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38 views61 pages

Frommer S Greek Islands 5th Edition John S. Bowman Download

The document provides information about the 5th edition of Frommer's Greek Islands, authored by John S. Bowman and others, highlighting its usability and comprehensive coverage of the region. It includes links to purchase the ebook and mentions various other travel-related publications. The content also outlines the structure of the guide, including sections on planning trips, itineraries, and detailed descriptions of various islands.

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Greek Islands
5th Edition

by John S. Bowman, Sherry Marker, &


Peter Kerasiotis

with cruise coverage by Rebecca Tobin

Here’s what the critics say about Frommer’s:


“Amazingly easy to use. Very portable, very complete.”
—Booklist

“Detailed, accurate, and easy-to-read information for all price ranges.”


—Glamour Magazine

“Hotel information is close to encyclopedic.”


—Des Moines Sunday Register
Greek Islands
5th Edition

by John S. Bowman, Sherry Marker, &


Peter Kerasiotis

with cruise coverage by Rebecca Tobin

Here’s what the critics say about Frommer’s:


“Amazingly easy to use. Very portable, very complete.”
—Booklist

“Detailed, accurate, and easy-to-read information for all price ranges.”


—Glamour Magazine

“Hotel information is close to encyclopedic.”


—Des Moines Sunday Register
Published by:

Wiley Publishing, Inc.


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Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
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part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in
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ISBN: 978-0-470-16539-3
Editor: Marc Nadeau
Production Editor: Jana M. Stefanciosa
Cartographer: Andrew Murphy
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Production by Wiley Indianapolis Composition Services
Front cover photo: One of Santorini’s brightly painted houses.
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5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Maps vi

What’s New in Greece 1

1 The Best of the Greek Islands 6


1 The Best of Ancient Greece . . . . . . . . .6 5 The Best Museums . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
2 The Best of Byzantine & 6 The Best Resorts & Hotels . . . . . . . . .11
Medieval Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 7 The Best Restaurants . . . . . . . . . . . .12
3 The Best Beaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 8 The Best Nightlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4 The Best Scenic Villages & Towns . . .10

2 Planning Your Trip to the Greek Islands 14


by John S. Bowman
1 The Regions in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Frommers.com: The Complete
Greece on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Travel Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Security in Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 12 Staying Connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
2 Visitor Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 13 Packages for the Independent
Traveler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
3 Entry Requirements & Customs . . . . .18
14 Escorted General-Interest Tours . . . . .43
4 When to Go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
15 Special-Interest Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Greece Calendar of Events . . . . . . . .20
16 Getting Around Greece . . . . . . . . . . .48
5 Getting There . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Taxi Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
6 Money & Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
17 Tips on Accommodations . . . . . . . . .57
7 Travel Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
18 Tips on Dining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
8 Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
19 Recommended Books,
9 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Films & Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
10 Specialized Travel Resources . . . . . . .34 Fast Facts: Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
11 Sustainable Tourism/Ecotourism . . . .39

3 Suggested Greek Island Itineraries 71


1 The Greek Islands in 1 Week . . . . . .72 3 The Greek Islands with a Family . . . .77
2 The Greek Islands in 2 Weeks . . . . . .73 4 In the Footsteps of the
Apostle Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
iv CONTENTS

4 Cruising the Greek Islands 82


by Rebecca Tobin
1 Choosing the Right Cruise for You . . .82 8 The Cruise Lines: Small &
2 Calculating the Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Yachtlike Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
3 Booking Your Cruise . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Booking Your Private
Yacht Charter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
4 Cruise Preparation Practicalities . . . .88
9 Best Shore Excursions in the
5 Embarkation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Ports of Call: Greece . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Dealing with Seasickness . . . . . . . . .91 10 Best Shore Excursions in the Ports
6 End-of-Cruise Procedures . . . . . . . . .92 of Call: Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
7 The Cruise Lines & Their Ships:
Large & Midsize Ships . . . . . . . . . . .93

5 Athens 118
by Peter Kerasiotis with Sherry Marker
1 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 6 Ancient Monuments . . . . . . . . . . . .173
2 Getting Around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 A Day Trip to the Temple of
Fast Facts: Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Poseidon at Sounion . . . . . . . . . . .174
3 Where to Stay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 7 Organized Tours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
4 Where to Dine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 8 Shopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Quick Bites in Syntagma . . . . . . . . .157 9 Athens After Dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
5 The Top Attractions . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 10 Piraeus: A Jumping-Off Point
to the Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183

6 The Saronic Gulf Islands 188


by Sherry Marker
1 Aegina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 3 Hydra (Idra) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
2 Poros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 4 Spetses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

7 Crete 209
by John S. Bowman
1 Iraklion (Heraklion) . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 3 Rethymnon (Rethimno) . . . . . . . . . .237
2 Chania (Hania/Xania/Canea) . . . . . .226 4 Ayios Nikolaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245

8 The Cyclades 253


by Sherry Marker
1 Santorini (Thira) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 2 Folegandros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
CONTENTS v

3 Sifnos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 6 Mykonos (Mikonos) . . . . . . . . . . . .306


4 Paros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 7 Delos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
The Cave of Andiparos . . . . . . . . . .290 8 Tinos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
5 Naxos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 9 Siros (Syros) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338

9 The Dodecanese 345


By John S. Bowman
1 Rhodes (Rodos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346 3 Kos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
2 Simi (Symi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367 4 Patmos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
Local Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370

10 The Northeastern Aegean Islands 393


by John S. Bowman

1 Samos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394 3 Lesvos (Mitilini) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412


2 Hios (Chios) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405

11 The Sporades 422


by John S. Bowman
1 Skiathos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422 3 Skyros (Skiros) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440
2 Skopelos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433 The Famous Carnival of Skyros . . . .443

12 The Ionian Islands 448


by John S. Bowman
1 Corfu (Kerkira) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450 2 Kefalonia (Cephalonia) . . . . . . . . . .464

Appendix A: Greece in Depth 473


1 A Legacy of Art & Architecture . . . .473 3 A Taste of Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477
2 The Greek People . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477
Appendix B: The Greek Language 481
1 Making Your Way in Greek . . . . . . .481 2 Useful Words & Phrases . . . . . . . . .483

Index 489
List of Maps

Greece 8 Rethymnon 239


Greek Ferry Routes 51 Ayios Nikolaos 247
The Greek Islands in 1 Week 73 The Cyclades 255
The Greek Islands in 2 Weeks 75 Santorini 257
The Greek Islands with a Family 78 Delos 327
In the Footsteps of the Apostle Paul 81 The Dodecanese 347
Athens Accommodations 126 Rhodes Attractions 349
Accommodations & Dining South Rhodes Accommodations &
of the Acropolis 137 Dining 357
Athens Dining 148 The Northeastern Aegean Islands 395
Athens Attractions 162 Vathi 397
Piraeus 185 The Sporades 423
The Saronic Gulf Islands 189 Western Greece & the Ionian
Crete 211 Islands 449
Iraklion 213 Corfu Town 451
Chania 227 Kefalonia & Ithaka 465
An Invitation to the Reader
In researching this book, we discovered many wonderful places—hotels, restaurants, shops, and
more. We’re sure you’ll find others. Please tell us about them, so we can share the information
with your fellow travelers in upcoming editions. If you were disappointed with a recommenda-
tion, we’d love to know that, too. Please write to:
Frommer’s Greek Islands, 5th Edition
Wiley Publishing, Inc. • 111 River St. • Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774

An Additional Note
Please be advised that travel information is subject to change at any time—and this is especially
true of prices. We therefore suggest that you write or call ahead for confirmation when making
your travel plans. The authors, editors, and publisher cannot be held responsible for the experi-
ences of readers while traveling. Your safety is important to us, however, so we encourage you to
stay alert and be aware of your surroundings. Keep a close eye on cameras, purses, and wallets,
all favorite targets of thieves and pickpockets.

About the Authors


John S. Bowman has been a freelance writer and editor for more than 35 years. He specializes
in nonfiction ranging from archaeology to zoology, baseball to biography. He first visited Greece
in 1956 and has traveled and lived there over the years. He is the author of numerous guides to
various regions in Greece. He currently resides in Northampton, Massachusetts.
Sherry Marker majored in classical Greek at Harvard, studied archaeology at the American School
of Classical Studies in Athens, and did graduate work in ancient history at the University of Cali-
fornia at Berkeley. The author of a number of guides to Greece, she has also written for the New
York Times, Travel + Leisure, and Hampshire Life. When not in Greece, she lives in Massachusetts.
Peter Kerasiotis, a native Athenian, currently lives in New York City where he works as a web
developer and editor. A newcomer to Frommer’s, he hopes to continue a career of travel- and
screenwriting.
Rebecca Tobin has been covering the travel business for the past seven years as a reporter and
editor for industry newspaper Travel Weekly, including four years as the paper’s cruise editor. She
estimates that she’s sampled fun, food, and deck chairs on more than 40 cruise ships (and count-
ing). Rebecca is currently Travel Weekly’s managing editor. She lives in New York.

Other Great Guides for Your Trip:


Frommer’s Greece
Frommer’s Europe
Frommer’s European Cruises & Ports of Call
Frommer’s Star Ratings, Icons & Abbreviations
Every hotel, restaurant, and attraction listing in this guide has been ranked for quality, value,
service, amenities, and special features using a star-rating system. In country, state, and regional
guides, we also rate towns and regions to help you narrow down your choices and budget your
time accordingly. Hotels and restaurants are rated on a scale of zero (recommended) to three
stars (exceptional). Attractions, shopping, nightlife, towns, and regions are rated according to
the following scale: zero stars (recommended), one star (highly recommended), two stars (very
highly recommended), and three stars (must-see).
In addition to the star-rating system, we also use seven feature icons that point you to the
great deals, in-the-know advice, and unique experiences that separate travelers from tourists.
Throughout the book, look for:

Finds Special finds—those places only insiders know about

Fun Fact Fun facts—details that make travelers more informed and their trips more fun

Kids Best bets for kids and advice for the whole family

Moments Special moments—those experiences that memories are made of

Overrated Places or experiences not worth your time or money

Tips Insider tips—great ways to save time and money

Value Great values—where to get the best deals

The following abbreviations are used for credit cards:


AE American Express DISC Discover V Visa
DC Diners Club MC MasterCard

Frommers.com
Now that you have this guidebook, to help you plan a great trip, visit our website at www.
frommers.com for additional travel information on more than 3,600 destinations. We update
features regularly, to give you instant access to the most current trip-planning information avail-
able. At Frommers.com, you’ll find scoops on the best airfares, lodging rates, and car rental bar-
gains. You can even book your travel online through our reliable travel booking partners. Other
popular features include:
• Online updates of our most popular guidebooks
• Vacation sweepstakes and contest giveaways
• Newsletters highlighting the hottest travel trends
• Online travel message boards with featured travel discussions
What’s New in the Greek Islands
ItorsNTRODUCTION After urging visi-
for several years to “Live Your Myth
hotels with serious creature comforts open.
If you want a hotel with spa facilities,
in Greece,” in 2007 the Greek National you’re in luck. More and more Greek
Tourist Office invited travelers to hotels are joining the international trend
“Explore Your Senses” in Greece. The of providing spa facilities and services that
shift in emphasis suggested that the include a wide range of massage therapies,
Greek tourist industry was determined to facials, aromatherapy, hydro-therapy, and
create an image to supplement the stan- thalassotherapy.
dard travel poster scenes of temple Throughout this guide, we single out
columns (representing the famous old the best of the new hotels, as well as not-
Greek myths) and island beaches ing the old stand-bys that have gone all
(reminders of the myth of endless sun- out to remodel and refresh themselves.
shine and summer romance). Greece is Something to keep in mind: These hotels
trying very hard to make travelers aware are very popular with weekending
of a multiplicity of specialized holiday Greeks, and there is often a 50% weekend
possibilities, ranging from tours to take in price supplement.
the journeys of Saint Paul to watercolor PLANNING YOUR TRIP There is no
excursions in the Peloponnese. In addi- denying that the Olympics of 2004 left
tion, there’s a real effort to let visitors Greece with many improvements that
know that they can explore the Greek benefit tourists. By the same token, the
countryside—even climb a mountain— pricing structure of hotels was thrown
and then relax in any one of a number of into turmoil and the normal increases
elegant new hotels with their own spas. that accompany inflation have yet to take
If you’ve found Greek hotels a bit on the hold as the hotels try to regain their equi-
boring side on past visits, you’ll probably librium. So, more than ever, you must be
be delighted with the increase in boutique flexible about prices provided in this
hotels throughout Greece. Before the 2004 guidebook.
Athens Olympics, top notch hotels were
largely confined to Athens and the more GETTING THERE Those who follow
fashionable islands such as Hydra, San- the travel industry in the news may be
torini, and Mykonos. Often, each destina- aware that Olympic Airlines (www.
tion had only one or two really olympic-airways.gr) continues to operate
outstanding hotels—and everyone knew in bankruptcy and remains up for sale. As
what they were. Now, many places in we go to press, a new owner has not been
Greece have what almost amounts to an announced, but it seems definite that
embarrassment of riches as more and more whoever does take over Olympic must
maintain the same services.
2 W H AT ’ S N E W

