LESSON: 6.

GASEOUS STATE
I. Choose the best answer:

1. Gases deviate from ideal behavior at high pressure. Which of the following
statement(s) is correct for non-ideality?
a) at high pressure the collision between the gas molecule become enormous
b) at high pressure the gas molecules move only in one direction
c) at high pressure, the volume of gas become insignificant
d) at high pressure the intermolecular interactions become significant

2. Rate of diffusion of a gas is

a) directly proportional to its density
b) directly proportional to its molecular weight
c) directly proportional to its square root of its molecular weight
d) inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight

3. Which of the following is the correct expression for the equation of state of
Vander Waals gas?

Ans. Option C

4. When an ideal gas undergoes unrestrained expansion, no cooling occurs because

the molecules

a) are above inversion temperature

b) exert no attractive forces on each other
c) do work equal to the loss in kinetic energy
d) collide without loss of energy
5. Equal weights of methane and oxygen are mixed in an empty container at 298 K.
The fraction of total pressure exerted by oxygen is
(a) 1/3 (b) ½ (c) 2/3 (d) 1/3 × 273 × 298

6. The temperatures at which real gases obey the ideal gas laws over a wide range of
pressure is called
a) Critical temperature b) Boyle temperature
c) Inversion temperature d) Reduced temperature

7. In a closed room of 1000 m3 a perfume bottle is opened up. The room develops a
smell. This is due to which property of gases?

a) Viscosity b) Density c) Diffusion d) None

8. A bottle of ammonia and a bottle of HCl connected through a long tube are
opened simultaneously at both ends. The white ammonium chloride ring first
formed will be
a) At the center of the tube b) Near the hydrogen chloride bottle
c) Near the ammonia bottle d) Throughout the length of the tube

9. The value of universal gas constant depends upon

a) Temperature of the gas b) Volume of the gas
c) Number of moles of the gas d) units of Pressure and volume.

10. The value of the gas constant R is

a) 0.082 dm3atm. b) 0.987 cal mol-1 K-1 c) 8.3 J mol-1K-1 d) 8 erg mol-1K-1

11. Use of hot air balloon in sports and meteorological observation is an application
of
a) Boyle’s law b) Newton’s law c) Kelvin’s law d) Brown’s law
12. The table indicates the value of van der Waals constant ‘a’ in (dm3)2atm. mol-2

Gas O2 N2 NH3 CH4

A 1.360 1.390 4.170 2.253

The gas which can be most easily liquefied is

a) O2 b) N2 c) NH3 d) CH4

13. Consider the following statements

i) Atmospheric pressure is less at the top of a mountain than at sea level
ii) Gases are much more compressible than solids or liquids
iii) When the atmospheric pressure increases the height of the mercury column rises
Select the correct statement
a) I and II b) II and III c) I and III d) I, II and III

14. Compressibility factor for CO2 at 400 K and 71.0 bar is 0.8697. The molar
volume of CO2 under these conditions is

a) 22.04 dm3 b) 2.24 dm3 c) 0.41 dm3 d) 19.5dm3

15. If temperature and volume of an ideal gas is increased to twice its values, the
initial pressure P becomes

a) 4P b) 2P c) P d) 3P

16. At identical temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion of hydrogen gas is 3√
3 times that of a hydrocarbon having molecular formula C nH2n–2. What is the value
of n ?

a) 8 b) 4 c) 3 d) 1
17. Equal moles of hydrogen and oxygen gases are placed in a container, with a pin-
hole through which both can escape what fraction of oxygen escapes in the time
required for one-half of the hydrogen to escape. (NEET phase I)

a) 3/8 b) ½ c) 1/8 d) 1/4

18. The variation of volume V, with temperature T, keeping pressure constant is

called the coefficient of thermal expansion. For an ideal gas α is equal to
a) T b) 1/T c) P d) none of these

19. Four gases P, Q, R and S have almost same values of 'b' but their 'a' values (a, b
are Vander Waals Constants) are in the order Q < R < S < P. At a particular
temperature, among the four gases the most easily liquefiable one is

a) P b) Q c) R d) S

20. Maximum deviation from ideal gas is expected from (NEET)

a) CH4 (g) b) NH3 (g) c) H2 (g) d) N2 (g)

21. The units of Vander Waals constants 'b' and 'a' respectively
a) mol L–1 and L atm2 mol–1 b) mol L and L atm mol2
c) mol–1L and L2 atm mol–2 d) none of these

