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The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the
Late Bronze Age 1st Edition Assaf Yasur-Landau Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Assaf Yasur-Landau
ISBN(s): 9780521191623, 0521191629
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 4.78 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
This page intentionally left blank
the philistines and aegean migration at the end
of the late bronze age

In this study, Assaf Yasur-Landau examines the early history of the biblical Philistines
who were among the Sea Peoples who migrated from the Aegean area to the Levant
during the early twelfth century bce. Creating an archaeological narrative of the
migration of the Philistines, he combines an innovative theoretical framework on the
archaeology of migration with new data from excavations in Greece, Turkey, Cyprus,
Syria, Lebanon, and Israel and thereby reconstructs the social history of the Aegean
migration to the southern Levant. The author follows the story of the Philistine
migrants from the conditions that caused them to leave their Aegean homes to their
movement eastward along the sea and land routes, to their formation of a migrant
society in Philistia and their interaction with local populations in the Levant. Based
on the most up-to-date evidence, this book offers a new and fresh understanding of
the arrival of the Philistines in the Levant.

Assaf Yasur-Landau is Senior Researcher at the Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime
Studies, University of Haifa. He has edited three volumes and published numer-
ous articles on the archaeology of the Levant and interactions between the Aegean
world and the Levant, including the Philistine migration, with an emphasis on the
investigation of the personal lives of ancient people.
The philistines and aegean
migration at the end of
the late bronze age

assaf yasur-landau
University of Haifa
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521191623
© Assaf Yasur-Landau 2010

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the

provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2010

ISBN-13 978-0-511-77611-3 eBook (NetLibrary)

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Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
TO ARIEL AND YONATAN

Als das Kind Kind war,

ging es mit hängenden Armen,
wollte der Bach sei ein Fluß,
der Fluß sei ein Strom,
und diese Pfütze das Meer.
from Peter Handke Lied vom Kindsein

When the child was a child

It walked with its arms swinging,
wanted the brook to be a river,
the river to be a torrent,
and this puddle to be the sea.
contents

Acknowledgments page xi

introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Uncharted Areas and Blind Spots in the Archaeology of the Philistines 2
The Aim of the Present Study 7

1 the archaeological identification of migration and

other ranges of interregional interactions . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Establishing the Course of Inquiry 9
Describing Interactions and the Parameters of Interaction 10
Defining Deep Change 13
The Archaeological Identification of Migration, When Treated
As a Range of Interregional Interactions 14
Migration and Deep Change in Domestic Assemblages 15
Deep Change and Innovation Processes 17
Demonstrating Deep Change: Case Studies for the Influence of
Migration on Behavioral Patterns and Material Culture 19
Causality of Migration 30
Conclusions 32

2 setting the scene: the mycenaean palatial culture

and the outside world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Social Complexity in the Mycenaean Palatial System 35
Aegean Peoples and Mediterranean Geography 38
Thirteenth-Century Aegean Maritime Capabilities and Interregional
Interactions 44
Palatial Administration and Aegean Migration and Colonization of
the Late Thirteenth to the Early Twelfth Century bce 54

3 the twelfth-century-bce aegean: political and

social background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Changing Rulership and the Decapitation Theory 58

vii
viii * Contents

Social Complexity in Selected Aegean Sites in LHIIIC 60

Regional Aspects of Rulership in the Twelfth Century 81
The Change in Imagery and Ideology between LHIIIB and LHIIIC 83
Conclusions 95

4 preconditions for migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Push and Pull Factors Affecting Migration 97
Twelfth-Century-bce Sources of Information 102
The Maritime Option 102
The Land Option 114
Conclusions 120

5 along the routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Investigating Routes and New Populations 122
The Aegean Hearth 123
Cooking Activities 124
Cyprus: Interactions along the Sea Route 138
Western Anatolia: The Expansion of the East Aegean Koine 154
Cilicia and the Amuq: The Land Route from Southeastern Anatolia
to Syria 158
The Syro-Phoenician Coast: Along the Sea and Land Routes 164
Through the Egyptian Lens 171
The Origin of the Attackers 180
Conclusions: Twelfth-Century Interactions along the Routes 186

6 strictly business? the southern levant and the

aegean in the thirteenth to the early twelfth
century bce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Mycenaean Imports to the Southern Levant 194
Merchants and Mercenaries: Foreigners in Late Bronze Age Canaan 204
Conclusions: Strictly Business? 214

7 the material culture change in twelfth-century

philistia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
From Canaan to Philistia 216
The End of the Bronze Age–Iron Age Transition in the Philistine Sites 220
Behavioral Patterns As Indicators of Interaction with Aegean
Population in the Southern Levant 227
Cooking Installations: Hearths, Ovens, and Tabuns 234
Form, Function, and Variability in Cooking Traditions 238
Assessing the Degree of Change 240
Patterns of Use of the Pottery Assemblage: Storing and Serving Food
and Drink in Aegean and Local Styles 241
LHIIIC-Style Pottery: Local Production of Traded Pottery or a
Domestic Assemblage? 243
Serving and Storage Vessels in the Local, Canaanite Tradition 255
Contents * ix

Cypriot (and Egyptian?) Shapes 262

The Nature of the Aegean-Style and Canaanite Ceramic Repertoires
in Philistia 262
Pottery Production and Technology 264
Textile Production 267
The Organization of Domestic Space 270
Conclusions: Philistine House, Philistine Migrants 279

8 the philistine society and the settlement process . . . . . . 282

Settlement Patterns in Philistia 282
Economy 295
Trade 300
Ceremonial and Cultic Activity 302
Elite in the Pentapolis 307
Literacy and Administration 308
The Role of Women in the Aegean Migration 313
Social Stratification in Twelfth-Century Philistia 315
Chronology and the Paradigm of Unified Migration 315
The Origin of the Migrants 325
Conclusions 330

9 a short history of the aegean immigration

to the levant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
A Land Much Divided: The World that Created the Aegean Migration 335
A Family Portrait with an Ox Wagon: On the Routes to the East 336
The Arrival 338
The Settlement 340
Aegean Life Abroad: The Making of Philistia 342

Bibliography 347
Index 383
acknowledgments

In my teens, I participated, for several seasons, in the Tel Miqne/Ekron exca-

vations, directed by Trude Dothan and Seymour Gitin. Their enthusiasm for
archaeology and the amazing discoveries of the early Philistine life at the tell
inevitably paved my way to archaeology and sparked my long-lasting interest
in the Philistines.
The initial research for this book stemmed from my Ph.D. dissertation
at Tel Aviv University. I am indebted to my advisers, Israel Finkelstein, Irad
Malkin, and Shlomo Bunimovitz, for their enormous help and encourage-
ment. Generous grants from Malcolm H. Wiener and from the Greek Ministry
of Education enabled my stay in Athens for two years, which changed the
course of my life.
Numerous advances in the study of the Philistines and the postpalatial
Aegean world occurred during the six years that have elapsed since I completed
my dissertation. These include the publication of a considerable volume of
new excavation data from the entire eastern Mediterranean, which essentially
required that this research be rewritten before it was published. Most of the
revisions were made during my stay as a postdoctoral Fellow at the Semitic
Museum of Harvard University. I am most grateful to Lawrence E. Stager, the
director of the museum, for his kind hospitality and for his valuable remarks
on several chapters of the book. My stay at Harvard University was supported
by a Fulbright Post-Doctoral Fellowship and a grant from the Rothschild
Foundation.
I am indebted to the scholars, colleagues, and friends who have read and
commented on the entirety or parts of different versions of this book. Among
them are Daniel Master, Stephie Nikoloudis, Krzysztof Nowicki, Jeremy Rutter,
and Itamar Singer. Eric H. Cline has shown true friendship by reading the
manuscript twice. During the preparation of this book I have also benefited
from the kind advice of many colleagues and friends, among them are David
Ben-Shlomo, Yoram Cohen, Yuval Gadot, Ayelet Gilboa, Aren Maeir, Laura
Mazov, Michael Press, Itzik Shai, and Alex Zukerman.
xi
xii * Acknowledgments

Inbal Samet has put much skill and effort into the English editing of the
manuscript.
Beatrice Rehl of Cambridge University Press has walked me through the
long process of preparing the manuscript for publication with admirable
patience. Her comments, as well as those of two anonymous reviewers, have
greatly improved this book.
This book was published with the support of the Israel Science Foundation.
Finally, I wish to thank my family for years of understanding. I am grateful
to my parents, Ronit and Isaac Yasur-Landau; my brother, Daniel; my sister,
Dana; my wife, Shelly; and my sons, Yonatan and Ariel, for their unconditional
love and support of my archaeological dream and for putting up with piles of
loose papers, dusty sherds, and excavation equipment over the years.
introduction

