Basic Information

Name: Dias Judeline Jecinta Jude

Enrollment No: 2109201765

Programme Code: MAPC

Course Code: MPCE026

Study Centre Code: 49026: Hansraj College, Khar West

Title: A Study on the Mental Health (Stress, Anxiety, And Depression)

and Self Esteem of Early Adults in Relation to their Gender and
Family Type
 2109201765 MPCE026

Dias Judeline Jecinta Jude

101/B, Saba Heritage, Chapel Road, Bandra West, Mumbai - 400050

9619834080 [email protected]

49 - Mumbai 49026: Hansraj College, Khar West

A Study on the Mental Health (Stress, Anxiety, And Depression) and

Self Esteem of Early Adults in Relation to their Gender and Family Type

Dr. Anita Kumar

Mumbai

6.10.23
6.10.23
 A Study on the Mental Health (Stress, Anxiety, And Depression) and Self Esteem of
Early Adults in Relation to their Gender and Family Type

Dias Judeline Jecinta Jude 2109201765

Dr. Anita Kumar

Academic Counsellor

Mumbai

6.10.23
 Dias Judeline Jecinta Jude

2109201765
Mumbai
 Enrolment No: 2109201765

SYNOPSIS

A Study on the Mental Health (Stress, Anxiety, And Depression) and

Self Esteem of Early Adults in Relation to their Gender and Family
Type

Master of Arts (Psychology)

(MPCE – 026)

Submitted by

Name: Dias Judeline Jecinta Jude

Enrolment No: 2109201765

Regional Centre: Mumbai

Guide: Dr. Anita Kumar

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 Enrolment No: 2109201765

A Study on the Mental Health (Stress, Anxiety, And Depression) and Self Esteem
of Early Adults in Relation to their Gender and Family Type

Introduction:

Concept of Mental health in relation to Depression, Anxiety and Stress

When people are able to cope with the stresses of life, have the skill and ability to work well,
build social relations well are capable of learning, etc. that is known as mental health.
Certain factors tend to affect the mental wellbeing of people causing them to develop mental
health issues, like stresses, depression, etc. Factors like psychological impact, environmental,
social, economic, etc. contributes to an individual’s mental health. Many people learn to
adapt and survive in situations by themselves with causing less impact on their daily lives,
but if people are unable to function soundly in their daily life, that’s when the question arises
are the mentally sound?

Mental health is the need of the hour in the society to ensure a healthy lifestyle for people to
strive. To have a sound mental health the people need to understand when they are mentally
unstable or affected by any factors. India is a dynamic society, containing the 1st highest
population in the world, as per 2023 census. The family dynamic of this country is
dynamically different. A household has three to four generations living together, this is
termed as joint families. On the other hand, people living in cities or towns, prefer to live in a
nuclear family as most families have migrated from internal rural areas of India, for better
employment opportunities.

Mental health is a major issue in India and is still considered as a stigma in Indian society.
Though psychology is a booming field of study in the country, the approach of people
towards therapy or counseling is still slow compared to other 1st world countries. According
to the WHO, Depression is the highest mental illness in India with an average of 57 million
people being affected by it.

The American Psychological Association defines depression as a common and serious

medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.
Individuals that are depressed tend to feel sad and a loss of interest in any form of activity. To
be terms as a patient with depression, it needs to be for a period of over 2 weeks as stated by
the APA.

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Depression is highly experience in woman compared to men. Studies have shown that one
third of women will experience a major depressive episode in their lives. If a first degree i.e.
close family (Parents, siblings, etc.) experiences depression it is highly hereditary.

This mental illness can affect anyone even a person living in a normal environment. It is
affected by various factors such as environmental, social, physical, genetics, personality, etc.
Depression is a treatable mental illness. Psychologist or Psychiatrist may recommend
therapy, counselling techniques or medication as a form of treatment, depending on the
severity of the illness.

