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Afro Latin America 1800 2000 1st Edition Andrews
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Andrews, George Reid
ISBN(s): 9780195152333, 0195152336
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 7.03 MB
Year: 2004
Language: english
Afro-Latin America,
1800–2000

GEORGE REID ANDREWS

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

AFRO-LATIN AMERICA, 1800–2000
This page intentionally left blank
AFRO-LATIN
AMERICA,
1800–2000
GEORGE REID ANDREWS

1
2004
 3
Oxford New York
Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai
Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata
Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi
São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto

Copyright © 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.
198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016
www.oup.com
Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Andrews, George Reid, 1951–
Afro-Latin America, 1800–2000 / George Reid Andrews
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-19-515232-8; 0-19-515233-6 (pbk.)
1. Blacks—Latin America—History. 2. Racially mixed people—
Latin America—History. 3. Latin America—Race relations.
I. Title.
F1419.N4A63 2004
980'.00496—dc21 2003056411

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
To Freddy in L.A., who wanted to know more
This page intentionally left blank
 ❂
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book had its beginnings in my undergraduate course on Afro-Latin Amer-

ica, History 0502, at the University of Pittsburgh. Many thanks to the students
who took that class over the years, and especially to Lillian Bertram, Jack Bishop,
Sheriden Booker, Alicia Hall, Sydney Lewis, Shauna Morimoto, and Ory Okolloh,
who helped show me the way.
Having decided to write the book, I needed money to carry out the research. I
gratefully acknowledge generous financial support from the John Simon
Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and, at
the University of Pittsburgh, the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the University Cen-
ter for International Studies, and the Center for Latin American Studies.
Having obtained money, I traveled to many libraries. My sincere thanks to the
staffs at the national libraries of Costa Rica, Panama, Uruguay, and Venezuela; the
libraries at Tulane University, the Universidad Central de Venezuela, the Univer-
sidad de Costa Rica, the Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá), the Universidad de
Panamá, the Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais at the Universidade Federal da
Bahia, and the Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; the Schomburg Center for
Research in Black Culture (New York); the Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango (Bo-
gotá); the Museo Afro-Antillano (Panama); and Mundo Afro (Montevideo). My
largest debt is to Eduardo Lozano, founder and tireless maintainer of the remark-
able Lozano Collection at the University of Pittsburgh’s Hillman Library.
I was greatly assisted in my work by three enterprising and technologically
savvy research assistants: Lena Andrews, James DeWeese, and Jorge Nállim.
Having carried out the research, I called on other scholars to help me put it to-
gether and understand what it all meant. Jaime Arocha, Avi Chomsky, Ana Frega,
Dale Graden, Keila Grinberg, Aline Helg, Franklin Knight, Marixa Lasso, the late
Robert Levine, Gary Long, Peggy Lovell, Randy Matory, Jeffrey Needell, Lara Put-
nam, Berta Pérez, João Reis, Doris Sommer, Ed Telles, Robert Farris Thompson,
 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Richard Turits, Ted Vincent, Peter Wade, and Doug Yarrington answered ques-
tions and generously shared their work with me. Alejandro de la Fuente helped
orient me in the field of Cuban history, pushed me hard on key points, and gave
me the gift of a close, careful, and comradely reading of the manuscript. James
Sanders and Rebecca Scott offered equally close and constructive readings, as did
two anonymous readers for Oxford University Press.
Susan Ferber encouraged this project from early on and improved it tremen-
dously with her sharp editorial eye. I am grateful on both counts.
Throughout my years of studying this subject I have been energized and in-
spired by the activists and organizers that I have been privileged to meet. My re-
spect and admiration to the following: in Argentina, Carmen Platero; in Brazil,
Nelson Arruda, Benedita da Silva, Ivair Augusto Alves dos Santos, Carlos Antônio
Medeiros, Dulce Pereira, Hélio Santos, Maria de Lourdes Siqueira, Maria Apare-
cida Silva Bento Teixeira, and the late Hamilton Cardoso; in Colombia, Alexander
Cifuentes; in Costa Rica, Mitzi Barley and Quince Duncan; and in Uruguay, Mar-
garita Méndez, Tomás Olivera, Beatriz Ramírez, Amanda Rorra, Romero Ro-
dríguez, and, sorely missed, the late Ruben Galloza.
I have the great good fortune to work with lively and good-hearted colleagues.
Warm thanks for their friendship and support to Bill Chase, Seymour Drescher,
Janelle Greenberg, Maurine Weiner Greenwald, Van Beck Hall, Marcus Rediker,
Rob Ruck, Hal Sims, Bruce Venarde, and the late, lamented Michael Jiménez.
My beloved children, Lena, Jesse, and Eve, walked with me every step of the
way, helping to keep it real. Let me hear your Spartan spirit!
Words cannot express my debt to Roye Werner—cunning researcher, brilliant
reader and writer, gifted analyst of people and their behavior, and, despite all that,
an indefatigable optimist. Life with her is a blessing.
Finally, dear reader, none of this would have any point at all were it not for you.
Welcome, please read on, and thank you so much for coming.
 ❂
CONTENTS

