CHUYÊN ĐỀ: LIÊN TỪ (CONJUNCTIONS)

A. LÝ THUYẾT
I. LIÊN TỪ (conjunctions)
FANBOYS
1. Liên từ đẳng lập

S1 + V1 …, FANBOYS + S2 + V2
For: bởi vì
And: và
Nor: cũng không
But: nhưng
Or: hoặc, nếu không thì
Yet: nhưng
So: vì vậy
 FOR: bởi vì
Ex: The meeting was delayed, for the report was not ready.

 AND: và
Ex: She enjoys reading books and watching movies.
 NOR: và không
Ex: He doesn’t like playing football, nor does he enjoy basketball.
 BUT: nhưng
Ex: I wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain.
 OR: hoặc là, nếu không thì
Ex: We can go to the park, or we can stay home.
 YET: nhưng
Ex: She is very talented, yet she is very humble.
 SO: vì vậy
Ex: He was tired, so he went to bed early.
Chú ý: Khi sử dụng liên từ đẳng lập để nối hai mệnh đề (mệnh đề độc lập), áp dụng công thức:
 Mệnh đề độc lập 1, Liên từ đẳng lập (FANBOYS) + Mệnh đề độc lập 2
He was tired, so he went to bed early.
S + V …, FANBOYS + S + V

2. Liên từ phụ thuộc

Dùng để nối một mệnh đề độc lập với một mệnh đề phụ thuộc (mệnh đề trạng ngữ)
Mệnh đề độc lập + Liên từ phụ thuộc + Mệnh đề phụ thuộc
Hoặc:
Liên từ phụ thuộc + Mệnh đề phụ thuộc, Mệnh đề độc lập

a) Liên từ phụ thuộc dùng trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian
o AFTER: sau khi
o BEFORE: trước khi
o AS SOON AS: ngay khi
o ONCE: một khi
o BY THE TIME: vào lúc
o WHEN / AS: khi
o WHILE / AS: trong khi
o SINCE: kể từ khi
o UNTIL / TILL: cho tới khi
o WHENEVER / EVERY TIME: bất cứ khi nào
Ex: You can visit me whenever you want.
b) Liên từ phụ thuộc dùng trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích
o SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT: để mà
Ex: She studied hard so that she could pass the exam.
o LEST / FOR FEAR (THAT): kẻo mà, vì sợ rằng
Ex: They whispered (thì thầm) lest they should wake the baby.
o IN THE HOPE THAT: với hi vọng rằng
Ex: She saved money in the hope that she could buy a house.
c) Liên từ phụ thuộc dùng trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân/lí do
o BECAUSE / AS / SINCE: bởi vì
Ex: She stayed home because/ since/ as she was feeling sick.
o SEEING (THAT) / NOW (THAT): thấy rằng, giờ thì, bởi vì
Ex: Seeing that the weather was bad, they decided to cancel the picnic.
Ex: Now that the project is finished, we can relax.
d) Liên từ phụ thuộc dùng trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ tương phản/nhượng bộ
o ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH / MUCH AS: mặc dù
Ex: Although it was raining, they went for a walk.
o WHILE / WHEREAS: trong khi
Ex: While he loves to play sports, his brother prefers reading.
e) Liên từ phụ thuộc dùng trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thể cách
o AS: như (là)
Ex: As you know, the meeting has been rescheduled.
o AS IF / AS THOUGH: cứ như thể là
Ex: She acts as if she knows everything.
f) Liên từ phụ thuộc dùng trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ điều kiện
o IF: nếu
Ex: If it rains, we will stay indoors.
o UNLESS: nếu không
Ex: You won't succeed unless you try.
o IN CASE: phòng trường hợp, phòng khi
Ex: Take an umbrella in case it rains.
o PROVIDED / PROVIDING (THAT); ON (THE) CONDITION (THAT); AS / SO LONG AS;
ONLY IF: miễn là, với điều kiện là
Ex: You can stay out late provided that you come back by midnight.
o SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING (THAT); ASSUMING (THAT): giả sử như
Ex: Supposing it snows, we will build a snowman.
3. Cặp tương liên
Dùng để nối hai thành phần cùng chức năng trong mệnh đề hoặc hai mệnh đề độc lập
1. BOTH … AND …: cả … và …
Ex: Both my sister and I enjoy hiking.
2. EITHER …A… OR …B…: hoặc … hoặc …
Ex: You can either have tea or coffee.
3. NEITHER …A… NOR …B…: không … cũng không …
Ex: He is neither interested in sports nor in music.
4. NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO …: không những … mà còn …
Ex: Not only is she a talented singer, but she also writes her own songs.
Not only + trợ động từ + S + (V), but S + also V

