Application of an Enhanced RBI

Method for Petrochemical

Sang-Min Lee Equipments
Yoon-Suk Chang The American Petroleum Institute guideline provides a methodology for calculating the
risks of equipments installed in refineries or petrochemical plants. However, especially in
Jae-Boong Choi connection with consequence analysis, there are limitations of its direct application to
petrochemical plant. As a principal cause, only representative material is recommended
Young-Jin Kim1 for the risk evaluation while the equipment contains numerous materials. The objectives
e-mail: [email protected] of this paper are to propose an enhanced risk-based inspection (RBI) method to resolve
above shortcomings and to assess the risks of typical petrochemical equipments. In this
SAFE Research Center, respect, a RBI program including a material management database is developed to fully
School of Mechanical Engineering, incorporate the characteristics of different materials. The proposed program consists of
Sungkyunkwan University, qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative evaluation modules in which representa-
300 Chunchun-dong, tive material, as well as toxic materials, is selected automatically for comparison to those
Jangan-gu, Suwon, getting from the current guideline. It has been applied to assess the risks of major
Kyonggi-do 440-746, Korea equipments in ethylene facility such as vessel and column. Thereby, realistic evaluation
results were obtained and applicability of the proposed RBI program was proven.
关DOI: 10.1115/1.2218350兴

Keywords: mole fraction, petrochemical equipment, qualitative approach, quantitative

approach, risk-based inspection

1 Introduction 关11,12兴. Also, to develop a unified approach for optimum risk-

based decision making, a European project of risk-based inspec-
A large number of refineries and petrochemical plants including
tion and maintenance procedure for european industry 共RIMAP兲
over 500 Korean petrochemical ones are being operated in world-
was launched in 2001 关13兴. In Japan, activity to develop risk
wide 关1兴. Also, due to improvement of traditional technologies
guideline and assessment tools for risk based maintenance 共RBM兲
following the progress of computational mechanics, relevant
has been carried out as part of Engineering Advancement Asso-
equipment is getting more complex and delicate to allow safe
ciation project 关14兴.
operation with high efficiency under harsh conditions. Thus, the
Meanwhile, several RBI softwares based on the aforementioned
continuous operation while sustaining the integrity of equipment
methodologies have been produced by major consulting compa-
through optimum maintenance practices becomes an important is-
nies. For example, Det Norske Veritas developed ORBIT that
sue. However, the possibilities of accidents owing to various aged
adopts a RBI technology to establish inspection management
machineries or structures have increased in refinery and petro-
schedule for refineries and petrochemical plants 关15兴. The Weld-
chemical industries. These unanticipated accidents in petrochemi-
ing Institute created semi-quantitative RBI software, RISKWISE™,
cal plants may cause significant social and economic losses such
as personal injury, equipment damage, environmental disruption, to optimize the inspection and maintenance plan for the storage
etc. In order to reduce the probability of failure, inspection, evalu- tank, pipeline, boiler, and process plant 关16兴. Tischuk International
ation, and repair or replacement of aged equipment has to be suggested RBI software, Tischuk-Operational Criticality Assess-
carried out in spite of burdens on the related costs and activities. ment, to evaluate plant operational criticality and to provide a risk
In view point of maintaining the safety and economical efficiency, matrix based on the likelihood and consequence of plant failure
a reliable guidance for inspection and repair should be established 关17兴. However, during the industrial application of them, it has
for equipment. To date, several risk-based inspection 共RBI兲 meth- been noted that the current RBI guidelines recommended by API
odologies for heavy industry have been developed and being uti- or ASME have intrinsic limitations since those were mainly de-
lized to design an appropriate inspection plan based on the priority veloped for refineries or power plants. For instance, when using
of individual equipment 关2–8兴. the API RBI methodology and relevant software, usually one rep-
The most notable RBI methodology was proposed by the con- resentative material per equipment is selected to analyze the con-
sortium of American Petroleum Institute 共API兲 and oil companies, sequence of failure 共COF兲. It is rather good for the evaluation of
and published as API 580/ 581 codes 关9,10兴 which have been ap- equipment containing relatively simple materials. Nevertheless,
plied to various industrial plants: oil refinery, petrochemical, gas, the simplification may act as a principal restriction for the COF
chemical plants and so on. American Society of Mechanical En- calculation of petrochemical equipments in which several charac-
gineers 共ASME兲 has performed related studies focused on the de- teristics of materials are compounded.
velopment of RBI guidelines for nuclear equipment and has been The objectives of this paper are to propose an enhanced RBI
trying to apply risk-informed in-service inspection 共RI-ISI兲 method to resolve shortcomings inclusive of the above issue and
to assess the risks of typical petrochemical equipment such as
vessel and column. In this respect, a program including a material
1
Corresponding author. database is developed to fully incorporate the characteristics of
Contributed by the Pressure Vessels and Piping Division of ASME for publication different materials. The proposed RBI program consists of quali-
in the JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSEL TECHNOLOGY. Manuscript received June 13, 2005;
final manuscript received July 1, 2005. Review conducted by Sam Zamrik. Paper
tative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative risk evaluation modules
presented at the 2005 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference 共PVP2005兲, in which representative material as well as toxic materials is se-
July 17–21, 2005, Denver, CO. lected automatically for comparison to those in the current guide-

