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A Concise History of Modern Europe Liberty Equality
Solidarity 3rd Edition David S. Mason Digital Instant
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Author(s): David S. Mason
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 A Concise History of
Modern Europe

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Mason_WEB.indb 2 12/4/14 11:19 AM
 A Concise History of
Modern Europe
Liberty, Equality, Solidarity

Third Edition

David S. Mason

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD

Lanham • Boulder • New York • London

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 Published by Rowman & Littlefield
A wholly owned subsidiary of
The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.rowman.com

Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB,

United Kingdom

Copyright © 2015 by Rowman & Littlefield

Second edition 2011. First edition 2004.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by
any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval
systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer
who may quote passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mason, David S. (David Stewart), 1947–
   A concise history of modern Europe : liberty, equality, solidarity / David S.
Mason. — Third ed.
  pages cm
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   ISBN 978-1-4422-3696-7 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-3697-4 (pbk. :
alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-3698-1 (electronic)
   1. Europe—History—1789–1900. 2. Europe—History—20th century.
3. Europe—Politics and government—1789–1900. 4. Europe—Politics and
government—20th century. I. Title.
  D299.M359 2015
  940.2'8—dc23
2014039780
™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America

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 For Danny and Sylvie

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Mason_WEB.indb 6 12/4/14 11:19 AM
 Contents

List of Boxes, Illustrations, and Maps xi

Preface and Acknowledgments xv
Introduction: Revolutionary Europe 1
Timeline of European History 7

1 The Old Regime and the Enlightenment 13

The Old Regime in France 13
The Enlightenment 17
The Impact of the Enlightenment 21

2 The French Revolution and Napoleon 23

1789: The Revolution Begins 25
The Radical Republic and the Terror 28
Napoleon and Europe 29

3 The Industrial Revolution and the Birth of Capitalism 37

Causes of the Industrial Revolution 38
Socioeconomic Consequences of Industrialization 42
The Impact of the Industrial Revolution 44

4 1848: The Peoples’ Spring 47

Europe after 1815: Reaction 48
Liberalism and Nationalism in the Early Nineteenth Century 49
Precursors to 1848: The 1830 Revolution in France 51
vii

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 viii Contents

The Revolutions of 1848 52

Revolt Spreads through Europe 54
Repression and Reaction 55
Consequences and Legacy of 1848 56

5 Marx, Marxism, and Socialism 59

Karl Marx 60
The Communist Manifesto 60
Marxist Theory 64
The Idea of Communism 67
The Legacy of Marxism 68

6 Darwinism and Social Darwinism 71

Charles Darwin 72
The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection 73
Darwinism and Religion 74
Social Darwinism 76
Social Darwinism and European History 78
The Influence of Darwinism 79

7 The Unifications of Italy and Germany 83

Nationalism and the Nation-State 83
Prelude to Unification: The Crimean War 85
Mazzini, Cavour, and the Unification of Italy 86
Bismarck and the Unification of Germany 89
The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary 91
Implications of Nationalism and Unification 92

8 The Age of Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa 93

European Expansionism before the Nineteenth Century 94
The Motivations for Imperialism 94
The Scramble for Africa 96
The Colonization of Asia 98
Patterns of Colonial Rule 99
The Legacy and Consequences of European Imperialism 100

9 World War I 103

Europe on the Eve of War 103
The Tinderbox: Nationalism in the Balkans 105
The Spark: The Assassination 106
The Escalation 107
The War 107

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 Contents ix

Versailles, the Peace Settlements, and the League of Nations 111

Consequences of the War 113

10 The Russian Revolution and Communism 115

Tsarist Russia 116
Hints of Change and Reform 117
1905: Prelude to Revolution 119
Marxism and Leninism 120
World War I and the Two Revolutions 122
Civil War, NEP, and Consolidation 124
Stalin and Totalitarianism 127
The Legacy and Meaning of the Russian Revolution 129

11 World War II and the Holocaust 131

Europe between the World Wars 132
The Rise of Militarism and Fascism 133
Hitler’s Aggression 136
The War 139
The Holocaust 141
The Consequences of World War II 142

12 Europe Divided, the Cold War, and Decolonization 145

The Division of Europe 146
The Onset of the Cold War 148
Decolonization 152
Postwar Western Europe 155
Eastern Europe after the War 157
Conclusions: From Cold War to Perestroika 159

13 1989: The Collapse of Communism and End of the Cold War 161
Before 1989: Soviet Hegemony and the Brezhnev Doctrine 162
Gorbachev and Perestroika 165
The Revolutions of 1989 167
The Disintegration of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia 171
Transition from Communism to Market Democracy 174
Conclusions: The Impact of 1989 175

14 The European Union: Europe United and Free? 179

Origins of the Common Market 179
From Common Market to EU 182
Expansion to Eastern Europe 185
The European Superpower? 187

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 x Contents

Growing Pains 188

What Is Europe? 190

Conclusion: Europe in the Twenty-first Century 195

Russia’s Place in Europe and the Crisis in Ukraine 197
Europe’s Evolving Relationship with the United States 199
Notes 201
Glossary 207
Suggestions for Additional Reading 217
Index 225
About the Author 235

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 Boxes, Illustrations,
and Maps

BOXES

1.1 The Play That Sparked a Revolution: The Marriage of Figaro 19

2.1 Women on the Revolution 27
2.2 Charles Dickens on the Guillotine 28
2.3 The Napoleonic Code 31
2.4 The War of 1812 31
2.5 Beethoven and Napoleon 34
3.1 The Crystal Palace 41
3.2 Tennyson’s “Locksley Hall” 45
4.1 Adam Mickiewicz: Romantic Poet and Revolutionary 53
5.1 Robert Owen, Karl Marx, and Indiana 66
6.1 Darwin’s Finches and Pigeons 75
6.2 Sigmund Freud: Psychology and Civilization 80
7.1 Verdi and Italian Independence 85
7.2 Giuseppe Garibaldi: Italian Nationalist and Romantic
Revolutionary 88
9.1 A Sweet and Honorable Death 110
xi