Moreover, starting in the summer of fields of urban art, graffiti design, and
2007, two more American airlines joined illustration were handpicked to decorate
Olympic and Delta in providing direct the 57 “graffiti” rooms with themes rang-
flights from the U.S. to Athens. US Air’s ing from Japanese and Byzantine art to
flights (www.usairways.com) depart from comic book art—check out the Spider-
JFK International in New York, while Man, Batman, or Smurfs rooms). Its sec-
Continental’s (www.continental.com) ond claim to fame is its insanely popular
depart from Newark, New Jersey. All Meat Me restaurant with its excellent and
flights leave daily, at least in the high reasonably priced meat dishes and its
season. glass floor that looks down to the pool. In
Also as of 2007, a new airline is prom- nearby Psirri, the small boutique hotel
ising to provide service to a number of Ochre & Brown, 7 Leokotiou (& 210/
destinations within Greece and eventually 331-2950; www.ochreandbrown.com),
Brindisi, Italy: Airsea Lines—different with only 10 rooms and one suite, has
from those above in that it operates only become the talk of town. That it’s home to
hydroplanes. Its plans call for three prin- one of the most popular lounges in the city
cipal bases: one at Gouvia, Corfu; one at doesn’t hurt its urban-cool reputation
Lavrion on the coast of Attika to the either. Neighboring Plaka finally has a
southeast of Athens; and one at Faliron, boutique hotel worthy of its charms: the
the coast just south of Athens. When this wonderful Magna Grecia, 54 Mitropoleos
edition went to press, only one service (& 210/324-0314; www.magnagrecia
was in operation: Corfu’s connections hotel.com), housed in an elegant neoclas-
with Ithaka, Lefkada, Kefalonia, Paxoi, sical mansion built in 1898. In posh
and Patras. The planned connections Kolonaki, new design hotel Periscope,
from Attika are to be with Aegean islands: 22 Haritos (& 210/623-6320; www.
Ioa, Kalymnos, Kos, Mykonos, Paros, periscope.gr), has been stealing the show
Santorini, Tinos. As this is a new service this year with its smart minimal design
and much is still being worked out, you and the periscope on its roof deck con-
are advised to consult their website, trolled by loungers in the lobby bar and
www.airsealines.com. broadcast over large flatscreen TVs.
SETTLING INTO ATHENS Where to Dine Besides the explosion
Where to Stay A newcomer in this of restaurants in newly hip neighbor-
newly trendy and diverse central neigh- hoods such as Gazi and Psirri, Archaion
borhood (right off Omonia Sq. on Patis- Gefsis (Ancient Flavors), 22 Kodratou,
sion Ave. right by the National Plateia Karaiskaki (& 210/523-9661),
Archaeological Museum) is Residence has set itself apart from anything in the
Georgio, 14 Chalkokondili & 28th city with its menu based on ancient
October Street (& 210/332-0109; www. Greek recipes. This brilliant concept (to
residencegeorgio.com), an excellent new wine and dine like the ancients did, based
5-star hotel with a great spa/pool on its on recipes recorded by the poet Arches-
roof deck and spacious, very smartly tratos) is a hit with locals, tourists, and
decorated rooms. Nearby is the newly foodies alike. See chapter 5.
redesigned Baby Grand, 65 Athinas & What to See & Do Exploring Athens is
Lycourgou St. (& 210/325-0900; www. easier than ever thanks to the new Metro
babygrandhotel.gr), that has two claims system—and pleasanter than ever thanks
to fame: The first being its theme rooms, to newly created pedestrian walks linking
wherein 10 international artists from the the major archaeological sites. You can
W H AT ’ S N E W 3

get a map of the system at the main Athens’s National Gardens, which had
Metro station in Syntagma Square. The been spruced up and re-planted with
Greek National Tourism Organization thousands of new trees and shrubs before
(EOT) at 26 Amalias sometimes has the 2004 Olympics, had a thousand more
maps of the “Archaeological Park,” which trees planted.
stretches from Hadrian’s Gate past the The Athens Sightseeing Public Bus,
Acropolis and Ancient Agora to Ker- line 400, is a great way to explore the
ameikos. As you explore Athens on foot city’s landmarks. Running from June to
and by Metro, be sure to take in the two September, this hop-on/hop-off bus,
new museums at the Acropolis and Syn- begins and ends its 90 minute ride in
tagma Metro stations, which display front of the National Archaeological
antiquities excavated from the Metro sites. Museum. Tickets are 5€ ($6.50) and
And save time to take in Athens’s valid for 24 hours.
astonishing variety of small museums: If The New Acropolis Museum is set to
you have time for only one, go to Benaki open gradually starting in early 2008.
Museum of Islamic Art, Agio Asomaton The Parthenon Gallery will also feature
and Dipylou, Psirri (& 210/367-1000; strikingly empty spots—an eloquent plea
www.benaki.gr), Greece’s first museum of to the British Museum for the return of
Islamic art. Just a block away, the the Parthenon Marbles.
Museum of Traditional Pottery, 4–6 The National Archeological Museum
Melidoni, Kerameikos (& 210/331- of Athens, regarded by many as one of the
8491), has a permanent collection as well top 10 finest museums in the world now
as special exhibits of traditional and con- has two more additions on display: two
temporary Greek pottery. ancient treasures that have been returned
In nearby Plaka, Frissiras Museum, to Greece by the J. Paul Getty Museum in
3–7 Moni Asteriou (& 210/323-4678), Los Angeles—a 4th century B.C. gold
is Athens’s first museum to concentrate wreath, and a 6th century B.C. marble
on 20th-century European art. The statue of a young woman’s torso.
new Pierides Museum of Ancient The new National Museum of Con-
Cypriot Art, 34–35 Kastorias, Votanikos temporary Art is scheduled to open in
(& 210/348-0000; www.athinais.com. winter 2008. It will be housed in yet
gr), records the art and politics of Cyprus. another brilliantly transformed industrial
See chapter 5. to arts space at the Syngrou-Fix area (at
By the time you read this guide, the outskirts of Koukaki) and promises to
Piraeus and the Venizelos International be exceptional.
Airport will be linked by the Metro French designer Pierre Bideau has
(www.ametro.gr). Trains will run each radically and brilliantly altered the
way once an hour from 5am to 1am, take lighting of the Acropolis and many
50 minutes, and cost 6€ ($7.80). other key monuments across the city.
The well-preserved statue of a kouros, The Acropolis is now also wheelchair
found in the Kerameikos in 2000, is now accessible—an elevator for the disabled
on display in the Kerameikos Museum, (also by use for the very lazy) has been
along with photographs showing its dis- installed on the north side of the hill.
covery. Ask at the ticket desk entrance to be
Syntagma and certain other areas of directed to the elevator.
central Athens now have free Wi-Fi for An increasingly popular motive for vis-
Internet users. iting Greece is to visit the many places
4 W H AT ’ S N E W

associated with the journeys of St. Paul as to Chania; it is launched into the harbor
he moved about organizing the early on only a few special occasions but every-
Christian communities. We have pro- one can appreciate it and its accompany-
vided an itinerary for those desirous of ing display in the arsenal. See chapter 7.
doing this on their own—what might be THE CYCLADES
called an independent/non-denomina- Where to Stay The Mykonos Grace
tional tour. Those who want to go with won Odyssey magazine’s “Best New
an organized tour can find many listed on Entry” award for 2007 and was singled
the Internet (simply do an online search out by the London Sunday Times as one of
for “footsteps of St. Paul tour”) but note the hippest new hotels of 2007 after its
that many of these are operated out of complete facelift that year. Guests can
Turkey and spend a fair amount of time swim in the sea off Ayios Stephanos
there (fair enough, as Paul came from beach, or in one of several hotel pools, or
Turkey). Note, too, that many of these soak in the spa Jacuzzis or their suite’s hot
are explicitly organized for Christians— tub. Decor, food, and privacy all get high
again, understandably. marks—as do the prices, which are less
CRETE In recognition of the growing extravagant than at some of Mykonos’s
interest of travelers for more natural des- other boutique hotels. See chapter 8.
tinations, we have added two new major What to See & Do Over the last few
excursions on Crete—one to the Lasithi years, the Apollon Theater, a replica of
Plain (p. 226) and another to the Amari Milan’s La Scala, in Ermoupolis, the capi-
Valley (p. 245). In addition to these, we tal of Syros, has been completely restored.
are recommending two places that offer The summer music festival, which
what are becoming known as “eco-holi- started modestly with a few performances
days”—Milia (p. 229) and Footscapes in 2004, is now a going concern and a
(p. 229). See chapter 7. real plus for opera lovers visiting the
Where to Stay Several new hotels have Cyclades (www.festivaloftheaegean.com).
been added, all relatively upscale in recog- See chapter 8.
nition of the many who now travel to KEFALONIA One of the oldest
Greece and are looking for such accom- motifs—and motives—of travel in the
modations. One of these is the Megaron Mediterranean has been trying to trace
in Iraklion, a grand hotel in a totally reno- the places associated with Odysseus as
vated early 20th-century building high described in Homer’s epic, In particular,
above the harbor. See chapter 9. Two oth- to identify his homeland, Ithaka. We, like
ers are of a different type—renovated most texts as well as the official Greek
centuries-old Venetian mansions in the version, have gone along with the claim
old quarter of Rethymnon—the Palazz- that it is the modern island of Ithaka. It
ino di Corina and the AVLI Apart- has never been a matter of taking it all
ments. See chapter 7. that literally—just that this seemed as
What to See & Do Of interest to many reasonable a site as any place, and, after
should be the full-scale replica of a all, what really mattered was paying one’s
Minoan ship that was constructed in one respects to Homer. But in 2005, a team
of the old Venetian “arsenali” on the har- of Englishmen came forward with a
bor of Chania. A crew of young oarsmen strong case for claiming that Odysseus’s
rowed it to the mainland in time for the Ithaka was in fact the Paliki peninsula of
2004 Olympics, after which it returned present-day Kefalonia. As for the first
W H AT ’ S N E W 5

most obvious objection—that Ithaka was culture. Meanwhile, those who remain
an island and this is a peninsula—they intrigued by this topic might want to take
have pretty much established that it has at least a side trip on Kefalonia to visit the
only become joined to the rest of Kefalo- peninsula. But for most people, the pres-
nia in the centuries since Homer’s time. ent-day island of Ithaka will probably
Having made this claim, they have con- continue to satisfy their imaginations. See
tinued their search for actual remains of chapter 12.
Odysseus’s residence—or at least his
1
The Best of the Greek Islands
FtheromGreek
Santorini’s dramatic caldera to the reconstructed palace of Knossos on Crete,
Islands are spectacular. There aren’t many places in the world where the
forces of nature have come together with ancient sites and architectural treasures to
create such spectacular results.
It can be bewildering to plan your trip with so many options vying for your atten-
tion. Take us along and we’ll do the work for you. We’ve traveled the country exten-
sively and have chosen the very best that Greece has to offer. We’ve explored the
archaeological sites, visited the museums, inspected the hotels, reviewed the tavernas
and ouzeries, and scoped out the beaches. Here’s what we consider the best of the best.