The migration of the Sea Peoples, the Philistines among them, from the
Aegean area to the Levant during the early twelfth century bce is one of the
most intriguing events in the history of the eastern Mediterranean. From a
cultural point of view, it was a watershed process in which the movement of
the populace connected East and West during the great divide between the
collapse of the Late Bronze Age civilizations and the beginning of the era of
nation-states in the Iron Age. As a product of the very beginning of the Dark
Age of Greece, the migration illuminates the earliest efforts to reconstruct
social structures in the Aegean after the fall of the Mycenaean palaces. In
Cyprus, it contributed to further connect the island to the realm of Aegean
culture, which would later lead to Hellenization. In the Levant, the migrants
formed their own political communities, separate from both the Canaanite
city-state system and the Egyptian empire. Establishing themselves along the
coast, the Sea Peoples formed a long-standing cultural and political antithesis
to the Israelites in the central hill country, destined to shape the history of the
biblical world.
The study of the Philistine migration is also a methodological treasure
trove from a point of view of both the archaeology and the anthropology
of migration. During the late 1990s, the exponential rise in the theoretical
examination of migration in archaeology created a plethora of methodolog-
ical frameworks, as well as a need for well-documented case studies against
which these frameworks could be tested. The extraordinarily rich archaeo-
logical data from twelfth-century-bce sites in the Aegean, Anatolia, Cyprus,
and the Levant, together with supporting literary evidence, make the Philis-
tine migration one of the best-documented case studies of migration in the
ancient world. The data enable us to investigate practically every aspect of the
migrants’ society, from political structures to perceptions of gender, and from
subsistence economy to their ethnicity and intercultural relations between
migrants and local populations.

1
2 * The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age

uncharted areas and blind spots in the

archaeology of the philistines
Any journey tracking the elusive Philistines should begin by becoming
acquainted with and appreciating the areas that others have already explored.
The infant years of the archaeology of the Philistines began in 1899, when
two British archaeologists, Frederick Bliss and Robert A. S. Macalister, began
digging at Tell es-S.afi, which they identified as biblical Gath, Goliath’s home-
town. They discovered a new pottery type – strainer jugs, stirrup jars, and
bowls decorated with spirals and birds. F. B. Welch, a Mycenaean pottery
expert who worked in the British excavations on Melos (T. Dothan 1982: 24,
94; Dothan and Dothan 1992: 32), cautiously interpreted these as suggesting
“a probable northwestern origin of the Philistines.” The archaeological link
between the Philistine and the Mycenaean cultures was made for the first time.
This discovery fit very well with the earlier interpretations of the nineteenth-
century Egyptologists François Chabas and Gaston Maspero concerning the
land and sea invasion of Egypt by the Sea Peoples: the Peleset in the inscrip-
tions of Ramses III had been equated in 1872 with the Aegean Pelasgians and
the biblical Philistines. Macalister’s 1913 book, The Philistines: Their History
and Civilization (reprinted in 1965), is a synthetic work that well represents
this early phase in research. Heavily text oriented, it combines Egyptian and
biblical sources with the small amount of archaeological data then available
from the Aegean and Philistia. Macalister’s research questions, reflected in
the table of contents, and his desire to build a comprehensive history of the
Philistines, are relevant to this day. Chapter 1 is devoted to the origin of the
Philistines. Chapter 2 relates to their history, from Wen-Amon to the wars
with the Israelites and their subsequent decline. Chapter 3 is about the land of
the Philistines and is concerned mainly with problems of historical geography.
Chapter 4 treats the culture of the Philistines, dealing with language; military,
political, and domestic organization; religion; and the Philistines’ place in
history and civilization.
After a century of archaeological research, the main questions remain much
unchanged, and the twenty-first century begins with archaeologists doubting
previous notions of dates, material culture, and ethnicity connected to the
Philistine phenomenon. In regard to the origin of the Philistines, we are
more or less in the same obscure situation we were in a century ago. Even
more embarrassing is that precious little has been written on the Philistines
as individuals – rather than as a cultural phenomenon or historical event –
and even today, Macalister’s statement holds true: “On the subject of family
life among the Philistines nothing is known” (1965: 90). Has indeed so little
changed?
Several decades after Macalister, Albright (1932) and Alt (1944) formed the
basic historical paradigm for the settlement of the Philistines, which many
Introduction * 3

use to this day. Taking at face value the words of Ramses III and his successors
(recorded in Medinet Habu and the Great Papyrus Harris), they argued that
the Sea Peoples were defeated by the Egyptians in Year 8 of Ramses III, then
settled as vassals in Egyptian strongholds (which Albright and Alt interpreted
as the Egyptian centers in southern Canaan). After a short time, they assert,
the Sea Peoples broke free of the Egyptian yoke and formed their own political
system.
The last three decades of the twentieth century were, undoubtedly, the
golden age of the archaeological investigation of the Philistines, owing
much to the personal commitment and charisma of Trude Dothan. In the
period between the mid-1960s and the mid-1980s, the available archaeolog-
ical database grew immensely because of new excavations in Israel’s coastal
plain. However, the methodological scheme used during those years for the
identification of migration by material culture traits was not fundamentally
different from that used by Macalister: decorated fineware pottery was still
the main criterion for identifying the Philistines, and changes in pottery were
perceived as indicators of changes in ethnos.1 Dothan’s book The Philistines
and Their Material Culture, published in Hebrew in 1967, was the first fully
archaeological investigation of the material culture remains attributed to the
Philistines. It presented a clear argument supporting the “ethnic” connotation
of the Philistine Bichrome pottery assigned to the Philistines. Close parallels
between the shapes and designs of this pottery and Aegean Mycenaean IIIC: 1b
pottery was, to Dothan’s mind, proof of Aegean migration to the Levant (1967:
71). The anthropoid coffins found at Lachish and Beth Shean were presented
as another “ethnic demarcator” of the Philistines (1967: 211–46). During the
same years, Moshe Dothan conducted excavations at Ashdod, the first Pen-
tapolis site to be extensively excavated using modern methods. A new type of
pottery, locally made Mycenaean IIIC: 1b with Aegean types and decoration,
was found to precede the Philistine Bichrome pottery. Moshe Dothan equated
these two pottery types with two different groups of people and introduced
the “two waves approach”: a first wave of settlement of Aegean Sea Peoples in
the days of Merneptah was followed by a settlement of the Philistines in the
days of Ramses III (M. Dothan 1972: 5–6). Shortly after these excavations, the
renewed excavations by Amihai Mazar at Tell Qasile in 1971–4 (Mazar 1980;
1985a) uncovered a settlement, dubbed “Philistine,” that was founded in the
Philistine Bichrome phase. A series of overlapping temples with rich finds of
cult vessels urged Mazar to formulate a detailed discussion of the Philistine
cult, concentrating mainly on the origin of the “Philistine” cultic architecture –
whether local or Aegean.

1 Other items of Aegean derivation, or of presumed Aegean derivation, were also interpreted
in these years as further evidence of Aegean migration, leading to the 1980s approach of
using a checklist of traits to identify the inhabitants of a specific site as Philistines.
4 * The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age

Nancy Sandars’s 1978 book, The Sea Peoples, put the Philistines within a
much wider spectrum of interrelated historical phenomena. It was extremely
successful in providing a wide Mediterranean scope for the examination of the
phenomenon of the Sea Peoples, combining literary sources and archaeologi-
cal finds in a complex and colorful reconstruction of the thirteenth and twelfth
centuries bce in the eastern Mediterranean. Four years later it was followed by
a revised English edition of Trude Dothan’s book, in which – drawing mainly
on results of the Ashdod excavations – further traits of Aegean origin were
compiled, to be associated with the migration of the Philistines (1982: 40–1).
Among them are the following:

* Locally made Mycenaean IIIC: 1b pottery (dubbed “Monochrome”) and

the later Philistine Bichrome pottery
* Seals, including one possibly with Cypro-Minoan script from Ashdod
* “Ashdoda” figurines – identified by Trude Dothan as a local version of the
Mycenaean Mother Goddess figurines
Following Sandars’s and Dothan’s studies, the Philistine–Sea Peoples phe-
nomenon in the southern Levantine coast was compared to other cases in the
eastern Mediterranean in which “intrusive” Aegean material culture was iden-
tified as indicating migration. Mazar (1985b; 1988; 1991) compared the material
culture evidence for the Philistine–Sea Peoples migration to the Levant to that
of the Achaean migration to Cyprus in the twelfth century bce. He concluded
that both phenomena relate to the same migration events, and that Cyprus
was a bridgehead on the route of the migrants to the Levant. Aegean migra-
tion was also identified at Ras Ibn Hani, the port of Ugarit, on the evidence
of locally made Mycenaean IIIC: 1b pottery (Lagarce and Lagarce 1988).
Challenges to the existing methodology rose soon after, when the first
cracks appeared in the concept of pots equal people. It was argued that the
locally made Mycenaean IIIC (Monochrome) pottery was the prototype of
the later Philistine Bichrome pottery rather than representing another, earlier
ethnic group (Mazar 1985b: 106; Singer 1988). Further attacks were launched
by Bunimovitz (1990), who questioned the value of the Philistine Bichrome
pottery as an ethnic demarcator. In the same years, Singer (1992; 1993; 1994)
explored aspects little tended to by most archaeologists: the political orga-
nization of the Philistines, phases in Philistine settlement as evidenced by
settlement patterns, and various aspects of Philistine deities and cult.
Just as the results of the Ashdod excavations were the source of many
advances in the 1970s and early 1980s, knowledge and ideas about the
Philistines were heavily influenced in the late 1980s and 1990s by the exca-
vations begun in 1984 at Tel Miqne (identified as the Pentapolis site of Ekron),
directed by Trude Dothan and Seymour Gitin. The finds provided additional
material culture traits for the “Aegean checklist,” such as Aegean-type cooking
jugs and coarseware and unique pottery kilns, as well as much data on Aegean
Introduction * 5

pottery and architectural features (mainly Aegean-style hearths; Stager 1995:

