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The Handbook of Addiction Treatment for Women
Theory and Practice 1st Edition Shulamith Lala
Ashenberg Straussner Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner, Stephanie Brown
ISBN(s): 9780787961824, 0787961825
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.59 MB
Year: 2002
Language: english
Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page v

THE HANDBOOK
OF ADDICTION
TREATMENT
FOR WOMEN

Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner

and
Stephanie Brown,
Editors
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Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page i
Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page ii
Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page iii

THE HANDBOOK
OF ADDICTION TREATMENT
FOR WOMEN
Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page iv
Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page v

THE HANDBOOK
OF ADDICTION
TREATMENT
FOR WOMEN

Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner

and
Stephanie Brown,
Editors
Straussnerebk.qxd 12/26/01 11:52 AM Page i

Published by

Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Jossey-Bass is a registered trademark of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as per-
mitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior writ-
ten permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the
Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400,
fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions
Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011,
fax (212) 850-6008, e-mail: [email protected].
The poem on page 334 is from Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. Copyright © 1987, 1999 by
Gloria Anzaldua. Reprinted by permission of Aunt Lute Books.
The poems on pages 334 and 335 are from M. Montoya, “Mascaras, Trenzas, y Grenas: Un/Masking
the Self While Un/Braiding Latina Stories and Legal Discourse.” Harvard Women’s Law Journal, 17,
185–220. Copyright © 1994 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
The poem on page 335 is from O. Araujo, “I am from . . .” Poem presented at the HOPE Education and
Leadership Fund Ninth Annual Symposium, Los Angeles, March 10, 2000.
Quotes and paraphrases included throughout Chapter Nineteen are from Greenberger, P. (1998). News
from the Society for the Advancement of Women’s Health Research: Targeting mental illness and
substance abuse among women. Journal of Women’s Health, 7, 407–410. Reprinted with permission.

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the special sales department at Jossey-Bass.

This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-7879-5355-5.

Some content that may appear in the print version of this book may not be available in this
electronic edition.
Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page vii

CONTENTS

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv

PART ONE: UNDERSTANDING ADDICTED WOMEN 1

1 Women’s Addiction and Treatment Through a Historical Lens 3

Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner and Patricia Rose Attia

2 Women and Addiction: Expanding Theoretical Points of View 26

Stephanie Brown

3 Helping Women Recover: Creating Gender-Responsive

Treatment 52
Stephanie S. Covington

PART TWO: MAJOR ADDICTIONS AMONG WOMEN 73

4 Drug- and Alcohol-Abusing Women 75

Lynn E. O’Connor, Milena Esherick, and Cassandra Vieten

vii
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viii Contents

5 The Queen of Diamonds: Women and Compulsive Gambling 99

Diane Rae Davis

6 Women and Eating Disorders 127

Susan D. Raeburn

7 Sexually Addictive Behavior in Women 154

Judith E. Rubin

8 Women and Relationship Addiction 170

Carol Tosone

9 Women and Spending Addictions 187

Linda Barbanel

10 Women and Smoking 202

Jeannine Crouse

PART THREE: LIFE CYCLE ISSUES FOR ADDICTED WOMEN 227

11 Adolescent Girls and Addiction 229

Rose Fajardo Latino

12 Addiction and Recovery in Midlife 252

Nancy Waite-O’Brien

13 Older Women and Addictions 272

Renee S. Katz

PART FOUR: ADDICTIONS ISSUES FOR ETHNICALLY

DIVERSE WOMEN 299

14 Black Women and Addictions 301

Muriel Gray and Melissa B. Littlefield

15 Latinas in Cultural Transition: Addiction, Treatment, and

Recovery 323
Juana Mora

16 Asian and Pacific Islander Women and Addiction 348

Kerrily J. Kitano and Liane J. Louie
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Contents ix