1 The Best of Ancient Greece


• Acropolis (Athens): No matter how of Akrotiri offers a unique glimpse
many photographs you’ve seen, noth- into the life of a Minoan city, frozen
ing can prepare you for watching the in time by a volcanic eruption some
light change the marble of the build- 3,600 years ago. The site has been
ings, still standing after thousands of completely or partially closed to the
years, from honey to rose to deep red public since 2004, but finds from the
to stark white. If the crowds get you site can be seen at the Museum of
down, think about how crowded the Prehistoric Thera. See chapter 8.
Acropolis was during religious festi- • Delos (Cyclades): This tiny isle, just
vals in antiquity. See p. 161. 3.2km (2 miles) offshore of Mykonos,
• Palace of Knossos (Crete): A seem- was considered by the ancient Greeks
ingly unending maze of rooms and to be both the geographical and spir-
levels, stairways and corridors, in itual center of the Cyclades; many
addition to frescoed walls—this is the considered this the holiest sanctuary
Minoan Palace of Knossos. It can be in all of Greece. The extensive
packed at peak hours, but it still remains here testify to the island’s for-
exerts its power if you enter in the mer splendor. From Mount Kinthos
spirit of the labyrinth. King Minos (really just a hill, but the island’s
ruled over the richest and most pow- highest point), you can see many of
erful of Minoan cities and, according the Cyclades most days; on a very
to legend, his daughter Ariadne clear day, you can see the entire archi-
helped Theseus kill the Minotaur in pelago. The 3 hours allotted by excur-
the labyrinth and escape. See p. 217. sion boats from Mykonos or Tinos
• Akrotiri (Cyclades): Santorini is are hardly sufficient to explore this
undoubtedly one of the most spec- vast archaeological treasure. See chap-
tacular islands in the world. The site ter 8.
THE BEST BEACHES 7

2 The Best of Byzantine & Medieval Greece


• Church of Panagia Kera (Kritsa, cathedral dome are works of extraor-
Crete): Even if Byzantine art seems a dinary power and beauty; even in the
bit stilted and remote, this striking half-obscurity of the nave, they radi-
chapel in the foothills of eastern ate a brilliant gold. Check out the
Crete will reward you with its unex- small museum, and take some time
pected intimacy. The 14th- and 15th- to explore the extensive monastery
century frescoes are not only grounds. See p. 407.
stunning but depict all the familiar • A Profusion of Byzantine Churches
biblical stories. See p. 252. in the Cyclades: The fertile country-
• Nea Moni (Hios, Northeastern side of the island of Naxos is dotted
Aegean): Once home to 1,000 by well-preserved Byzantine chapels.
monks, this 12th-century monastery Parikia, the capital of Paros, has the
high in the interior mountains of Byzantine-era cathedral of Panagia
Hios is now quietly inhabited by one Ekatondapiliani. Santorini boasts the
elderly but sprightly nun and two 11th- to 12th-century church of the
friendly monks. Try to catch one of Panagia in the hamlet of Gonias
the excellent tours sometimes offered Episkopi. See chapter 8.
by the monks. The mosaics in the

3 The Best Beaches


• Plaka (Naxos, Cyclades): Naxos has Lalaria is neither nearly as popular
the longest stretches of sea and sand nor as accessible as Skiathos’s famous
in the Cyclades, and 4.8km (3-mile) Koukounaries, which is one of the
Plaka is the most beautiful and pris- reasons it’s still gorgeous and pristine.
tine beach on the island. If you need See p. 428.
abundant amenities and a more • Myrtos (Kefalonia, Ionian Islands):
active social scene, you can always Although remote enough to require
head north to Ayia Anna or Ayios you come with your own wheels, this
Prokopios. See p. 303. isolated sand-pebble beach has long
• Paradise (Mykonos, Cyclades): Para- charmed countless visitors. It does
dise is the quintessential party beach, lack shade and it offers limited
known for wild revelry that continues refreshments—perhaps bring a pic-
through the night. An extensive com- nic—but the setting makes up for
plex built on the beach includes a bar, these deficiencies. See p. 470.
taverna, changing rooms, and sou- • Vroulidia (Hios, Northeastern
venir shops. This is a place to see and Aegean): White sand, a cliff-rimmed
be seen, a place to show off muscles cove, and a remote location at the
laboriously acquired during the long southern tip of the island of Hios
winter months. See p. 309. combine to make this one of the most
• Lalaria Beach (Skiathos, Sporades): exquisite small beaches in the north-
This gleaming, white-pebble beach eastern Aegean. The rocky coast con-
boasts vivid aquamarine water and ceals many cove beaches similar to
white limestone cliffs with natural this one, and they rarely become
arches cut into them by the elements. crowded. See p. 409.
8 CHAPTER 1 . THE BEST OF THE GREEK ISLANDS

Greece
0 25 mi
Tirana MACEDONIA
0 25 km

Serres
Kilkis
Adriatic ALBANIA
Giannitsa
MACEDONIA
Sea
Edessa
Pella Thessaloniki
Kastoria Vergina
Stratoni
Kozani
Mt. Olympus Dion
ZAGORI
Kalpaki
Metsovo Meteora Elassona
Ioannina (Kalambaka)
Larissa
Igoumenitsou Trikkala
EPIRUS Lake THESSALY
Corfu Pamvotis Pe Pel
Karditsa ni ion
ns
Volos ul
a Skopelos
Paxos Arta
Praveza Skiathos
Karpenissi
Ionian Lamia
Loutra
Sea Vonitsa Edipsou
Lefkada CENTRAL Mt.
Agrinio GREECE Parnassus
Astakos Messolongi Delphi Livadia
Kefalonia Ithaka
Patras Thebes

IONIAN ISLANDS Megara


Kyllini Corinth Athens
Zakinthos PELOPONNESE Piraeus
SARONIC

Pirgos Olympia Mycenae GULF
Argos ISLANDS
Tripoli Nafplion
Andritsena Epidaurus
Aegean Megalopolis
Athens Sea
Mistra Sparta
Kalamata
Mediterranean
Sea CRETE Pilos
Githio
CRETE Areopolis Monemvassia
Chania Sea of Crete

Rethymnon Ayios
Iraklion Nikolaos Kythira

Ayia Galini
Ierapetra
THE BEST BEACHES 9

BULGARIA

Drama Xanthi THRACE


Komotini
Kavala

Alexandroupolis Sea of Marmara

Thasos

Samothraki

Mt. Athos

Limnos

AEGEAN SEA

GREECE
Alonissos Lesvos
(Mitilini)
SPORADES
Skyros TURKEY
NORTHEASTERN
AEGEAN ISLANDS
Kimi
EVVIA Izmir

Hios
Karystos
Andros
Samos
Sounion
Kea Ikaria
Tinos

Mykonos
Siros
Patmos
Delos
Naxos
Paros Kalimnos
Serifos Donoussa
Antiparos
Sifnos
Kos
CYCLADES Amorgos
Ios

Milos Folegandros Simi


Anafi
DODECANESE
Santorini

To Crete Rhodes
(approx. 60 miles
from mainland)
Sea of Crete
 Karpathos
10 CHAPTER 1 . THE BEST OF THE GREEK ISLANDS

4 The Best Scenic Villages & Towns


• Chania (Crete): Radiating from its houses—and an opera house mod-
handsome harbor and backdropped eled on Milan’s La Scala. Walk uphill
by the White Mountains, Chania has from the harbor to Ano Siros (upper
managed to hold on to much of its Siros) and you’ll find an old kastro
Venetian Renaissance and later Turk- (fortress) and a miniature white-
ish heritage. Wander the old town’s washed Cycladic village. See p. 338.
narrow lanes, filled with a heady mix • Skopelos Town (Skopelos, Spo-
of colorful local culture, and enjoy its rades): The amazingly well-preserved
charming hotels, excellent restau- Skopelos, a traditional whitewashed
rants, interesting shops, and swinging island port town, is adorned every-
nightspots. See p. 226. where with pots of flowering plants.
• Hora (Folegandros, Cyclades): In this It offers some fairly sophisticated
town huddled at the edge of a cliff, one diversions, several excellent restau-
square spills into the next, its green rants, a couple good hotels, and lots
and blue paving slates outlined in bril- of shopping. See p. 435.
liant white. On a steep hill overlooking • Corfu Town (Corfu, Ionian Islands):
the town is the ornate church of Kimi- With its Esplanade framed by a 19th-
sis Theotokou, often illuminated at century palace and the arcaded Liston,
night. The church’s icon of the Virgin its old town a Venice-like warren of
is paraded through the streets of Hora structures practically untouched for
with great ceremony and revelry every several centuries, its massive Venetian
Easter Sunday. Mercifully free of fortresses, and all this enclosing a lively
vehicular traffic, Hora is one of the population and constant visitors, here
most beautiful and least spoiled vil- is urban Greece at its most appealing.
lages in the Cyclades. See p. 273. See p. 450.
• Yialos (Simi, Dodecanese): The • Piryi & Mesta (Hios, Northeastern
entirety of Yialos, the main port of the Aegean): These two small towns, in
tiny, rugged island of Simi, has been the pastoral southern hills of Hios, are
declared a protected architectural marvelous creations of the medieval
treasure, and for good reason. This imagination. Connected by their
pristine port with its extraordinary physical proximity and a shared his-
array of neoclassical mansions is a tory, each is quirkily unique and a
large part of why Simi is known as “the delight to explore. In Piryi, every avail-
jewel of the Dodecanese.” See p. 369. able surface is covered with elaborate
• Ermoupolis (Siros, Cyclades): In the geometric black-and-white decora-
19th century, this was the busiest tions known as Ksisti, a technique that
port in the Cyclades. Today, it is still reaches extraordinary levels of virtuos-
a hub for island travel and retains an ity in the town square. Mesta has pre-
astonishing number of handsome served its medieval urban fabric and
neoclassical governmental buildings, conceals two fine churches within its
ship sheds and factories, elegant town maze of narrow streets. See p. 408.

5 The Best Museums


• National Archaeological Museum tion in 2004, has it all: superb red-
(Athens): This stunning collection, and black-figured vases, bronze stat-
which reopened after a major renova- ues, Mycenaean gold, marble reliefs
T H E B E S T R E S O RT S & H OT E L S 11

of gods and goddesses, and the This museum can do just that with
hauntingly beautiful frescoes from its Minoan collection, including
Akrotiri, the Minoan site on the superb frescoes from Knossos, elegant
island of Santorini. See p. 171. bronze and stone figurines, and
• Museum of Greek Popular Musical exquisite gold jewelry. The museum
Instruments (Athens): Life-size pho- also contains Neolithic, Archaic
tos of musicians beside their actual Greek, and Roman finds from
instruments and recordings of tradi- throughout Crete. See p. 216.
tional Greek music make this one of • Archaeological Museum of Chania
the country’s most charming muse- (Crete): Let’s hear it for a truly engag-
ums. On our last visit, an elderly ing provincial museum, not one full
Greek gentleman listened to some of masterworks but rather of repre-
music, transcribed it, stepped into sentative works from thousands of
the courtyard, and played it on his years, a collection that lets us see how
own violin! See p. 171. many people experienced their differ-
• Archaeological Museum of Iraklion ent worlds. All this, in a former Ital-
(Crete): Few museums in the world ian Renaissance church that feels like
can boast of holding virtually all the a special place. See p. 230.
important remains of a major culture.