347). Furthermore, the Tel Miqne/Ekron excavations opened the way for stud-
ies on behavioral aspects of the Philistine migration, such as changes in animal
husbandry and economy (Hesse 1986; 1990). Other important results came
from the excavation of Ashkelon by Lawrence E. Stager, begun in 1985.
The middle and late 1990s saw the appearance of new methodological
approaches, putting more emphasis on aspects of human activity than on
objects. The checklist approach, which focuses on material culture traits to
identify migration, has been gradually modified by a focus on behavioral
patterns (which reflect a change in way of life, ideology, and economy) for
the same purpose. New topics investigated have included the importance of
ancient foodways to the study of ancient ethnicity (Killebrew 1992; Yasur-
Landau 1992), details of pottery production (Killebrew 1996; 1998b), and
aspects of gender (Sweeney and Yasur-Landau 1999). An important devel-
opment has been the application of archaeological, anthropological, and
sociological-methodological approaches to ancient and modern migrations
to understanding change in material culture assemblages in Philistia, mainly
for the archaeological identification of migration and acculturation processes
(Stager 1995: 333–4; Stone 1995; Bunimovitz and Yasur-Landau 1996: 89–91).
Attention has been given also to other neglected aspects of migration, such
as demography. The postulated number of migrants ranged from a massive
migration of twenty-five thousand people (Stager 1995) to a humble movement
of a few thousands (Finkelstein 1996; 1998). At the same time, more traditional
topics were hotly contested, especially the chronology for the arrival of the
migrants. Dothan (1989), Mazar (1985b), and Stager (1995) supported a date
during the reign of Ramses III for the settlement of the Philistines in connec-
tion to his campaigns against the Sea Peoples, while Finkelstein (1995; 1998)
and Ussishkin (1998) argued for a lower chronology for the beginning of the
Philistine settlement, much later than the days of Ramses III, and probably
after Ramses VI, postdating the end of Egyptian control in the south of Canaan.
The later 1990s were also the first time in which the paradigm of Aegean
migration, which united most scholars dealing with the Philistines, was seri-
ously challenged. Sherratt (1992; 1998; followed by Bauer 1998) suggested, for
the first time, an elegant nonmigrationist explanation for the Aegean cultural
traits found on Cyprus and in Philistia, preferring a process of cultural dif-
fusion and elite emulation connected with the early post-Bronze Age trade.
Another challenge to the idea of Aegean migration was raised by Killebrew
(1998a: 393–7, 401–2; 2000; 2006: 231), who supports the idea of migration that
originates from Cyprus and/or Cilicia rather than from the Aegean proper.
Even the ethnic composition of the people of Philistia was contested: they
were mostly Aegean (e.g., Stager 1995); a mixture of Canaanites, Syrians, and
Aegeans (Sweeny and Yasur-Landau 1999); Canaanite (Drews 2000); or a cos-
mopolitan mixture of people from the eastern Mediterranean (Sherratt 1998).
6 * The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age