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology Copyright © 2006 by ASME AUGUST 2006, Vol. 128 / 445

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 Fig. 1 Risk evaluation process of the qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative RBI ap-
proaches based on API code

line. To incorporate the characteristics of all materials, the mole Characteristics of ASME Code. The concepts of API and
fraction of materials extracted from material balance table 共MBT兲 ASME methodologies are similar because both of them suggest
in the process and flow diagram 共PFD兲 is considered. progression from the qualitative risk ranking approach to the
quantitative approach. When adopting the quantitative risk rank-
2 Representative RBI Methodologies ing procedures, requiring a great deal of effort, it is possible to
calculate the risk value by multiplying the probability and the
Characteristics of API Code. The risk is an effective index to consequence cost. However, although the risk itself may be math-
evaluate structural integrity of equipment. In the API RBI meth- ematically precise, risk tolerance is not. Besides, certain param-
odology, it is utilized as a technical basis for prioritizing and man- eters in ASME RBI methodology—operating temperatures and
aging an appropriate inspection. The RBI methodology defines the various material properties and so on—may enter into calculations
risks of operating equipments as combination of two separate as time dependent distributions. In this case, failure probability
terms: increases due to aging or accumulated damage and decreases by
Risks = LOFs ⫻ COFs 共1兲 adequate repair or replacement activities.
This risk-based methodology groups or ranks systems and com-
where the subscript s means the scenario number, LOF is the
likelihood of failure for scenario and COF is the consequence of ponents after considering their specific features. In the case of
failure for scenario. qualitative risk analysis, the resultant risks are represented as one
The RBI methodology can be applied as qualitative, quantita- of 16 areas and used mainly for screening. On the other hand,
tive, or in combinational forms. All approaches provide a system- quantitative risk analysis measures or estimates the risk numeri-
atic way to screen the risks, identify areas of potential concern, cally. So, the corresponding risk values can be used for identifying
and develop a prioritized list for in-depth inspection or analysis. the best time of inspection or replacement as well as a variety of
The primary difference between the qualitative and quantitative financial calculation. Figure 2 shows the RBI process based on
approaches is the level of resolution. The qualitative approach ASME code in which the use of operating experience database
requires less detailed information regarding the facility and, con- and analytical damage models are recommended 关12兴.
sequently, its discriminative ability is quite limited. The qualita-
tive approach is normally used to rank operating facilities or ma- Characteristics of RIMAP. Since RIMAP is the ongoing
jor equipments of them to determine priorities for further project to develop a European RBI guideline, here, tentative re-
quantitative RBI. The quantitative RBI analysis, on the other sults are summarized. In this methodology, risk is defined as the
hand, provides specific risk values for each equipment and subdi- combination of probability of failure 共PoF兲 and consequence of
vided parts, etc. In accordance with the amount of information, a failure 共CoF兲 for a given scenario. RIMAP distinguishes between
level of comprehensive inspection plan can be established for the two types of scenario—worst case scenario and expected
process facilities. Figure 1 shows the risk evaluation process of scenario—and recommends use of the expected scenario in analy-
the qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative RBI ap- ses. With respect to equipments of petrochemical, chemical,
proaches based on API codes 关9,10兴. power, and steel works industries, enormous efforts are being fo-