6 The Best Resorts & Hotels


• Andromeda Hotel (Athens; & 210/ • Doma (Chania, Crete; & 28210/51-
643-7302): The city’s first serious 772): A former neoclassical mansion
boutique hotel, located on a wonder- east of downtown, the Doma has
fully quiet side street, the classy been converted into a comfortable
Andromeda offers charm, comfort, and charming hotel, furnished with
and a reassuringly helpful staff. See the proprietor’s family heirlooms.
p. 144. Although it’s not for those seeking the
• Grande Bretagne (Athens; & 210/ most luxurious amenities, its atmos-
333-0000): Back for a return engage- phere appeals to many. See p. 232.
ment and better than ever, Athens’s • Astra Apartments (Santorini,
premiere hotel still overlooks the best Cyclades; & 22860/23-641): This
view in town if you have the right small hotel with handsomely
room: Syntagma Square, the Houses appointed apartments looks like a
of Parliament and, in case you won- miniature whitewashed village—and
dered, the Acropolis. See p. 141. has spectacular views over Santorini’s
• Atlantis Hotel (Iraklion, Crete; famous caldera. The sunsets here are
& 28102/29-103): There are many not to be believed, the staff is incred-
more luxurious hotels in Greece, but ibly helpful, and the village of
few can beat the Atlantis’s urban Imerovigli itself offers an escape from
attractions: a central location, mod- the tourist madness that overwhelms
ern facilities, and views over a busy the island each summer. This is a spot
harbor. You can swim in the pool, to get married at—or celebrate any
work out in the fitness center, send special occasion. See p. 268.
e-mail via your laptop, and then • Anemomilos Apartments (Folegan-
within minutes enjoy a fine meal or dros, Cyclades; & 22860/41-309)
visit a museum. See p. 220. and Castro Hotel (Folegandros,
12 CHAPTER 1 . THE BEST OF THE GREEK ISLANDS

Cyclades; & 22860/41-230): The sense that you are indeed in a special
small island of Folegandros has two place and the proprietors’ warm hospi-
of the nicest hotels in the Cyclades, tality enhances this feeling. See p. 355
both with terrific cliff-top locations. • Hotel Nireus (Simi, Dodecanese;
The Anemomilos has all the creature & 22410/72-400): Perfect island,
comforts, traditional decor, and a perfect location, unpretentious, and
good location (it’s just out of town), tasteful. The views from the sea-fac-
with a pool and sea views that seem ing rooms, framed by the fluid swirls
to stretch forever. The Castro, built of the wrought-iron balcony, define
into the walls of the 12th-century the spell of this little gem of an
Venetian castle that encircles the vil- island. You’ll never regret one more
lage, has lots of character and the nec- night on Simi, and here’s the place to
essary modern comforts. See p. 275. spend it. See p. 371.
• S. Nikolis Hotel (Rhodes, Dode- • White Rocks Hotel & Bungalows
canese; & 22410/34-561) This small (Kefalonia, Ionian Islands; & 26710/
hotel in the Old Town of Rhodes 28-332): For those who appreciate
combines such modern amenities as understated elegance, a shady retreat
Internet access and Jacuzzis with the from all that sunshine, a private
experience of living in a renovated beach, and quiet but attentive service,
centuries-old Venetian mansion. The this hotel, a couple of miles outside
decor and furnishings maintain the Argostoli, can be paradise. See p. 467.

7 The Best Restaurants


• Varoulko (Athens; & 210/522- constantly experiments with local
8400): In its new Athens location, produce to turn out innovative ver-
with a menu that adds tasty meat sions of traditional dishes. Inside, the
dishes to its signature seafood, dining room is elegant, while the ter-
Varoulko continues to win plaudits. race has a wonderful view over the
Everything here is so good that many caldera. See p. 271.
Athenians believe chef/owner Lefteris • Brillant Gourmet (Iraklion, Crete;
Lazarou serves not only the finest & 28103/34-959): Opened in 2007,
seafood in Athens, but some of the this restaurant immediately posi-
best food in all of Greece. See p. 154. tioned itself as the most stylish
• Vlassis (Athens; & 210/646-3060): restaurant on Crete, with food and
This small restaurant with a loyal fol- wine to match its decor. Admittedly,
lowing (ranging from prominent a restaurant for special treats or occa-
ambassadors to struggling artists) sions, but it’s worth inventing one for
serves traditional (paradisiako) Greek yourself at least once. See p. 222.
cooking at its very best. A tempting • Mavrikos (Lindos, Rhodes;
choice if you have only 1 night in & 22440/31-232): Don’t be fooled
Athens—but be sure to make a reser- by its location at the crossroads of
vation. tourists and its moderate prices—this
• Selene (Santorini, Cyclades; 70-year-old family restaurant serves
& 22860/22-249): The best restau- some of the most elegant and innova-
rant on an island with lots of good tive dishes in all of Greece. See p. 365.
places to eat, Selene is one of the • Petrino (Kos, Dodecanese; & 22420/
finest restaurants in all Greece. The 27-251): When royalty come to Kos,
reason: Owner George Hatzyiannakis this is where they dine. Housed in an
THE BEST NIGHTLIFE 13

exquisitely restored, two-story, cen- severe in its setting at the edge of a


tury-old stone (petrino) private resi- small enclosed square in Corfu town,
dence, this is hands-down the most with no attempt at the picturesque,
elegant taverna in Kos, with cuisine this restaurant gets by on its more
to match. This is what Greek home esoteric, international, and delicate
cooking would be if your mother menu. It’s for those seeking a break
were part divine. See p. 380. from the standard Greek scene. See
• Venetian Well (Corfu, Ionian p. 459.
Islands; & 26610/44-761): A bit

8 The Best Nightlife


• Theater under the Stars (Athens): If reputation but also the stuff to back it
you can, take in a performance of up. A good nightlife scene is ulti-
whatever is on at Odeion of Herodes mately a matter of who shows up—
Atticus theater in Athens. You’ll be and this is where Rhodes stands out.
sitting where people have sat for It’s the place to be seen, and if
thousands of years to enjoy a play nobody seems to be looking, you can
beneath Greece’s night sky. See chap- always watch. See chapter 9.
ter 5. • Skiathos (Sporades): With as many
• Mykonos (Cyclades): Mykonos isn’t as 50,000 foreigners packing this tiny
the only island town in Greece with island during the high season, the
nightlife that continues through the many nightspots in Skiathos town are
morning, but it was the first and still often jammed with the mostly
offers the most abundant, varied younger set. If you don’t like the
scene in the Aegean. Year-round, the music at one club, cross the street.
town’s narrow, labyrinthine streets See chapter 11.
play host to a remarkably diverse • Corfu (Ionian Islands): If raucous
crowd—Mykonos’s unlimited ability nightspots are what you look for on a
to reinvent itself has assured it of con- holiday, Corfu offers probably the
tinued popularity. Spring and fall largest concentration in Greece. Most
tend to be more sober and sophisti- of these are beach resorts frequented
cated, whereas the 3 months of sum- by young foreigners. More sedate
mer are reserved for unrestrained locales can be found in Corfu town.
revelry. See chapter 8. Put simply, Corfu hosts a variety of
• Rhodes (Dodecanese): From cafes music, dancing, and “socializing”
to casinos, Rhodes has not only the opportunities. See chapter 12.
2
Planning Your Trip to
the Greek Islands
by John S. Bowman

Tbesto get the most out of your trip to Greece, some advance planning is in order. The
time to go? What are things going to cost? Will there be a special holiday when I
visit? What insider tips or special moments might I appreciate? We’ll answer these and
other questions for you in this chapter.

1 The Regions in Brief


Greece is a land of sea and mountains. the sites, a stroll in the National Garden
Over a fifth of the Greek landmass is will prove reviving. Then, after dark as
islands, numbering several thousand if the city cools, the old streets of the Plaka
you count every floating crag—and district at the foot of the Acropolis offer
nowhere in Greece will you find yourself you chances to stroll, shop, and have din-
more than 96km (60 miles) from the sea. ner with an Acropolis view. The central
It should come as no surprise, then, that square, pedestrianized side streets, and
the sea has shaped the Greek imagination, residential streets of Kolonaki are where
as well as its history. fashionable Athenians head to see and be
So, too, have the mountains. Mainland seen—and to do some serious shopping.
Greece is a great vertebrate, with the Pin- Piraeus, as in antiquity, serves as the port
dos range reaching from north to south, of Athens and the jumping-off point to
and continuing, like a tail, through the most of the islands.
Peloponnese. The highest of its peaks is Athens is also a great base for day trips
Mount Olympus, the seat of the gods, and overnight excursions, whether to the
nearly 3,000m (10,000 ft.) above sea Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion,
level. Eighty percent of the Greek main- the forested slopes of Mount Hymettus
land is mountainous, which you will rap- (Imittos), the Monastery of Kaisariani
idly discover whether you make your way (Kessariani), the Byzantine Monastery of
on foot or on wheels. Daphni, the legendary plains of
ATHENS Whether you arrive by sea or Marathon, or the ruins of Eleusis, place
by air, chances are you’ll debark in of ancient mysteries.
Athens. The city is not always pleasant THE SARONIC GULF ISLANDS
and is sometimes exhausting—just to be Cupped between Attica and the Pelopon-
clear, it’s the noise level and traffic—yet nese, in the sheltering Saronic Gulf, these
it’s unavoidable. Its archaeological sites islands offer both proximity and retreat
and its museums alone warrant a couple for Athenians who, like their visitors,
of days of exploration. Between visits to long for calming waters and cooler
THE REGIONS IN BRIEF 15

breezes. In high season, the accessibility Minoans: Knossos, Phaestos, and Ayia
of these islands on any given day, espe- Triadha, to mention only a few. This is
cially on weekends, can be their downfall. not to say that Crete is without classical
Choose carefully your day and island, or sites, Byzantine monasteries, Venetian
you may be part of the crowd you’re try- structures, and Turkish remains. It’s
ing to avoid. Greece, after all. Other excursions might
Aegina, so close to Athens it can be a include the Lasithi Plain or the Amari
daily commute, is the most besieged Valley, and for the energetic, the Gorge
island, yet it possesses character and of Samaria is indispensable.
charm. The main port town of Aegina is Crete is a culinary mecca. For thou-
picturesque and pleasant, while across the sands of years its wines were sent all over
island to the east, set atop a pine-crested the ancient world. Today, they comple-
hill, stands the remarkably preserved ment the fresh goat cheese and olives—all
Temple of Aphaia, a Doric gem. Poros, local and all part of Crete’s spell.
the next island in line proceeding south, THE CYCLADES In antiquity, the
is convenient to both Athens and the Cyclades—the “encirclers” or “circling
Peloponnese. Its beaches and lively port islands”—had at their center the small
are each a draw, with the picturesque rub- island of Delos, where mythology tells us
ble of an ancient, scenically situated tem- that Apollo and his sister Artemis were
ple thrown in. Still farther south lies born. Declared a sanctuary where both
vehicle-free Hydra, remarkable for its birth and death were prohibited, Delos
natural beauty and handsome stone man- was an important spiritual, cultural, and
sions built by sea captains. The port of commercial hub of the Aegean. Today, its
Hydra has a lot to offer and knows it, all extensive remains remind visitors of its
of which is reflected in the prices. It’s a former importance. It’s easy to make a
great place for pleasant strolls, views, and day trip there from Mykonos, whose
a swim off the rocks. Spetses, the farthest white, cubelike houses and narrow, twist-
of these islands from Athens, offers glades ing streets began to attract first a trickle
of pine trees and fine beaches—and a and then a flood of visitors in the 1960s.
great many hotels catering to package Today, almost every cruise ship puts in at
holiday tours from Europe. Mykonos for at least a few hours, so that
CRETE The largest of the Greek visitors can take in the proliferation of
islands, and birthplace of the painter El cafes, restaurants, and shops. Those who
Greco (and Zeus, they claim!), possesses spend a few days here can stay in bou-
a landscape so diverse, concentrated, and tique hotels, sip martinis in sophisticated
enchanting that no description is likely bars—or head inland to visit the island’s
to do it justice. Especially if you rent a less-visited villages.
car and do your own exploring, a week Paros (sometimes called “the poor
will pass like a day. More or less circling man’s Mykonos”) is the transport hub of
the island on the national highway (don’t the Cyclades, with a gentle landscape,
imagine an interstate), you’ll drive a appealing villages, good beaches, and
line of inviting ports like Iraklion, the opportunities for windsurfing. From here
capital, Chania, Rethymnon, and Ayios you can get to Tinos, home to perhaps
Nikolaos. the most revered of all Greek Orthodox
Venturing into the heartland of churches; Naxos, whose fertile valleys
Crete—not far, since Crete’s width ranges and high mountains lure hikers and
from 12 to 56km (71⁄2–35 miles)—you’ll campers; Folegandros, much of whose
find the legendary palaces of the capital Hora is built within the walls of a
16 C H A P T E R 2 . P L A N N I N G YO U R T R I P TO T H E G R E E K I S L A N D S

medieval kastro (castle); and Santorini, Between these two lies an array of pos-
which some believe to be the lost Atlantis. sibilities, from the uncompromised tradi-
On Santorini you’ll find a black lava tional charm of tiny Simi to the ruins and
beach, the impressive remains of the well-known beaches of Kos. And with
Minoan settlement at Akrotiri, chic Turkey so close, you may want to con-
restaurants, boutique hotels—and the sider an easily arranged side trip.
most spectacular sunsets in all of Greece. THE SPORADES Whether by air,
THE DODECANESE This string of ferry, or hydrofoil, the Sporades, strewn
islands, named “the 12” despite the fact north and east of the island of Evvia
that they number more than that, nearly (Euboea), are readily accessible from the
touch the Turkish shoreline. Except for mainland and offer verdant forest land-
Rhodes and Kos, all of the Dodecanese scapes, gold-sand beaches, and crystalline
are deforested, bare bones exposed to sun waters. That’s the good news. The bad
and sea. But what bones! Far to the north news is that they are no secret. Skiathos
lies Patmos (already in the 5th c. nick- is the most popular. Skopelos, whose
named “the Jerusalem of the Aegean”), a lovely port is one of the most striking in
holy island where the Book of Revelation Greece, is more rugged and remote than
is said to have been penned and where the Skiathos, with more trails and fewer
Monastery of St. John still dominates the nightclubs. Relatively far-off Skyros is
land. Far to the south basks Rhodes, well worth a visit, offering fishing and
“City of the Sun,” with more than 300 diving, sandy beaches, and luminously
days of sunshine per year. For obvious clear waters.
reasons, it’s the most touristed of the THE IONIAN ISLANDS Across cen-
islands. Rhodes has it all: history and turies, these islands have been the apple
resorts, ruins, and nightlife. There’s even of more than one empire’s eye. Lush, tem-
peace and quiet—we’ll tell you where to perate, blessed with ample rain and sun,
find it.