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 xii Boxes, Illustrations, and Maps

10.1 “The First Bolshevik” in Russian Literature 120

10.2 The Bolsheviks and the Role of Women 123
11.1 Picasso’s Guernica: Art, War, and Politics 137
Survival in Auschwitz
11.2  143
13.1 Václav Havel, Frank Zappa, and the Velvet Revolution 170
14.1 Beethoven’s Ode to Joy and the EU 184

ILLUSTRATIONS

Portrait of King Louis XIV 14

Bonaparte Crossing the Alps 30
The Crystal Palace 41
The Revolution of Germany: Storming the Arsenal 56
Karl Marx 61
Cartoon of Darwin 74
Garibaldi Offering Pope Pius IX the Cap of Liberty 88
The Rhodes Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo 99
Women of Britain Say “Go!” 108
Wilfred Owen 110
The Russian Village Mir 118
“Comrade Lenin Sweeps the World Clean” 125
“Lenin Lived, Lenin Lives, Lenin Will Live!” 126
Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini 134
Picasso’s Guernica 137
Hitler Reviews 35,000 Storm Troopers 138
St. Paul’s Cathedral in London during the Blitz 140
Soviets Hoist Their Flag over the German Reichstag 141
Jewish Citizens Being Rounded Up in the Warsaw Ghetto 142
Child Survivors of Auschwitz 143

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 Boxes, Illustrations, and Maps xiii

Conference of the Big Three at Yalta 147

West Berliners Greet Arriving American Planes, 1948–1949 151
Poster of a Cardiogram Tracing the Birth of Solidarity 164
The Berlin Wall in 1984 and 1989 169
Václav Havel Addresses a Crowd in Prague 169
The Euro 185
Cartoon Celebrating Poland’s “Return” to Europe 191

MAPS

Europe 1812 33
Europe 1815 35
Unification of Italy 87
Europe 1919 112
The USSR in 1991 128
NATO and the Warsaw Pact in 1955 149
Europe and Central Asia after the Fall of Communism 172
The European Union 186

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Mason_WEB.indb 14 12/4/14 11:19 AM
 Preface and
Acknowledgments

I have tried to make this book interesting and accessible and to provide
the basic contours of modern European history in a manner that does
not overwhelm the reader with details. The book is written with a spe-
cific audience in mind: college undergraduates with little previous back-
ground in the subject. The project arose from a need at my own university
for a short introduction to European history for a university-wide core
course that focused on the tension between tradition and change at key
points in world history, including Europe since the French Revolution.
Therefore, the focus of this book and the organizing principle are the
periods of major change and revolution that shaped European societies.
These included political revolutions, like those in 1789, 1917, and 1989,
and also economic, intellectual, and scientific revolutions as well as wars.
This narrative, therefore, touches on many of the interdisciplinary aspects
of history: cultural, social, intellectual, political, and economic. These
changes, in all of their manifestations, brought Europe, by and large, to
liberty, equality, and solidarity (the subtitle of this book), as well as peace
and prosperity. The European trajectory is fascinating and illuminating,
and the accomplishment both amazing and marvelous.
The main challenge of writing this book was the effort to synthesize
and abbreviate the history of a big region during an era of so much
change. It is a testament to this challenge that few short histories of Eu-
rope are available to the general reader. One reviewer of the first edition
praised the text for its “brevity, voice and value,” so the publisher and I
have tried to maintain those virtues in subsequent editions. This book is
still, I believe, the shortest and least expensive text on modern Europe

xv

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 xvi Preface and Acknowledgments

and one of the few written by a single author. Of course, this entails
some compromises, so, in a book like this one, half the length of most
standard histories of modern Europe, there will inevitably be omissions
and oversimplifications. In this, I hope I do not offend the amateur and
professional historians among you.
Many people have contributed to the conceptualization, revisions, and
editing of this book—many of them connected with Butler’s core cur-
riculum program. Professors Aron Aji, Bruce Bigelow, and Paul Valliere
all encouraged me to undertake this task, and Susan McEachern, senior
editor at Rowman & Littlefield, encouraged and supported the project in
many ways through all three editions. Many friends and colleagues con-
tributed feedback and suggestions on one or more of the chapters in this
volume: they are acknowledged in the first and second editions of this
book. For this third edition, I would like to acknowledge and thank Paul
Valliere, Bruce Bigelow, Paul Hanson, and, most of all, my wife, Sharon.
Four (anonymous) outside readers for the press also expressed support
for and offered suggestions for the third edition. Flannery Scott, assistant
editor at the press, ably guided me through the revision process. To all of
these wonderful people, I am deeply grateful.

A NOTE FOR STUDENTS

One advantage of a short text like this is that it allows time for students
to sample important primary sources, such as documents, speeches, and
literary works. I often refer to these in the text, and you can find many
of them at the website of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook (based
at Fordham University) and other places mentioned in “Suggestions for
Additional Reading” at the end of this book. Boldface terms in the text
(e.g., absolute monarchy on p. 13) are defined or identified in the glossary
beginning on p. 207.
Boldface terms in the text (e.g., absolute monarchy on p. 13) are de-
fined or identified in the glossary beginning on p. 207.

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 Introduction
Revolutionary Europe

T he first edition of this book began with 1789 and ended with 1989, pre-
cisely two hundred years later. This third edition brings the story for-
ward another quarter century, although those two years are still anchors
for the book. Like all dates and periods in history, these are somewhat
arbitrary but these two years, 1789 and 1989, mark signal events in Euro-
pean history, arguably the two most important years in that continent’s
history. The first is the year of the French Revolution, which overturned
the monarchy in France (albeit temporarily), institutionalized the ideas of
the Enlightenment, and unleashed the forces of nationalism, revolution,
and democracy all over Europe. The second is the year in which com-
munism collapsed in Eastern Europe through largely peaceful popular
revolutions that brought down one communist regime after another in
the course of only about six months. These Eastern European revolu-
tions stimulated the fragmentation and collapse of the Soviet Union two
years later, with the consequent end of the Cold War conflict that had
dominated international relations (and much of life in both the East and
the West) since the end of World War II. The ending of the division of
Europe between Eastern and Western, communist and capitalist, allowed
for further movement toward unity and integration, marked by the ex-
pansion of the EU from fifteen countries to twenty-eight by 2013. What
Napoleon had tried to achieve by force of arms after the French Revolu-
tion—the unification of Europe under the revolutionary principles of “lib-
erty, equality, and fraternity”—was achieved two centuries later through
peaceful and mass protests and global economic integration.