PART FIVE: SPECIAL POPULATIONS AND SETTINGS 375

17 Addiction and Women in the Workplace 377

Jane M. Nakken

18 Effective Intervention and Treatment for Lesbians 399

Laurie Drabble and Brenda L. Underhill

19 Addictions and Women with Major Psychiatric Disorders 423

Diana M. DiNitto and Catherine Crisp

20 Homeless Addicted Women 451

A. Meredith Deming, Karen McGoff-Yost, and Anne L. Strozier

21 Addictions and Women in the Criminal Justice System 470

Katherine van Wormer

22 Women Affected by Addictions 487

Elizabeth Zelvin

PART SIX: TREATMENT APPROACHES AND MODALITIES 513

23 Group Treatment of Substance-Abusing Women 515

Eileen P. Beyer and Karen Carnabucci

24 Women in Self-Help Programs 539

Joyce Schmid

PART SEVEN: EPILOGUE AND RESOURCES 559

25 Epilogue 561
Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner and Stephanie Brown

Resources 563
Nancy K. Brown and Rita Rhodes

About the Authors 569

Name Index 579
Subject Index 591
Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page x

To all women struggling to overcome their addictions and

to those helping them in their struggles
Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page xi

PREFACE

his is a book about women and addiction—all kinds of women and all kinds
T of addiction. We look at women who are in the throes of active addiction
and women who are in recovery, women who are young and women who are old,
women who are Black and women who are White, women who use drugs and
women who spend. Often the same woman will fit many of these categories
and the many others that we address. This is a book about all women and, espe-
cially, this particular woman—this one woman in our office, treatment center,
homeless shelter, or prison. This book is about the individual woman needing
help, seeking help, or being forced to seek help, and how we help her.
This is a book for therapists of all disciplines, from experienced addiction spe-
cialists to those with minimal or no knowledge about this population. The book
is both general and specific. We start with the general in Part One, reviewing what
is known about women and addiction both historically and in the present. We
next explore the paradoxes and challenges that a women’s point of view raises
and, finally, outline the theoretical and clinical perspectives that we believe offer
the greatest strengths for diagnosing addictions and treating women addicts today.
This is not a one-size-fits-all book. Quite the contrary. We emphasize the great
diversity and complexity of all women and the importance of including multiple
perspectives in assessment and treatment. We have organized this book to em-
phasize different points of view—that is, the multiple meanings and organizing
principles that must inform treatment for women with addictions. Our authors

xi
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xii Preface

do not have a party line, nor do they necessarily see addiction, or addiction treat-
ment, in the same way. They are here to tell us what we need to think about, in-
cluding modifications to our own individualized theories and practice, when we
work with women who have a special concern—and in our view, every woman
has a special concern. So there is no typical woman and no typical best treatment.
There are no “right” answers. Instead, you will find a cultural-social-psychologi-
cal map with widely varied terrain. The therapist’s job is to know the whole and
its parts, to be able to listen carefully to the client and consider all factors as rele-
vant to her treatment.
Following our general introduction, we move to the specific. Part Two tack-
les different kinds of addictions, with chapters focused on the women abusing
alcohol and other drugs, smoking, or exhibiting other out-of-control behaviors,
such as eating disorders or addictions to gambling, spending, relationships, or sex.
The authors explore the organizing role of the substance or behavior in the
woman’s inner and outer world, and guide us in how to think about working with
a woman with a particular addiction.
In Part Three we shift the organizing lens to age; the authors consider addic-
tion in relation to the adolescent, middle-aged, and older woman. What are the
major biopsychosocial issues for the young or older woman? What are the major
addictions? What are the roles and meanings of addiction at different stages of
the life cycle? How does the therapist think about assessment and treatment in re-
lation to the age of the female client?
The authors in Part Four show us how to think about women from the per-
spective of race or ethnic heritage and culture. What is the impact on our view of
the woman addict when we consider her racial and cultural background? How
much do these factors influence her choice of drug or particular addiction, and
how do race and culture affect our thinking about treatment? What should we
know about a Latina adolescent? About an elderly immigrant from China? Or
about a Black, lesbian, middle-aged woman who has come from Jamaica?
And so our point of view grows in breadth and complexity. Next we explore
other issues that will have an organizing role for the woman and her addiction and
for us, as clinicians, in our efforts to help her. Part Five explores additional groups
or contexts that have an important impact on women addicts, such as lesbians,
homeless women, the workplace, women in the criminal justice system, and
women with dual diagnoses. Again, how does the therapist think about the in-
fluence of each of these factors on this particular woman now seeking help?
Finally, what and how do we think about treatment? Although all the authors
have addressed treatment issues in their chapters, in Part Six we look at two spe-
cific treatment approaches: group psychotherapy and the self-help, or mutual-help,
groups. Why and how do these modalities serve addicted women?
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Preface xiii

◆ ◆ ◆

Is this a book about gender? Yes and no. It is a book about women. But it is not
a book about women compared to men. It is much more about women in relation
to other women: What are general guiding principles in thinking about women as
a group, and what are the differences between women? This book is about vari-
ability, diversity, and complexity; it is a theoretical and practical map to guide the
therapist in determining the most therapeutic next step for a particular woman.
We hope this book offers some of the essential guideposts that will help clini-
cians provide better help to the many addicted women who are struggling to cope
in this increasingly complex world.