Tips Greece on the Web

Anyone with access to the Web can obtain a fair amount of information
about Greece. Remember that these sources cannot necessarily be counted
on for the most up-to-date, definitive, or complete information. We advise
you to use computer searches as supplements only, and then check out spe-
cific “facts” on which you are going to base your travel plans. Websites are
continually being changed and added, but among the most useful for
broad-based searches are:
• www.frommers.com (practical travel information)
• www.greekembassy.org (official Greek matters)
• www.gtp.gr (ship and air travel in Greece)
• www.maporama.com (online maps)
• www.salon.com/wanderlust (one of many travel blogs)
• www.phantis.com (current news about Greece)
• www.culture.gr (official site for Greek’s cultural attractions)
• www.perseus.tufts.edu (classical Greek texts)
V I S I TO R I N F O R M AT I O N 17

Security in Greece
Inevitably and understandably, travelers might be concerned about the
threat of terrorists in Greece. As for Al-Qaeda or Islamic militants, there has
never been any indication that they have a presence, let alone an agenda,
in Greece. For one thing, Greece is pro-Palestinian, and militant Muslims
have no desire to offend. This is not to say that there might not be angry
and anti-American Middle Easterners in Greece. In fact, many Greeks
oppose U.S. foreign policies; most particularly, the war in Iraq. But in all
locales where tourists are apt to be, you will find at least formal politeness.

and tended like architectural gardens, location, they offer a taste of Greece that is
they are splendid. Corfu, the most noted less compromised by tourism and more
and ornamented, is a gem, and is sought deeply influenced by nearby Asia Minor
after accordingly. Ithaka is as yet some- and modern Turkey. Samos, unique
what out of the tourist loop, but needs no among the islands in the extent to which it
introduction for readers of the Odyssey. is covered with trees, produces excellent
With adjustments for the nearly 3,000 local wine. Its important archaeological
years that have elapsed, Homer’s descrip- sites and opportunities for outdoor activi-
tions of the island still hold their own. If ties make it a congenial and interesting
you can do without name recognition, destination, and it is an ideal place from
Kefalonia, relatively inconspicuous and which to enter and explore the northwest-
unspoiled, has a lot to offer: picturesque ern Turkish coast. Hios is unspoiled and
traditional villages, steep rocks plunging welcoming, offering isolated and spectacu-
into the sea, fine beaches, and excellent lar beaches, as well as the stunning
local wine. monastery of Nea Moni and some of
THE NORTHEASTERN AEGEAN Greece’s most striking village architecture.
ISLANDS The four major islands com- The remaining islands of Lesvos and Lim-
prising this group form Europe’s tradi- nos, for various reasons not major tourist
tional sea border with the East. Beyond destinations, have their ways of inviting
their strategic and thus richly historic and rewarding those who explore them.

2 Visitor Information
The Greek National Tourism Organiza- 10022 (& 212/421-5777; fax 212/826-
tion (GNTO, or EOT in Greece—and 6940).
increasingly referred to as the Hellenic AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND
Tourism Organization) has offices 37–49 Pitt St., Sydney, NSW 2000 (& 29/
throughout the world that can provide 241-1663; fax 29/241-2499).
you with information concerning all
aspects of travel to and in Greece. Look CANADA 1500 Donmills Rd., Toronto,
for them at www.gnto.gr or contact one ON M3B 3K4 (& 416/968-2220; fax
of the following GNTO offices: 416/968-6533).
UNITED STATES Olympic Tower, UNITED KINGDOM & IRELAND
645 Fifth Ave., 5th Floor, New York, NY 4 Conduit St., London W1S 2DJ
(& 207/495-9300; fax 207/287-1369).
18 C H A P T E R 2 . P L A N N I N G YO U R T R I P TO T H E G R E E K I S L A N D S

Tips Site & Museum Hours


If you visit Greece during the summer, check carefully on the visiting hours for
major sites and museums. According to the official postings, they should be
open from 8am to 7:30pm, but some may close earlier in the day or even be
closed 1 day a week. All are closed on major holidays.

For the latest information on security Department of State, Room 4811, Wash-
issues, health risks, and similar issues, in ington, DC 20520 (& 202/647-5225;
the U.S., you can call, fax, or send a self- http://travel.state.gov); ask for Consular
addressed, stamped envelope to the Information Sheets. You can also get the
Overseas Citizens Emergency Center, latest information by contacting any U.S.
embassy, consulate, or passport office.

3 Entry Requirements & Customs


PASSPORTS inquire about this at a Greek consulate or
For information on how to get a passport, at your embassy in Greece). Children
go to “Passports” in the “Fast Facts” sec- under 16 from E.U. countries may travel
tion of this chapter—the websites listed without a passport if accompanied by
provide downloadable passport applica- either parent. All E.U. citizens are
tions as well as the current fees for pro- reminded that they should check the
cessing passport applications. For an requirements for non-E.U. countries
up-to-date country-by-country listing of through which you might travel to get to
passport requirements around the world, Greece.
go to the “Foreign Entry Requirement”
Web page of the U.S. State Department
VISAS
For stays longer than 90 days, all non-EU
at http://travel.state.gov.
citizens will require visas from the Greek
For entry into Greece, citizens of Aus-
embassies or consuls in their home coun-
tralia, Canada, New Zealand, South
tries. If already in Greece, arrangements
Africa, the United States, and almost all
must be made with the Bureau of Aliens,
other non-E.U. countries are required to
173 Leoforos Alexandras, 11522 Athens
have a valid passport, which is stamped
(& 210/770-5711).
upon entry and exit, for stays up to 90
days. All U.S. citizens, even infants, must MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS
have a valid passport, but Canadian chil- For information on medical requirements
dren under 16 may travel without a pass- and recommendations, see “Health,”
port if accompanied by either parent. p. 31.
Citizens of the United Kingdom and
other members of the European Union CUSTOMS
are required to have only a valid passport For information on what you can bring
for entry into Greece, and it is no longer in and take out of Greece, go to “Cus-
stamped upon entry; you may stay an toms” in the “Fast Facts” later in this
unlimited period (although you should chapter.
W H E N TO G O 19

4 When to Go
WEATHER Greece has a generally For weather forecasts for major cities in
mild climate, though in the mountainous Greece, try www.accuweather.com.
northern interior the winters are rather The best time to visit is late April to
harsh and summers brief. Southern mid-June before summer arrives in force
Greece enjoys a relatively mild winter, with hordes of tourists, higher prices,
with temperatures averaging around 55° overbooked facilities, and strained serv-
to 60°F (13°–16°C) in Athens. Summers ices. September to mid-October is
are generally hot and dry, with daytime another time to avoid the crowds and yet
temperatures rising to 85° to 95°F enjoy comfortable weather. Orthodox
(30°–35°C), usually cooled by prevailing Easter Week—which takes place close to
north winds (meltemi), especially on the but not exactly concurrent with Easter in
islands, which often cool appreciably in Western countries—falls sometime in the
the evenings. And at some point in most spring period.
summers, usually July, the temperature
will rise to over 100°F (38°C).
Average Monthly Temperatures & Precipitation
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Athens
Temp °F 52 54 58 65 74 86 92 92 82 72 63 56
Temp °C 12 13 15 19 24 30 33 33 28 23 18 14
Precip. (in.) 2.4 2.0 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.1 2.0 2.9 4.1

Crete
Temp °F 52 54 57 62 68 74 78 78 75 69 63 58
Temp °C 13 13 14 17 20 24 26 26 24 21 18 15
Precip. (in.) 2.4 2.0 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.1 2.0 2.9 4.1

If you possibly can, avoid traveling in and balmy well into October. If you can’t
July and August (especially around Aug get to Greece in the spring, and beaches
15). The crowds from Europe overwhelm are not your primary goal, this is a fine
facilities. In overcrowded southern time to visit.
Greece and the islands, midday tempera- By late October, ferry service and
tures are too high for much except beach flights are cut back and most facilities on
and water activities. We strongly recom- the islands begin to close for the winter,
mend that you not go unless you have but the cooler fall atmosphere makes
firm reservations and enjoy close encoun- Athens and the mainland all the more
ters with masses of fellow tourists and pleasant. If you have the time, visit the
footloose students. Of course, the higher islands first, then return for a tour of the
elevations remain cooler and less mainland archaeological sites.
crowded, a plus for hikers, bikers, and Winter (Nov–Mar) is not the time to
those who don’t demand sophisticated visit Greece unless you want to join the
pleasures. Greeks for skiing in the mountains. How-
By mid-September, temperatures begin ever, some hotels and many good tavernas
to fall and crowds thin, but it can still be stay open, prices are at their lowest, and
hot. The weather remains generally calm the southern mainland and Crete remain
20 C H A P T E R 2 . P L A N N I N G YO U R T R I P TO T H E G R E E K I S L A N D S

Tips Two Holidays to Stay Put


Greece observes a number of holidays during which museums, sites, govern-
ment offices, banks, and such are closed. But during several days around Easter
(a fluctuating holiday) and August 15, not only do many places shut down, but
internal transportation is overwhelmed by Greeks returning to their home
towns and villages. So although it is great to be in Greece to observe these
occasions, do not plan to do much moving around.