It is astounding that this very active discussion of key questions relating to

the Philistine migration took place in a reality in which very little published
data existed on the stratigraphy, architecture, and pottery typology of the first
Philistine levels. Before 2004, of the vast areas excavated at Ashdod, Ashkelon,
and Tel Miqne/Ekron, only two excavation areas were published with early-
twelfth-century strata: Area G in Ashdod (Dothan and Porath 1993) and Field
X at Tel Miqne/Ekron (Bierling 1998). This situation has improved consider-
ably in recent years, first with a masterly typological discussion of locally made
Mycenaean IIIC pottery (Dothan and Zukerman 2004) and then with the final
publication of Field INE at Tel Miqne/Ekron (Meehl, Dothan, and Gitin 2006)
and Area H at Ashdod (Dothan and Ben-Shlomo 2005). At the same time, the
important results of the Ashkelon excavations began to emerge (Master 2005;
Cross and Stager 2006). An influx of dissertations dealing with various aspects
of the Philistine and Sea Peoples problems also adds a wealth of yet unpub-
lished material (Mazow 2005; Ben-Shlomo 2006a; Birney 2007; Press 2007).
Despite the many advances in available archaeological data and theoretical
approaches made in the past years, the last attempt of a synthetic study placing
the Philistine migration within a wider spectrum of interrelated historical
phenomena was Nancy Sandars’s 1978 book, The Sea Peoples, whereas the last
synthesis of material from the southern Levant was the 1982 English edition
of Dothan’s The Philistines and Their Material Culture. Apart from the lack of
final publication of some key sites, partially remedied only recently, the main
reason for this situation may be blind spots and uncharted territories, which
blur our vision and present serious difficulties to compiling such a study.
The first blind spot is the need to encompass both the Aegean and the Levant
of the twelfth century bce. With Susan Sherratt and Penelope Mountjoy
being the most conspicuous exceptions, few of those who have interpreted
interconnections between the Levant and the Aegean have taken the pains to
examine in any depth the vast LH/LMIIIC assemblages available.
The second blind spot concerns the use of methodology for the archaeo-
logical identification of interregional interactions, including migration. Some
important methodological tools have been developed in the past decade in
world archaeology, yet they, as well as an overwhelmingly rich sociological and
anthropological literature on migration, have usually not been used in any
comprehensive manner by archaeologists dealing with the so-called Philistine
problem. Every paradigm that is based on a reconstruction of Aegean migra-
tion and does not employ methodological tools to construct sound archaeo-
logical proof of migration will be vulnerable to virtually any antimigrationist
challenge.
As for uncharted territories, those lie in virtually all topics connected to the
migration of the Philistines. The political and economic causalities for their
migration have never been thoroughly studied or examined in the context of
the Aegean postpalatial society. Very little has been written on the migrants’
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board. The Pfeffers built a beautifui brick home where they did much
entertaining They were very hospitable people and gracious hosts
and hostesses. Their home is now owned by James Crowe. Mrs.
Haberl, a niece of the Pfeffers. is a member of the Immaculate
Conception Church and is a Past Regent of the Daughters of
Isabella; she is a Royal Neighbor, a Past President of the American
Legion Auxiliary, a member of the Mothers' and Friends' Club of her
church and now president of the Altar Society. She is a hard worker
for her community and her church, as is her husband, Frank Haberl.
RUDOLPH P. BRIEGEL Rudolph P. Briegel for many years head i I
Iumbia public and grade school was born June in New Design
Precinct. He was the son of Peter Briegel and his wife Elizabeth, nee
Schrieber. Both of his parents came from Germany and on a farm in
New Design Precinct. The Briege! among the first Germans to settle
there. Mr. Briegel attended Portland School which was then known
as the Normal School of Monroe County. He also attended school at
Waterloo for one year. He attended Mound City Commercial College
at St. Louis and of summer normal school. In 1882 at the age of 16
he taught the Deer Hill Hun the Schroeder School and then the New
Hanchool for four years, after which he came to Columbia and
taught in the grade school. He worked at the Star Milling Company
here as a bookkeeper, and in • ame the superintendent of the
Columbia School. Under his direction Columbia established a four
year recognized high school with a two year commercial department.
Under his direction the school acquired a fine library. In 1894 he
man-led Miss Pauline Stein of Belleville. They had one daughter
Mildred Lucille, wife of Frank L. Eversull. Mr. Briegel was one of the
organizers of the Eagle Electric Co. which furnished electricity for the
City of 73
 Columbia, and served as secretary for four years or until
the company sold its interests to the city. Mr. Briegel's hobby was
raising fine chickens. Silver laced and white Wyandottes were his
specialty, and he was the only person in Monroe County to take a
prize for poultry at the St. Louis World's Fair. He served as City Clerk
of Columbia for four years and also as a Justice of the Peace. He
was first and foremost a teacher. He had a special gift for teaching
the essentials. He so often said, "There must always be hewers of
wood and carriers of water, and we must plan our teaching so that
pupils in this category can be taught what they can use in life. The
more brilliant pupils who would probably go out into the professions
could follow any program but special care must be taken of the rank
and file who make up most of America." He was an excellent teacher
and superintendent and an exemplary citizen. MRS. C. L. VOLKERT
Mrs. C. L. Volkert, nee Consuelo Joy Smith was born in West Point,
Iowa. She moved with her parents, Mr. and Mrs. G. W. Smith to
Columbia in 1906. She attended Columbia public and high schools
and Southern Illinois and Illinois University. She became a teacher of
English and commercial subjects in Columbia high school and taught
there for six years. Mrs. Volkert was married to C. L. Volkert, son of
Joseph J. and Barbara Volkert, nee Strassner. To them three children
were born — Carroll Barbara (Mrs. George F. Vogt), J. L. Volkert and
Margaret Volkert and eight grandchildren. Mr. Volkert, "Mr. Dips" to
most people, was born in St. Louis, moving to Columbia with his
family in 1909. He was employed at the Herman Rose Drug Store for
several years, then worked at Dupo for the Missouri Pacific for
eleven years, resigning to assume the position of linotype operator
and pressman at the Columbia Star Office. He was an Illinois State
Trooper under Governor Emmerson for about four years. After
prohibition he operated a tavern known as the Old Mill Buffet at
Locust and Rapp. In 1941, after the death of Charles Kern in an auto
accident, he became Chief of Police of Columbia, which position he
now holds. The Volkert family were pioneers of Columbia, Christian
Volkert and his wife coming from Germany from Mai Komrr.en in the
Rhine River region. They were vintners in the old country. The
Strassner family came from Rheinpfalz, Germany, St. Martin-an der-
Hardt. The two families met on the ship coming to America. "Mr.
Dips's brother, Ralph, has served two terms as sheriff of Monroe
County and now is assistant warden at Pontiac; his brother, Joseph
J., is the City Clerk for Columbia and for a number of years was
assessor and treasurer of Monroe county. His brother Elmer is
foreman on the "Rip" track at Dupo and his brother August is the
genial host of Monnie's Sportsman's Inn. Mr. Volkert served for two
years with the A E F in World War I, being stationed at LeMans,
France in the railroad yards for the duration and after the war. He
holds a continuous 40 year membership in the American Legion
serving as Commander several times. He is a member of Columbia
Lodge No. 474 A. F. and A. M. Mr. Volkert's great-grandfather. Chris
Trenberger of St. Louis was a cabinet maker of note. He operated a
cabinet shop opposite the Old St. Louis Cathedral where he carved
an altar and a beautiful Trenberger carved and embellished door for
this church. The artistic bent of the family could probably be traced
to this early forebear. THE RAUCH FAMILY Under the spreading
chestnut tree The village smithy stands, The smith a mighty man
was he With large and sinewy hands And the muscles of his brawny
arms Are strong as iron bands. What a pity the young people of
Columbia will never be able to see the old blacksmith shops of the
days of yore, with their "mighty" men toiling over the forge or
bending down to shoe the foot of some nervous horse. It was
always a delight to pass by the blacksmith shop of William, Edmund
and Joseph Rauch at Locust street, peek in the door and see these
stalwart men at work, each garbed in a leather apron to repel the
sparks from the forge. As you passed, all three welcomed young
America in hearty booming voices. The father of these three Rauchs
(Smoke, they were called, because Rauch means smoke in German),
was Joseph Rauch, Sr. He was born in Wurzburg, Rhein Bayern or
Bavaria July 4, 1840. When he was four years old his sisters came to
America, to St. Louis, bringing Joseph, Sr. with them. He grew to
manhood in St. Louis and then moved to Columbia when he was
grown. In 1856 he was apprenticed to Edward Victor Heiligstedt,
who had a blacksmith shop in back of his grocery store, both located
on Monroe Bank property. He was married to Louisa Schumacher,
sister of Mrs. Charles Schneider (Mary Schumacher) and Henry
Schumacher, who lived in the John Landgraf house. Three boys were
born to them, the subjects of our sketch — William, Joseph and
Edmund. These boys helped their father in the blacksmith business
which later was moved to Locust and South Second streets. The
Schmidts, father and two sons, Arthur and John were wagon makers
and these two families merged into Schmidt and Rauch. They also
sold agricultural implements. The father, Joseph, Sr. passed away
April 25, 1899 at the age of 59. He had been a trustee of the village
from 1879-80; from 1881-85; from 1888-90 and 1891-94, and his
passing left a void in Columbia civic circles. The boys carried on their
father's work, being machinists as well as smiths. Joseph worked at
the Columbia Quarry and at the Columbia Star Mill and later started
a tavern where Greatting's Market now is located. Joseph Sr. had
been vitally interested in politics and took an active part in it.
Following in his footsteps were Joseph Jr. and Edmund who also
participated in civic, county, state and national politics. Joseph, Sr.
was also a soldier in the Civil War and saw much action. William, the
oldest brother was the backbone of the blacksmith business. He
stayed in the business while the younger brothers branched out,
Edmund to plumbing and machinist work and Joseph to the tavern.
William Rauch was married to Emma Fiege, and four children were
born to them: Ella, Elmer, both of Columbia; Tillie and Adolph, the
last two having passed away. Joseph, Jr, was married to Jennie
Eichmueller and five children were born to them: Hilda (Mrs. Gustav
Boemer); Edwin and Joseph, deceased; Alex of St. Louis and Lou
(Mrs. John Kleyer) of Columbia. Mrs. Boemer has a son M. J. New.
Edmund L. Rauch was married to Mrs. Lizzie Lindemann on
September 18, 1910. Mrs. Lindemann, a widow, was the former
Lizzie Osick. She had one daughter, Emma Lindemann. Emma
married the son of William Rauch, Elmer G. Rauch, and they have
one son, William Edward. William Rauch was killed while on duty as
a special policeman for the city on Labor Day, Sept. 1,
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1921 Traffic was heavy on thai day. a blinding rain storm