Another mental health issues that are common is Anxiety and Stress. Anxiety is a normal
response to a stressful situation. Feeling of nervousness or anxiousness is considered normal
if a person is place in a stress filled environment. Anxiety is usually observed is scenarios
when one has to give a speech in public, or during an examination, etc. On the other hand,
Anxiety disorder is when a person experiences intense fear and anxiety. People with anxiety
disorders tend to avoid situations that usually trigger them. They feel irrationally restless,
irritability, anger issues, unable to concentrate or sleep well, etc. (Mind, 2022)

According to WHO, Stress can be defined as a state of worry or mental tension caused by a
difficult situation. Stress is a natural human response that prompts us to address challenges
and threats in our lives. Everyone experiences stress to some degree. The way we respond to
stress, however, makes a big difference to our overall well-being. Stress activates adrenaline
and other hormonal chemicals in the human body. Not all stress is harmful, but when it
becomes chronic or toxic stress people experience various illnesses. (WHO, 2023)

Psychologist or Psychiatrist, use various therapies like talk therapy to help their clients to
overcome stress. Meditation, change in hectic lifestyle, etc. are recommended to clients to
solve their stressful situation more easily. An increase in stressful situations can also
contribute to the mental health of people and causing anxiety, personality disorders,
depression, etc.

Concept of Self Esteem

Self - esteem is a complete evaluation of oneself in a positive or negative way. Self-esteem

is the measure of an individual's belief in their own competence and self-worth. In simpler

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terms, it's about how someone perceives their own abilities and value. Self-esteem
encompasses feelings of validation, approval, acceptance, and self-worth that a person
experiences. It is determined by one's feelings and opinions about their skills, capabilities,
and personal qualities. Healthy self-esteem involves recognizing both strengths and
weaknesses and accepting oneself for who they are. It involves taking responsibility for one's
actions, meeting personal needs, setting goals, and choosing paths to achieve those goals.
Good self-esteem promotes inner consistency and encourages individuals to engage
positively with others.

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human needs places esteem needs as the fourth level,
encompassing the desire for personal value, a sense of achievement, and self-worth. Carl
Rogers, on the other hand, identified three distinct components within the self-concept, with
self-esteem being one of them. Positive responses from others tend to contribute to the
development of positive self-esteem in individuals. Conversely, when individuals compare
themselves to others and perceive themselves as falling short, it can have a detrimental effect
on their self-esteem.

Who are Early Adults?

In the past, early adulthood used to encompass a wide age range, typically extending from
around 18 (marking the end of adolescence) to approximately 40 to 45 (signifying the onset
of middle adulthood). However, in recent times, experts in human development have chosen
to divide this phase into two distinct stages: Emerging adulthood, which precedes early
adulthood. While these stages exhibit variations in physical, cognitive, and social
development, the overall period spanning from 18 to 45 represents a phase characterized by
the peak of physical capabilities and the emergence of more mature cognitive development,
financial independence, and the establishment of intimate relationships. (Development, n.d.)

Family Types:

Family plays in important role in the psychological wellbeing of every member. The family
dynamics contribute to the overall development of the child/children in the family. Parents
play the vital role in the upbringing of a child. Parenting is the process that is done for a
child to grow into being an independent adult. Parenting styles varies from parent to parent.
Given the Indian culture, children are not only brought up by parents but even other family

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members in form of guardians. A parent and child relationship impact each - others mental
health.

Dual parenting, also known as two-parent parenting, refers to a family structure in which
there are two adult caregivers, typically a mother and a father, who share the responsibilities
of raising and nurturing their children. In dual-parent families, both adults are actively
involved in providing emotional support, guidance, discipline, and financial support for their
children.

This family structure is often considered traditional in many cultures and has been the norm
for much of human history. Dual-parent families can provide various advantages, including
shared caregiving responsibilities, diverse perspectives in parenting, and potentially greater
financial resources to support the family's needs.

Single-parent families consist of a parent or caregiver responsible for one or more

dependent children, and notably, they do not have the active presence or support of a spouse
or adult partner who shares the responsibilities of parenting. In these family structures, a
single individual bears the primary role of nurturing and providing for the children, often
juggling various aspects of caregiving, financial support, and emotional guidance on their
own.

The project draws inspiration from a German article examining the link between family
dynamics and adolescent depression. This study highlights how family dynamics
significantly and adversely affect adolescents, playing a significant role in contributing to
depression among individuals aged 10 to 18 years. The study concludes that addressing and
improving family dynamics through early intervention strategies may have the potential to
prevent adolescent depression.