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 Fig. 2 RBI process based on ASME code

cused on analyzing the PoF and CoF. However, as same to the API rather than LOF. Therefore, with respect to likelihood analysis of
and ASME methodologies, the scenario of RBI and RBM starts petrochemical equipment, the procedure described in API 581
from active degradation mechanisms and leads to consequences. code can be used without modification.
The guidance to assess the PoF of equipment is being con- In the view point of materials, making up the oil refinery equip-
ceived for continuous degradation mechanism and systematic in- ment, it is possible to estimate the COF with a representative
spection program 关18兴. Also, to analyze the CoF, a set of require- material described in API 581 code based on NBP. In a petro-
ments is being formulated with respect to four aspects: safety, chemical plant, however, there are relatively larger numbers of
health, environment, and business 关19兴. For passive equipment materials per equipment related to various heat and chemical re-
like a pressure vessel, the failure scenario is usually loss of con- action processes. When using representative material according to
tainment. The loss of containment of flammable or toxic sub- current RBI guidelines, the calculated COF would not be accurate
stances will lead to safety, health, and environment consequences, and lead to in appropriate risk calculation. So, in this paper, prin-
as well as business consequence. The failure mode of active cipal efforts are devoted to develop an enhanced consequence
equipment is usually the loss of a particular function although loss analysis procedure. All the available materials of ethylene facili-
of containment may occur as well. In the case of the loss of ties, listed in Table 1, are used for prototypal risk assessment and
function failure mode the consequence is belong to business con- the number of them is 25 and over.
sequence.
Modified COF Evaluation Procedure. Representative RBI
3 Enhanced RBI Methodology methodologies based on API 580/ 581 codes, ASME code,
RIMAP, and so on are useful guidelines to assess the risk ranking
Characteristics of Enhanced RBI. The role of refinery plant is and design the appropriate inspection plan in oil refinery, petro-
to separate various liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons—liquefied pe- chemical, and nuclear power plants. Especially, the API 580/ 581
troleum gas 共LPG兲, gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, and so on—from a guideline has been utilized in evaluating the risk of equipments in
crude oil using differences of their normal boiling points 共NBPs兲.
While, the main function of petrochemical plant is to manufacture
basic raw materials—ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene,
toluene, and xylene—by cracking naphtha produced in oil refinery Table 1 Material list of ethylene facilities
plant. The main role of petrochemical plants is to produce plastics,
synthetic fiber, and synthetic rubber such as polyethylene, poly- Material Name Material Name
propylene, polystylene, purified terephthalic acid 共PTA兲, etc.
There are several raw material treatment processes in refineries H2 Hydrogen C 5H 6 1-pentene-3-yne
and petrochemical plants. For example, heating is a common pro- CO Carbon monoxide C 5H 8 1-pentyne
CO2 Carbon dioxide C5H10 1-pentene
cess in both types of plants while various chemical reaction pro-
H 2S Hydrogen sulfide C5H12 n-pentane
cesses are necessary only in petrochemical plant. The refinery
CH4 Methane C 6H 6 Benzene
plant requires relatively fewer types of equipment such as heat Acetylene Cyclohexane
C 2H 2 C6H12
exchanger, heater, and crude distillation unit 共CDU兲, etc. On the Ethylene Toluene
C 2H 4 C 7H 8
contrary, the petrochemical plant is comprised of more complex Ethane 1-heptene
C 2H 6 C7H14
equipment such as heat exchanger, heater, hydrotreater, reformer, C 3H 4 Propadiene C 8H 8 Styrene
fractionator column, extractor column and drum, etc. 关20兴. In spite C 3H 6 Propylene C8H10 Ethylbenzene/O-xylene
of the differences, since the mechanical characteristics of some C 3H 8 Propane C8H16 1-octene
equipments in both plants are alike, it is permitted to adopt iden- C 4H 6 1,3-Butadiene C9-205C n-paraffin
tical generic failure frequency if specific equipment modification C 4H 8 1-Butene H 2O Water
and management system evaluation factors are considered. In ad- C4H10 n-Butane
dition, perception of risk is often strongly influenced by the COF