January 2002 Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner

New York, New York

Stephanie Brown
Menlo Park, California
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

his book is all about women and addiction. The creation and writing of this
T book is also all about women: the thirty-six authors who are themselves all kinds
of women—women of different ages, from different ethnic cultures and different
professional backgrounds, and with a wide range of experiences. We say an enor-
mous thank you to all of them for their generosity of time and tremendous effort
in crafting their chapters to fit the overall broad and comprehensive design of this
book, while also offering their unique and sophisticated perspectives. We asked a
great deal of them, and we are grateful for their willingness and commitment to this
huge project. We believe that the whole far surpasses our original hopes for this book.
We thought we had a fertile project from day one. Apparently, so did some
of the authors. Three gave birth to babies as well as their chapters. All the other
authors juggled the demands of writing with their accomplished and busy pro-
fessional and personal lives. We end the construction of this book with a won-
derful spirit of teamwork, dedication, goodwill, and gratitude.
These feelings extend to our editors and production people at Jossey-Bass.
Alan Rinzler has been a supportive, thoughtful, and rigorous boss as he has guided
and prodded us throughout. Amy Scott has also been extremely helpful with pro-
duction and management issues, and Rachel Anderson has directed the final pro-
duction with enormous skill and concern in a difficult time. We thank them all.
We also thank the women who are represented in all the chapters: women strug-
gling with addiction—their own or someone else’s—in clinics, shelters, prisons,

xv
Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page xvi

xvi Acknowledgments

treatment centers, outpatient therapies, AA, and all other meeting grounds where
help is offered. Their voices and experiences are invaluable in teaching us what
we need to know.
Most of all, we want to thank each other. This project came together through
odd circumstances, so it very well might not have happened. We are so grateful
that it did.

The Editors

Working on a book is a very intimate endeavor. It requires trust, mutual respect,

cooperation, support, and constant encouragement. I feel lucky to have found this
in my coeditor, a woman whose books I’ve read over the years, but whose world,
both professional and physical, seemed far away from mine. To have worked with
Stephanie, whom I met only once for a few minutes prior to beginning this proj-
ect, has been an incredibly gratifying experience. Thank you, Stephanie, for being
there and for being you.
I’m grateful to have had the pleasure of “meeting” the many authors around
the country whose willingness to edit and re-edit their work has made this enor-
mous task seem almost painless. Thank you all. I look forward to really meeting you
one of these days. Special thanks are due to my friends and colleagues who may
not have known what they were getting into when they agreed to be talked into
contributing a chapter: Trish, Linda, Liz, Jeannine, Carol, Katherine, Diana, and
Muriel.
This book would not have been possible without the work of my administra-
tive assistant, Samantha Freire, whose always-cheerful demeanor and general help-
fulness is appreciated. I would like to thank my dean, Tom Meenaghan, for his
support of all my work, and my many friends and colleagues at New York Uni-
versity and particularly at the Ehrenkranz School of Social Work for being there
when I felt overwhelmed and needed a supportive “fix.” My deep appreciation to
my friend, Norma Phillips, who willingly did more than her share on “our” book
when I was busy with this one. Finally, my everlasting gratitude to my husband,
Joel, who provided constant support, picked up the slack when needed, and toler-
ated the tons of books all over the house; and to my children, Adam and Sarina,
who probably thought that I’d never again leave the chair by the computer, and
whose growing independence and maturity are a pleasure to see.

S.L.A.S.