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 2 Introduction

In the years between 1789 and 1989, of course, Europe underwent many
changes, some of them even more convulsive than the revolutions of 1789.
Another seminal revolution in Russia, in 1917, brought to power a politi-
cal party committed to another ideology, communism, which within fifty
years was embraced by governments controlling half the population of
the planet. Two world wars in the twentieth century, fought mainly on
European soil, cost the lives of tens of millions of Europeans, both sol-
diers and citizens. Brutal totalitarian dictatorships emerged in Germany
(Hitler) and Russia (Stalin), each causing misery and death on a scale
unprecedented in human history.
At the same time, these two centuries were a period of enormous posi-
tive changes and creativity in Europe. The inventions of the mechanized
spinning wheel, steam engine, and assembly line fueled the Industrial
Revolution, which affected almost every aspect of daily life and trans-
formed European society from agricultural to urban. Adam Smith’s
ideas about free enterprise spurred the growth of capitalism, while the
rough edges and excesses of unfettered capitalism spurred Karl Marx to
suggest an alternative way of organizing urban life with The Communist
Manifesto. Charles Darwin revolutionized biology and science with his
theory of evolution, in the process challenging traditional and religious
notions about human creation. And in the midst of all this ferment, Eu-
rope produced some of the most marvelous writers, musicians, and artists
of all time. To list them all would be both impossible and imprudent, but
I will take the author’s prerogative and mention only a few of the most
universally known (and my own favorites): Tolstoy, Dickens, Goethe, and
Flaubert; Beethoven, Mozart, Tchaikovsky, and the Beatles; Renoir, Van
Gogh, Matisse, and Picasso.
These artists, like the philosophers of the Enlightenment and of revolu-
tions, shaped the present-day culture of Europe and the world. In some
respects, the spreading influence of European culture to the rest of the
world was benign, for example, through emigration. Between 1840 and
1940, over sixty million people emigrated from Europe, the vast major-
ity of them to the Americas, taking with them the values, cultures, and
customs of their homelands. At the same time, European influence spread
in less innocent, and often more harmful ways, with European imperial-
ism, which reached its apogee in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Britain, Spain, France, Germany, Holland, Portugal, and other countries
established colonies all over the world in the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries. The process was particularly rapid, frenzied, and competitive
in the period from 1870 to 1912, in what is sometimes called the Scramble
for Africa, when virtually the entire continent was carved up into Euro-
pean colonies. By 1912, only Liberia and Ethiopia remained independent
African states.

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 Revolutionary Europe 3

Many of these colonies did not regain their independence until the 1960s
or later, by which time European cultural influences, including languages,
were deeply embedded in colonial areas. (French, for example, is still an
official language in twenty-nine countries.) The movements for national
independence in Africa, Asia, and elsewhere often involved a rejection of
European values and even virulent hostility from colonial peoples toward
the Europeans who had exploited them. Even so, the newly independent
states almost always borrowed their models for political and economic
development from Europe, and the major competing ideologies—liberal
democracy and socialism—were both essentially European in origin.
An uninformed observer, looking at Europe today and Europe in 1789,
might assume that there had been a steady development and incorpora-
tion of the ideals and ideas of revolutionary France and Enlightenment
Europe. A draft of a new constitution for the EU, for example, made
reference to the union’s debt to “the philosophical currents of the Enlight-
enment.” And, indeed, the progress of the continent along this line has
been quite remarkable: from a collection of states characterized by abso-
lute monarchy, rigid social hierarchy, peasant agriculture, and endemic
warfare to an incipient European community of twenty-eight states, all
of them committed to democracy, human rights, welfare capitalism, free
movement of goods and people, and peaceful interaction.
Progress toward the ideals of the Enlightenment, however, was not uni-
form or smooth. There were inherent tensions between values of liberty
and equality, between freedom and order, between the needs of the in-
dividual and those of the community, and ultimately, between the forces
for change and those for tradition. The French Revolution disrupted the
old order, the ancien régime, but the chaos, instability, and violence that it
unleashed frightened many people, especially other European monarchs
and nobility. This led to the restoration of the monarchy in France and
the establishment of the Holy Alliance among the European monarchs
to ensure the maintenance of the traditions of monarchy, the church, and
divine right. The Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the thorough remak-
ing of Russian society and held out the Marxian promise of material
abundance, social justice, equality, and workers’ solidarity, both in Russia
and worldwide. But the interim “dictatorship of the proletariat” turned
out to be semipermanent, and the threat of communism scared the capi-
talist world and created a division in Europe—what Winston Churchill
called an “iron curtain”—that impeded European growth and integration
for generations. The economic insecurities and depression of the 1920s
frightened enough people in Germany and Italy that they were willing to
accept charismatic, but demagogic, leaders in Hitler and Mussolini, who
promised to restore order and prosperity but in the process unleashed a
world war that caused some fifty million fatalities in Europe alone.