Maps, xi

Introduction, 3

Chapter 1
1800, 11

Chapter 2
“An Exterminating Bolt of Lightning”:
The Wars for Freedom, 1810–1890, 53

Chapter 3
“Our New Citizens, the Blacks”:
The Politics of Freedom, 1810–1890, 85

Chapter 4
“A Transfusion of New Blood”: Whitening, 1880–1930, 117

Chapter 5
Browning and Blackening, 1930–2000, 153

Chapter 6
Into the Twenty-First Century: 2000 and Beyond, 191

Appendix: Population Counts, 1800–2000, 203

Glossary, 209

Notes, 213

Selected Bibliography, 247

Index, 275
This page intentionally left blank
 ATLANTIC
OCEAN
MEXICO Havana
DOMINICAN
Mexico CUBA REPUBLIC
City PUERTO RICO
Santo San Juan
HONDURAS
Domingo
NICARAGUA
GUATEMALA
San José Caracas
EL SALVADOR

COSTA RICA VENEZUELA

PANAMA Bogotá
Panama
City COLOMBIA

Quito
ECUADOR

Recife
PERU
BRAZIL
Lima Salvador

La Paz
BOLIVIA

Rio de Janeiro
PARAGUAY
PACIFIC
Sao
São Paulo
OCEAN Asunción

CHILE ARGENTINA
Santiago URUGUAY
Buenos Montevideo
Aires
Percent black and mulatto
0–4
5–14
15–29
30–49
50–74
75–100
No data
Not mapped

map 1. Afro-Latin America, 1800. Credit for all maps: William Nelson.
 ATLANTIC
OCEAN
MEXICO Havana
DOMINICAN
Mexico CUBA REPUBLIC
City PUERTO RICO
Santo San Juan
HONDURAS
Domingo
NICARAGUA
GUATEMALA
San José Caracas
EL SALVADOR

COSTA RICA VENEZUELA

PANAMA Bogotá
Panama
City
COLOMBIA

Quito
ECUADOR

Recife
PERU
BRAZIL
Lima Salvador

La Paz
BOLIVIA

Rio de Janeiro
PARAGUAY
PACIFIC
São Paulo
Sao
OCEAN Asunción

CHILE ARGENTINA
Santiago URUGUAY
Buenos Montevideo
Aires
Percent black and mulatto
0–4
5–14
15–29
30–49
50–74
75–100
No data
Not mapped

map 2. Afro-Latin America, 1900.

 ATLANTIC
OCEAN
MEXICO Havana
DOMINICAN
Mexico CUBA REPUBLIC
City PUERTO RICO
Santo San Juan
HONDURAS
Domingo
NICARAGUA
GUATEMALA
San José Caracas
EL SALVADOR

COSTA RICA VENEZUELA

PANAMA Bogotá
Panama
City COLOMBIA
Quito
ECUADOR

Recife
PERU
BRAZIL
Lima Salvador

La Paz Brasilia
Brasília
BOLIVIA

Rio de Janeiro
PACIFIC PARAGUAY
São Paulo
OCEAN Asunción

CHILE ARGENTINA
Santiago URUGUAY
Buenos Montevideo
Aires
Percent black and mulatto
0–4
5–14
15–29
30–49
50–74
75–100
No data
Not mapped

map 3. Afro-Latin America, 2000.