I did not start out to be part of this book, yet that is where I ended up, and it could-
n’t have been better. Joining this project offered me an opportunity to propose a
Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page xvii

Acknowledgments xvii

challenging point of view in thinking about women, which I wanted to do. And it
offered me the opportunity to work as a coeditor with Lala Straussner, also an ap-
pealing idea. How lucky I have been. Working with Lala has been a highlight of
my writing and professional life. I am grateful for her point of view, her organiz-
ing and management skills, her creativity, boundless energy, and support. I have
reaped the benefits of this partnership and of working with all the extraordinary
authors on this team. Their commitment, professionalism, and endurance have
been wonderful. Many feel like friends after so much hard work together and such
goodwill. Special thanks to my colleagues and friends who agreed so readily to
write chapters: Lynn, Susan, Renee, and Joyce.
I also thank all the people who have supported me for nearly thirty years in
my thinking, writing, teaching, and clinical work—professionals, recovering friends,
volunteer research participants and donors, and patients. I also extend a special
thanks to all my associates at the Addictions Institute, who enrich my thinking and
offer so much support. In that group, I wish to especially thank Joanne Stultz for
her help in editing and clarifying my thinking in my own chapter, and Jim Hutt
and Joanne for their support in the process of finding my way. I give another
thanks to Alan Rinzler for his terrific editing and support of my creative labors.
Always, I am grateful to my husband, Bob Harris, and our daughter, Makenzie,
for our loving family.
I have loved this project. Thank you to Lala, and to all.

S.B.
Straussner FM 12/20/01 10:27 AM Page xviii
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524 HISTORY OF QUEBEC. Company, Limited, of the

Winnipeg Electric Railway Company, and of the Equitable Life
Assurance Society. Sir William is a member of the Committee of
Management of the Montreal Homoepathic Hospital, a governor of
McGill University, and VicePresident of the Montreal Art Association.
In May, 1894, he was created a Knight Commander of the Most
Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George by Her Majesty
Queen Victoria in honour of his distinguished public services. In
1867 he was united in marriage to Lucy Adaline, daughter of Erastus
Hurd, of Galesburg, Illinois, and they have one son and one
daughter living. He is a member of the Mount Royal and St. James
Clubs, Montreal, the Toronto Club, Toronto, the Century Association,
Manhattan, Metropolitan, and the Lawyers' Clubs of New Work. SIR
THOMAS SHAUGHNESSY, K.C.V.O. It has been said of Sir Thomas
Shaughnessy that he is an enlightened materialist ; that he is a man
who must see the commercial element in all he touches ; and that
he has neither the disposition or the time for sentiment. And yet it is
the materialist who brings the dream true. It is the practical man
who translates the gossamer vision into dollars and cents. And as for
imagination, the speech which the President of the C.P.R. recently
made in Toronto, disclosed the man of vision, not the morbid
creature who rests in dreams, but the active, bold and far-seeing
man, who is willing to indulge in the vision in the sure confidence
that he will make it spell dividends. The large characteristics of Sir
Thomas are too well-known to need repetition. Strength, readiness,
daring, wide knowledge, not only of railway affairs, but of life, which
knowledge reacts upon all human relations ; thorough understanding
of the commercial and industrial conditions of the Dominion ; power
to govern and inspire men ; an enormous nervous energy ; a
devouring capacity for work; a quick courage which never feared the
face of circumstance; a certain peremptoriness which becomes the
great captain of industry, who claims the allegiance of over 40,000
men ; a man who can read and think and give himself to social ease,
the moment after he leaves the office ; a born leader through
courage, and a large spirit which
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.50%
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HISTORY OF QUEBEC. 525 regards the utmost bounds of