raging, and an alarm of fire at the Columbia Quarry further
complicated traffic, so Mr. Kauch went of his own accord to direct
traffic at the corner of Main and Cherry. He was struck and killed by
a car without lights, driven by a St Loula man. Surely that was
devotion above and beyond the call ol duty on Mr, Rauch E. L. Rauch
was elected trustee of the town from and city alderman from 1927-
33. .He was also the City Superintendent of the LiKht Plant and
manager of the Cahokia Telephone Company of Dupo. He was the
President ol the Monroe National Bank for 30 years and has been
connected with the bank as director for 39 years He belongs to the
Turners and is an honorary member of the Rotary Club. He is a
member of United Church irist Elmer G. Rauch, E. L. Rauch's son-in-
law and also his nephew, is employed as the East Side Agent of the
St. Louis Southwestern (Cotton Belt) railroad. Elmer's son, William
Edward, is employed at McDonnell Airiraft Co. of St. Louis. MRS.
GERARD J. DUNDON Mrs. Gerard J. Dundon, assistant secretary of
the Centennial committee, is the wife of Dr. Gerard J. A. Dundon oi
Columbia. They have three children, Gerard J., Denis S and Margaret
M. Mrs. Dundon was born in New York City, her parents being
Thomas C. S. and Margaret T. McCalmont. She is a graduate of the
St. Angela Hall Academy and Maxwell Teacher's College of New York.
The Dundon family came to Prairie du Rocher where Dr. Dundon
practised and later moved to Columbia in 1951. Mrs. Dundon is an
amateur artist of great ability. always in demand for projects
requiring art work, because she gives so freely of her time and
talents. She is also an organist of ability. She is a member of
Immaculate Conception church, a member and past president of the
Columbia Woman's Club. She is past president of the Diocesan
Council of Catholic Women, Past President of the Legion Auxiliary.
Joseph Park Post of Prairie du Rocher, Past Secretary of Bishop
Zuroweste Circle, Daughters of Isabella and Past President of the
Altar Society of St. Joseph's Parish. CHARLES J. GRUENINGER
Charles J. Grueninger, son of Mrs. Ida Grueninger and the late Albert
Grueninger was born in Columbia, Sept. 21, 1911. He was married
to Pearl C. Frierdich, the daughter of Otto Frierdich and his wife nee
Schallom. They have three children, Carl James, Mary Pearl and
Marvin John. Carl James is in the service, in the Ordnance Division,
stationed in Augsburg, Germany. Mary Pearl is one Miss Columbia
candidates. She is a Junior at SS. Peter and Paul high school at
Waterloo. Marvin also attends school. Mr. Grueninger is secretary
and treasurer of the Columbia Motors, Inc. on north Main Street, Thll
I ing business was started in 1944 as a partnership by Wm. S.
Haudrich and C. J. Grueninger. It was changed to a corporation in
1948 with the following members: Wm. S. Haudrich, Florence
Haudrich, C. J. Grueninger and Pearl Grueninger. Mr. Grueninger is a
member of the Immaculate Conception Church; the Knight! of
Columbus Fourth Assembly of Waterloo, Illinois: the Holy Name &
the Catholic Church; member and Past President Ol the Columbia
Chamber of Commerce; member and dir the Columbia Rotary Club;
member of Colum and Hickory Hollow tor of the Waterloo Country
Club, director oi th National Bank in Columbia; I Illinois Auto Dealers
Trade Assn.; a member of the National A,UtO i leali i ■ a- "■ ial Ion;
president of the I luml Assn.; and a director oi the Columbia
Centennial ' tlon, on which he s< i man. LEO A. WEILBACHER Leo A.
Weilbacher is a member of the Board of Directors of the Columbia
Centennial Association, a member of the history committee and the
chairman of the Miss Columbia contest. Mr. Weilbachcr's family tree
is most interesting tracing back to the European Thirty-Year War
1618-48. The name "Weilbacher" v. as coined I during the Thirty-
Year War his family erected a wall ■Well-Wall) behind which the
family found shelter, The whole of Europe was involved and In 1659
when a peace treaty was finally signed Germany was in ruins and
the Holy Roman Empire a hollow shell. Leo A. Weilbacher was the
son of Henry and Johanna Weilbacher, nee Mueller and the grandson
of Fredaline and Bernadine Weilbacher, nee Platz. His great-
k'randparents were John Weilbacher and Johanna Essig; his great-
great-grandparents were Adolph Weilbacher, born in 1775 and his
wife Katherine Westerburger from Amien, Germany or France as the
fortunes of war dictated. Leo's grandmother was Bernadine Platz,
daughter of Joseph Platz and his wife, nee Margaret Pfeffer. The
Platz family lived on the Platz farm on the old road to Belleville.
When Mr. and Mrs. Platz came to Columbia they first lived in an
abandoned squatter's cabin near the present house. The Platz family
picked a beautiful spot for their home under the shelter of the Bluff
near a clear "spring of lasting water" which runs into Wamser's
Creek. On the hill back of their cabin when they arrived was an
Indian village, with their wigwams visible from their home. Mr. Platz
and Peter Frierdich, a neighbor, had to leave their wives to go on
foot on an important journey. While the men were gone the women
were alone but the Indians were kind and regularly brought them
game when they came to the spring to get water. The women broke
rock for their homes from the soft sandstones cliffs in their back
yard. The Platz house was not completed until 1850, as a tablet on
the house indicates. It is still a beautiful house. A picture of it
appears elsewhere in this book. Mr. Weilbacher is the president of
Henry Weilbacher and Sons; vice president of the Viking Freight
Lines; Sec.-Treas. of Drugmaster Inc. His wife, the former Lee Huhn,
member of a prominent pioneer Belleville newspaper family, preced
in death. He has three children: Arthur Of Columbia, Mary Elizabeth
(wife Of Dr Donald Bandle) ol St Louis and Robert oi Cleveland,
Ohio, and eighl grandchildren. Mr. Weilbacher Is a member of the
''olumbla Immaculate Conception Church, and an ardent worker i"r
th< church and il has the honor ol being the first child christened in
tl Church. He is a member of Important civic . haved as Service
Officer of the Colun bia Legion Post No, .">vl for many yean He '• i
the early president serving for a number oi years In thai He also Is a
Past Command.
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~1 M ■ « : ■ SB. HEID & SCHULER GENERAL STORE THE

WASHINGTON SALOON MEAT MARKET BY G. A. ROHM ARNIN'S
GENERAL STORE THE OLD WM. VOGT STORE 1 P. W. MILLER &
SONS BLACKSMITH SHOP J. A. PFEFFER'S STORE 76
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ARTHUR P. WINI. PRESIDENT OF THE COLUMBIA