22. Assertion : Critical temperature of CO2 is 304K, it can be liquefied above 304K.
Reason : For a given mass of gas, volume is to directly proportional to pressure at
constant temperature

a) both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
b) both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
c) assertion is true but reason is false
d) both assertion and reason are false
23. What is the density of N2 gas at 227oC and 5.00 atm pressure?
(R = 0.082 L atm K–1mol–1)
a) 1.40 g/L b) 2.81 g/L c) 3.41 g/L d) 0.29 g/L

24. Which of the following diagrams correctly describes the behaviour of a fixed
mass of an ideal gas ? (T is measured in K)
Ans. Option C

25. 25g of each of the following gases are taken at 27 oC and 600 mm Hg pressure.
Which of these will have the least volume ?
a) HBr b) HCl c) HF d) HI

II Answer Briefly

26. State Boyle's law.

At a given temperature, the volume occupied by a fixed mass of a gas is inversely

proportional to its pressure.
V α 1/P

27. Name two items that can serve as a model for Gay Lusaac’ law and explain.

i) Firing a bullet:

When gun powder burns, the high pressure of the hot gas behind the bullet
forces it out of the barrel of the gun.

ii) Burning auto mobile tyre:

The heat from the burning rubber will cause the air pressure in the tyre to
increase and cause the weakened tyre wall to explode.

28. Give the mathematical expression that relates gas volume and moles.

The mathematical expression that relates gas volume and moles is given by
Avogadro’s law
V α n
V1/n1 = V2/n2 = Constant
29. What are ideal gases? In what way real gases differ from ideal gases.

Ideal gases are gases that obey the ideal gas equation,
P V = n R T. (P = Pressure, V = Volume, T = Temperature, R = Gas
Constant) and obeys all the basic gas laws under all conditions of
temperature and pressure.

S.
IDEAL GAS REAL GAS
No
1 Ideal gases obey the gas law under Real gases only obey at low
all conditions of pressure and temperature
temperature and pressure
2 The volume occupied by the The volume occupied by the gas
gas is very small compare to the is not small compare to the total
total volume of the gas volume of the gas
3 There is no force of attraction There is a force of attraction
between the gas molecules between the gas molecules
4 They obey Ideal gas equation They obey the Vander Waals
PV = nRT equation.

30. Can a Van der Waals gas with a=0 be liquefied? explain.

When a = 0, there is no intermolecular force of attraction between the gas

molecules. Hence it cannot be liquefied.

31. Suppose there is a tiny sticky area on the wall of a container of gas. Molecules
hitting this area stick there permanently. Is the pressure greater or less than on the
ordinary area of walls?

Number of molecules striking the wall of the container of the gas decreases. This
decrease in number of gas molecules in the same volume container decreases the
pressure.
32. Explain the following observations.

a) Aerated water bottles are kept under water during summer.

In summer, the solubility of the gas in water is likely to decrease because

the rise in temperature decreases the solubility. Thus, in summer, more of gas will
be present above the liquid surface in the glass bottle. To avoid this, the bottles are
kept under water.

b) Liquid ammonia bottle is cooled before opening the seal.

The vapor pressure of ammonia at room temperature is very high and hence
the ammonia will evaporate unless the vapor pressure is decreased. Cooling
decreases the vapor pressure so that the liquid remains in the same state. Hence the
bottle is cooled before opening otherwise it will burst.

c) The tyre of an automobile is inflated to slightly lesser pressure in summer

than in winter

In summer, due to higher temperature the average kinetic energy of the air
molecules inside the tire increases hence the pressure on the wall of the tube
increases hence it pressure inside is not kept low at the time of inflation at high
temperature the pressure may become so high that the tire may burst.

d) The size of a weather balloon becomes larger and larger as it ascends up

into larger altitude

As we go to higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure decreases. Thus the

pressure outside the balloon decreases. To regain equilibrium with the external
pressure, the gas inside expands to decrease its pressure. Hence, the size of the
balloon increases.

33. Give suitable explanation for the following facts about gases.

a) Gases don’t settle at the bottom of a container.

Gases are very less dense and have negligible intermolecular force of
attraction. So, they are very free to move

b) Gases diffuse through all the space available to them.

Gases have lower density, no fixed shape and no fixed volume. There is
great deal of empty space between particles, which have a lot of kinetic energy.
The particles move very fast and collide into one another causing them to diffuse.
34. Suggest why there is no hydrogen (H2) in our atmosphere. Why does the moon
have no atmosphere?

Hydrogen is very reactive and will react with other gases in the atmosphere. Any
hydrogen that does not chemically react will rise above the atmosphere and escape into
space. Moon have no atmosphere as the gravity on the moon is very weak and the high
energy cosmic Rays in the moon keeps the molecules of gas if any out into space

35. Explain whether a gas approaches ideal behavior or deviates from ideal
behavior if

a) it is compressed to a smaller volume at constant temperature.