possibility — this, in brief, is Sir Thomas. To say that this is a portrait
would be absurd. It is a hurried indication, no more. In Canada we
knew him, first of all, as a minor official of the C.P.R. He came in the
beginning of things, so to speak, as purchasing agent and as such
he might have remained, were it not for what shall we say ? Strong
natural desires to rise, to mean something, to bulk in the regard. He
had equipment, most of the great railway men on this continent
were educated fugitively. Sir Thomas was educated systematically
and at fourteen knew his Horace. But even Horace would not have
availed — might, indeed, have been a hindrance — had it not been
for ambition and the conscious sense of growing power. From
purchasing agent to president was a long stride, but every advance
was sequential and inevitable. He grew, he mastered details ; he
thought commandingly ; and in due time he became assistant
manager; manager; president. This is probably the most notable
position in the Dominion of Canada. It means tremendous power
and responsibility. It would need many pages to sufficient
characterize this notable man, who owes nothing to the past, and
who has been the maker of all he has and is. Briefly, he is the right
man in the right place. He received a good grounding, under Sir
William Van Home, but his native genius is not to be denied. He did
daring things the moment he reached the supreme place. He bought
a big Atlantic fleet, as a splendid stroke, at the psychological
moment. He began double tracking, the increasing of the carrying
capacity of cars and hauling capacity of locomotives, as the only way
in which profits could be spelled under the new and remorseless
conditions which have prevailed in the railway world for some time
past. He built new cities in the North- West. He anticipated
population with the shining tracks. He built the new Toronto-Sudbury
line which, for the first time, gives the company freedom from the
Grand Trunk with regard to western connections. This does not
begin to set forth the man, but, forgetting the captain of industry in
the individual, Sir Thomas is a fine, kindly gentleman, never
indifferent to suffering, always ready to help distress. In social life,
he is admirable, full of youthful spirits, forgetting his cares in the
social hour, an unconquerable optimist.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.44%
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526 HISTORY OF QUEBEC. He was born in 1853 at

Milwaukee of Irish parentage. His education was received at the
public schools of the city in which he was born. His first position was
in the purchasing department of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul
Railway in 1869, and later on he became the general storekeeper of
the road. It was in this capacity that he came under the notice of Mr.
W. C. Van Home, who induced him to come to Montreal, where he
gradually rose till he became the manager of the entire system in
1882. First, he served as purchasing agent; then he became
assistant to the general manager, two years later. In 1885 he
became assistant general manager. In 1889 he became assistant to
the president. In 1891 he was elected a director and vice-president,
and upon the retirement of Sir William Van Home, was elected to
succeed him as president in 1899. In 1880 Sir Thomas married
Elizabeth B., daughter of M. Nagle, Esq., Milwaukee. The children are
five in number — three girls and two boys. Sir Thomas is connected
influentially as Vice-President of the Duluth, South Shore and
Atlantic Railway, Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway, British
Columbia Southern Railway; as President of the Montreal and
Western Railway; as director of Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste.
Marie Railway; the Bank of Montreal, Royal Trust Company, the
Canada North- West Land Co., the Canadian Salt Co., Limited; as a
governor of Laval University, of the Royal Victoria Hospital; member
of the Mount Royal, St. James, Toronto, Rideau (Ottawa), Union (St.
John), Garrison (Quebec), Manitoba (Winnipeg), and Halifax Clubs.
In 1901 Sir Thomas was made a Knight Bachelor, and in 1907,
K.C.V.O. — Knight Commander of the Victorian Order. His Majesty
thus expressing his sense of the service which the President of the
C.P.R. had rendered to the cause of the Empire by his splendid
direction of the C.P.R., which is the great Imperial highway within
the British Empire. CHARLES MELVILLE HAYS. Charles Melville Hays,
whose career has been marked by consecutive stages of
advancement, is to-day one of the central figures in railroad circles
in Canada. He is the Second Vice-President and General Manager of
the Grand Trunk Railway Company; President of the Grand Trunk
Pacific
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CHARLES M. HAYS.
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HISTORY OF QUEBEC. 527 Railway, of the Central Vermont

Railway, of the Grand Trunk Western Railway and of numerous other
subsidiary lines of the Grand Trunk Railway Company. His life record
began in Rock Island, Illinois, May 16, 1856, and in his veins flows
the blood of Irish, Scotch and English ancestors. His grandfather in
the paternal line came from county Donegal in the north of Ireland,
while the grandmother was of Scotch birth. In the maternal line Mr.
Hays is of English lineage. At the usual age he began his education
passing through successive grades until he had completed a high
school course. At the age of seventeen he entered the passenger
department of the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad Company at St. Louis,
Missouri, and brought to the starting point of his business career
certain rare and admirable traits — close application, strong
determination and unfaltering energy. A year later he was
transferred to the auditor's department and eventually was
promoted to a position in the superintendent 's office. From 1878
until 1884 he was secretary to the general manager of the Missouri
Pacific and during the two succeeding years was secretary to the
general manager of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad
Company, becoming Assistant General Manager to the Wabash
Western Railway Company in 1886. His next advancement came six
months later when he was made General Manager. He was
appointed Vice-President and General Manager of the re-organized
Wabash Railway on February 1st, 1894, and remained in that
position until the 31st of December, 1895, when he resigned. His
resignation prefaced his acceptance of the position of General
Manager of the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada, at
Montreal. During his connection with the Wabash he had wide scope
for the exercise of his superior administrative and executive ability
on account of the geographical location of that system, placing it in
the territories of the Western (or Trans-Mississippi) Traffic
Association, of the Central Traffic Association, and also in Trunk Line
territory. He displayed marked capability as a railway manager and
executive and, constantly broadening in knowledge and experience,
he was well equipped for the position to which he was called upon
his removal to Montreal. Upon the death of the late Collis P.
Huntingdon, the president of and a large owner in the Southern
Pacific Company and Steamship Lines, controlling upwards of ten
thousand miles of railroad, Mr. Hays was the first choice for
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.73%
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528 HISTORY OF QUEBEC. his successor, which was the