Review of Literature

(Aaron Beck, 1979) introduced a psychological perspective on depression, emphasizing it as

primarily a cognitive disorder. According to their framework, depression is characterized by
three core negative beliefs related to oneself, the world, and the future. These beliefs are: (1)
a negative self-perception, (2) a pessimistic view of the world, and (3) a bleak outlook on the

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future. These negative cognitive patterns, which include feelings of hopelessness and
worthlessness, are collectively referred to as the "negative cognitive triad." Beck and
colleagues posit that these beliefs constitute the central feature of all forms of depression.
Consequently, they suggest that other aspects of depression, such as physical symptoms,
emerge in response to these core cognitive patterns.

(First, 2004) Responding to anxiety involves effectively managing one's emotions in specific
situations and choosing the most suitable course of action. Anxiety is characterized by an
uncomfortable internal state of conflict often accompanied by tense behavior. It encompasses
unpleasant emotions such as fear and unease, which can manifest physically as tension,
restlessness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. While occasional anxiety may be normal,
frequent or persistent experiences of anxiety can indicate an underlying anxiety problem.
Anxiety influences our emotions, behaviors, and reactions in situations that provoke fear and
apprehension, often resulting in physical symptoms.

(D.H., 1988) Anxiety is a subjective condition characterized by inner unease, often arising
without any obvious external trigger, distinguishing it from fear. Common symptoms
encompass feelings of worry, difficulties with memory and attention, and a reduced ability to
concentrate. Additionally, anxiety can manifest with physical symptoms like perspiration,
trembling, restlessness, and hyperventilation. It's a mood state characterized by noticeable
negative emotions and bodily tension. In this state, individuals nervously anticipate potential
future threats or adverse events.

(McLean CP, 2011) Extensive research has confirmed notable gender disparities in anxiety,
with females exhibiting 1.5 to 2 times higher rates than males. Interestingly, it's not solely
gender that plays a role, but rather the characteristics of masculinity and femininity.

(Gall, 2007) Research indicates a negative correlation between these traits and the expression
of anxiety. This suggests that both males and females with high femininity scores tend to
experience higher levels of anxiety.

(Sahoo S, 2010) Depression, anxiety, and stress are considered important indicators of mental
health within a community. If these emotional disorders go unnoticed and untreated, they can
result in heightened emotional suffering, with negative consequences for individuals' careers
and overall quality of life. Currently, the estimated lifetime prevalence of depression, anxiety,

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and stress among young adults worldwide varies significantly, spanning from 5% to 70%,
according to research.

(Sahoo S, 2010) Stress has become an integral aspect of urban living, and it's notably
widespread among young adults in urban India, as noted in studies.

(Rosenberg, 1979) study on self-esteem concluded that the drive to attain and preserve self-
esteem is among the most potent human motivations. Interestingly, even individuals with low
self-esteem are compelled to sustain their sense of self-worth and avoid feeling any less
valuable.

(Bhatnagar, 2013) The traditional family ideal typically consists of a married husband and
wife, along with their biological children, creating a balanced and secure environment. Each
parent plays a unique role in child development, sharing the responsibility to protect, nurture,
and cherish their children.

(Bhatnagar, 2013) Single parenthood in India can result from tragedies like the death of a
parent, divorce, or abandonment. In Western countries, some choose single parenthood
through adoption or assisted reproduction. Divorced women in India face social stigma, while
widows, although respected, often struggle with poverty, particularly if they haven't worked
outside the home. Cultural factors limit widows' participation in community life.

(Fomby, 2007) studied family instability and its impact on child well-being in the United
States. They found that children who experience multiple transitions in family structure may
have worse developmental outcomes. While some of this association can be explained by
parents' characteristics, particularly for white children, there is evidence suggesting a causal
link between the number of family structure transitions and behavioral outcomes in children.

(Paton, 2010) Study focused on children from single-parent families and found that those
raised by single mothers were twice as likely to exhibit misbehavior compared to those in
traditional two-parent households. Specifically, 12 percent of children raised by single
parents showed serious behavioral issues by age seven, whereas only 6 percent of kids raised
by both natural parents had such problems. The study emphasized that family structure,
parental qualifications, and household income significantly influenced children's behavior at
a young age, potentially leading to long-term consequences. Higher levels of parental

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qualifications were associated with a lower likelihood of behavioral problems in children.