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 Fig. 3 COF estimation process of the proposed semi-quantitative method

gas, refinery, and petrochemical plants. Generally, the plant safety timation of realistic COF reflecting all material characteristics, a
and availability can be improved by application of RBI with ap- database to manage the specific information in MBT—molecular
propriate plant management practices. weight, density, NBP, and so on—was developed. Figure 4 shows
In accordance with industrial experience, for realistic conse- the initial screen of interface program between the material man-
quence analysis of petrochemical equipment, the characteristics of agement database and enhanced RBI program.
all materials in the mixture should be reflected. The characteristics
of each material to be considered are flammability, toxicity, and Development of Enhanced RBI Program. A RBI program
the degree of influence on failure. Figure 3 shows the proposed adopting the proposed COF estimation procedure for the sake of
procedure to estimate COF by the semi-quantitative approach. In
order to substitute the characteristics of all materials, the mole
fraction which is a good parameter to complement the conserva-
tiveness of API 581 code was used in this procedure. Also, the
mathematical expression for ideal heat capacity at constant pres-
sure 共C p兲 represented to the third degree of temperature 共T兲 in API
581 code was altered to the fourth degree of temperature in this
procedure as follows 关21兴
C p = A + BT + CT2 + DT3 + ET4 共2兲
where A, B, C, D, and E are ideal gas constants. In addition, Eq.
共7.1兲 described in API 581 was corrected as follows

Q L = C dA 冑
2␳⌬P
gc
144
共3兲

where QL is the liquid discharge rate 共lb/s兲, Cd is the discharge

coefficient, A is the hole cross-sectional area 共in.2兲, ␳ is the den-
sity of liquid 共lb/ ft3兲, ⌬P is the difference between upstream and
atmospheric pressure 共psid兲, and gc is the conversion factor from
lb f to lbm.
Construction of Material Management Database. A lot of
materials are involved in petrochemical processes by which the Fig. 4 Initial screen of interface program to the material man-
risks of equipment are affected sensitively. Thus, for efficient es- agement database

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 Fig. 5 Three-tier structure of the proposed RBI program