highest" honour ever conferred upon an American railway manager,
as a tribute to his professional ability. On the 1st of January, 1901,
he assumed the duties of the office of President of the Southern
Pacific Company and its allied lines at San Francisco and continued
in that position until the following autumn, when he resigned and
was recalled by the English directors to take charge of the Grand
Trunk Railway Company of Canada, which duties he again assumed
at Montreal as Second Vice-President and General Manager, January
1, 1902. His opinions upon questions of importance in railroad circles
are largely received as conclusive, for his view is comprehensive and
his judgment sound. During his connection with the Grand Trunk
system he has done notable work in its improvement until it ranks
to-day with the leading railway systems of the world. As Vice-
President and General Manager of the Grand Trunk Railway
Company of Canada he is in full charge of the company's affairs in
America. The project for the extension of the Grand Trunk system
into the Canadian North- West originated with him, and upon the
organization of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company in 1904,
having for its object the construction of a Canadian National
Transcontinental Railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific, aggregating
a total mileage of upwards of six thousand miles, to be constructed
within a period of seven years, Mr. Hays was elected President. This
stupendous undertaking, which overshadows any similar enterprise
through the great Northland of Canada, will revolutionize world-
girdling records in forming a shorter route between Europe and Asia
than any at present existing. If Mr. Hays had done nothing else save
his work in connection with the organization, administration and
development of railroad interests this alone would entitle him to
distinction as an American citizen — using the phrase in its larger
sense. He is, however, on the directorate of the Merchants Bank of
Canada, the Royal Trust Company, and of many other large and
important enterprises. Mr. Hays married Miss Clara J. Gregg, a
daughter of William H. Gregg, of St. Louis, Missouri, and they have
four daughters : Mrs. George D. Hall, of Boston; Mrs. Thornton
Davidson, of Montreal, whose husband is a son of Judge Charles
Davidson; and Louise and Clara, at home. The
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HISTORY OF QUEBEC. 529 religious faith of the family is

Presbyterian, and they are identified with the American Presbyterian
Church. Mr. Hays has been gladly received into the membership of
some of the most prominent clubs of Montreal, including the Mount
Royal, St. James, Canada, Forest and Stream, Montreal Hunt, Jockey,
St. Maurice and Laurentian — associations which indicate much of
the character of his interests and recreation. While his varied and
extensive business responsibilities have made heavy demands upon
his time he has yet found opportunity for co-operation in various
measures and movements for intellectual progress and for
benevolent and charitable work. He is vice-president of the St. John
Ambulance Association and a governor of the Royal Yictoria Hospital
and of the Montreal General Hospital. He is likewise a governor of
McGill University. His actions have during his life been such as to
distinctively entitle him to a place in this publication, and although
his career has not been filled with thrilling incidents, probably no
history published in this volume can serve as a better illustration to
young men of the power of honesty and unwearied diligence in
insuring distinguished success. SIR ROBERT GILLESPIE REID. The
late Sir Robert Gillespie Reid, who gained international distinction as
one of the prominent bridge builders on the American continent and
a distinguished civil engineer, was born at Coupar Angus, Perthshire,
Scotland, in October, 1842, his parents being William and Katherine
(Gillespie) Reid, the former a manufacturer. Educated in his native
country, when a young man of twenty-one years he went to
Australia, in November, 1863, and there engaged in gold mining, and
also in the construction of public works. Having qualified as an
expert. civil engineer, following his arrival in Canada in 1870, he had
charge of the building of the International bridge crossing the
Niagara River near Buffalo. His business constantly developed in
extent and importance until he had gained fame in the field of his
chosen endeavor. In 1874 he had charge of the building of bridges
between Montreal and Ottawa on the Montreal, Quebec & Ottawa
Railroad, now a portion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. He
contracted for and built the bridge across the Colorado River at
Austin,
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530 HISTORY OF QUEBEC. Texas, in 1880, and all the iron