(Hannighofer Jasmin, 2017) This study compared different family structures, including
single-parent and unstable families, to intact families with varying marital satisfaction levels.
Surprisingly, the research found that the risk of problems in children from divorced or single-
parent families was similar to those with parents in poor relationships. It emphasized the
positive impact of mothers' relationship satisfaction on children's well-being and highlighted
the importance of fostering healthy relationships. The study also suggested that changes in
family status did not necessarily have more negative consequences than staying in an
unsatisfying relationship.

Rational of Study

The current study focuses on the provided review and various impact of mental health and
self-esteem between parent and early adult’s dynamics. The current study focuses on
providing an indebt understanding of the effects of dual parenting and single parent on the
overall upbringing.

The inspiration of the paper came from my own life situation. The effects from being brought
up by guardians and the later a single parent has provided many different experiences and
changed in a lot of psychological health areas.

Also, currently I have observed that a lot of early adults and children that I know of are
facing either an early death of a parent or separation or divorce amongst their parents. I have
personally observed a change in theirs as well as their parent’s behavior that has affected
their mental health and self-esteem. But given the taboo towards therapy the mental health
improvement is not a major consideration.

The attempt of this study is to create awareness regarding mental health and boosting onces
self-esteem in the Indian society. So that appropriate measures can be taken and even
provided to everyone. So that the future generation doesn’t suffer from mental health issues
or issues regarding their image in society that could further cause other health problems or
may lead to increase in suicide rate.

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Objectives

1. To analyze the relationship between Mental health (depression, anxiety and stress) and
Self-esteem of early adults.

2. To find out the difference in Mental health (depression, anxiety and stress) of Male and
Female early adults.

3. To explore the difference in Self-esteem of Male and Female early adults.

4. To find out the difference in mental health (depression, anxiety and stress) of early adults
belonging to Dual or Two parent family v/s Single parent family.

5. To find out the difference in self-esteem of early adults belonging to Dual or Two parent
family v/s Single parent family.

Hypotheses

1. There is no significant relationship between mental health (depression, anxiety and stress)
and self-esteem of early adults.

2. There is no significant difference in mental health (depression, anxiety and stress) of male
and female early adults.

3. There is no significant difference in self-esteem of male and female early adults.

4. There is no significant difference in mental health (depression, anxiety and stress) of early
adults belonging to dual or two parent family v/s single parent family.

5. There is no significant difference in self-esteem of early adults belonging to dual or two

parent family v/s single parent family.

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Methodology

Research Problem: To study the Mental Health (Stress, Anxiety, And

Depression) and Self Esteem of Early Adults in Relation to their Gender
and Family Type in some of the selected areas of Mumbai.

Research Design:

This will be Quantitative, Descriptive and Cross-sectional study using Survey method.

Variables:

1. Mental Health

2. Self-esteem

3. Gender

4. Family Type

Operational Definition of variables: in the present study

Mental Health: refers to depression, anxiety and stress. The Depression scale assesses
dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack of interest/involvement,
anhedonia, and inertia. The Anxiety scale assesses autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects,
situational anxiety, and subjective experience of anxious affect. The Stress scale is sensitive
to levels of chronic non-specific arousal. It assesses difficulty relaxing, nervous arousal, and
being easily upset/agitated, irritable/over-reactive and impatient as measured by DASS 21
developed by (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995)

Self- esteem: refers to self-esteem is one's positive or negative attitude toward oneself and
one's evaluation of one's own thoughts and feelings overall in relation to oneself as measured
by (Rosenberg, 1979)

Gender: refers to the social roles adopted by the participants on the basis of their biological
characteristics.

Family type refers to two categories -

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a.) Single Parent: Single parent families are comprised of a parent/caregiver and one or more
dependent children without the presence and support of a spouse or adult partner who is
sharing the responsibility of parenting. (Lindwall, 2011)

b.) Dual Parents: Two-parent family means two parents with a common child residing in the
same household. (lawinsider, n.d.)

Sample:

Sampling technique: Non-purposive sampling technique will be used.

Sample size: 100 Samples i.e. 50 males and 50 females

Inclusion criteria:

It will include only early adults from the ages 18 to 40 years.

Will include only early adults that reside with Mumbai.

Exclusion criteria:

It will not include any sample below 18 years and above 40 years.

The study will not include samples that reside outside Mumbai or India.