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an ey & water of xoset, in which be healed. ' resolued gurarne
arabic, addid per-to pulm's bole, sano: oiibani. dragon, ceruse,
aloes, gait, psidie, mumme, olivai * mastike ; 28 * and pe lure first
enoynted within with lynsede oile & oile [* leaf 100, of roset, pe
forseid medicyne be jetted in. with a nastare and so continue it vnto
pe last ende, or on like maner after pin owne witte & bisines. And
witte pou pat 32 when per is putte vitriol, or puluis sine pari, or any
pulurs corrosiue within pe lure aboue fretyngj or cliffyngj, pan aboue
pe pulm's corrosiue owe bole armoniac to be putte, for to defende
be puluis corrosiue bat pe humidite vitriol is better than 36 m pe lure
quench nojt & wescn away pe pulms corrosiue. bole arffor why; bole
with his drynes and viscosite consumip pe moistenej, and vitriol
wirkep better and more strongly. If, forsop, pou haue no bole, pan
putte most smal meel 40 of barly in his stede, for it is rijt mich
desiccatiue. Jjise ARDERNE. P
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66 The Treatment of Piles by Corrosives. Nettle juice is a

good remedy to stop bleeding. The hairs of a hare and a powder of
burnt hen's feathers are both good to stop bleeding. Tinder, too, is
good. Acupressure stops bleeding, and so does the cautery. The
application of cold is a styptic. Clay with vinegar may be uned, f ings
restreyuef blode : ventosing putte with scarification,* putte ex
antipasi,b and mirre, and lasper of grene colour hauyng in itself
naturale droppes of blode, Saphir rede eoralle rubye,c l and fyme of
wilde swyne. Also f ise 4 restreynef blode, of f e vertu of fair qualite}
: luyse of walwort, luyse of rede netelt broken d with al his
substance, salt y-put f erto. Or luyse of nettel y-dronkyn restreynef
blode in euery place of f e body and of euery 8 cause, e and in bof e
kynde.e Bot it is to wytte fat to a woman in menstrue} and to fam
fat hauef fe emoroidej owe f e rote of it to be giff en with f e
croppe} of f e same 2 3 daies continuly, \vith rayne watre or
rennyng watre. 12 Also of fam fat restreynef blode bene f ise :
Mumme, bole armoniac, sang dracon, thure, aloe, vitriol combust,
puluer of heres of ane hare, brent or no}t brent ; pulm's of he/me}
fefers brent, medled with white of ane ey ; Alphita, i.[e.] 16 subtile
& clene meel of barly 3 ; Also a been clouen by f e midde} and putte
vpon a wonde and bounden faste, streynef.4 Bot f is haf e no stede
bot to so streyt a wounde fat f e been may take within his
extremite} f e extremite} 20 of f e wounde, as of prikkyng of a smal
knyfe or sich a f ing. Also aschen of ane olde lynne clof e y-brent
streynef blode ; f e white of an ey and barly mele y-putte aboue or
witAouten. Som-tyme it bihouef for to bynde f e heuede} f 24 of f e
veyiie with ane nedel putte vnder f e veyne, and afte?1 for to bynde
with a f rede aboue f e nedel. Som-tyme it byhouef for to cauterize
fe wounde with an hote iron. Also blode is stopped with coldyng of
fe membre y-hurte, 28 wherfor oft-tyme} is blode restreyned in som
men with one} drynkyng of colde watre. And som men puttef fair
testicule} in cold watre ; And som men lappef fair testicule} in clay
with vinegre or watre, or temperate with iuyse of 32 plantayne ; And
f is is profitable to fam fat bledef at f e nose. And it is better if fe
fronte and temple} of fe pacient be emplastred of f e forseid clay,
and also if it be putte vnder fe armehole} ; fis, forsof, quenchef fe
feruowr 36 of blode and drawef to f e opposite. Also puluere} y-
putte a "garsing" overlined. b " on \>e contrary " overlined. c "
rubye " has been crossed out. d " brissed " overlined. e— e "i.[e.] of
man & woman" overlined. f " endej " overlined. 1 corallus rubri, et
stercus porci campestris. 2 radix imnmitat ejus( 3 Item faba per
medium * sanguinem stringit.
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Various Styptics. 67 1 Pulvis ex pilis leporis combustis. 2

Item facit porrns et succns ejus, item folia tapsi-barbati. 3 Item
suecus ebulse. < cum summitatibus tapsi-barbati. <* antheae. 6 et
cribrantur. in pe nose may more strongly streyne & availe. * Puluer
of here} of ane hare y-brent1 aboue alpings streyne]) pe flux of pe
emoroide}, y-medled with white of an ey and -with 4 here} of ane
hare no}t y-brent ; coton of softe stupe} y-putte aboue. And som
men with pe forseid puluer alon and pe white of an ey anoyntej) pe
emeroide} without puttyng to of coton, and alsone cese}> pe flux
and 8 }>e akyng. Witte pou pat aloe and comyn, recepte bi ]>e
moupe, opne]) veyne} ; and putte to wz'tA-out-forp restreynep.2 |3e
same dop leke} and pe iuyse of pam pe lefe} of moleyne y-brissed
and put 'to with pe white of 12 an ey streyne}) pe emoroides and
helep pam sone. Also Iuyse of orpyne 3 y-dronken with wyne helep
al fics, without and -within ; wherfor it is called fics-herbe. Also lana
succida y-dipped in pe iuyse of porre},a pe 16 lefe} remoued away,
and hote putte to bolned emoroides, and when it is collde eftsone}
renewed, and oft tyme} so y-done, it is a certayne remedy agayns
pe bolnyng of emoroides ; And if pulm's of comyn be pntte 20 perto,
it schal spede better. To emoroide} y-bolned and apperand as war a
chykyn torde, brisse wele blak sope with pe tendrons of moleyne4
and putte vpon; and pe prid day pai schal no}t appere. Oile of
violette with 24 white of 3 eiren well stired to-gidre and putte to, on
a wonderful mane?- mitigatep pe akyng and brynnyng of pe
emoroide}. Agayn} ouer mych flux of emoroides and of menstrue}
pe best medicyne cowstrictiue and desiccatyue 28 is made on pis
maner. In pe best luwbarde} ynk be dissolued a gode quantite of
guwimc arabic; which dissolued putte in of pulm's of bole armoniac,
mastic, mumme, sumak, rede coralle, bdellii, galle}, psidie, acacie,
32 anteros 5 ypoquistidos subtily puluered and sarced,6 ana ; and
medle pam to-gidre so pat pai may be }ette into pe lure by a
nastare. With pis medicyne was cured Demetrms, kyng of Perse}, of
a cnsten man pat was halden 36 prisoner with pe same kyng ; which
cristew man was made ful riche, and was sent home to cristew
me/me} lande by pe comandement of pe same kyng, and many
prisoners of cristen men war late go free with hym. Panis cuculi a "
leke} " overlined. [* leaf 161] but after all the burnt hairs of a hare
are the best for stopping bleeding in' piles. Aloes and cummin taken
internally cause bleeding from piles, externally they stop it.
Remedies for piles. Leeks. Powdered cummin. Black soap and
mullein. Gum arabic dissolved in ink cured Demetrius, king of Persia,
by the hands of a Christian.
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68 Treatment of Piles by Medicine. alleluya, i.[e.] wodsour,