and masonry bridges on the first six hundred miles of the Southern
Pacific Railway west from San Antonio. He likewise built the
International railway bridge between Texas and Mexico across the
Rio Grande River in 1882, and the railway bridge across the
Delaware River at Water Gap, Pennsylvania. He contracted for and
constructed the heavy section of the Canadian Pacific Railroad north
of Lake Superior, which included a tunnel of four hundred and fifty
feet through solid granite; erected permanent and temporary bridges
on two hundred and fifty miles of the Canadian Pacific Railway east
of Port Arthur and the Lachine bridge, three-fourths of a mile in
length — one of the finest bridges in Canada — across the St.
Lawrence. He contracted for the extension from Caughnawaga to
the station in Montreal in 1886, and completed this work within a
year. In 1887 he built the Soo bridge across the Sault Ste. Marie
River and eighty-six miles of the Canadian Pacific Railway, known as
the Sudbury branch. He completed forty-five miles of the Canadian
Government Railway and the bridge across Grand Narrows at Cape
Breton in 1889 and 1890, and in the latter year took a contract from
the Newfoundland Government to build the Hall's Bay Railway, a
distance of two hundred and sixty miles, completing the same in
1893. He also contracted with the Government to build the Western
Railway, commencing at the terminus of the Hall's Bay line and
extending to Port-auBasque, on the west coast of the island, a
distance of two hundred and fifty miles. This work was completed in
October, 1897. Under the contract Sir Robert Reid had the right to
operate the entire road for a term of ten years, commencing in
September, 1893. The line was opened for traffic between St. John's
and the west coast in October, 1897, connecting by steamer with the
Canadian mainland. In June, 1896, he applied to the Newfoundland
Legislature for a charter for the construction of the electric street
railway in the city of St. John's. While the extent and importance of
the contracts awarded him constantly increased, Sir Robert G. Reid
also made steady progress in the profession of civil engineering,
keeping in touch with the most advanced work of the
representatives of this calling. In 1887 he was admitted an associate
of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, and was also a fellow
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HISTORY OF QUEBEC. 531, of the Royal Colonial Institute

of London, England. His business interests, however, were not
limited by his connection with civil engineering and bridge and
railroad construction. He was president of the Reid Newfoundland
Company, controlling a railway and steamship system, and was a
director of the Bank of Montreal, of the Canadian Pacific Railway and
of the Lake of the Woods Milling Company. Sir Robert was married in
1865 to Miss Harriet Duff, of Perthshire, Scotland, who survives him,
along with three sons and a daughter, Harriet Reid. The sons are :
W. D. Reid, now President of the Reid Newfoundland Company; H.
D. Reid, Vice-President, and R. G. Reid, Jr., General Superintendent
of the same company. Religiously a Presbyterian, Sir Robert G. Reid
was an adherent of St. Andrew's Church. He was a liberal contributor
to and supporter of various interests and movements for the
advancement of humanitarian principles or for the amelioration of
hard conditions of life for the unfortunate. He was a governor of the
Royal Victoria Hospital, and in June, 1907, he was created a knight
bachelor, while his club relations connected him with the Mount
Royal, the St. James and the Forest and Stream clubs. Whether in
his relation to social, to charitable or to business interests, he
manifested a correct judgment as to values, and his life was
judiciously governed thereby. The possibilities which opened to him
at the outset of his business career he recognized and utilized and,
advancing by consecutive stages, gained a position of distinction
which has won him the admiration of his contemporaries and the
respect of all who know aught of his history. Death came to him on
June 3, 1908, and throughout the Dominion the news was received
with deepest regret. RICHARD BLADWORTH ANGUS. Richard
Bladworth Angus, whose name has long been an honored one in
financial circles, was born at Bathgate, near Edinburgh, Scotland,
May 28, 1831, and there acquired his education. At an early age he
left his native land, and for some years was in the employ of the
Manchester and Liverpool Bank at Manchester. -Coming to Canada in
1857, he joined the staff of the Bank of Montreal, and in 1861 was.
placed in charge of the 3— n.
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532 HISTORY OF QUEBEC. Chicago agency of that