Due to compression, the pressure of the gas molecules increases, and it

increases the intermolecular force of attraction between the molecules. Hence it
deviates from ideal behavior.

b) the temperature is raised while keeping the volume constant

Rise in temperature increases the pressure. Hence it deviates from ideal

behavior.

c) more gas is introduced into the same volume and at the same temperature

When more gas is introduced into the same volume and same temperature,
pressure increases which increases the intramolecular force of attraction between
the molecules and hence it deviates from ideal behavior.

36. Which of the following gases would you expect to deviate from ideal behaviour
under conditions of low temperature F2, Cl2 or Br2? Explain.

Conditions for deviations: low temperature and high pressure

At these conditions, intermolecular force of attraction increases. But fluorine,

chlorine and Bromine are nonpolar molecules. Here the dispersion force increases with
increasing molar mass. So, the high molar mass bromine would deviate most.
37. Distinguish between diffusion and effusion.

Diffusion Effusio
n
1. The movement of the gas molecules 1. The movement of the gas
through another gas from high molecules through a small hole
concentration to low concentration from high concentration to low
is called as Diffusion. concentration is called as Effusion.

2. It refers to the ability of gases to 2. It refers to the ability of gas to

mix with each other travel through a small pinhole

38. Aerosol cans carry clear warning of heating of the can. Why?

When Aerosol cans exposed to flame, it experience temperatures and pressures

significantly higher than they were designed to resist, causing them to rupture violently
into large fireballs. This occurs when the gas and liquid inside expands when heated
increasing the pressure inside the container.

39. Would it be easier to drink water with a straw on the top of Mount Everest?

Drinking through a straw is slightly more difficult on the top of mountain. This is
because the reduce atmospheric pressure is less effective in pushing soda up into the
straw. On a mountain, there is less pressure, so there is only less pressure to push the
water into the straw
40. Write the Van der Waals equation for a real gas. Explain the correction term for
pressure and volume.

a) Pressure Correction:
The pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the force of
bombardment on the wall of the container. The speed of the gas molecules
moving towards the wall is reduced by the force of attraction by the
neighbours. This force is directly proportional to the square of the density
of the gas. Hence the measured gas pressure is lower than the ideal pressure
of the gas.

Pideal = P + P’
 b) Volume correction

The gas molecules occupy certain volume which is lesser than the
actual volume of the container.
4
Volume of a sphere = -----πr3
3

4
Excluded volume = ----- π ( 2 r )3
3

4
Excluded volume = 8 X ------ π r 3
3

Excluded volume = 8 Vm

8 Vm
Volume of a single molecule = ---------
2

= 4 Vm
 Excluded volume for ‘n’ molecule = n ( 4 V m )
apply b = 4 Vm

V’ = nb

Videal = V- V’

Videal = V- n b

From ideal gas equation

PV=nRT

Substitute P and V

Where a and b are Vander Waals constants

41. Derive the values of critical constants in terms of van der Waals constants.

Refer CW note and in textbook page number 174& 175.

42. Why do astronauts have to wear protective suits when they are on the surface of
moon?

In space, there is no air to breathe and no air pressure. Space is extremely cold and
filled with dangerous radiation. Hence space suites are specially designed to protect
astronauts from the cold, radiation and low pressure in space.

43. When ammonia combines with HCl, NH4Cl is formed as white dense fumes.
Why do more fumes appear near HCl?

By Graham's law, the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to square root of

molar mass. Hence among ammonia and hydrochloric acid, ammonia diffuses quickly as
it has low molar mass. Hence it diffuses towards HCl bottle quickly and hence white
fumes appear near HCl.

Q.No 44 to 53 Refer CW note and in textbook page number 272, 273,274.

III. Extra Questions:

1. State Charles law

For a fixed mass of a gas, at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is

directly proportional to the temperature.
V α T

2. Define Gay-Lussac’s law

For a fixed mass of the gas, at constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly
proportional to the temperature.
P α T

3. Define Avogadro hypothesis

Equal volume of all gases under same temperature and pressure contains
equal number of molecules
V α n

4. Derive the ideal gas equation

1
By Boyles law Vα --------
P

By Charles law Vα T

By Avogadro law Vαn

nT
Vα
P

nRT
V=
P

PV = nRT

Where
P = Pressure, R = Gas constant, T = Temperature, V = Volume
5. Dalton law of Partial pressure

The total pressure of a non-reacting gaseous mixture is equal to the sum

of the partial pressure of the gases present in the mixture.

PTot = p1 + p2 + p3 + …………

PTot = Total pressure, p1 + p2 + p3 = Partial pressure

6. Define Grahams law of Diffusion

The Rate of diffusion/effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the

square root of the molar mass.
1
Rate of Diffusion α --------
√M
7. Define Compressibility factor.