petrochemical plant has been developed. Microsoft Visual C⫹⫹ required. For instance to determine total TMSFs, each damage
6.0, Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0, and Microsoft Access 2000 were mechanism such as thinning, stress corrosion cracking 共SCC兲,
used as a toolkit. Thereby, it becomes possible to perform a real- high temperature hydroattack 共HTHA兲, and brittle fracture phe-
istic risk analysis of equipment and to compare the evaluation nomena was evaluated and added, then the LOFs of columns and
results to those by the traditional API 581 method. The developed vessels were calculated. In the case of quantitative likelihood
program consists of a graphic user interface, evaluation, and da- analysis, the information of the number of nozzles, planned or
tabase layers. In the database layer, basic information such as unplanned shutdown, stability ranking, relief valve 共RV兲 mainte-
operating conditions, equipment geometries, construction mate- nance, etc., were additionally considered to obtain mechanical and
rial, fluid material, inspection, and mechanical damage data are process subfactors.
archived. On the other hand, in the evaluation layer, the basic
information is assessed and the results are represented in terms of Risk Assessment of Columns. In order to verify the applica-
risk matrix, total technical module subfactor 共TMSF兲, likelihood bility, the developed RBI program has been applied to evaluate
of failure, consequence of failure and financial risk. Figure 5 the risks of major equipment. The columns of ethylene facilities
shows the three-tier structure of the proposed RBI program which were subdivided into bottom 共BTM兲 and top 共TOP兲 parts, and the
is widely accepted in window-based evaluation systems. resultant total of 30 parts is listed in Table 3 with corresponding
The proposed risk assessment program possesses all the quali- information extracted from piping and instrumentation diagram
tative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative risk evaluation modules. 共P&ID兲.
As one of key features, the semi-quantitative and quantitative risk Figures 8共a兲 and 8共b兲 represent the risk assessment results of
evaluation modules can provide risk evaluation results based on columns obtained by the semi-quantitative RBI module in which
both the proposed and API COF estimation procedures. Toxic ma- the risk is defined as one of high, medium high, medium, and low
terials as well as representative materials are determined automati- level. As shown in the figure, by using the proposed method, risk
cally for comparison to those getting from the existing guideline. distributions were moved to lower risk area. The percentage of
Also, several material management functions such as to input the risk ranking above medium high according to traditional API 581
mole fraction, etc., were added. Figure 6 depicts the result screens method was 33% while that obtained by the proposed method was
of qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative RBI programs, 26%. Also, from the assessment results using the quantitative RBI
respectively, as an example. module, it was found that the risks estimated by the proposed
method were significantly lower compared to those evaluated by
4 Application Of the Enhanced RBI Program the API 581 method even though there were a few exceptional
cases to show disparities from the general trend. On the other
Equipment Selection and LOF Calculation. The petrochemi- hand, to find out the root causes of high risk parts, a comparison
cal plant can be defined by a series of processes such as pyrolysis, between individual risk 共RiskA兲 and mean risk 共RiskM兲 of all col-
quench, gas compression, acid gas removal, drying, caustic, pro- umns was performed. As shown in Fig. 8共c兲, relatively high risk
pylene purification, refrigeration, etc. Even though each process parts of columns are operated under high pressure conditions or
has lots of its own equipment to attain its intended function, there possess acid and toxic materials.
are several major equipment common to most of the processes.
From integrity evaluation point of view, as shown in Fig. 7, col- Risk Assessment of Vessels. Similar risk assessment was car-
umn and vessel which deal with pressurized chemical materials ried out for vessels, such as drum, accumulator, and reactor, of
were chosen for prototypal risk assessment. which integrity should be maintained sufficiently to store petro-
For likelihood analysis of columns and vessels, as mentioned chemicals and to prevent the backward flow in pipelines. Both the
previously, the procedure described in API 581 code was used semi-quantitative and quantitative RBI assessment was conducted
without modification. Table 2 represents an example of the input for 18 vessels as represented in Table 4. Figure 9共a兲 depicts the
conditions used in the LOF calculation by semi-quantitative and output from semi-quantitative RBI module adopting the tradi-
quantitative RBI approaches. In the case of semi-quantitative like- tional API 581 method and Fig. 9共b兲 illustrates those obtained by
lihood analysis, equipment data related to design and operating the proposed method. As illustrated in the figure, the resultant risk
conditions, geometry data, construction material, and TMSF are matrices from the two RBI methods were alike even though the

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 Fig. 6 Result screens of proposed RBI program: „a… the quali-
tative module, „b… the semi-quantitative module, and „c… the Fig. 7 Schematic drawings of typical major equipments in pet-
quantitative module rochemical plant: „a… column and „b… vessel

