turner, H. J.— -Races and their naming. (21, xxxix,
p. 104-106.) Verity, R. A few words of explanation and justification.
(21, xxxix, p. 100-103.) Weiss, H. B. — Tan Jacobz Swammerdam.
(Sci.Mon. Mag., 1927. p. 220-227~ ill.) ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY,
ETC.— Carpentier, F.Sur les trachees de la base des pattes et des
ailes de la sauterelle verte. "Phasgonura viridissima." (Ann. Soc. Sci.
Bruxelles, xlvii, B. p. 63-86, ill.) Cockayne, E. A. — Gynandromorphs
and intersexes. (35, i, p. 91-92.) Codreanu, R. — Le cycle evolutif
d'un Chironomide a larve ectoparasite d'une nymphe d'ephemere.
Les conditions de la mue dans un cas de parasitisme d'une nymphe
d'ephemere par tine larve cle Chironomide (77, xcvi, |>. 1433-1435;
1435-1436.) Crampton, G. C.— The thoracic sclerites and wing bases
of the roach Periplaneta americana and the basal structures of the
wings of insects. (5, xxxiv, p. 59-72, ill) Debaisieux, P. — A propos
des cnidosporides des blattides. (77, xcvi, p. 1404-1406.) Demoll, R.
— Untersuchungen iiber die atmung der insekten. (Zeit. f. Biologic,
Ixxxvi, p. 45-66.) Feuerborn, H. J. — Ueber die genese der
imaginalen thoraxmuskulatur und das tracheensystem von Psychoda
alter 
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XXXVJii, '27] K. \TOMOLOGICAL NEWS • nata. (Zool. An/.,

Ixxi, p. 24l>-2(>'>, ill.) Goldschmidt, R\\'eitere morphologische
untersuchungen /urn intersexualitat -problem. (122, vi'ii. p. 63-95,
ill.) de Gryse, J. J.- -The morphogeny of certain types of respiratory
systems in insert larvae. ( Trans". K. Soc. Can", xx, (V), p. 483-503. )
Heller u. Meisels. Untersuchungen iiber die metamorphose der
insekten. ( I'iol. Zentrall)., xlvii. p. 257-264, ill.) Hollande, A. C.— La
renovation de repithelium c!e 1'intestin mover du criquet egyptien.
(69, clxxxiv, p. 1476-1478, ill.) Koch, A. — Studien an leuchtenden
tieren. Das leuchten der myriapoden. (122, viii, p. 241-270, ill.)
Kosminsky, P. — Intersexualitat im mannlichen Kopulationsapparat
von T.ymantria dispar L. unterm Einlluss der Temperatur. (107,
Bd."47, pp. 323-326. ill.) Lee, M. O— Respiration of Insects. (68,
Aug. 5, 1927.) v. Lengerken, H. — Biologic der tiere deutschlands, P.
Schulze. Lief. 24, Teil 40, Coleoptera [V, p. 169-346, ill. Levitt u.
Spett. — Uebcr einige fallen von verdoppelungs-anomalien des
receptaculum seminis einiger blattkafer. (Zool. Anz., Ixxi. p. 331-334.
ill.) Payne, N. M.'Measures of insect cold hardiness. (Biol. Bull., Hi. p.
449-457.) Pearl, Miner & Parker. — Experimental studies on the
duration of life. Density of population and life duration in drosophila.
(Am. Nat"., Ixi, p. 289-318.) Pilewiczowna, M. — Sur le metabolisme
azote des insectes, — Prace Instytutu im. Nenckiego (Travaux de
ITnstitut Nencki), Warsaw, No. 53, 1926, pp. 1-25, (ill.) [Polish, with
a French resume]. Poisson, R. — Recherches sur quelques processus
spermatogenetiques. . . de Notonecta. maculata. (Arch. Zool, Exper
Gen., Ixvi. p. 23-70, ill.) Poulton, E. B.— On certain effects of shock
upon insect development. (35, i, p. 79-86.) Rabaud, E. — Les
rassemblements de males d'halictes et le phenomene social chez les
insectes. (78, Ixi. p. 163-185.) Schraeder, T. —Das hypopygium
"circumversum" von Gilliphora erythrocephala. (122, viii, p. 1-44. ill.)
Serebrovsky, A. S.— The influence of the "purple" gene on the
crossing-over between "black" and "cinnabar" in I), melanogaster.
(Jour, of Gen., xviii, ]). 137-175.) Snodgrass, R. E. — Morphology
and mechanism of the insect thorax. (Smithsonian Miscel. Coll. 80.
1. 109 pp.. ill.) Spencer, W. P. — The N chromosome of Drosophila
hydei. Jour. Exp. Zool., Ixvii. p. 441-466.) Stern, C. — Der Einfluss
der Temperatur auf die Ansbildung eincr Fliigelmutation bei
Drosophila melanogaster, (107, Bd. 47. PP. 361-3fi('. ill.) Taverne, L.
— A propos du vol godille. (153 1926 no. 6. pp. 364-3t)S. ill.)
Thompson & Parker.— Etudes sur la biologic- des insectes parasites:
la vie parasitaire et la notion morphologique de Padaptation. (24,
xcvi. p. 113-146.)
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246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '27 % Timofeeff-