Tools:

Mental Health: DASS 21 – Depression Anxiety Stress Scale – 21 Questions (Lovibond &
Lovibond, 1995)

Total number of items: 21 items on the questionnaire comprise a set of 3 self-reported

scales designed to assess DASS.

Subfactors: In three subscales, following items assess symptoms of depression (items 3, 5,

10, 13, 16, 17, 21), anxiety (items 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20), and stress (items 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14,
18).

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Scoring: Scores are summed for each scale (D = Depression, A = Anxiety, S = Stress), and
the total for each scale multiplied by 2.
The rating scale is as follows:

• 0 Did not apply to me at all

• 1 Applied to me to some degree, or some of the time
• 2 Applied to me to a considerable degree, or a good part of time
• 3 Applied to me very much, or most of the time

Interpreting DASS scores

DEPRESSION ANXIETY STRESS

NORMAL 0-9 0-7 0-14

MILD 10-13 8-9 15-19

MODERATE 14-20 10-14 19-25

SEVERE 21-27 15-19 26-33

EXTREMELY SEVERE 28+ 20+ 34+

Norms: Percentiles are graphed which indicate the level of symptoms compared to the
general population. A percentile above 90 is indicative of significant psychological distress,
while scores below the 90th percentile are more indicate of psychological health. However,
given the dimensional nature of psychological distress it may be more useful to consider even
small changes in symptoms over time, rather than focusing on categorical differences.

Reliability and Validity: The DASS-21 was initially developed using a sample of responses
from 504 students, taken from a larger sample of 950 first year university students. The items
were subsequently checked for validity against outpatient groups including patients suffering
from anxiety, depression and other mental disorders.

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The DASS-21 has been extensively normed, with data used for interpretive purposes based
on a sample of 1794 non-clinical adults (Henrey & Crawford, 2005). Consistent with the
DASS-42, the DASS-21 has internal consistency and concurrent validity in acceptable to
excellent ranges (Antony et al., 1998).

Self – Esteem: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) (Rosenberg, 1979)

Total number of items: 10 item RSE scale is to measure self-esteem

Sub factors: In general, the RES scale measures self-esteem.

Scoring: As the RSE is a Guttman scale, scoring can be a little complicated. Scoring involves
a method of combined ratings. Low self-esteem responses are “disagree” or “strongly
disagree” on items 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, and “strongly agree” or “agree” on items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9. Two
or three out of three correct responses to items 3, 7, and 9 are scored as one item. One or two
out of two correct responses for items 4 and 5 are considered as a single item; items 1,8, and
10 are scored as individual items; and combined correct responses (one or two out of two) to
items 2 and 6 are considered to be a single item. The scale can also be scored by totalling the
individual 4-point items after reverse-scoring the negatively worded items.

Norms: The scale ranges from 0-30. Scores between 15 and 25 are within normal range;
scores below 15 suggest low self-esteem.

Reliability and Validity: The RSE demonstrates a Guttman scale coefficient of

reproducibility of .92, indicating excellent internal consistency. Test-retest reliability over a
period of 2 weeks reveals correlations of .85 and .88, indicating excellent stability.
Demonstrates concurrent, predictive and construct validity using known groups. The RSE
correlates significantly with other measures of self-esteem, including the Coopersmith Self-
Esteem Inventory. In addition, the RSE correlates in the predicted direction with measures of
depression and anxiety.

Data collection Procedure:

I will be approaching Early Adults samples from my own social circle. The purpose of the
study will be explained to them. Data privacy assurance will be given, along with gaining
informed consent of the sample. Then only the data will be collected from the sample.

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Data analysis:

Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used for Hypothesis Number 1 - Product
Moment Correlation

For Hypotheses Number 2 to 5 Independent T-Test will be used.

References

Aaron Beck, J. R. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. . Retrieved from New York:
Guilford, 1979. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002: doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.t01-4-
01015.x. PMID: 11982560.

Bhatnagar, N. &. (2013). Single parent families: Problems of parents and children- A
multilevel analysis of role of human and material resources.

D.H., B. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic.
The Guilford Press.

Development, L. S. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-

lifespandevelopment/chapter/introduction-7/

First, M. B. (2004). DSM-IV-TR guidebook. American.

Fomby, P. &. (2007). Family Instability and Child Well-Being. Retrieved from American
sociological review. : 10.1177/000312240707200203.