inviting, especially for those interested in GREECE CALENDAR


archaeology and authentic local culture.
OF EVENTS
HOLIDAYS The legal national holi- For an exhaustive list of events beyond those
days of Greece are: New Year’s Day, Jan- listed here, check http://events.frommers.com
uary 1; Epiphany (Baptism of Christ), where you’ll find a searchable, up-to-the-
January 6; Clean Monday (Kathari minute roster of what’s happening in cities all
over the world.
Deftera), day before Shrove Tuesday, 41
days before Easter (which in Greece may January
come in late Mar to late Apr; every few Feast of St. Basil (Ayios Vassilios). St.
years it coincides with Easter Sunday in Basil is the Greek equivalent of Santa
Western countries); Independence Day, Claus. The holiday is marked by the
March 25; Good Friday to Easter, exchange of gifts and a special cake,
including the Monday after Easter Sun- vassilopita, made with a coin in it; the
day; May Day (Labor Day), May 1; person who gets the piece with the
Whitmonday (Holy Spirit Monday), day coin will have good luck. January 1.
after Whitsunday (Pentecost), the seventh Epiphany (Baptism of Christ). Bap-
Sunday after Easter; Assumption of the tismal fonts and water are blessed. A
Virgin, August 15; Ochi Day, October priest may throw a cross into the har-
28; Christmas, December 25 and 26. bor and young men will try to recover
On these holidays, government offices, it; the finder wins a special blessing.
banks, post offices, most stores, and Children, who have been kept good
many restaurants are closed; a few muse- during Christmas with threats of the
ums and attractions may remain open on kalikantzari (goblins), are allowed on
several of the lesser holidays. But if you the 12th day to help chase them away.
are intent on seeing a specific museum or January 6.
site, be sure to find out before you leave Gynecocracy (Gynaikokratia; Rule of
home whether the place will be open. Women). In some villages in Thrace,
Meanwhile, visitors are often included in the women take over the cafes while
the celebration. Consult the “Greece Cal- the men stay home and do the house-
endar of Events,” below, if you are in the work. January 8.
planning stage. If you are already in
Greece, ask at your hotel or find one of February
the current English-language publica- Carnival (Karnavali). Be ready for
tions, such as the Athens News, the parades, marching bands, costumes,
Kathimerini insert in the International drinking, dancing, and general loosen-
Herald Tribune, the weekly brochure ing of inhibitions, depending on the
Athens Today, or the Athenscope section of locale. Some scholars say the name
the weekly Hellenic Times. comes from the Latin for “farewell
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
36 Erstes Buch. Erster Abschnitt. sophen, sondern auch ihre
eifrigsten Gegner lernten das Raisonniren^ Kritisiren, Disputrren und
Projekte machen. Die Sophisten schufen auch die Demagogik; denn
sie lehrten die Redekunst mit der ausdrücklichen Angabe, zu
verstellen, wie man die Menge nach seinem Sinn und seinem
Interesse lenken könne. Da entgegengesetzte Behauptungen gleich
wahr sind, so kam es für manche Nachbeter des Protagoras nur
darauf an, die persönliche Ansicht geltend zu machen, und es wurde
eine Art moralischen Faustrechts eingeführt. Jedenfalls besassen die
Sophisten in der Kunst auf die Gemüther zu wirken eine bedeutende
Fertigkeit und tiefe psychologische Einsicht, sonst hätte man ihnen
nicht ein Gehalt bezahlt, das, mit den Honoraren unserer Tage
verglichen, sich mindestens wie ein Kapital zum Zins verhält. Auch
lag nicht die Idee einer Belohnung der Mühe zu Grunde, sondern die
des Kaufens einer Kunst, die ihren Mann machte. Aristipp, dessen
Blüthezeit in das 4. Jahrhundert fällt, war schon ein geborner
Kosmopolit. Die Höfe der Tyrannen waren sein Lieblingsaufenthalt,
und bei Dionysius von Syrakus traf er nicht selten mit seinem
geistigen Antipoden Plato zusammen. Dionysius schätzte ihn mehr
als alle anderen Philosophen, weil er aus jedem Augenblick etwas zu
machen wusste; freilich wohl auch^ weil er sich allen Launen des
Tyraunen fügte. In dem Satze, dass nichts Natürliches schimpflich
sei, traf Aristipp mit dem „Hunde" Diogenes zusammen ; daher soll
ihn auch der Witz des Volkes den „königlichen Hund" genannt
haben. Dies ist nicht ein zufälliges Zusammentreffen, sondern eine
Verwandtschaft der Principien, die bei aller Verschiedenheit der
Folgerungen besteht. Auch Aristipp war bedürfnisslos; denn er hatte
stets was er bedurfte, und fühlte sich in Lumpen umherirrend gleich
sicher und glücklich als in königlicher Pracht. Aber dem Beispiel der
Philosophen, die sich's an fremden Höfen gefallen Hessen und es
lächerlich fanden, consequent dem spiessbürgerlichen Interesse
eines einzelnen Staates zu dienen, folgten bald die politischen
Gesandten Athens und anderer Republiken, und die Freiheit
Griechenlands konnte kein Demosthenes mehr retten. Was den
religiösen Glauben betrifft, so verdient es Beachtung^ dass
gleichzeitig mit der Lockerung des Glaubens, die sich vom Theater
aus durch Euripides unter dem Volke verbreitete, eine Unzahl neuer
Mysterien aufkam.
Der Materialismus im Alterthum. 37 Nur zu häufig hat die
Geschichte bereits gezeigt, dass, wenn die Gebildeten über die
Götter zu lächelu oder ihr Wesen in philosophische Abstraktionen
aufzulösen beginnen, alsdann der halbgebildete Haufe, unsicher und
unruhig geworden, nach jeder Thorheit greift, um sie zur Religion zu
erheben. Asiatische Culte mit phantastischen, zum Theil unsittlichen
Gebräuchen fanden den meisten Anklang. Kybele und Kotytto,
Adouisdienst und orphische Weissagungen auf Grund dreist
fabricirter heiliger Bücher verbreiteten sich in Athen wie im übrigen
Griechenland. So wurde die grosse Religiousmischuiig angebahnt,
welche seit dem Alexanderzuge den Orient und das Abendland
verband, und die der späteren Ausbreitung des Christenthums so
wesentlich vorarbeitete. Auf Kunst und Wissenschaft wirkten die
sensualistischen Doctrinen nicht minder umgestaltend. Das Material
der empirischen Wissenschaften wurde durcli die Sophisten
popularisirt. Sie selbst waren meist Männer von grosser
Gelehrsamkeit, die den Schatz ihrer solid erworbenen Kenntnisse
vollkommen beherrschten und stets für praktischen Gebrauch bereit
hatten; allein sie waren in den Naturwissenschaften keine Forscher,
sondern nur Verbreiter. Dagegen verdankt man ihren Bestrebungen
die Grundlegung der Grammatik und die Ausbildung einer
mustergültigen Prosa, wie die fortgeschrittene Zeit statt der engen
poetischen Form sie forderte, vor allem auch die hohe Ausbildung
der Redekunst. Die Poesie sank unter ihrem Einflüsse allmählig von
ihrer idealen Höhe herab und näherte sich in Ton und Inhalt dem
Charakter des Modernen. Verwickelung, Spannung, geistreicher Witz
und Rührung machten sich mehr und mehr geltend. Keine
Geschichte macht es anschaulicher als die der Hellenen, dass es
durch ein Naturgesetz menschlicher Entfaltung keine starre Dauer
des Guten und Schönen giebt. Es sind die Durchgangspunkte bei der
geregelten Bewegung von einem Princip zum andern, die das
Grösste und Schönste in sich bergen. Man hat deshalb kein Recht,
von einer wurmstichigen Blüthe zu sprechen : das Gesetz des
Blühens selbst ist es, was zum Welken führt, und in dieser Hinsicht
stand Aristipp auf der Höhe seiner Zeit, als er lehrte, dass es der
Augenblick sei, der allein beglücke.
38 Erstes Buch. Erster Abschnitt. III. Die Reaktion gegen
Materialismus und Sensnalismns. Sokrates, Plato, Aristoteles. Wenn
wir diejenigen Erzeugnisse hellenischer Speculation, welche man als
die höchsten und vollkommensten zu betrachten gewohnt ist, unter
den Gesichtspunkt einer Reaktion gegen den Materialismus und
Sensualismus bringen, so liegt die Gefahr nahe, jene Erzeugnisse zu
unterschätzen und mit derselben Bitterkeit zu kritisiren, welche man
gewöhnlich gegen den Materialismus richtet. Denn in der That haben
wir hier, sobald man von allen anderen Seiten der grossen Krisis
absieht, eine Reaktion im schlimmsten Sinne des Wortes vor uns:
eine Erhebung des niederen, mit Bewusstsein und guter
Geistesarbeit überwundenen Standpunktes über den höheren, eine
Verdrängung der Anfänge besserer Einsicht durch Anschauungen, in
welchen die alten Irrthümer des unphilosophischen Denkens in
neuer Form, mit neuer Pracht und Macht, aber nicht ohne ihren alten
verderblichen Charakter wiederkehren. Der Materialismus leitete die
Naturerscheinungen aus unabänderlichen, mit Nothwendigkeit
wirkenden Gesetzen ab; die Reaktion Hess eine nach menschlichem
Bilde geschaffene Vernunft mit der Nothwendigkeit markten und
durchbrach so die Basis aller Naturforschung durch ein dehnbares
Werkzeug der launenhaften Willkür. Der Materialismus begriff das
Zweckmässige als die höchste Blüthe der Natur, ohne ihm die Einheit
seines Erklärungsprincips zu opfern; die Reaktion kämpfte mit
Fanatismus für eine Teleologie, welche auch in ihren glänzeudsten
Formen doch nur den platten Anthropomorphismus verhüllt uud
deren radicale Beseitigung die unerlässliche Bedingung alles
wissenschaftlichen Fortschrittes ist. Der Materialismus bevorzugte
die mathematische und physikalische Forschung, d. h. diejenigen
Gebiete, auf welchen der menschliche Geist in der That sich zuerst
zu Erkenntnissen von bleibendem Werthe zu erheben vermag; die
Reaktion verwarf die Naturforschung gegenüber der Ethik anfangs
ganz und als sie mit Aristoteles das verworfene Gebiet wieder
aufnahm, verdarb sie es gründlich durch unbesonnene Einführung
ethischer Begriffe. Haben wir in diesen Punkten unzweifelhafte
Rückschritte vor uns, so sind die Fortschritte, wenigstens diejenigen,
in welchen sich der bestimmte Gegensatz der grossen athenischen
Philosophenschule gegen Materialismus und Sensualismus
aussprechen
Der Materialismus im Alterthum. 39 soll, sehr zweifelhafter
Natur. Wir verdanken Sokrates das Phantom der Definitionen, welche
eine eingebildete Congruenz von Wort und Sache voraussetzen,
Plato die trügerische Methode, welche eine Hypothese durch eine
noch allgemeinere stützt und im Abstraktesten die grösste
Gewissheit findet; wir verdanken Aristoteles das Gaukelspiel von
Möglichkeit und Verwirklichung und die Einbildung eines in sich
geschlossenen und alles wahre Wissen in sich begreifenden Systems.
Dass alle diese Errungenschaften der athenischen Schule, zumal in
Deutschland, bis in die Gegenwart hinein fortwirken, unterliegt
keinem Zweifel und insofern ist auch über die historische Bedeutung
dieser Schule weiter kein Wort zu verlieren; aber war diese
historische Bedeutung eine glückliche oder eine unglückliche? So
lange wir, wie gesagt, diese Punkte für sich und in ihrem rein
theoretischen Gegensatz gegen den Materialismus betrachten, muss
unser Urtheil nothwendig ein ungünstiges sein und wir können hier
noch einen guten Schritt weiter gehen. Man sagt gewöhnlich, mit
Protagoras habe die ältere griechische Philosophie sich selbst
aufgelöst und es habe einer durchaus neuen Begründung bedurft,
die durch Sokrates und sein Zurückgehen auf die Selbsterkenntniss
gegeben wurde. Wir werden gleich sehen, inwiefern diese
Anschauung culturhistorisch berechtigt ist; sie kann sich aber auch
nur auf die Betrachtung des Gesammtinh altes des griechischen