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 Table 2 Example of input conditions used in LOF calculation and medium high兲 to below one 共medium and low兲 showed about
Equipment data 2.6:7.4. Field engineers and experts consented to the assessment
results since, based on industrial experience, few equipment ac-
Name: N-DA401 TOP 共de-ethanizer兲 count for the high risk level. In particular, the COFs of condensate
Construction material: Carbon steel stripper, acid gas absorber, de-ethanizer, ethylene fractionator,
Design and operating pressures: 2471.3 and 2059.4 kPa debutanizer, and propylene fractionator were relatively high be-
Design and operating temperatures: −40 and −22 cause their operating pressures are high and harmful materials are
Design life: 30 years included. With regard to these high risk parts, mitigation activities
Semi-
Mechanical information
such as maintenance, inspection, redesign, and operational limita-
quantitative tion should be established.
RBI Meanwhile, in case of vessels, all the risks of the equipment
Thickness: 21.9 mm
Diameter: 2099.5 mm were assessed as medium and low levels. Especially, the COFs of
Length: 20,644.7 mm quench water separator and diethanol amine 共DEA兲 stripper reflux
drums were much lower than the other types of vessels. There was
TMSF no equipment corresponding to over medium high level and the
reason is believed that the number of vessels considered in the
Total TMSF: 39 共thinning: 0, SCC: 0, HTHA: 0, brittle
fracture: 39兲
risk assessment would not be enough. However, for a clear expla-
nation, further examination is required.
Mechanical subfactor
5 Conclusions
No. of nozzles: 34
Construction code: The equipment meets the latest 共1兲 An enhanced procedure to estimate the consequence of fail-
edition of the code ure considering the mole fractions of materials and modified
Vibration monitoring: No vibration monitoring program
mathematical expressions was proposed for an optimum RBI of
Quantitative
RBI Process subfactor ethylene facilities.
共2兲 The developed RBI program consists of a graphic user in-
Planned and Unplanned shutdown: 1.1–3.0 and terface, evaluation, and database layers, in which qualitative,
3.1– 6.0/ year semi-quantitative, and quantitative risk evaluation modules are in-
Stability ranking: Process has about average stability cluded.
RV maintenance: Less than 5% of RVs overdue
Fouling tendency: No significant amount of fouling 共3兲 The prototypal semi-quantitative assessment results showed
that, when using the proposed method instead of the API method,
risk distributions were moved to a lower risk area and the validi-
ties were consented by field engineers and experts.
共4兲 Also, in general, the prototypal quantitative assessment re-
risks calculated by the API 581 method yielded somewhat higher
sults by the proposed method estimated lower risk values than
than the risks calculated by the proposed method. From the as-
those evaluated by API method.
sessment results using the quantitative RBI module, it was noted
that the percentages of risk ranking for medium and low levels
based on the API 581 method were 94% and 6%, respectively. Acknowledgment
Also, those obtained by the proposed method were 89% and 11%, The authors are grateful for the support provided by a grant
respectively. The overall risk reduction trend of vessels is similar from Safety and Structural Integrity Research Center at
to that for columns. Meanwhile, as represented in Fig. 9共c兲, most Sungkyunkwan University. The authors also wish to deeply ac-
of the high risk vessels have a lot of nozzles and undergo aging by knowledge Dr. Sang-In Han and Dr. Song-Chun Choi 共Korea Gas
several damage mechanisms, etc. So, the root causes of high risk Safety Corporation兲 for providing further valuable information on
vessels are rather related to the likelihood of failure and this is not the petrochemical facility.
consistent with that of the columns.
Discussions. The prototypal assessment results of major petro- Nomenclature
chemical equipments by the traditional API 581 code showed gen- API ⫽ American Petroleum Institute
erally higher risks than those obtained by the proposed method. In ASME ⫽ American Society of Mechanical Engineers
the case of columns, the ratio of above medium high level 共high CDU ⫽ crude distillation unit