CENTENNIAL ASSOCIATION Arthur P. Wink, president of the
Columbia Centennial Association is an active worker in civic,
benevolent and church circles in Columbia and Monroe County. Mr.
Wink was born in Columbia. September 1G, 1905. the son of Charles
and Anna Marie Wink, nee Ferkel. His birthplace was the Rock House
on the corner of South Rapp and Jefferson streets. This stone
cottage recalls 18th century small homes in Germany. It is built of
native limestone, beautifully cut by Columbia artisans. It is well over
100 years old. and was the family home of Mr. Winks grandfather.
Nicholaus Ferkel. Mr. Ferkel had emigrated to Columbia from
Gimmelding. Neu Staadt-an. der-Haardt. Germany. The paternal
grandsire, Carl Wink, also came from Germany. Mr. Wink's family
moved to a farm south of Columbia when he was three years old.
Mr. Wink received his education at the Shoemaker School, which was
built in 1867-8 by Fred Koch of Columbia at a cost of $800. This
school is now a part of Columbia Community District 4. Farm life
then was without present day refinements, and country' homes were
without electric lights, an unheard of thing today. Mr. Wink attended
Columbia Community High School and later completed business
school and accounting courses. He worked briefly in the Waterloo oil
fields in 1920; and as a bookkeeper for Winmark Mercantile Co. of
St. Louis. They sold principally on time payment, an innovation at
that time, but which now has become a way of life of the American
people. Shortly after the Columbia Farmers Cooperative was
organized, now the Mon-Clair Grain and Supply Company, in 1925.
Mr. Wink was employed by the Co-op for $12 a week. He progressed
rapidly and by 1936 became assistant manager of the cooperative.
In September of 1936 Fate tapped him on the shoulder for
advancement. He was appointed cashier of the Monroe County
Savings Bank and Trust Company, now converted to the Monroe
National Bank. Footings in the bank then were in the neighborhood
of $700,000; in January of 1959 nearly nine times that modest figure
or S6.0O '.'ink is presently president of the :! Bank, member of the
Board of Directors; Treasurer of the Chamber of Commerce;
President of the Monroe ird of School Trustees; Treasurer of Monroe
County Fair Association; and Vice President of the A ury Committee
of Monroe County Department of Welfare. In the past he served as
President of St. Paul Chu: and also the Brotherhood; Treasurer of the
C -nbia: Treasurer of St. Paul Cen Columbia Gymnastic Association
and Columbia B Club lent and President of the Rotary Club: Bankers'
Association and Monroe County Chapter Red Cross; Vice Presidi nt of
Columbia Chamber of Commerce and Columbia Gymnas' :ent
Monroe County Chapter Khoury League Baseball Association and
Chairman of Monroe County U. S. Savings Bonds. Wink is the former
Ella R. Kruse. daughter of the late Fred Kruse and his wife. Emma.
Mr. and Wink have two daughters. Ethel Mae and Carol All are
members of the United Church of Christ With this impof icnts.
Columbia is fortunate to ha- '•"■ Centennial Association. His
experience in dealing with people and affairs of magnitude make him
well fitted fur the position. Equally vital to the planning of the
Centennial was the efficiency of the committee which served under
him. DR. FRANK L. EVERSULL Dr. Frank L. Eversull was brought up in
East St. Louis, Illinois, where he received his elementary and
secondary education. He received the degrees of Bachelor of Ph.
ophy and Master of Arts from the University of Chicago, and the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Yale Univer. sity. Subsequently
he was honored by Marietta College with the degree of Doctor of
Divinity, and Elon College with the degree of Doctor of Law. He has
done work in Washington University. McCormick Theological
Seminary, and other institutions. He married the for: l ired Briegel of
Columbia, and they have one daughter, Evelyn Gustafson and one
son, John. He still has his residence in Columbia, Illinois he was
principal of the high school 1913-1016. From 1916 Jl he was
principal of the high school at Troy. At the same time he finished his
work in theology and ordained there by Alton Presbytery in May
1917. h terved as pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Troy. In I
ministry he has served as assistant pastor of the Second
Presbyterian Church in Chicago, pastor of St. Mark's E: Lutheran
Church. Compton Hill Congregational Church, and Peter's Memorial
Presbyterian Church in St. I. and the First Congregational Church in
Fargo, North DaAfter leaving Troy, Illinois for graduate work at the
University of Chicago, he was principal of the Woodward School in
St. Louis, 1922-28; principal of the East St. Louis High School, 1928-
33; instructor in education at Yale versity, 1933-34; President of
Huron College, Huron Soutl: Dakota, 1934-38; President of North
Dakota Agricul College. 1938-1946. He left there to enter American
Military Government and was sent to Korea where he . rial Guidance
Associatl iring the summi international Seminar at Aarhus. Denmark.
H an Elector in the Hall of Fame since 1936 and of the America) n
for the A Science. By appointment of the I outhern Win sity an : l
the Board. Ity is Sigma Alpha Epsilon. In Phi Kappa Phi, and Kappa
"Who's Wl '"> 'n American Edu. . and "International Di ii.- was full
professor a1 VI .is the full-' rtan Church of BeUevule, Illin Uni■
 MRS. BERTHA MARIE ARNIN SCHOENING Mrs. Bertha
Marie Arnin Schoening is a member of the Centennial History
Committee. She is the daughter of Joseph M. Arnin and his wife, nee
Elise Kupferschmidt. Mrs. Schoening was born in Columbia as was
her father. Her mother was born in St. Louis. Her paternal
grandfather was John Arnin and her paternal grandmother nee Anna
Harmacek. Her maternal grandparents were Philip Kupferschmidt
and his wife, Catherine, nee Braun. Both grandfathers came from
Baden, Germany while Grandma Kupferschmidt came from Alsace-
Lorraine and Grandma Arnin from Mechlin, Austria. They all came to
this country in the 1850's and 1860's. Bertha Arnin was married to
Arthur Schoening, whose father owned the old Columbia Star Mill
and was interested in many other Columbia enterprises. They have
one son, Everett William Schoening, who is the consul at the United
States Consulate at Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He served with honor
and distinction in similar capacities (although his position was not so
named) in Germany during and after World War II. His wife is the
former June Crittenden of Columbia. The Arnin family conducted a
general store here for many years. Mr. Arnin served as postmaster
for many years, as did Mrs. Schoening's brother, Arthur Arnin.
Another brother. Harry, is the husband of the former Bertha Kunz,
and he was also prominent in early Columbia. A sister, Olivia Arnin,
lives with Mrs. Schoening, and also Mr. Arnin's sister, Louisa Arnin
(Aunt Lou to everyone). Another sister, Mrs. Edwin Kueffner, nee
Florence Arnin lives at Granite City. Mrs. Schoening is a member of
St. Paul United Church of Christ. She helps in many church activities,
the Women's Guild, Sewing Circle of which she is secretary-
treasurer; teacher in the Junior Department of the Sunday School
and member of the Fidesta Bible Class. She is a Charter member of
Monroe Chapter No. 597 Order of the Eastern Star, having been a
member for over 52 years, and serving as secretary of this
organization for 50 years, serving every year except two of the
Chapter's existence. She was Worthy Matron for three years during
191S-19-20. WALTER F. GIFFHORN Walter F. Giffhorn is a member of
the Board of Directors of the Columbia Centennial Association and
also of the Historical committee. He is the son of Mr. and Mrs.
William Giffhorn. His maternal grandparents were Mr. and Mrs Wm.
Kremmel, Sr., who came here from Switzerland. Mr. Kremmel was a
Columbia saddler for many years. Walter's paternal grandparents
were Mr. and Mrs. Hy. Giffhorn. Mr. Giffhorn was a farmer. An uncle,
Henry Giffhorn, was a popular county commissioner for many years.
The elder Giffhorns came here from Germany. Mrs. Giffhorn was the
daughter of Wm. Reichenbach and his wife nee Eckert. Her
grandparents were Mr. and Mrs. Heinrig Reichenbach, Sr., who
operated a shoemaking establishment. He made shoes by hand and
his wife went to Carondelet, Mo. by ferry and sold the shoes for him.
Later he operated a tavern which is now Eberhard's. The
Reichenbachs came from Germany. Henry Reichenbach, Jr., for many
years was secretary of the Turnverein and his beautiful German
records are a joy to behold. The Giffhorns have one son, Walter, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Giffhorn are members of St. Paul United Church of
Christ. He is a member of St. Paul's Brotherhood Mr. Giffhorn is with
the Southwestern Railroad as Commercial agent. He belongs to the
Traffic Club of St. Louis and the Little Egyptian Traffic Club. MRS.
RAYMOND F. KREMMEL Mrs. Raymond F. Kremmel, nee Laura M.
Schnell, a member of the Board of Directors of the Centennial
Association, and also in charge of the volunteer service for the
Centennial, was born at Waterloo, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
Lorenz Schnell. Mrs. Kremmel attended school at Valmeyer. She was
also a graduate of Summers College of Commerce at East St. Louis.
The Schnell family moved to Columbia and Mrs. Kremmel took a
position with Henry Weilbacher and Sons in 1926 doing clerical work.
In 1933 she was appointed buyer and manager in the ladies' ready-
to-wear department in the same store. Until her retirement her
entire business experience was with the Weilbacher Store, where
she was employed for 26 ^ years. Mrs. Kremmel is a member of St.
Paul United Church of Christ and has given many years of service to
the church. She served as secretary of the Sunday School twenty-
one years and as assistant secretary for nine years, and also as
secretary of the Board of Christian Education. She served as a
member of the church Consistory for three years and is also a
member of the Women's Guild. She has also given years of work to
the American Legion and is at present head of the American Legion
Auxiliary Unit No. 581, after serving as first and second vice
president. She has served as Sergeant-at-arms of the St. Clair-
Monroe County Council and is at present the chaplain of that
organization. In addition to this she is the president of St. Clair
County Lodge 163, Auxiliary to the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen
of America. MISS ERNESTINE C. SMITH Miss Ernestine C. Smith,
daughter of George W. Smith and his wife, Kate Rose, nee Carroll
was born in Chicago, Illinois. The family moved to West Point, Iowa,
where her father started a country newspaper, the West Point Bee.
The family, Mr. and Mrs. Smith and the two daughters, Ernestine and
Consuelo, moved to Columbia in May of 1906, where they started
the newspaper, the Columbia Star, which was later sold to Roy
Conrad, the present owner. Ernestine attended the public school at
West Point and later St. Mary's Catholic School and high school
there. Her paternal grandparents George Schmitt and his wife,
Caroline, nee Zweig came by sailing vessel from Nuremberg, Bavaria
and Westphalia, settling at Sugar Loaf. Her maternal grandparents,
Martin Carroll, and his wife Rose, nee Murphy came from County
Cork, Ireland to Vermont where they farmed. Later they moved to
Milwaukee and Martin Carroll became Milwaukee's first mayor.
Democratic politics ran in the family for a cousin Martin Kennelly,
served as mayor of Chicago. The subject is a graduate of Summers
College of Commerce, and later taught at the East St. Louis,
CollinsvUle and Granite City branch schools of Summers. At the
death of her father Ernestine became the editor of the Columbia Star
with her sister Consuelo, publisher and her husband, C. L. Volkert,
linotype operator and pressman. The subject served for seven years
as Fiscal Supervisor and head of publicity in the Department of
Registration and Education in Springfield, 111. For five years she
was the librarian and councilor of the Christian Welfare Hospital
School of Nursing at East St. Louis. At present she is head of the
Control Room at the Municipal Building here. 78
The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.13%
accurate