Geisteslebens stützen. Die Philosophie, zumal die theoretische, für
sich genommen, kann doch wohl nicht durch Erreichung einer
richtigen Anschauung aufgehoben werden, um mit dem Irrthum
auf's Neue von vorn anzufangen. Man könnte freilich auf diesen
Gedanken kommen, wenn man z. B. den Uebergang von Kant auf
Fichte betrachtet; aber alle solche Erscheinungen sind
culturhistorisch zu erklären, da Philosophie im Geistesleben eines
gegebenen Volkes niemals isolirt steht. Die Sache rein theoretisch
betrachtet, war der Relativismus der Sophisten ein durchaus
gesunder Fortschritt in der Erkenntnisstheorie und keineswegs das
Ende der Philosophie, sondern vielmehr erst der rechte Anfang. Am
deutlichsten sehen wir dies in der Ethik; denn grade die Sophisten,
welche scheinbar jede Basis der Sittlichkeit auflösten, gaben sich mit
Vorliebe als Lehrer der Tugend und der Staatskunst. An die Stelle
eines an sich Guten setzten sie dasjenige was dem Staate nützt. Wie
stark nähert sich dies Princip schon der ethischen
40 Erstes Buch. Erster Abschnitt. Grundregel Kaut's: handle
so, dass die Maximen deiner Handlungen zugleich das Prineip einer
allgemeinen Gesetzgebung sein können ! Es ist in der That der
Schritt vom Einzelnen zum All. gemeinen, welcher hier in richtiger
Weise hätte folgen sollen und, abstrakt genommen, auch hätte
folgen können, ohne die Errungenschaften des Relativismus und
Individualismus der Sophisten aufzugeben. In der Ethik ist dieser
Schritt im Grunde schon geschehen, sobald die Tugend, nach
Auflösung aller äusserlich gegebenen objektiven Normen, nicht
einfach bei Seite gesetzt, sondern auf das Prineip der Erhaltung und
Förderung einer menschlichen Gemeinschaft übertragen wird. Die
Sophisten betraten diesen Weg noch ohne sich seiner prineipiellen
Bedeutung bewusst zu sein, aber hätte das Bewusstseiu sich nicht
aus ihrer Lehre entwickeln können ? Damit war freilich noch nicht
auf einmal das Höchste erreicht, aber man hätte sich auf durchaus
gesundem und sicherm Boden weiter bewegt. Sokrates erklärte die
Tugend für ein Wissen; ist dies Prineip, rein theoretisch geprüft, dem
Standpunkt der Sophisten gegenüber wirklich ein höheres? Was
denn nun eigentlich der objektive Begriff des Guten sei, erfahren wir
aus sämmtlichen platonischen Dialogen so wenig, wie aus den
alchymistischen Schriften, was der Stein der Weisen sei. Will man
das Wissen der Tugend in ein Bewusstsein von den richtigen
Principien des Handelns umdeuten, so ist es mit der Begründung auf
das Wohl Aller im Staate sehr wohl vereinbar. Argumentirt man mit
dem sokratischen Beispiel des Unmässigen, der nur sündigt, weil er
die bittern Folgen der gegenwärtigen Lust nicht hinlänglich im
Bewusstsein hat, so wird kein Sophist leugnen, dass der Mensch,
welcher so gebildet ist, dass ihm dies Bewusstsein niemals felilt, der
besser gebildete ist, aber für ihn ist in Folge dessen auch rein
subjektiv und individualistisch genommen das Bessere das Gute. Er
wählt das Bessere nicht durch ein Wissen um den Begriff des Guten,
sondern durch einen andern psych isclieu Zustand im Momente der
Wahl, als der Zustand des Unmässigen. Immerhin hätte sich aus der
Betrachtung solcher Beispiele auch hier, für das Individuum, die
Nothwendigkeit eines allgemeinen, die verschiedenen Zeitmomente
zusammenfassenden Begriffes des Guten ergeben können. Einen
solchen Begriff besass ja Demokrit schon ! Ein Schüler von Demokrit
und Protagoras, der sich, wenn der Ausdruck gestattet ist, von der
Der Materialismus im Alterthum. 41 Philosophie jener
Männer aus in der Tangente weiter bewegt hätte, statt den
sokratischen Umschwung mitzumachen, hätte ganz wohl zu dem
Satze gelangen können: Der Mensch ist das Maass der Dinge; der
einzelne Mensch in seinem momentanen Zustande für die einzelne
Erscheinung: der Durchschnittsmensch für eine Summe von
Erscheinungen. Protagoras und Prodikos befassten sich auch schon
mit den Anfängen grammatischer und etymologischer Betrachtungen
und wir wissen nicht, wie viel von demjenigen, was wir jetzt Plato
und Aristoteles zuschreiben, eigentlich ihr Verdienst ist. Doch es
genügt für uusern Zweck, zu wissen, dass die Sophisten schon ihr
Augenmerk auf Worte und Wortbedeutungen gerichtet hatten. Nun
steht aber das Wort in der Regel da als Zeichen für eine Summe von
Empfindungen. Lag es da nicht nahe, auf diesem Wege schon zu
einer Lehre von den Allgemeinbegriffen im Sinne des
mittelalterlichen Nominalismus zu gelangen? Das Allgemeine wäre
dann freilich in einer solchen Lehre nicht realer und gewisser
gewesen, als das Besondere, sondern im Gegentheil, weiter entfernt
vom Objekt und ungewisser, und zwar, im direkten Gegensatze zu
Plato, um so ungewisser, je allgemeiner. Wenn endlich die Sophisten
unter den menschlichen Handlungen, die doch vom streng
individualistischen Standpunkte betrachtet, alle gleich gut sind,
zwischen empfehlenswerthen und tadelnswerthen unterscheiden,
und zwar nach einer Norm, die aus dem allgemeinen Leben im
Staate genommen wird, hätten sie nicht auch darauf verfallen
können, unter den Wahrnehmungen, die an sich alle gleich wahr
sind, normale und abnorme nach dem Gesichtspunkte des
allgemeinen Denkens zu unterscheiden? Es wäre dann durchaus
unangetastet geblieben, dass streng genommen wahr, d. h. gewiss,
nur die einzelne Empfindung des einzelnen Individuums ist, aber
daneben hätte man eine Werthbestimmung für die verschiedenen
Wahrnehmungen nach ihrer Geltung im menschlichen Verkehr
erhalten können. Wollte man nun vollends eine solche Scala des
Verkehrswerthes auch auf die eben entwickelten allgemeinen
Begriffe im nominalistischen Sinne anwenden, so hätte sich fast mit
zwingender Nothwendigkeit der Begriff der Wahrscheinlichkeit
ergeben. So nahe lag hier scheinbar die reifste Frucht des modernen
Denkens beim Standpunkt der griechischen Sophisten! Die Bahn der
Entwicklung
42 Erstes Buch. Erster Abschnitt. lag anscheinend offen.
Warum musste der grosse Umschwung eintreten, der die Welt auf
Jahrtausende in den Irrweg des platonischen Idealismus leitete? Die
Antwort ist bereits angedeutet. Es giebt keine sich aus sich selbst,
sei es in Gegensätzen, sei es in direkter Linie, fortentwickelnde
Philosophie, sondern es giebt nur philosophirende Männer, welche
mit sammt ihren Lehren Kinder ihrer Zeit sind. Ja, der bestechende
Schein einer Entwicklung in Gegensätzen, wie Hegel sie annimmt,
beruht eben grade darauf, dass die Gedanken, welche ein Zeitalter
beherrschen, oder welche als philosophische Ideen hervortreten, nur
einen Theil des geistigen Gesammtlebens der Völker ausmachen,
und dass ganz andere Strömungen, manchmal nur um so mächtiger,
je weniger sie sich sichtbar an die Oberfläche drängen, daneben sich
bewegen, bis auf einmal diese die herrschenden werden und jene
zurücktreten. Schnell ihrem Zeitalter voraneilende Ideen leben sich
aus und müssen erst am Kampf mit einer Reaktion wieder erstarken
und sich mühsam, aber dann nachhaltiger wieder hervorringen. Wie
aber geht das in Wirklichkeit zu? Je schneller die Träger neuer
Vorstellungen und Anschauungen die Herrschaft in der öffentlichen
Meinung an sich reissen, desto mächtiger wird der Widerstand der
überlieferten Vorstellungen in den Köpfen ihrer Zeitgenossen. Eine
Zeit lang gleichsam geblendet und übertäubt, rafft sich das
Vorurtheil bald um so mächtiger empor, um entweder mit äusserer
Verfolgung und Unterdrückung, oder mit neuen geistigen
Schöpfungen das Unbequeme zu beseitigen und zu überwinden.
Sind solche neue geistige Schöpfungen innerlich leer und arm und
nur vom Hass gegen den Fortschritt getragen, so können sie nur, wie
der Jesuitismus gegenüber der Reformation, im Bunde mit List und
Gewalt und gemeiner Unterdrückungssucht ihr Ziel verfolgen; haben
sie aber neben ihrer reaktionären Bedeutung einen eignen
Lebenskeim, einen Inhalt, der in andrer Beziehung wieder zum
Fortschritt führt, so können sie uns oft glänzendere und erfreulichere
Erscheinungen darbieten, als das Treiben einer Partei, welche im
Besitz neuer Wahrheiten übermüthig geworden ist und, wie es nur
zu oft geschieht, nach Erringung eines glänzenden Erfolges innerlich
erlahmt und zum weiteren gedeihlichen Ausbau des Errungenen
untüchtig wird. Dieser letzteren Art aber war die Situation in Athen,
als
Der Materialismus im Alterthum. 43 Sokrates den Sophisten
entgegentrat. Wir haben oben gezeigt, wie, abstrakt genommen, der
Standpunkt der Sophisten hätte weiter entwickelt werden können,
aber wenn wir die treibenden Kräfte nachweisen sollten, welche
vielleicht ohne Dazwischenkunft der sokratischen Reaktion solches
geleistet hätten, so würden wir in Verlegenheit gerathen. Den
grossen Sophisten war es wohl bei ihren praktischen Erfolgen. Grade
die Schrankenlosigkeit ihres Relativismus, die vage Anerkennung der
bürgerlichen Moral ohne Aufstellung eines Princips, der
geschmeidige Individualismus, der sich überall das Recht
herausnimmt, zu negiren oder stehen zu lassen, was ihm für den
Augenblick passt — das waren offenbar ganz vortreffliche
Grundlagen für die Bildung „praktischer Staatsmänner" von dem
bekannten Schlage, der von der grauen Vorzeit herab bis auf die
Gegenwart überall am meisten äusseren Erfolg erzielt hat. Kein
Wunder, dass die Sophisten mehr und mehr von der Philosophie zur
Politik, von der Dialektik zur Rhetorik übergingen! Ja, wir finden bei
Gorgias schon mit gutem Bewusstsein die Philosophie auf die Stufe
einer blossen Vorschule zum praktischen Leben herabgesetzt. Unter
solchen Umständen darf man sich nicht wundern, dass der jüngere
Nachwuchs der Sophisten nicht die mindeste Neigung verräth, die
Philosophie auf der Basis der von Protagoras errungenen Einsicht
fortzuentwickeln und mit Umgehung des transscendenten und
mythischen Allgemeinen, welches Plato zur Geltung brachte, direkt
zum Standpunkt des modernen Nominalismus und Empirismus
vorzudringen. Im Gegentheil zeichneten die jüngeren Sophisten sich
nur aus durch dreiste Uebertreibung des Willkürpriucips und durch
Ueberbietung ihrer Meister in der Herstellung einer bequemen
Theorie für die Machthaber in den griechischen Staaten. Es ging also
rückwärts mit dem eigentlich philosophischen Kern in dieser
Philosophie: ein Zeichen, dass die ernsteren und tieferen Naturen
sich nicht mehr nach dieser Seite gezogen fühlten. Alles dies trifft
nun freilich den ernsten und strengen Materialismus Demokrits nicht
in gleichem Maasse; doch haben wir. gesehen, dass Demokrit keine
Schule bildete. Dies lag gewiss nur zum Theil an seiner eigenen
Richtung und Neigung, zum Theil aber im Charakter der Zeit. Einmal
war der Materialismus mit seinem Glauben an die von Ewigkeit
existirenden Atome schon überboten durch den Sensualismus , der
kein Ding an sich hinter der Er 
4-4 Erstes Buch. Erster Abschnitt. sclieinung mehr gelten
liess. Es hätte aber ein grosser Schritt dazu gehört, ein weit
grösserer, als die oben angenommenen Fortsetzungen der
sensualistischen Philosophie, um das Atom als eine noth wendige
Vorstellungsweise für einen unbekannten Sachverhalt wieder
einzuführen und damit der Naturforschung ihre Basis zu erhalten.
Sodann schwand in dieser Zeit das Interesse für objektive Forschung
überhaupt. In dieser Beziehung kann fast Aristoteles als der
eigentliche Nachfolger Demokrits betrachtet werden; freilich ein
Nachfolger, der die Resultate benutzt und die Principien, mit welchen