is a treyfole growyng vnder Cuckoo busche} and berep white
flowre}, is a ful sour herbe. Ane wrapped in handful of pis herbe
without any brissyng be lapped in a leaves may lyn clouth y-wette in
water and pristed out, or in lefe} of 4 be tried in J \ > •> piles, con-
rede dok, and be it rested vnder hote aschen pat it be dylomata and
dead no}t dryed ; afterward be it draw out and brissed, and put it
vpon emoroide}, or fics, or condilomata, or dede flesch, wher-so-
euer it is It fretep softly & remouep al pe forseid 8 ping}, aboue any
ping of pe world : perfor when it may esily be had it noyep noit for
to assay. A Eial ping l l experiJ J ' mentura expert, pat wonderfully
and happily amendep pe errowr regale, als wele of pe first digestion
as of pe seconde, and dop 12 I« leaf lei, away wicked colowr &
vnnatwral, *and it restorep natural A stomachic colowr and makep it
gode : Recipe cynamom, ynyh galang1, who'ha^e reubarb ana ; be
pai subtily puluered, to which be done plles' }uccary 2 euenly, and
brese pam to-gidre. Vse pe pacient 16 2(A^brls pis puluer in
bygynnyng of his mete to pe we}t of 5 sacchari. drams in wyne ; pis
medicine is profitable to pam pat hape pe emoroides, for pai ar
oftyme discolored. And it is to witte pat if it may be done on gode
inaner per owep 20 neuer to be putte to in pe place remedie}
mitigatiue} bot pe bodi war first muwdified with farmacie, i.[e.]
medicyne laxatiue, as is of pe forseid mirabolan) and fleobotomye, A
soothing for ellej be mitigatiue} availep lest. A mitigatiue of 24
application for inflamed akyng to emoroide} bolned, \vith prikkyng
and brynnyng : — Make ane emplastre of comon malue lefe}
decocte in watre and after well y-brised, w?'t/i swyne grese, oile of
rose putte to, or of violete, or of lilie, or of camamille, or 28 of
comon oile if pe toper be nojt had. It schal be made pus : pe lefej of
malues decocte and pe watre expressed, be pai wele fried in a pan
vrith some of pe forseid oile3 ; afterward streche pam on wolle y-
tesed or subtile stupe} of 32 line, and putte pam to hote ; and
wonderfully it mytiLiiy roots gatep pe akyng. If pe rote of lilie may
be had and be added to it. sopen wz't/i pe forseid malue} it schal be
more effectuoMS. Jjis emplastre is comone yno}, ffor in wynter may
lilye 36 rote} be hadde when malue} failep, and pan may pou do
witTt pe rote al-on as it is seid of pe malue} ; if pai hope may be
had pe emplastre is more effectuows. Also pe akyng and bolnyng of
emoroides is mitigate wit/< pe }olk 40
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Arderne s own Ointment for Piles. 69 of ane hard ey rested,

and oile of rose and crocus done to ; -which, y-brissed to-gidre and
wi'tTi wolle putte to, it mitigatep wonderfully in euery cause. And it
schal be 4 better if per be added to opium in litel p?-oporcion. Also
ane emplastre of be white of ane rawe ey and oile of Jhy*icipe, »
forArderne H violette bette to-gidre and putte to is seid wonderfully
for ^toint' to be mitigatiue. Also be eiren sopen hard, and J>e white
8 of pam \vith oile of rose or of violet} or of bobe vrith coton be
putte to hote, it cesep pe akyng of be emoroide} in one ni}t, and dot
it away. J?is is pe medycine which I, lohn Arderne, made, pe which I
wold neuer wante, for 1 2 it mitigatep wonderfully euery bolnyng of
emoroides, and akyng and prikkyng with brynnyng, and it dop it
away : which owe to be made pus : — Recipe Moleyn and swyne} 1
succum grese x wele y-clensed of pe litel skynne} and smal y-kutted
; etaxungia 16 and be pai wele brissed togidre in a morter or in a
basyn porci a peiiicniis vnto pe grece be wele imbibed of pe iuyse :
and pan lat mandate. . pis grese vrith pe luse stand stille 9 daie} or
more vnto pe 2 quo viso grese shew grene : which y-se,2 eftsone
sone} be it brissed iterum cum ° J svicco eadem 20 \\ith pe same
iuyse, And when pe grese is perfitely imbibed tundatur. , and colored
of pe iuyse, putte away pat pat is superflue of pe iuyse, and
eftsone} brisse pe grese without any iuyse Arderne and putte it in an
erpen vessel, and kepe it to pin vse ; ointment 24 And }?is medicyne
is called tapsiualencia. And witte pou Valencia." pat pis medicyne
owe fro monep to monep one} to be j^11^ brissed, and in pe
brissing for to putte in litel hi litel of stirred once oile of rose, or
violet, or camamille, pat pe valence may a month28 competently
imbibe it. And if per war added to of gode 3 et si de popilion3 pe
helpyng of pe medicyne schal be more effectual, leonadditur. Jjerfor
when pou hast nede for to vse perof, tak lanam succidara, if *pou
may haue it, and if pou may no}t, tak [» leaf 162] 32 oper clene
tesed wolle and putte per-on of tapsivalencia The oint.,,,., . nient
may with pi fynger or w*tn a spature imp?-essyng it, and be per i>e
spread or i , IP, applied with made ane emplastre more or lesse after
pe discrecion of pe the finger or leche, and putte it on pe lure. Bot
witte pou pat afore pe 36 puttyng to pat pe lure be wele fomented
vrith a sponge y-wette in hot watre of decoction of malue} and
branne, and be it hote putte to and abide long peron. ffor win ; sich
fomentacion availep mich more for certayne pan hote stuphis, 40
and more hidep pe rede bolnyngs and lessenep pam, as I
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7*0 Fomentations for Inflamed Piles. haue of-tymej proued.