II. Trạng từ liên kết (conjunctive adverbs)

Dùng để nối hai mệnh đề độc lập
1. ALSO / BESIDES / IN ADDITION / ADDITIONALLY / MOREOVER/ FURTHERMORE
Ex: She is a talented musician; moreover, she is a great dancer.
2. SIMILARLY / LIKEWISE: tương tự
Ex: The new policy will benefit students. Similarly, it will help teachers.
3. HOWEVER / NEVERTHELESS / NONETHELESS: tuy nhiên
Ex: The task was difficult; however, they managed to complete it on time.
4. IN CONTRAST / BY CONTRAST / CONVERSELY / ON THE OTHER HAND: trái lại
Ex: The northern region is cold and dry; in contrast, the southern region is warm and humid.
5. MEANWHILE: trong khi đó
Ex: She was working on her project. Meanwhile, her brother was playing video games.
6. THEREFORE/ ACCORDINGLY/ AS A RESULT/ AS A CONSEQUENCE/
CONSEQUENTLY / THUS / HENCE: vì vậy, do đó
Ex: He didn't study for the exam; consequently, he failed.
7. FOR EXAMPLE / FOR INSTANCE: ví dụ là
Ex: There are many ways to improve your health; for example, you can exercise regularly and eat a
balanced diet.
8. OTHERWISE: nếu không thì
Ex: You should wear a helmet while riding a bike; otherwise, you might get injured.
9. INSTEAD / RATHER: thay vào đó
Ex: She didn't go to the party. Instead, she stayed home and watched a movie.
10. ALTERNATIVELY: hoặc
Ex: We could take a bus to the museum. Alternatively, we could walk there.