Gall, M. G. (2007). Educational research: An introduction (8th ed.). New York: NY: Pearson
Education.

Hannighofer Jasmin, F. H. (2017). Impact of Relationship Status and Quality (Family Type)
on the Mental Health of Mothers and Their Children: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study .
Retrieved from Frontiers in Psychiatry:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00266

lawinsider. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/two-parent-

family#:~:text=Sample%201-

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,Two%2Dparent%20family%20means%20two%20parents%20with%20a,child%20re
siding%20in%20the%20same

Lindwall, J. B. (2011). Single Parent Families. Retrieved from In: Goldstein, S., Naglieri,
J.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development. Springer, Boston, MA.:
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_2651

Lovibond, S., & Lovibond, P. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd
ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation.

McLean CP, A. A. (2011, August 8). Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence,
course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. . Retrieved from J Psychiatr Res:
doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006. Epub 2011 Mar 25. PMID: 2

Mind. (2022, March). Types of Mental Health Problems. Retrieved from Mind UK:
https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-
problems/stress/treatment-for-stress/

Paton, G. (2010, October 15). Children in single parent families 'worse behaved'. Retrieved
from The Telegraph:
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/8064435/Children-in-single-
parent-families-worse-behaved.html

Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the Self. New York : Basic Books.

Sahoo S, K. C. (2010, December 12). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among
young male adults in India: a dimensional and categorical diagnoses-based study.
Retrieved from J Nerv Ment Dis : doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181fe75dc. PMID:
21135643.

WHO. (2023, February 21). What is Stress? Retrieved from World Health Organisation:
https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and -
answers/item/stress#:~:text=What%20is%20stress%3F,and%20threats%20in%20our
%20lives.

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Appendix

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

The questions are prepared based on the project topic: A Study on the Mental Health (Stress,
Anxiety, And Depression) and Self Esteem of Early Adults in Relation to their Gender and
Family Type.

If you are within the age group of 18 to 40 years.

The answers provided by you will be used only for educational purposes and will be kept
confidential.

Do you consent to taking the survey? Yes/No

If yes, kindly answer all the questions in the questionnaire honestly. Thank you!

A. Demographic Data

1. Full Name: _______________________

2. Age: 18 – 25, 26 – 30, 31 – 35, 36 - 40

3. Gender (Biological) – Male / Female

4. Contact Number: ____________________ 5. Email ID: __________________________

6. Education Qualification (What was your last education?) _______________________

(SSC (10TH Grade), HSC (12TH Grade), Diploma, Bachelor’s Degree, Master’s Degree,
Professional Courses (CA, CS, etc.), Doctorate Degree.)

7. Profession: _____________________________
(Student, Employed for wages/salary, Self-employed, Unemployed, Homemaker, Retired)

8. Marital Status: Single, Married, Widowed, Divorced, Separated

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B. Family Background:

1. Do you live with your parents currently? Yes/ No

2. No. of Siblings in the Family: __________

3. What is your birth order? Eldest, Middle or Youngest

4. You were/are brought up by: (Please tick)

___ Single Parent (Please specify the type)

• Mother – Alive/ Dead

• Father – Alive / Dead
• Mother - Divorced / Separated
• Father - Divorced / Separated

___ Dual Two Parents

C. Mental Health: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales – DASS 21

Please read each statement and circle a number 0, 1, 2 or 3 which indicates how much the
statement applies to you. There are no right or wrong answers.

The rating scale is as follows:

• 0 Did not apply to me at all

• 1 Applied to me to some degree, or some of the time
• 2 Applied to me to a considerable degree, or a good part of time
• 3 Applied to me very much, or most of the time

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D. Self Esteem: RSE Scale

Please record the appropriate answer for each item, depending on whether you;

• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree

Strongly Strongly
Statement Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree

1. On the whole, I am satisfied with

myself.

2. At times I think I am no good at all.

3. I feel that I have a number of good

qualities.

4. I am able to do things as well as most

other people.

5. I feel 1do not have much to be proud

of.

6. I certainly feel useless at times.

7. I feel that I'm a person of worth.

8. I wish I could have more respect for

myself.

9. All in all, I am inclined to think that I

am a failure.

10. I take a positive attitude toward

myself.

Thank you for sharing your responses for my study. Have a great day ahead!

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