COLUMBIA QUARRY CO. PICNIC SURREY WITH THE

FRINGE ON THE TOP TURNING SCHOOL 1892 CHAMPIONS THE M.
& O. LEAGUERS OLD BALL DIAMOND
 HERBERT C SCHUELER Herbert C. Schueler was born at
Columbia, the son of William Schueler and his wife nee Ida Oerter.
He was married to Miss Leola Ludwig, daughter of Philip Ludwig and
his wife Anna, nee Naumann. This union was blessed with one
daughter, Wendy Lou. Mr. Schueler attended the Columbia public
school and graduated from the Columbia High School. He attended
the David Rankin Trade School, taking Architectural Drafting and
Construction Technique at night school. He studied with the Chicago
Technical College by correspondence, taking estimating and
construction. While with the U. S. Army in France he attended the
Biaritz American University, Biaritz, France, taking courses relating to
construction. Mr. Schueler is a general contractor with Schueler
Brothers, Contractors and Builders, Inc. He is president of the
Monroe Building and Supply Co., president of Columbia Development
Co., Inc., and director of Schueler Bros. Inc., Credit Union. Monroe
Building and Supply Co. started in 1952. Officers were Herbert
Schueler, president; William Schueler, vice president; Clarence
Schueler, secretary-treasurer. They procured buildings from Jefferson
Barracks and cut them down in sections, transported them to
Columbia and set them up for lumber storage. Schueler Bros.
Contractors and Builders was organized in 1921 with William
Schueler head of the organization. In 1938 Clarence Schueler came
into the business and in 1940 Herbert Schueler joined it and the
name was changed to William Schueler and Sons. During World War
II when both boys were in the service and there was a scarcity of
building materials a brief interruption in business was necessary. But
after the return of the boys after the war the two boys carried on
the business, with the senior partner dropping out. The firm became
Schueler Bros., Contractors and Builders until 1959, when the
partnership was incorporated. Herbert Schueler is president of this
incorporation; William Schueler, vice president and Clarence
Schueler, secretary and treasurer. Mr. Schueler is a member of the
Centennial Association committee, relating to Concessions and Rides.
He belongs to Columbia Post 581 American Legion, and is also a
member of the Legion Drill Team. He is a member of St. Paul United
Church of Christ, an elder in the church and president of St. Paul
Cemetery Association. MILDRED LUCILLE BRIEGEL EVERSULL
Mildred Lucille Briegel was born in Columbia, the daughter of
Rudolph Briegel and his wife, Pauline, nee Stein. She attended the
public school in Columbia where her father was for many years a
teacher, and later succeeded E. T. Weible as Superintendent of
Schools. She graduated from the eighth grade and high school here,
being a member of the first four year high school graduating class.
She attended Harris' Teachers College at St. Louis in the summer
and in 1918 was married to Frank L. Eversull who taught in the
Columbia high school from 1913 to 1916. She taught in the public
school system of Columbia for a short time. After the Eversulls
moved to Troy, Illinois, Mrs. Eversull taught typing and stenography
in the high school there. She attended the University of Chicago, and
later when the Eversulls moved to St. Louis she joined the
Carondelet Women's Club and later served as its president. She
initiated a woman's choral group in the Wednesday Club when they
moved to East St. Louis. She is a graduate of the Kroeger School of
Music at St. Louis. When Dr. Eversull attended Yale University
Mildred took extension courses there. At Huron, South Dakota she
was active in the Faculty Woman's Club and the Federated Women's
Clubs. She also took college courses at Huron, gathering her credits,
and graduating with the degree of Bachelor of Science at the North
Dakota State Teachers' College at Fargo, North Dakota. There she
taught in the Army Administration School which was on campus at
the State School. She has done grade and high school teaching all
during her married life. She has taken courses at Washington
University at St. Louis. A writer, particularly of foreign travel, for she
has taken three trips abroad; and a writer of fiction, for she is a
member of the National League of American Penwomen. She is
President of the McKendree Writers Association. Her sororities are
Phi Kappa Phi, an honor society; Pi Gamma Mu, an honorary social
science sorority. As wife of the pastor of the First Presbyterian
Church at Belleville she has been very active in church work. The
Eversulls have reared two children, Evelyn, the wife of Sanfred
Gustafson. Their son John is a full Colonel in the U. S. Air Force. The
Eversulls live in Mrs. Eversull's parental home at 620 N. Metter,
Columbia. She is chairman of the Women's Group in the fund raising
campaign of the Memorial Hospital at Belleville. She is also much in
demand as a public speaker and a book reviewer. JOHN S. DIVERS
John S. Divers, a member of the Centennial History Committee,
operates a farm in the American Bottom. Part of the land he farms
was a land grant in 1848 under President James Polk to James L. D.
Morrison. It was later acquired by his grandfather, George Divers,
who was an influential citizen and large land owner in old Columbia.
John S. Divers, "Jack" as he is better known to Columbians, was
born in South Bend, Indiana, but came to Columbia as a small boy.
His parents were John S. and Nettie Divers. His great-grandfather,
John Salathiel Divers came to Monroe County in the 1820's from
Maryland. The home now occupied by the Roy Stumpf family was
reputedly the first Divers home. The home known as the Delaney
home has been in the Divers family since 1862 (a Divers daughter,
Addie, was married to John Delaney - — hence the name, Delaney
home). It was purchased by George Divers in 1862. Records show
that it was built before 1857. An interesting look into the days of
yore comes in a little slip of paper 5x8 inches, the last "free" paper
found in the Court House at Waterloo. It sets forth the following:
"Mr. Wm. O'Melveny The bearer hereof, Susan Battiste, has been
raised by me and has served her time out and is now of age and is
entitled to her free papers. April 22, 1847 John Divers". This paper
was never made a matter of record. George Divers was the mayor of
Columbia for seven years. He also served four terms as Town
Trustee. Mrs. "Jack" Divers, nee Clara Lieser, was born in Columbia,
a daughter of Charles and Mathilda Lieser, also early settlers of
Columbia. Mrs. Divers' great-grandfather, Christian Lieser, migrated
from Germany to Belleville and then Columbia in the early 1850's.
They settled on a farm near the southern part of Columbia which is
now owned by the Lowell Andrew family. There Mrs. Divers' father
was born, and after he was married he and his family lived until the
place was sold. Mr. Lieser served for many years as District road
commissioner, ren 
 dering valuable service. Mr. Lieser was the last Commander
of the Sons of Cnlon Veterans organization. From December 1, 1906
to March 31. 1918 Mr. Lieser was the rural route carrier on route 2.
Those were the days when roads were quagmires and it took a bit of
doing to get through with the mail. Mr. Lieser was active in the
Columbia Commercial Club and the Turners for many years. The
Liesers ha've three daughters. Mrs. Edward Lude, secretary- for the
A F. Weinel Lumber Co. for many years and also the Building and
Loan Association; Mrs. Ray Ramsey, wife of a prominent Bottom
farmer and Mrs. Jack Divers. Mr. and Mrs. Divers are both graduates
of the Columbia High School, class of 19^6. They are both active
members of the United Church of Christ, members of its auxiliary
organizations, counsellors of the Youth Fellowship, and both teach in
the Sunday school. They have two sons. Wesson C. Divers and
Donald A Divers. MRS. DOROTHY EPPINGER Mrs Dorothy Weinel
Eppinger, widow of Frank Eppinger, is the daughter of Ernst A.
Weinel and his wife Mollie, nee Schubert. Her paternal grandparents
were August F. Weinel and Bertha Grosse Weinel, early residents of
Columbia. The Weinels came from Germany; her mother's people
came from Wheeling, West Virginia. She received her education in
Columbia's grade and high school. She is a member of the St. Paul
United Church of Christ and is the director of the GirLs' Choir. The
possessor of a fine well-trained voice, she thoroughly enjoys her
work as choir director. She is a member of the Monroe Chapter
Order of the Eastern Star, serving as Past Matron and present
treasurer. She is a member of the Mission Shrine Order of the White
Shrine of Jerusalem and a Past Worthy High Priestess. She is a
Guardian of Job's Daughters Bethel 65; a member and Past
President of the Columbia Woman's Club and a Director of the
Belleville Memorial Hospital Auxiliary'- She is serving as treasurer of
the Columbia Centennial Association at present and is also Historic
Homes Chairman for the Centennial. She is the Cashier of the First
National Bank in Columbia. Illinois. Mrs. Dorothy Weinel Eppinger,
Chairman of Historical Homes, reports that Columbia has many
homes which are one hundred years old or older, and show the
sturdy construction practiced by our forefathers. The early settlers
came overland from Maryland. Virginia and Kentucky or by river from
New Orleans, hence the houses show a varied type of architecture.
The grill work, which unfortunately has all disappeared, shows the
Spanish influence; the Colonial columns and Gothic doorways the
eastern and southern influence. The houses in the South end of
town are all built on the front edge of the property, to allow more
space in the back for gardens — this showing the German
conservativeness. One thing they have in common — the walls are
about two feet thick, which accounts for the fact that they are still
tenable and in good condition. These houses will be appropriately
marked for the Centennial. JACOB LUDWIG. COLUMBIA'S OLDEST
CITIZEN Jacob Ludwig, 94. lives in Columbia and Is our citizen. He is
a familiar figure on Columbia streets — active In mind and body. He