Table 3 Column list considered in prototypal assessment

Part No.
Equipment identification 共TOP, BTM兲 Description Construction material

N-DA-101 1, 2 Gasoline fractionator Carbon steel

N-DA-102 3, 4 Pyrolysis fuel oil stripper Carbon steel
N-DA-103 5, 5 Pyrolysis gas oil stripper Carbon steel
N-DA-104 7, 8 Quench tower Carbon steel
N-DA-105 9, 10 Process water stripper Carbon steel
N-DA-201 11, 12 Gasoline stripper Carbon steel
N-DA-202 13, 14 Condensate stripper Carbon steel
N-DA-203 15, 16 Caustic/water wash tower Carbon steel
N-DA-204 17, 18 Acid gas absorber Carbon steel
N-DA-205 19 Amine regenerator 300 SS-L grade 共TOP兲
20 Carbon steel 共BTM兲
N-DA-401 21, 22 De-ethanizer Carbon steel
N-DA-402 23, 24 Ethylene fractionator Carbon steel
N-DA-404 25, 26 Depropanizer Carbon steel
N-DA-405 27, 28 Debutanizer Carbon steel
N-DA-406 29, 30 Propylene fractionator Carbon steel

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 Fig. 8 Risk assessment results of columns using semi- Fig. 9 Risk assessment results of vessels using semi-
quantitative and quantitative RBI modules: „a… semi- quantitative and quantitative RBI modules: „a… semi-
quantitative risk matrix using API 581 method, „b… semi- quantitative risk matrix using API 581 method, „b… semi-
quantitative risk matrix using the proposed method, and quantitative risk matrix using the proposed method, and „c…
„c… quantitative results using the proposed method quantitative results using the proposed method

Table 4 Vessel list considered in prototypal assessment PGC: process gas compressor

Equipment
identification Part No. Description Construction material

121-F 1 Quench water separator Carbon steel

123-F 2 Decoking drum Carbon steel
201-F 3 PGC 1st stage suction drum Carbon steel
202-A-F 4 PGC 2nd stage suction drum Carbon steel
203-F 5 PGC 3rd stage suction drum Carbon steel
204-F 6 PGC 4th stage suction drum Carbon steel
205-F 7 PGC 4th stage discharge drum Carbon steel
206-F 8 PGC 5th stage suction drum Carbon steel
210-F 9 Dryer feed knockout drum Carbon steel
217-F 10 DEA stripper reflux drum Carbon steel
301-F 11 Demethanizer feed 1st flash drum Carbon steel
302-F 12 Demethanizer feed 2nd flash drum Carbon steel
303-F 13 Demethanizer feed 3rd flash drum Carbon steel
304-F 14 Demethanizer feed 4th flash drum Carbon steel
306-F 15 Demethanizer overhead reflux drum Carbon steel
307-F 16 Expander separator drum Carbon steel
313-F 17 C3 recycle drum Carbon steel
314-F 18 C3 splitter reflux drum Carbon steel

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 COF ⫽
consequence of failure pp. 807–813.
关5兴 Fujiyama, K., Nagai, S., Akikuni, Y., Fujiwara, T., Furuya, K., Matsumoto, S.,
HTHA ⫽
high temperature hydroattack Takagi, K., and Kawabata, T., 2004, “Risk-Based Inspection and Maintenance
LOF ⫽
likelihood of failure Systems for Steam Turbines,” Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping, 81, pp. 825–835.
LPG ⫽
liquefied petroleum gas 关6兴 Jovanovic, A., 2003, “Risk-Based Inspection and Maintenance in Power and
MBT ⫽
material balance table Process Plants in Europe,” Nucl. Eng. Des., 226, pp. 165–182.
NBP ⫽
normal boiling point 关7兴 Nilsson, F., 2003, “Risk-Based Approach to Plant Life Management,” Nucl.
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PFD ⫽
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PGC ⫽
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PTA ⫽
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RBI ⫽
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RI-ISI ⫽
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RV ⫽ relief valve ASME, New York.
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TMSF ⫽ technical module subfactor European Approach,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 488, pp. 183–192.
关14兴 Kihara, S., Sakai, J., Sakai, S., and Asakura, K., 2005, “Development of Risk
Assessment Tools for RBM 共Risk Based Maintenance兲,” Proceedings of JSCE
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