This page intentionally left blank
AFRO-LATIN AMERICA, 1800–2000
This page intentionally left blank
 ❂ 1

INTRODUCTION

“New Census Shows Hispanics Now Even with Blacks,” the headline proclaimed.
Documenting a profound shift in the racial and ethnic composition of American
society, the 2000 census of the United States showed that, as a result of continuing
immigration from Latin America, during the 1990s the national Hispanic popu-
lation had grown by more than 60 percent. For the first time ever, the country’s
35.3 million Hispanic residents now slightly exceeded the black population of 34.7
million.1
Quietly elided in such a report is the fact that “blacks” and “Hispanics” are not
necessarily separate groups. In the nations of Latin America, people of African
ancestry are an estimated one-quarter of the total population. Indeed, the heart
of the New World African diaspora lies not north of the border, in the United
States, but south. During the period of slavery, ten times as many Africans came
to Spanish and Portuguese America (5.7 million) as to the United States
(560,000). By the end of the 1900s, Afro-Latin Americans outnumbered Afro-
North Americans by three to one (110 million and 35 million, respectively) and
formed, on average, almost twice as large a proportion of their respective popula-
tions (22 percent in Latin America, 12 percent in the United States).2
Especially as ties of immigration, commerce, tourism, and culture bind the
two regions ever more closely together, it seems obvious that we need histories of
Latin America’s African diaspora comparable to those of the United States’s
African diaspora.3 This book is an effort to provide such a history.
I first encountered the term “Afro-Latin America” in the late 1970s, in articles
by two political scientists, Anani Dzidzienyo and Pierre-Michel Fontaine.4 It
struck me as a brilliant coinage. Latin American writers and intellectuals had long
been referring to their fellow citizens of African ancestry as Afro-Brazilians, Afro-
Cubans, Afro-Venezuelans, and so on;5 from this usage the concept of a larger,
transregional category of Afro-Latin Americans followed naturally. To the best of
 4 AFRO-LATIN AMERICA

my knowledge, however, no one before Dzidzienyo and Fontaine had thought to

transform plural Afro-Brazilians or Afro-Cubans into a singular Afro-Brazil or
Afro-Cuba, let alone an all-embracing Afro-Latin America.6
Fontaine used the term to “designate all regions of Latin America where signif-
icant groups of people of known African ancestry are found.”7 This requires some
further definition, starting with “Latin America.” In keeping with customary
usage both in that region and in the United States, I define Latin America as that
group of American nations ruled from the 1500s through the 1800s by Spain or
Portugal. Note that this leaves out the English- and French-speaking Caribbean
countries, such as Jamaica, Haiti, and Barbados. These countries are very much
part of the New World African diaspora, and their proximity to the islands of the
Spanish Caribbean (Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico), to Central
America, and to northern South America involves them directly in the history of
the region. But for the purposes of this study, they do not form part of Afro-Latin
America.
The second term requiring definition is “significant.” Fontaine clearly meant
this is in a quantitative or numerical sense but did not specify numbers. In this
book I have set the threshold of “significance” at people of African ancestry con-
stituting 5–10 percent (or more) of the population for that region or nation to be-
come part of Afro-Latin America. This seems to be the level at which “blackness”
becomes a visible element in systems of social stratification and inequality, and at
which African-based culture—patterns of sociability and group expression—be-
comes a visible part of national life.
People of African ancestry are not the only ones who live in Afro-Latin Amer-
ica, of course. Whites, Indians, Asians, and racially mixed people live there, too,
often (and since 1900, almost always) outnumbering the black population.
Whether majority or minority, however, the black presence marks a specific his-
torical experience shared by almost all the societies of Afro-Latin America: the ex-
perience of plantation agriculture and African slavery. As the citizens of present-
day Afro-Latin America struggle to escape the economic heritage of poverty and
dependency left by plantation agriculture, they do so under the shadow of the so-
cial heritage of racial and class inequality left by slavery. This requires them to de-
fine their relationship to “blackness,” the most visible and obvious indicator of
low social status. They must also decide whether, and to what degree, they wish to
participate in forms of black cultural expression that have long been regarded by
local and national elites as primitive and barbaric but have increasingly formed
the basis of popular and mass culture in the region. All of these make the African
inheritance of the plantation zones, and the issues of race and “blackness,” as in-
escapable for the white, mestizo, and Indian inhabitants of Afro-Latin America as
for those of African ancestry.
 INTRODUCTION 5