After pe fomentacion and desiccacion of pe lure, be pe bolnyngs
anoynted with oile of rose chaufed in ane ostre scheH; and putle in
wele -with pi fynger pe oile atuix ]>e runcle} of pe skynne ; And af
terward putte 4 and it should to pe forseid eiuplastre menely
chaufed, And be it bounden, place with a pat it falle no^t away, with
lynne cloiite^ and a girdel atuix pe bottokke^, as it is seid in pe
fistule}. And within one ni^t pe akyng schal be cesed. )3is
inedicyne, for- 8 The remedy sop, passep all oper to pe akyng,
bolnyng, brynnyng, prikfor piles, kyng, and smertyng in pe lure, of
which blode rennep no^t; And he pat hape pis medicyne, hym
nedep none better. Bot neperles it is gode for to kune many Inter x
12 l Sed tamen ' bonum est imttheieech should know of others. pat
one aeiailyng he may go agayne to anoper. And it is plena scire to
wytte bat in akyng and bolnyng of pe emoroide}, pat noube?-
stuphej of hote stones, and thure & coluer fyme 2 and 2 et fimo . *
columbine. sicn oper, ne syttyng aboue vessele^ WUA herbe^, as
many 16 Foments- fole? dop,3 be nojt so competent as fomentacion.
ffor 3 sicutmuiu tions for in- stolidi flamed piles, certayn,
fomentacion made wttt watre of decoccion of faciunt. comon maluej
or furfur colace,4 hide]) wele and mitigate]) 4 vei furfuand dissoluef
Jje emoroides about })e lure. Also witte 20 J>ou pat in akyng of pe
emoroides per owe to be putte Hippocrates nobing cold in acte bot
hote. ffor after ypocras cold pingj quoted. in acte bene enemys to
bone}, to synowe}, to tepe, to brayne, to be lure, to pe bladdre, and
to pe nerw^ of pe 24 rigebone.5 And forpi pe medicyne when it is
applied vpon 5 vesi«ss, ac pe wolle,6 it ow a litel to be holden
agaynj pe fire, pat pe medulla. actuale coldnes be done away, and
paw put it to. When unam" a lech sep any man hauyng grete ake
and many bolnyngs 28 or fewe, more or lesse, aboute pe lure
wa'tfrouten, with ful mych akyng and payne, pan it is spedeful pat
afte?- pe puttyng to of ane emplastre mitigatiue, and fomentacion
inBamcd done tuise or brise — If be forseid bolnyngs begynne nojt
32 piles should be lanced to abate — bat pe leche with a lancet or a
blode iren smyte freely warly pe bolnyng^ ful of blode, pe pacient
no3t wittyng, and receyue he pe blode in a sponge wette in hot
watre and expressed and putte to pe bolnyng. And do pe lech 36 pis
boldely, for per is no perile per-in. ffor why ; I haue proued pis ful
oft tymej for to be most soiie helpyng. Jje fleobotomy y-done, be per
putte vpon of valence or some oper equiualent medicyne, and be
per done fomentacions 40
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Treatment of Thrombosed Piles. Tencsmus. 71 and

enoyntyngs vnto f e bolnyng} and fe akyng} vtterly defaile. If f e
leche, forsof, may no^t wirk fus, make he and. th« be pacient for to
be fleobotomed of f e vtter veyne} of f e *f*<£.wa.d8 4 leggej in
the euyng as it is seid afore. Also if fe leche se any men haue aboute
f e lure without rounde bolnyng}, in f e endej a of which apperef
blak spotte^, witte he fan for certayn fat in f am is blak cluttered b
blode ; which 8 forsob yknowen, be ber done *fomentacions and
enoynt- [* ieafi82, back] yng}. And afte?-ward tarye nojt f e leche
for to opne with a launcet be • forseid bolnyngj in f e place of be
blaknes — ThromJ ' bosed f e pacieut no^t wittyng — ftor f e
pacient schal fele no piles should 12 greuance fer-of ; I haue proued
it forsof e oft-tymc}, And with fis cure al-on I haue sene ful many for
to haue be cured for euermore, and fat rijt sone. IT And be f e lech
war fat none of fam fat standef about perceyue when he shouicTbe
1 6 opnef with f e lancet or sich of e?* f ing sich maner bolnyng}.
ieest the"6 ffor if barboi«-s knowe fis doyng f ai wold vsurpe fis
cure, to knowgor appropriand it to famself vnto vnworschip and
no^t litel harme of maystre^. U If any man, forsof, haue as it war i
pendentes 20 purse^ l aboute f e lure wt't^oute, hyngyng in mane?-
of a marcidse. welked gri[pe], which ar wont for to bifalle of
inflacion and ouer miche extension of ernoroides had afore ; fan if f
e pacient consent fe lech may without perile kutte away 24 with a
lancet or a rasowr al fo burse3, first y-bond with &. f rede, and
afterward sone hele fam with vnguento arabico. tyme a sekenej bat
is called tenasmon, berfor 16. A nd for bat fai bat haj>e be
emoroides habe oft- Tenesmus ; J.A. 28 here we make mencion ber-
of. Tenasmon is a sekenej definition. \vithiu j?e lure bat makef be
pacient for to. desire purgyng of his womb byneb-forb ; ffor it semeb
hym euermore bat he mi^t haue egestion, and when he comef to fe
32 pn'ue he may no^t haue egestion. H Cause of bis seknes Causes
are • i i • i . -, • -i .1 piles, ulcerbene som tyme emoroides hid WitAin
be lure, or pustule^, ation.purga , /• i ^ i 9 tives. or « vei rropter or
excoriacions in longaon, or for chynnyngs ot longaon z chronic
confissiiras i-i 11 i T FIJI ••LMJ- stipation. longarioni. which ar called
ragadie, or for hote humowr imbibed in 36 longaon, or for fat cold
humowr is inuistate fer, or for apostemej, or for vlcere^, or for
takyng of laxatiue rnedicyne. Signe} of hote cause in thenasmon
bene hotenej, brennyng, and prikkyng. Signej of coldne^ is fat cold
is 1 " heuedej " overlined. b " coagulate " overlined.
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72 Treatment of Cutaneous Piles — Tenesmus. The signs