The deviation of an real gas from the ideal behavior is measured in

terms of a ratio of PV to nRT. This is called as compressibility factor.
PV
Z=
nRT

8. Define Critical temperature

Critical temperature is defined as the temperature above

which a gas cannot be liquefied even at a high pressure.

9. Define Critical Pressure

Critical pressure is defined as the minimum pressure required to

liquefy one mole of a gas at its critical temperature.

10. Define Critical Volume

Critical volume is defined as the volume occupied by one mole of

as gas at its critical temperature and critical pressure.
11. Define Joule Thomson effect.

The phenomenon of lowering of temperature, when a gas is made to

expand adiabatically form high pressure to low pressure is called as
Joules Thompson effect.

12. What is inversion temperature?

The temperature below which a gas obeys Joules Thompson

effect is called as Inversion temperature.

2a
Ti = --------- R = Gas constant
Rb
13. What are the different the different methods of Liquefaction of Gas?

1. Linde’s method.

This is based on Joules Thompson effect

2. Claudes method.

In addition to Joules Thompson effect, the gas is made to do

mechanical work. So, more cooling is done.

3. Adiabatic process.

In this method, the cooling is done by removing the magnetic

property of the magnetic material like Gadolinium Sulphate. By this
method, a temperature of 10-4K ,as low as 0K can be achieved.
14. Explain the compressibility factor of a real gas

15. Define Boyle’s temperature or Boyles point

The temperature at which a real gas obeys the ideal gas law over a
wide range of pressure is called as Boyle’s temperature.

16. Why gases behave ideally in low pressure and high temperature or give
the effect of temperature and pressure on Ideal or real gas?

At high temperature kinetic energy of the molecule increases hence

intermolecular attraction decreases. So, it behaves ideally. At high pressure,
the density of the gas increases, molecules come closer, hence
intramolecular attraction increases. So, it does not behave ideally.
IV. HOTS

1. A real gas most closely approaches the behavior of an ideal gas at

a) 15 atm and 200K b) 1 atm and 273 K
c) 0.5 ATM and 500K d) 15 atm and 500 K

2. Positive deviation from ideal behavior takes place because of

a) Molecular interaction between atom and Z greater than one.
b) Molecular interaction between atoms and Z less than one
c) Finite size of Atom and Z greater than one
d) Finite size of Atom and Z less than one

3. At absolute Zero, kinetic energy of the gas becomes equal to

a. 0 b. Maximum c. Minimum d. 100

4. Air at sea level is dense. This is a practical application of …. law

a. Boyle b. Charles c. Avogadro d. Daltons

5. The Vander Waals constant for four gases P, Q, R and S are 4.17, 3.59,
6.71 and 3.8 respectively. The ascending order of their liquefaction is
a. P<Q<R<S b. Q<S<R<P c. Q<S<P<R d. R<P<Q<S

6. Adiabatic demagnetization is a technique used for

a. production of low temperature b. production of high temperature
b. adiabatic expansion of gas d. none of these

7. Balloon in boiling water is an example for ………. law.

a. Boyle b. Charles c. Avogadro d. Daltons
 8. Equal moles of hydrogen and oxygen gases are placed in a container with
a pin-hole through which both can escape.
What fraction of the oxygen escapes in the time required for one half of
the hydrogen to escape ?
a. 3/8 b. 1/2 c. 1/8 d. ¼

9. Pressure of real gas is less than that of ideal gas because of

a. Increase in the kinetic energy of the molecules
b. Intermolecular attraction
c. Finite size of particles
d. Increase in the number of collisions

10. The gas will approach ideal behavior at

a. low temperature and low pressure.
b. low temperature and high pressure
c. high temperature and low pressure
d. high temperature and high pressure

ANSWERS:

1. c 2. a 3. a 4.a 5.c 6.b 7.b 8.c 9.b 10.c

V. Other Important Questions:

1. What is the difference between gas and vapor? (Pg.159)

2. Define pressure with different units. (Pg.159)
3. Explain the experimental proof of Boyle’s law (Pg.160)
4. Give the graphical representation of Boyle’s law. (Pg.160)
5. Underwater divers are advised not to hold breath unnecessarily while
diving. Why?
6. Write the gas constant values in different Units. (Pg.167)
7. Derive the relation between partial pressure and mole fraction of the gas.
(Pg.167)
8. which law is used in the process of enriching uranium 235 from other
isotopes (Pg.168)
9. Explain pressure volume Isotherm or Andrew's isotherm of carbon dioxide
(Pg.172)

VI. Evaluate Yourself Q. No 1 to 8

Refer CW note and textbook page number 268 & 269.