Ressovsky, N. W. — A reverse genovariation in D. funebris. Studies
on the phenotypic manifestation of hereditary factors. . . (Genetics
xii, p. 124-127; 128-198, ill.) Toumanoff, K. — Sur le rapport entre la
formation du pigment vert figure et la nutrition chez Dixippus
morosus. (77, xcvi, p. 1392-1396.) Ulrich, W. — Uber das bisher
einzige strepsipteron aus clem baltischen bernstein und tibcr eine
theorie cler mengeinenbiologie. (122, viii, p. 45-62, ill.) Vandel, A.—
- La cytologie de la parthenogenese naturelle. (78, Ixi, p. 93-125.)
Vogle, R. — Ueber clrei an Salzwasser angepasste
Insektengattungen an cler ostlicken mittelmeerkiiste, (Internationale
Revue d. gesamten Hydrobiologie u. Hydrographic, Leipzig, xvii, pp.
355-6). [Aedes, Ochthebius, Eristalis.] ARACHNIDA AND
MYRIOPODA— Gerhardt, U.Neue biologische untersuchungen an
einheimischen und auslandischen spinnen. (122, viii, p. 96-186, ill.)
Kuhl, — Myriopoda [Abstracts]. (Zoologischer Bericht, Berlin xii, pp.
434436.) Nalepa, A. — Beobachtungen iiber die Verbreitung cler
Callmill)en. (Marcellia, Avellino, Vol. xxiii, fasc. 1-6, pp. 8994.)
Savory, T. H. — Spiders in the sea. (Sci. Prog., London xxii, p. 104-
105.) Seyser, W. — Die anatomic cler kreuzspinne. (Mikrokosmos, xx,
p 205-209, ill.) Vitzthum, Graf.Arachnoidea [abstracts]. (Zoologischer
Bericht, Berlin, xii, pp. 433-4.) (N) Andre, M. — Notes
complementaires et synonymicmes concernant divers Thrombidiidae.
(153, 1926, no. 6, pp. 375377.) "Mello-Leitao, M. — Notes sur
quelques Araignees bresiliennes de la collection E. Simon. 1. Les
Palpimanides de 1'Amerique du Sud. (153, 1927, no. 1, pp. 86-92,
ill.) Roewer, 1. F.Weitere weberknechte I. Erganzung cler
"Weberknechte cler Erde.", 1923. (Abh. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, xxvi,
p. 260-402, ill.) (S) *Mello-Leitao, — Arachnideos de Santa Catnarina
(Rev. Mus. Paulista, xv, p. 395-418, ill.) THE SMALLER ORDERS OF
INSECTA. - Davies, W. M. — On the trachael system of Collembola,
with special reference to that of Sminthurus viriclis. (135, Ixxi, p. 15-
30, ill.) Gros et Lestage. — Contribution a 1'etude des larves des
ephemeropteres. (Ann. Biol. Lacustre, xv, p. 119-186, ill.) Hood, J. D.
— On the synomymy of some Thysanoptera occurring in California.
(55, iii, p. 173-178, ill.) Needham, J. G. The life history and habits of
a mayfly from Utah. (4, lix, p. 133-136, ill.) Popowa, A. N. — Ueber
die ernahrung cler Trichopteren 
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XXXviii, '27] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS larven (Neureclipsis

bimaculata und Hydropsyche ornatula.) (45 xxii, p. 147-159.) Ryves.
— L'entomologie des mouches a trtiites. Les ephemeres. (La Nature,
Jul. I1 >27, p. 28-29, ill.) Womersley, H. — A study of the larval
forms of certain species of Protura. (8, Ixiii, p. 149-154.) (N) *Berry,
E. W.— A new type of caddis case from the lower eocene of
Tennessee. (50, Ixxi, Art. 14, 4 pp., ill.) ^Carpenter, F. M. — A fossil
insect from the lower perminn of the Grand Canyon. (50, Ixxi. Art.
32, 4 pp.) -Gahan, A. B. -Description of a new species of Mymaridae
parasitic in procid eggs. (55, iii, p. 180-181.) Garman, P.— Guide to
the Insects of Connecticut, Part V. The ( )donata or Dra-onllies of
Conn. (Conn. State Geological and Natural History Survey, Bull. 39,
Hartford. 331 pp., ill.) -Hood, J. D.— A contribution toward the
knowledge of New York Thysanoptera, with descriptions of new
genera and species. (70, vii, p. 209-241, ill.) *Martynov, A. B. —
Ueber eine neue ordnung der fossilen insekten, Miomoptera nov.
(Zool. Anz., Ixxii, p. 99-109, ill.) (S) :::Longinos Navas, R. P. —
Insectos del museo de Paris (Broteria, Zool., xxiv, p. 5-33, ill.)
ORTHOPTERA — Griddle, N. — Studies of the immature stages of
Manitoban Orthoptera. (Trans. R. Soc. Can., xx, (V). p. 507-527, ill.)
Eisentraut, M. — Beitrag zur frage der farbenpassung der
orthopteren an die farbung der umgebung. (122, vii, p. 609-642, ill.)
Imms, A. D. — The biology and affinities of Grylloblatta. (35, i, p.
57.) Tanner, V. M.— Notes on Orthoptera and Dermaptera from Utah.
(55, iii, p. 178-179.) (S) :!:Chopard, L. — Descriptions de Grvllides
nouveaux. (24, xcvi, p. 147-174, ill.) -Karny, H. H.— Revision der
Gryllacriden des Zool. Inst. in Halle, sowie einiger Tettieoniiden typen
von Burmeister und Giebel. (Zeit. f. Naturw. Halle, Ixxxviii, p. 1-14.
*Vignon, P. — Les Pterochrozees du Musee entomologique allemand
du P>erlin-Dahlem. Deux varietes nouvelles dans le genre
Ommatoptera Pictet. Rectification systematique. (153, 1926, No. f>,
pp. 360-363.) HEMIPTERA. — Bonnamour & Gautier. — Nouveau
gite pour Hibernation de Tingis pyri. (Tingitidae). (25, \(>27, p. 118-
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