and sym] toins of Tenesniu?. The prognosis. The treatment of
Tenesmus. [* leaf 163] Clysters of goat's milk. i et similibus calidis
aperitivis. feledin fat place, and it is helpid of hotene^. U If it be for
apostemes, fer is grete akyng & greuows. IT And if it be for vlcere^,
]>er is gret akyng when any-fing is putte J>er-in. And if it be for
emoroide^, ]>er apperef bolnyng 4 and inflacion and akyng in f e
veyne^ fat ar about f e circle of f e lure. And if it be for fece}, it is
knowen forfi fat f e pacient long tyme afore went no^t to sege. U
And if it be for medicine laxatiue, it is knowen for fer was in 8 it
Diagredium or scamonie or pulpa coloqm'wtidis or aloe. U And if it
be for outward cause, it is knowen by schewyng of f e pacient. U
Pronosticacion is f is : If fat f e thenasmon last long, it bringef to fe
colik and iliaca passion, 12 and to vnslepyng and feblenes of vertu,
and malice of folyng, and to passions of fe heued, and to swownyng.
And cause of fise is continuel akyng. U If it be for outward cause,
Sitte fe pacient in ane hote bath of swete 16 watre \vith oleo laurino
and sicli ofer hote apertyue^.1 U And if it be for aposteme and fe
bodye be plettorik, be fer made fleobotomye of basilica ; And if fe
apostems be hote, be fer made clisterie^ of iuyse of endyue,
scariole, 20 coriandre, oile of rose and white of an ey. After fat f e
sekene^ haf preceded, be fer added to fise henne} grese fresch,
and f e dusty a meel of f e milne, and a litel hony. And al bise be
giffen leuke in acte.2 *And if f e 24 2 et omnia ' jsta dentur
aposteme be cold fro fe bigynnyng, be fer made ane actutepida.
oyntment of f e iuse of apii and oile of rose, and camamille, and
branne, and iuse of caule^. After fat fe sekenes hafe preceded, be
fer added to fenigreke and 28 liwnesede, and be fai ministred
euermore hote in acte. H Witte fou fat in thenasmon fer is nofing
more profitable fan ^ettyng in by a clistery of gote^ mylke ; And if
fou haue no^t gote3 mylke, tak cow mylk, and put fer- °~J to a
subtile whete meel, and boile fam togidre in maner of children
pappe ; adde f er-to f e raw ^olk of an ey in f e decoccion, and a
litel fresch schepe} grece after f e liquefaccion, and cole it, and putte
in hote bi a clisterie ; fie, 36 forsof, is mych mitigatyue. U Also f e
^olk of a raw ey tempered with bole armoniac to sich f ikknes fat it
may by a clistery be ^ette into f e lure, cesef at f e best thenasa "
flying " overlined.
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Treatment of Tenesmiis. 73 mon ; and pis haue I proued oft

tyme^. 1F If tenasmon be for ragadias i.[e.] chynnyng}* wit/iin pe
lure, cure pe ragadias and thenasmon schal be cured. IT A remedie
4 agayn3 thenasmon of what euery cause it be, after Bernard of
Gordon, cap ito de thenasmon; Hecipe fenigrec, semen Bernard de
Gordon's lini, malue bismalue, camamille, mellilote, i.|e.l pe clyster
for Tenesraus. croppe3 of caule^, ana ; be pai bnssed and boiled in
watre 8 vnto mene pikkene^, and be it coled, and be it warme cast
in by a litel clistery. ffor, for certane, outward fomentacions and
suffumigaciows profitep no^t so mych as medicyne3 putte in by a
clistery, and pat haue I oftyme proued. 12 U Agayn^ greuows
ychyng and vnsuffrable in pe lure take pe Treatment cheiidon. iuyse
of celydome,1 of moleyne, ana, hony scomyd als Unjf™ mych as of
]>e iuyse^, and boile pam togidre to pe wastyng of pe iuyse3 ; after
sette it downe i'ro }>e fyre and kepe to 16 vse. When pou wilt vse
per-of agayn3 ychyng, tak per-of als mych as pou wilt and putte per-
to of pulm's of vitriol combuste and alum combuste and orpment,
and if nede be boile it agayne vnto it be ane vntement haldyng
fastyno^, 20 and putte a litel J?er-of into pe lure agayn3 J>e
ychyng, and sone it schal cese, and in euery pa?'ty of pe body for
certay[n]. And pis oyntment is called tapsimel, of tapsi- bytapsimei.
barbastib & mellec; fforsofe pis is a noble oyntment. 24 U Ragadias
may we nojt curebotif we bryng in medicyne3 Treatment . . -,
ofrhagades, wttAin pe lure, ouper wtt/i clistery or wztA suppository ;
which is ffor medicyne3 putte Avt't^out-f orpe p?-ofitep ouper litel
or ukeration of TITI f /-.,-, t -I i t • i M.T. the rectum. no3t. Wherfor
first it byhouep for to wirch wzt/t corro28 siue3 to pe mundifiyng,
and afterward vfiih consolidatyue3 and desiccatiue3, as it is seid
afore of pe emoroides hid w/tftin pe lure. II Agayn3 ragadias, after
maister Eic/tarJ A ferric . . . -r. • M j * • M £ ointment rein micrologio
suo, Recipe one made oi eiren, or one oi rose, commended 2 et
succo 32 & white of ane ey raw, and iuyse of lyuane,2 & cimbalarie
d Richard the ana; medle pam togidre & put J>am in. HAgayn3
Englis ragadias wit/an be lure be made sich ane oyntment after
Anointment , . ' invented by Gilberts ; Recipe one of rose and oi
violeues ana 51.] Gilbert the ia i , i T- i , • i ii -i Englishman.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 24.10%
accurate