sie gewonnen sind, in ihr Gegentheil verkehrt. In der Blüthezeit der
jungen athenischen Philosophie aber traten die ethischen und
logischen Fragen dermassen in den Vordergrund, das alles Andere
darüber vergessen wurde. Woher dieses einseitige Hervortreten der
ethischen und logischen Fragen? Die Antwort hierauf muss uns
zugleich zeigen, welches der innerste Lebensnerv war, durch den
sich die neue Richtung erhob und dessen Kraft ihr eine höhere und
selbständigere Bedeutung giebt, als die einer blossen Reaktion
gegen Materialismus und Sensualismus. Hier lässt sich nun aber
Persönliches und Sachliches, Philosophisches und allgemein
Culturhistorisches nicht trennen, wenn man sehen will, warum
gewisse philosophische Neuerungen eine so durchgreifende
Bedeutung erlangen konnten. — Sokrates war es, der die neue
Richtung in's Leben rief; Plato gab ihr das idealistische Gepräge und
Aristoteles schuf aus ihr durch Verbindung mit empiristischen
Elementen jenes geschlossene System, welches nachmals die
Denkweise so vieler Jahrhunderte beherrschte. Der Gegensatz gegen
den Materialismus gipfelt in Plato, den hartnäckigsten Widerstand
gegen materialistische Anschauungen leistete das aristotelische
System, aber den Angriff eröffnete einer der merkwürdigsten
Männer, deren die Geschichte gedenkt, ein Charakter von seltner
Bestimmtheit und Grösse: der Athener Sokrates. Alle Schilderungen
zeigen uns Sokrates als einen Mann von grosser physischer und
geistiger Kraft: eine derbe, zähe Natur, streng gegen sich selbst und
bedürfnisslos, muthig im Kampf, ausdauernd in Strapazen und, wenn
es sein musste, auch im geselligen Trinkgelage, so massig er auch
sonst lebte. Seine Selbstbeherrschung war nicht die Seelenruhe
einer Natur, in der es nichts zu beherrschen giebt, sondern das
Uebergewicht eines grossen
Der Materialismus im Alterthum. 4& Geistes über eine
kräftige Sinnlichkeit und ein leidenschaftliches Temperament. Seine
Gedanken und Bestrebungen concentrirten sich auf wenige, aber
bedeutungsvolle Punkte und die ganze verborgne Gluth seines
Innern trat in den Dienst dieser Gedanken und Bestrebungen. Der
Ernst, welcher in ilim arbeitete, das Feuer, welches in ihm gährte,
gab seiner Rede eine wundersame Gewalt. Vor ihm allein unter allen
Menschen konnte Alcibiades sich schämen; die Gewalt seiner
schmucklosen Rede presste empfänglichen Gemtithern Thränen aus.
Es war eine Apostelnatur, brennend vor Verlangen, das Feuer, das in
ihm lebte, auf seine Mitbürger, auf die Jugend vor Allem, zu
übertragen. Sein Werk war ihm selbst ein heiliges Werk und hinter
der schalkhaften Ironie, welche seiner Dialektik eigen war, lauerte
die gespannte Kraft eines Geistes, der nichts Andres kannte und
schätzte, als die Ideen, von welchen er ergriffen war. Athen war eine
fromme Stadt und Sokrates war ein Mann aus dem Volke. So
aufgeklärt er war, so blieb doch seine Weltanschauung eine
entschieden religiöse. Die teleologische Auffassung der Natur, an
welcher er mit Eifer, um nicht zu sagen mit Fanatismus, festhielt, war
ihm nur ein Beweis für das Dasein und die Wirksamkeit der Götter,
wie denn in Wahrheit das Bedürfniss, die Götter nach menschlicher
Weise schaffen und walten zu sehen, wohl die Hauptquelle aller
Teleologie genannt werden darf. Dass gerade ein solcher Mann
wegen Gottlosigkeit liingerichtet werden konnte, darf uns nicht zu
sehr in Verwunderung setzen. Zu allen Zeiten waren es die gläubigen
Reformatoren, welche gekreuzigt und verbrannt wurden, nicht die
weltmännischen Freigeister; und reformatorisch wirkte Sokrates
allerdings auch auf religiösem Gebiete. Der ganze Zug der Zeit ging
damals auf Läuterung der Religionsvorstellungen; nicht nur bei den
Philosophen, auch bei den einflussreichsten Priesterschaften
Griechenlands" scheint die Neigung gewaltet zu haben, die Götter
bei aller Beibehaltung des Mythus für die gläubige Menge, geistiger
zu fassen, die bunte Mannigfaltigkeit lokaler Culte nach innerer
Verwandtschaft der theologischen Grundidee zu ordnen und zu
einigen, und nationalen Hauptgöttern, wie dem olympischen Zeus
und vor Allem dem delphischen Apollo möglichst allgemeine Geltung
zu verschafften. Diesen Bestrebungen konnte die Art, wie Sokrates
die religiösen Dinge anfasste, bis zu einem gewissen Punkte
willkommen sein und
46 Erstes Buch. Erster Abschnitt. es ist noch die Frage, ob
nicht der seltsame Spruch des Orakels zu Delphi, welcher Sokrates
für den weisesten der Hellenen erklärte, als eine versteckte Billigung
seines gläubigen Rationalismus aufzufassen ist. Grade ein solcher
Mann aber konnte beim Volke um so leichter als Feind der Religion
denuncirt werden, je mehr er gewohnt war, offen, und mit der
ausgesprochenen Absicht auf seine Mitbürger zu wirken, die
verfänglichsten Gegenstände zu besprechen. Dieser religiöse Ernst
des grossen Mannes bestimmte denn auch sein Thun und Lassen im
Leben und beim Tode in einem Maasse, welches der Person fast eine
höhere Bedeutung giebt, als der Lehre und welches ganz geeignet
war, seine Schüler in Jünger zu verwandeln, die das Feuer dieser
hohen Begeisterung weiter zu verbreiten bestrebt waren. Die Art,
wie Sokrates, seinem Pflichtgefühl folgend, als Prytane dem
leidenschaftlich erregten Volke trotzte, wie er den dreissig Tyrannen
den Gehorsam versagte und wie er nach seiner Verurtheilung sich
weigerte zu fliehen und, treu dem Gesetze, dem Tode voll
Seelenruhe entgegen ging, ist ein deutliches Zeichen dafür, dass bei
ihm Lehre und Leben vollkommen in eins geflossen waren. Man hat
neuerdings geglaubt, die philosophische Bedeutung des Sokrates
durch den Nachweis erklären zu müssen, dass er nichts weniger, als
blosser Morallehrer gewesen sei, sondern dass er durch bestimmte
einzelne Neuerungen sehr wesentlich in die Entwicklung der
Philosophie eingegriffen habe. Es ist dagegen nichts einzuwenden,
nur wünschen wir zu zeigen, wie diese sämmtlichen Neuerungen mit
ihren Licht- und Schattenseiten zugleich ihre Wurzel haben in dem
theologischen und ethischen Grundgedanken, von welchem Sokrates
in allem seinem Thun und Lassen geleitet wird. Wenn man zunächst
fragt, wie Sokrates dazu kam, die Speculationen über das Wesen der
Dinge aufzugeben und statt dessen das sittliche Wesen des
Menschen zum Hauptgegenstande seiner Philosophie zu machen, so
erhalten wir von ihm selbst und seinen Schülern darüber die
Auskunft, dass er sich in jüngeren Jahren auch mit Physik
beschäftigt habe ; es sei ihm aber Alles auf diesem Gebiete so
unsicher erschienen, dass er diese Art der Forschung als unnütz
verworfen habe. Weit wichtiger sei es für ihn, nach dem delphischen
Spruche, sich selbst zu erkennen; Zweck dieses
Der Materialismus im Alterihum. 47 Strebens nach
Selbsterkenntniss ist aber, so gut als möglich zu werden. Es mag hier
dahingestellt bleiben, ob Sokrates wirklich einmal, wie es zu der
satirischen Darstellung des Aristophanes stimmen würde, mit Eifer
physikalische Untersuchungen getrieben habe, oder nicht. In der
Periode seines Lebens, die wir aus Plato und Xenophon kennen, war
davon keine Rede mehr; dagegen wissen wir aus Plato, dass
Sokrates viele Schriften älterer Philosophen gelesen hat, ohne bei
ihnen Befriedigung zu finden. So las Sokrates auch einmal den
Anaxagoras, und als er fand, dass dieser die Weltschöpfung auf die
„Vernunft" zurückführte, da freute sich Sokrates ungemein, denn er
dachte, nun würde Anaxagoras auch für alle Einrichtungen der
Schöpfung den Vernunftgrund nachweisen und z. B. zeigen, wenn
die Erde scheibenförmig sei, warum es so am besten sei, wenn sie in
der Mitte des Universums sei, warum es so sein müsse, u. s. w. Statt
dessen fand er sich gewaltig enttäuscht, als Anaxagoras nur von den
natürlichen Ursachen sprach. Das sei, wie wenn Jemand sagen
wolle, warum Sokrates hier sitzt und wenn er dann anfinge, das
Sitzen nach den Regeln der Anatomie und Physiologie zu erklären,
statt von der Verurtheilung zu reden, die ihn hierher geführt und
dem Gedanken, der ihn veranlasst habe, sich hier niederzusetzen
und mit Verschmähung der Flucht sein Schicksal abzuwarten. Man
sieht an diesem Beispiel, wie Sokrates mit einer vorgefassten Ansicht
an das Studium solcher Schriften heranging. Was bei ihm völlig
feststeht, ist, dass die Vernunft, welche das Weltgebäude geschaffen
hat, nach Art der menschlichen Vernunft verfährt, dass wir ihren
Gedanken überall folgen können, wenn wir ihr auch eine unendliche
Ueberlegenheit zuschreiben. Die Welt w^ird vom Menschen aus
erklärt; nicht der Mensch aus den allgemeinen Naturgesetzen. In
den Naturvorgängen wird daher von vornherein jener Gegensatz
zwischen Gedanken und Handlungen, Plan und materieller
Ausführung vorausgesetzt, den wir in unserm Bewusstsein vorfinden.
Allenthalben haben wir ein menschenähnliches Thun. Ein Plan, ein
Zweck muss zuerst vorhanden sein, dann der Stoff und die Kraft ihn
in Bewegung zu setzen. Man sieht hier, wie sehr im Grunde noch
Aristoteles mit seinem Gegensatz von Form und Stoff und mit der
Beherrschung der wirkenden Ursachen durch den Zweck Sokratiker
war. Ohne die
48 Erstes Buch. Erster Abschnitt. Physik je zu behandeln,
hat ihr doch im Grunde schon Sokrates die Bahnen vorgesclirieben,
in welchen sie nachmals mit so zäher Beharrlichkeit wandeln sollte !
Das eigentliche Princip dieser Weltanschauung aber ist das
theologische. Der Baumeister der Welten muss eine Person sein,
welche der Mensch fassen und sich vorstellen, wenn auch nicht in
allen ihren Handlungen begreifen kann. Selbst der scheinbar
unpersönliche Ausdruck, „die Vernunft" habe Alles dies gethan,
erhält sofort sein religiöses Gepräge durch den unbedingten
Anthropomorphismus, mit welchem die Arbeit dieser Vernunft
betrachtet wird. Daher finden wir auch beim platonischen Sokrates
— und dieser Zug dürfte acht sein — die Ausdrücke „Vernunft" und
„Gott" oft ganz synonym gebraucht. Dass Sokrates in seiner
Auffassung dieser Dinge auf wesentlich monotheistischen
Anschauungen fusst, darf uns nicht wundern, es lag ganz in der Zeit.
Zwar tritt dieser Monotheismus nirgend dogmatisch hervor; im
Gegentheil: die Mehrheit der Götter wird ausdrücklich festgehalten,
aber das Ueberge wicht des Gottes, der als Schöpfer und Erhalter
der Welt gedacht wird, drückt die andern zu Wesen eines tieferen
Ranges herab, die bei manchen Speculationen ganz ausser Betracht
bleiben können. So dürfen wir vielleicht gar annehmen, dass die Uu
gewissheit der physikalischen Speculationen j welche Sokrates
beklagt, nichts Andres war, als die gar zu offen daliegende
Unmöglichkeit, jene Vernunftgründe, welche er bei Anaxagoras
vergebens gesucht hatte, für den ganzen Bau der Welten
durchzuführen; denn die wirkenden Ursachen sind für Sokrates
überall, wo er sie berührt, von vorn herein etwas höchst
gleichgültiges und unbedeutendes: sehr begreiflich, wenn sie nicht
als allgemeine Naturgesetze, sondern als blosse Werkzeuge einer
persönlich denkenden und schaffenden Vernunft aufgefasst werden.
Je erhabener und mächtiger diese gedacht wird, desto gleichgültiger
und bedeutungsloser wird das Werkzeug, daher Sokrates nicht
verächtlich genug von der Forschung nach den äusseren Ursachen
glaubt reden zu können. Man sieht hier, wie im Grunde sogar die
Lehre von der Identität von Denken und Sein eine theologische
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