institution, while subsequently he was appointed one of the agents
at New York. At a later date he became local manager at Montreal,
and in 1869 succeeded the late E. H. King, who had been termed
the Napoleon of finance, as general manager. For ten years he thus
continued at the head of the bank, and in 1879 retired from active
connection therewith to join friends who were interested in the St.
Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway. In 1880 he became a
member of the syndicate which was organized by Lord Mount
Stephen, Sir D. A. Smith (now Lord Strathcona), and others, having
for its object the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which
was completed in November, 1885. He has since been a director of
this great transcontinental road. His business associations have ever
been of a most important character, connecting him with the large
interests which have had direct bearing upon the commercial,
industrial and financial development of the country and its
consequent prosperity. He is now withdrawing as far as possible
from activity in business, but is still financially interested in many
important corporate concerns, being a director of the Canadian
Pacific Railway, the Bank of Montreal, the Canada North-West Land
Company, the London and Lancashire Life Insurance Company, the
Dominion Bridge Company and the Laurentide Paper Company. Mr.
Angus is married and has three sons and five daughters. His
religious faith is indicated by his connection with the Presbyterian
Church, and in politics he is independent. He belongs to various
clubs and fraternal organizations, holding membership in St. John's
Lodge, A. F. & A. M., while in the Scottish Rite he has attained the
thirty-second degree. He affiliates with the Mount Royal, St. James
and Forest and Stream Clubs of Montreal, the Rideau Club of
Ottawa, the Toronto Club of Toronto, the Manitoba of Winnipeg, and
the Union Club of Halifax. He possesses one of the finest private
collections of paintings in Canada and is known as a generous
patron of art. He was honored with the presidency of the Art
Association in 1888-9, and his influence has been a potent element
in promoting an understanding and love of art in Montreal. His broad
humanitarianism has been manifest in many ways, and is indicated
by the fact that he is now President of the Board of Governors of the
Royal Victoria
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HISTORY OF QUEBEC. 533 Hospital. He has also been

President of St. Andrew's Society, is a governor of McGill University,
and a governor and President of the Fraser Institute. SIR EDWARD
SEABORNE CLOUSTON, BART. Sir Edward Seaborne Clouston,
Baronet, Vice-Presideht and General Manager of the Bank of
Montreal, is the son of the late James S. Clouston, Chief Factor of
the Hudson's Bay Co., and was born May 9th, 1849, at Moose
Factory, N.W.T. After completing his education in the Montreal High
School, he entered the Bank of Montreal as a junior at the age of
sixteen, where his ready mastery of the duties entrusted to him led
to successive promotions through the various grades until he
became Assistant General Manager, in 1887. Two years later he was
appointed Acting General Manager, and in November, 1890, became
General Manager. Retaining this position ever since, the office of
Vice-President was also bestowed upon him in December, 1905. Sir
Edward Clouston has had the distinction of serving under and acting
with five of the ablest financiers Canada has every known, viz., the
late E. H. King, the late C. F. Smithers, Lord Mount Stephen, Lord
Strathcona, and Mr. R. B. Angus. He is known as a man of few
words, and exceedingly accurate and cautious in all his transactions.
His business skill and tact were well displayed in the conference held
between the bankers and the Minister of Finance (Mr. Foster) in
connection with the renewal of the Bank Charters Act of 1890. To his
efforts and those of Mr. Walker, of the Bank of Commerce, at that
time, the banks were mainly indebted for the privileges gained by
them under that measure. When the Canadian Bankers' Association
became an incorporated body, in 1900, and was entrusted by the
Government with the supervision of the currency of the Chartered
Banks, Sir Edward became president of the Association, an office he
still occupies. A better idea may be formed of the importance of the
position to which he has attained when it is pointed out that the
Bank of Montreal to-day occupies a leading place among the great
banks of the world. Sir Edward has, in addition, reached out into
other fields, and his name is now associ 
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