74 Treatment of Promise of the Rectum. [leaf 163, back]

Prolapse of the rectum, treated by bleeding and a fomentation of
gallic or tannic acid. Put back the prolapsed bowel and ke«p it in
place with a dressing. The remedy which cured K. Henry of this
complaint. a spature ; and when it is almost cold putte in pulucr of
R. tn'asantalorww §ss. and medle hem togidre ; it hele)>
wonderfully. U Also oile of linsede putte in availed agayn^ pe forseid
sekene} ; it is forsoj) ri^t desiccatyue. 4 17. A gayn 3 goyng out of
pe lure : If vertu and age _X~V_ suffre be per fyrst y-done
fleobotomy of pe vtter sophene of ]>e legge; Afterward be pe?-
done suff'umigacion or fomewtacion of gaH, or of pe rynde of a
grene oke or dry ; 8 of pe rynde of pome-granate pat is called
psidia, and of pe flourej of granate fat ar called balaustia ; of pe rote
of camfery decocte in rayne watre. And if it be in somer ]>ise may
be added to, or ellej by ]>am selfe : verueyne, moleyne, 12
plantane, gawel,1 psilliu??i, iuyse of coriandre, berberi?, i.myrr.ha
porcelane, bursa pastoris, rede rose, tanesey, wormode, horsmynt,
and sich ope?- stiptikej. UOf pise of which pou may haue best make
ane hote fomewtyng with rayne 16 or rynnyrag watre, vinegre added
perto ; And after pe fomewtyng be sprenkled aboue pulm's of bole,
of sanguis di&conis, of herte^ home co?wbuste, bark-duste, psidie,
balaustie, mumme and sich like. H Afterward, if it may 20 be done
on any maner, be pe longaon putte into his place, and -be it fast
bondyn with warlyne^ 2 pat it go no^t out. Also agayn^ goyng out
of pe lure be it fomented -with watre of decoction of caule^, and
after anoynt it Vfith aloe 24 and vnguentzm vetws broken togidre. U
Also agaynj pe goyng out of pe iure,chaufe or make hote
apostolicon; which chaufed, be longaon touched with it, and alsone
it schal entre agayn. IT If it be nede do it oftymej when it gop out ;
28 Afterward be it bathed in watre of plantane, of porrej, of peritory,
or of peritorye 3 alon. With pis medicyne was kyng henry of yngloud
cured of pe goyng out of pe lure. 2 ligetnr cum cautela. 3 sed soli us
parieturise [leaf 164] is. T) [A treatise on clysters.] 32 JL3e a leche
wele pz^ruied pat he haue a couenable 4 instrument for clistryej to
be ministred ; pat is pat he haue a pipe of tree, namely of box, or of
hesel pat availep mych, or of salowe, to pe length of 6 ynche^ or 7
with on hole 36 alon ; ffor old men vsed pipes holed in pe side. Bot
witte pou for certayne pat, as I haue lered be experience, a pipe
with one hole availep more, and jettep better in pe Arderne's
improvement on the ordinary clyster pipe ;
The text on this page is estimated to be only 23.51%
accurate

Arderne's Enema Apparatus. 75 liquore. H Afterward haue

he a swynej bledder, or a netej bledder, no^t blowne to myche,
which pou schalt preparate pus for to be kept. Take pe forseid
swynej or his appara4 netej bladder when it is dry, and putte perin a
sponeful of ^genemkVa. comon salt, of water als mych, of hony als
mych as of watre ; latte Jam be dissolued togidre in pe bledder by
tuo daies naturale, And euery day tuyes or pries be pe 8 bledder
twrned or shaken about, pat it may be wette of pe liquore on euery
side. Afterward be pat putte out tat is pe?'-in, and be J>e bledder
blowne, and be be His method / of preparing mouth bonden pat pe
wynde go no^t out, and hyng it in the bladder. 1 2 ane vmbrose l
place vnto pat per be had nede per-of . jjis p?-eparacion, forsop,
kepep pe bledder fro corrupcion long tyme, And fro fretyng of
wormej, and makep pe bladder strong and able to pe vse of the
forseid werk. 16 U Be pe clistrye made ber after my mane?-, for it is
lilt bot The simpler • the enema no^t lesse effectuale. Many pings
bene profitable to pe the better, confeccion of clisteries, if pe lech
mijt haue a) redy. Bot oft-tyme pe leche may no^t fynde in euery
place al ping} 20 necessary to hym ; perfor it schal no$t vnworschip
2 a lech for to spede profitably vrith fewer pings and lijter. Old
lechej, forsop, ordeyned costiuows3 clystryej, greuows and lijt, and
pai putte in cassiam fistulam, mirobalan), rerepigre 24 and oper
laxatiue^ ; which clisteriej, forsop, after pair receyuyng, made pe
paciente} more cowstipate, i.[e.] encostyued, pan pai war before ;
And perfor long tyme} and oft tymej I haue proued and bene
experte a Ii3ter mauer 28 of clystrying and more effectuoMS, as
wele in childre and wymrnen as in men, als wele in $ong men as in
olde men ; And in diuerse case} as in wounded men, constipate4
men, and febrows men, and in colica & yliaca. And I spedde 32
effectuowsly wit/i sich a clistre pat is per made. U 'Recipe
Prescription malue} comon and grene camamille, or drye if pou may
si,rnpieery haue it, and brisse pam a litel, and sethe pam in watre
eneinavnto pe watre become grene ; pan tak whete branne als 36
myche as sufficep, and putte it to pe forseid herbis and boile it a litel
; afterward cole it, and to pe colyng adde to ane handful of salt and
clene hony or oile ; and be al wele 1 " schadowye " overlined. z " ne
schame " overlined. 3 " i. of gret cost " overlined. 4 " costyue "
overlined.
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