still works occasionally, and pays a dally visit to his sister, Mrs. Anna
Wright He mi married to Miss Emma Mund. member of a
pionHanover family. She passed away some years ago. Father
Ludwig makes his home with his sons. Theodore Ludwig, retired,
and his other son. Phillip Ludwig. Theodore Ludwig and his wife. Ida,
nee Wilde, have four daughters: Mrs. Harold Schnell (Evelyn*. Mrs.
Earl Schaefer (Mabel), Mrs. Harvey Taake (Ethel) and Mrs. Gene
Henckler (Marguerite). For 37 years Theodore Ludwig worked for
Monsanto Chemical Co. at Monsanto, retiring in 1957. Another son.
Phillip, was the dean of aldermen of the City of Columbia, serving
continuously for twenty-six years and as City Clerk for four years.
Because of 111 health he recently retired. Phillip married the former
Miss Anna Naumann. They have four children: Hawert. a machinist
at Columbia Quarry Co.; Wilbur, employed at Kruse Chevrolet Co.;
Clifford, employed at the Luhr Construction Co.; and Leola, wife of
Herbert Schueler. Columbia was Mr. Ludwig's adopted city for the
Ludwigs came here from New Hanover — picturesque New Hanover,
so named because German immigrants came there from Hanover,
Germany in 1835. The village was established in 1794 by Jacob
Tchudy who came here frorn Switzerland, and was one of the
county's first settler?. New Hanover had the distinction of having an
overshot water mill, the first in Monroe County. MISS JOSEPHINE
BURROUGHS When George Rogers Clark came to Cahokia, the
Johnstons of Virginia came with him. Miss Burroughs' mother was a
Johnston. The Johnstons went to St. Louis, and were joined there by
Miss Burroughs' grandmother, Mrs. Margaret Van Arsoll. The Van
Arsoll family emigrated to New York, then to Ohio then Pennsylvania
and then to St. Louis. Miss Burroughs' sister was Louella Burroughs
who married Joshua Wilson, who was a son of John H. Wilson. Miss
Burroughs is the owner of the Wilson house which is believed to be
about 140 years old. The original part of the house is in the back,
and it remains largely the same as when it was built. The front part
of it was planned by an architect friend of John H. Wilson from
Boston, Massachusetts, who came to visit the Wilson family when he
was en route to California. He became so interested in planning the
house and supervising the construction that he stayed for a year
until it was completed. It is almost as it was when it was built, with
the exception of modernization, and is a landmark of beauty and of
historical significance, linking the days of the early pioneers with the
later German settlers. Mrs. John H. Wilson, nee Sarah Morgan, was a
daughter of Major Edward Morgan, noted Indian fighter, who was In
a Brigade of Mounted Volunteer! In the War of 1812. The home
place of the Edward Morgans was the George Glaenzer farm.
Burroughs for many years was a beloved teacher In the East St.
Louis school system, and many of !;• er pupils come to visit her
even now. Social life in Columbia in those days gone by Is
remembered by Miss Burroughs. Friends of the Wilson family were
the Divers, the Morgans, the Waddles, and the Warnocks. and there
was a gay social whirl amon^ ploneer settlers. n
 THE HENRY PAYNE FARM HOME The Henry Payne farm
home on R.F.D. No. 1, of Columbia, is among one of the most
interesting of the old houses in the neighborhood of Columbia. It is
one of the few original log houses still standing and is still in use by
the Payne family. It is estimated to be between 130 and 140 years
old. Originally it was a one room pioneer home, with a fireplace,
which served for warmth and for cooking. Later on through the
years more room was added, but the construction of the original
part remains the same as the day it was erected, including the
fireplace chimney. The fireplace, however, has been closed in. It is
situated on a spring of lasting water which the pioneers always
looked for when they built. The history of the claim is interesting. On
January 18, 1818 Edward Wilson acquired 265 acres by patent from
the United States; on August 13, 1827 Edward Wilson conveyed 164
acres to his brother, Otho; in 1850 Otho died and Anthony N. Payne
acquired 32 acres on the site upon which the Payne house is
located. In 1855 Anthony Payne transferred the land to his wife
Nancy, nee Wilson. Nancy Wilson was the daughter of Otho Wilson
and his wife Elizabeth, nee Biggs. The Otho Wilsons lived on Section
7, \k miles northwest of Columbia, near Scipio Beaird's claim.
Nancy's sisters and brothers were Zeborah, Edward, William and
Sarah. The Wilson family came originally from Maryland, then moved
to Kentucky, and about 1800 came to the State of Illinois. There
were three brothers: Otho, Edward and William. Nancy's father,
Otho, served in the War of 1812 and in the Black Hawk War. Nancy
Wilson married James Hudson, who came to this area from Kentucky
in 1821, and it is entirely plausible that the Payne house was built at
that time or before. On March 21, 1849 Mr. Hudson died. Nancy's
second husband was Anthony N. Payne who came to Columbia from
Tennessee in 1835. Mr. Payne died on May 11, 1879 and Mrs. Payne
probably came to Columbia to live. She lived in a small house where
Mrs. Bert Divers' property now is situated. In another part of this
house lived Mrs. Phoebe Hewitt. Mrs. Payne and Mrs. Hewitt had
probably been neighbors on the farm, for in the F. W. Weinel
abstract appear the names of Franklin and Lucy Hewitt, and the
Weinel home is in the neighborhood of the Payne farm. The two old
gentlewomen sat on the front porch of their home and were joined
by Mrs. Palmier, who lived in the two-story house next to Al's
Cleaners. These three were called affectionately by relatives and
friends alike, "Granny" Payne, "Granny" Hewitt and "Granny" Palmier
'pronounced pal-me-er). On warm summer afternoons these three
lovely old ladies rocked contentedly in their high backed rocking
chairs and smoked their clay pipes, recalling the joys and sorrows of
pioneer days the while. Word went out when they were smoking
their pipes, and little boys and girls of German ancestry,
unaccustomed to the Southern custom of women smoking pipes,
found excuses to go past the house and furtively watch the old
ladies. Nancy and Anthony Payne were Henry Payne's grandparents;
Robert and Raymond Payne's great-grand-parents and Allan Joel,
son of Raymond Payne's, now in the service, great-great-
grandparents. The Payne homestead was the birthplace of Edward
Payne, Henry Payne's father; also the birth-place of a step-brother,
John; and a brother, George; also of Henry Payne and his son
Robert. Mrs. Henry Payne, the former Emily Lepp, is also a member
of an old Columbia family, the Lepp family coming here from Hecker,
Illinois during the German immigration period. For the information
on the real estate we are indebted to Arthur Rueck, Circuit Clerk and
Robert Gardner, County Surveyor, who gleaned the information from
the American Papers in the Court House. CAMP NO. 5. ROYAL
NEIGHBORS OF AMERICA Camp No. 5, Royal Neighbors of America
was instituted on December 17, 1897 at the old Masonic Hall
Building. The first officers were: Oracle, Mary V. Lemen, Past Oracle,
Frances Brandt, Vice Oracle, Katie Bersche, Chancellor, May R.
Johnson, Marshal Cora Johnson, Recorder, Maggie Urmey, Receiver,
Lizzetha Ritter, Inner Sentinel, Magdelene Kalowsky, Outer Sentinel,
Mary Kraus. Managers were Addie Tolin, N. J. Urmey and Fannie
Divers; Physician, Dr. Wm. Rose. The Royal Neighbors are a
benevolent and protective organization. The organization now has a
membership of 63 adult and 10 juvenile — a total of 73. They meet
the second Thursday of the month at the Municipal Building
Auditorium. Present officers are: Oracle, Elizabeth Rehg, Past Oracle,
Bertha Haberlah, Vice Oracle, Elsie Phelps, Chancellor, Stella Tunze,
Recorder, Esther Stumpf, Receiver Alvina Giffhorn, Marshal, Ella Jahr,
Asst. Marshal, Laura Haberlah, Inner Sentinel, Lillie Ludwig, Outer
Sentinel, Frances Laub, Managers, Dorothea Lark and Fronia Heise,
Musician, Ernestine Smith, Flag Bearer, Elizabeth Karger. D. O. H.
GERMAN ORDER OF HARUGARI Columbia Lodge, No. 379, D. O. H.,
German Order of Harugari, was organized June 28, 1875. The D. O.
H. was first founded by twelve honorable German citizens in New
York March 9, 1847, and organized in the State of Illinois in 1849.
The object of the order was to organize a secret society with a
ritualistic lodge system, to maintain and propagate the German
language wherever the order exists, and to practice charity, mutual
assistance and social intercourse among its members. The principles
of the order are Friendship, Love and Humanity. Many Columbians
were members, among them, Mr. Wm. Haberlah, who was an
enthusiastic member, as was his father, Ferdinand Haberlah, Henry
Haberlah, son of Wm. Haberlah is now the remaining member of
Columbia Lodge. On September 6 and 7, 1920, Columbia was
honored in having the convention of the Grand Lodge of Illinois held
in this city. Mr. Wm. Haberlah served as DeputyGross Barde. He
received the highest honor in being elected Gross-Barde of the D. O.
H., Deutscher Orden of Harugari of the State of Illinois and faithfully
served from 1922 to 1924. 82
 STEWART McKEE 1859-61 1862-63 LAFAYETTE WARNOCK
1863-64 1866-67 JOHN GUNDLACH 1S65-66 1867-69 GEORGE
DIVERS 1872-73 18!^ 1888-91 1895-97 JACOB LOT2 1876-81 1885-
86 1891-92 JOHN B. SCHMIDT 1886-87 CHARLES LOT2 JAMES
WARNOCK 1898-1903 Heads of Government in Columbia MAYORS
OF THE TOWN OF COLUMBIA 18S9-1903 MAYORS OF THE VILLAGE
OF COLUMBIA 1903-1927 MAYORS OF THE CITY OF COLUMBIA
1927-1959 TOWN APPROVED FEBRUARY 19. 1859 VILLAGE
OCTOBER 3. 1903 CITY MARCH 22. 1927 There were eighteen
mayors who served Columbia over a period of 100 years. JOHN
McKEE 1861-62 S. M. BEA1RD 1864-65 1869-70 JOHN T. ANGERER
1870-72 1873-75 AUGUST F. WEINEL 1875-76 JOHN A. PFEFFER
1881-82 1887-88 HENRY J. KUNZ. SR. 1892-93 CHARLES PEPPERNI
1893-94 1897-98 H. N. KUNZ 1904-09 FRED G. RAPP 1909-1933
ALBERT C, METTER 1933-59 (inclusive) IF "fipsr* fififil7' & , HL Unlol
)ME OF JOSEPH AND MARGARET PLATZ. NEE PFEFFER 83
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