III. Giới từ (prepositions)

 BECAUSE OF / DUE TO / OWING TO / THANKS TO / ON ACCOUNT OF /
AS A RESULT OF: bởi vì (6)
Ex: The event was postponed because of the rain.
 IN SPITE OF / DESPITE / REGARDLESS OF / IRRESPECTIVE OF: mặc dù (4)
Ex: In spite of the difficulties, they completed the project on time.
 WITH A VIEW TO / WITH THE AIM OF / WITH THE PURPOSE OF / FOR THE
PURPOSE OF: để mà (4)
Ex: They held a meeting with the aim of resolving the issue.
 IN THE HOPE OF: với hi vọng
Ex: She applied for the scholarship in the hope of studying abroad.
 IN CASE OF / IN THE EVENT OF: trong trường hợp có, trong trường hợp xảy ra
Ex: In case of fire, use the emergency exit.
 WITHOUT / BUT FOR: nếu không
Ex: Without his support, I couldn’t have completed the project.
 INSTEAD OF / IN PLACE OF / IN PREFERENCE TO: thay vì
Ex: She chose to study biology instead of chemistry.
 RATHER THAN / AS OPPOSED TO: hơn là
Ex: I prefer working in a team rather than working alone.
 ON BEHALF OF: thay mặt cho
Ex: On behalf of the team, I would like to thank you for your support.
 IN TERMS OF: xét về mặt
Ex: The job is attractive in terms of salary, but it has its challenges.
 EXCEPT (FOR) / APART FROM / ASIDE FROM: ngoại trừ
Ex: Everyone attended the meeting except for John.
 BESIDES: bên cạnh
Ex: Besides teaching, she also writes books.
 ACCORDING TO: theo
Ex: According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
 BY MEANS OF: bằng cách, với sự giúp đỡ của
Ex: The lift operates by means of a hydraulic system.
 IN VIEW OF: xét thấy
Ex: In view of the recent events, we have decided to cancel the trip.
 CONCERNING / REGARDING / AS REGARDS / IN RELATION TO / IN RESPECT OF /
IN CONNECTION WITH / WITH RESPECT TO / WITH REFERENCE TO: về
Ex: They are conducting an investigation concerning the fraud allegations.
 IN COMPARISON WITH / IN CONTRAST TO: trái với, so với
Ex: In comparison with last year, sales have increased significantly.
 BEFORE: trước
Ex: Before leaving the house, make sure to lock the doors.
 AFTER: sau
Ex: We went for dinner after the movie.
 SINCE: kể từ khi
Ex: I have known her since we were children.
 ON / UPON: khi
Ex: On arrival, please report to the reception desk.
 UNTIL: cho đến khi
Ex: The store will be open until midnight.
B. BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions
HSA.01 Bill wants to enter Oxford University, ______ he has some trouble meeting the academic
requirements.
Meet (v) đáp ứng + requirement/ needs
Want to Vo = would like/ love to Vo
Have difficulty/ trouble (in) Ving: gặp khó khăn trong việc làm gì
So as to Vo = in order to Vo = to Vo = with a view to Ving: để làm gì
A. and B. but C. as D. so
HSA.02 John usually spent his summer studying basic math, writing, ______ reading comprehension.
Comprehend = understand = take in
Spend + thời gian (on) Ving: dành thời gian vào việc làm gì
It (take) sb + thời gian to Vo: ai đó mất bao nhiêu lâu để làm gì
Comprehension = the ability to understand
A. nor B. but C. as D. and
HSA.03 There were not enough beds, _______ I had to sleep on the floor.
Have to: bắt buộc (pháp luật, khách quan)
Must: chủ quan
I must go to bed early
I have to go to bed early
Enough + N
Adj/ adv + enough
I have enough money to buy a new house now.
She is old enough to marry him.
A. while B. nor C. but D. so
HSA.04 You can study hard for this exam, ______ you can fail.
A. however B. yet C. and D. or
HSA.05 Hartford is a rich city, ______ suffers from many symptoms of urban blight.
A. yet B. .however, C. so D. and
HSA.06 I do not like football, ______ my brother can play football very well.
A. as B. and C. while D. or
HSA.07 We were sitting, ______ I remember, in a riverside restaurant.
A. whereas B. as C. and D. yet
HSA.08 He was wearing glasses ______ no one could see his face clearly.
A. and B. so as C. but also D. so that
HSA.09 I have earned my own living ______ I was seven, doing all kinds of jobs.
A. whereas B. while C. since D. whenever
HSA.10 She not only works hard ______ has a good relationship with all her workmates.
Have a good relationship with
= be on good terms with sb
= get along with
>< fall out with sb// quarrel with sb/ argue with sb
A. since B. as C. but also D. so
HSA.11 It is hard to say whether Hemingway ______ Fitzgerald is the more interesting cultural icon of
his day.
A. or B. and C. not D. but
HSA.12 No sooner had I started mowing the lawn ______ it started raining.
No sooner + had + S + Vpii + than S+ Vqkđ
= Hardly/ Scarcely + had + S + Vpii + when S + Vqkđ
= vừa mới xong thì
A. when B. before C. as D. than
HSA.13 We can ______ eat now or after the show - it’s up to you.
A. both B. either C. neither – nor D. not only
HSA.14 Neither my mother ______ my father went to university.
A. or B. nor C. but also D. and
HSA.15 The whole report is badly written. ______, it’s inaccurate.
A. Nonetheless B. Meanwhile C. Conversely D. Furthermore
HSA.16 Cars must stop at red traffic lights; ______, bicycles should stop too.
A. as a consequence B. rather C. similarly D. alternatively
HSA.17 Their economy has expanded enormously; ______, ours has declined.
A. in contrast B. in addition C. hence = thus D. otherwise
HSA.18 Whales are known not to desert the ill or injured members; ______, they cradle them.
A. by contrast B. for example C. instead D. alternatively
Cradle = to hold somebody/something gently in your arms or hands

HSA.19 Scientists can follow the panthers on the ground and observe their behavior. ______, they can
use the information to determine the panthers’ ranges and to understand their social patterns.
A. Nonetheless B. Meanwhile C. Conversely D. Alternatively
HSA.20 I hardly watch any television, ______ news and current affairs.
A. aside from B. rather than C. thanks to D. according to
HSA.21 Whales live in the ocean but, ______ behaviours, they are more similar to humans than fish.
A. in case of B. in view of C. in terms of D. in place of
HSA.22 I’d prefer to go on holiday in May, ______ September.
A. but for B. with the aim of C. on account of
D. as opposed to: thay vì, hơn là
HSA.23 Do you play any other sports ______ football and baseball?
A. concerning B. besides C. without D. despite
HSA.24 The company is being questioned ______ its employment policy.
A. regarding B. without C. since D. except
HSA.25 ______ the French, the British eat far less fish.
A. With reference to B. In comparison with
C. With the exception of D. In the hope of