Fontaine’s definition also implies movement and change in the boundaries of

Afro-Latin America over time. Afro-Latin America is not a fixed or immutable
entity; rather, it ebbs and flows, though the tendency has clearly been for it to con-
tract over time. Countries that in 1800 were majority black and mulatto—such as
Brazil, Cuba, and Puerto Rico—by 1900 or 2000 no longer were so. Other coun-
tries that in 1800 had formed part of Afro-Latin America—such as Argentina,
Mexico, and Peru—by 1900 or 2000 were no longer part of the region, as their
black and mulatto populations fell below the 5 percent threshold. This is not to
say that people of African ancestry disappeared from those countries or ceased to
exist. Their absolute numbers, in fact, may even be greater today than they were in
1800 (though the lack of racial census data in those countries makes it impossible
to prove this point). And while, for example, Mexico and Peru as a whole no
longer qualify for inclusion in Afro-Latin America, specific subregions where
black populations remain heavily concentrated—such as the coastal states of Ve-
racruz and Guerrero in Mexico, and Ica in Peru—still do.8
Why has the proportional representation of the black population tended to
decline throughout the region over time? Part of the explanation can be found in
material causes: higher death rates and lower life expectancies for blacks than for
whites, European immigration into the region, and other factors. But declines in
the percentages of Latin Americans who identify themselves or are considered by
others to be “black” had cultural causes as well, and these causes center on the
third key term that Fontaine left unspecified: What constitutes a group, or for that
matter a person, “of known African ancestry”? Even in the United States, answer-
ing this question has become more complex and difficult in recent years. In Latin
America, where racial boundaries have historically been much more fluid and
flexible than in the United States, the complexities and ambiguities of a person’s
racial identity are greater still. Racial markers—skin color, hair, facial features—
are not necessarily conclusive in Latin America, where economic success and
other forms of upward mobility can “whiten” dark-skinned people in ways that
were not the case in the United States.9
How then do we “know” who in Latin America is of African ancestry and who
is not? We “know” simply by accepting what natives of the region tell us. Any in-
dividuals described by themselves or by others as “black” (negro or, in Brazil,
preto) or “brown” (pardo) or “mulatto” will be considered, for the purposes of this
study, to be “of known African ancestry.”10
Such a procedure has several possible drawbacks. Some may question
whether racially mixed pardos are really “of known African ancestry.” The very
concept of “brownness” indicates that Latin Americans draw a distinction be-
tween people of mixed and unmixed African ancestry and see them as separate
groups. To lump them into a single “black” category is in effect to impose North
Other documents randomly have
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 INDIAN CLUBS.
Champagne Shape.
Plain. Polished.
1 lb. per pair ... 1/0 1/1
2 ,, ,, ... 1/3 1/6
3 ,, ,, ... 1/10 2/2
4 ,, ,, ... 2/0 2/9
5 ,, ,, ... 2/3 3/0
6 ,, ,, ... 2/6 3/3
7 ,, ,, ... 3/0 4/0
8 ,, ,, ... 3/3 4/6
9 ,, ,, ... 3/9 5/0
10 ,, ,, ... 4/3 5/6
12 ,, ,, ... 5/0 6/0

SCEPTRES.
No. 0 ... per pair 1/0
,, 1 ... ,, 1/3
,, 2 ... ,, 1/6
,, 3 ... ,, 1/9

DISC BAR-BELLS.
Are of highly polished steel 1 in. diameter Discs
specially cast with rounded edges which are
more easily picked up than the old-fashioned
square edged ones, do not injure floors, carpets
or mats, also give a better finish to the complete
bell. Can be weighted as follows.
No. 1 from 5 lbs. to 95 lbs. Price 24/6
,, 2 ,, 10 lbs. to 150 lbs. ,, 33/6
,, 3 ,, 5 lbs. to 215 lbs. ,, 42/0
 WOOD RINGS.
4 in. outside diameter ... 3/0 per doz.
5½ ,, ,, ... 5/0 ,,
6 ,, ,, ... 6/0 ,,
8 ,, ,, ... 8/0 ,,

WOOD BAR-BELLS.
No. 1. 36 in., Polished, per doz ... 10/0
,, 2. 42 ,, ,, ,, ... 10/6
,, 3. 48 ,, ,, ,, ... 12/0
,, 4. 54 ,, ,, ,, ... 18/0
,, 5. 60 ,, ,, ,, ... 24/0
 THE LOOP DEVELOPER.
Made of the finest spring steel, tempered by a
special process, the slightest pressure works the
handles, so that the pectorals and other muscles
of the chest are put in tension in a manner
extremely beneficial to the user. There is no need
for any tearing, jerking, or straining. The Magic
Ring provides precisely the degree of resistance
the exerciser desires.

Price 12/6
Size A.
Ladies’ or Gent’s.
The Athlete’s Loop.
Harrods’ price, 6/3 each. Supply limited.
 “Pelmon”
No. S G 142.
The Illustration gives a good
idea of the neatness and
compactness of the “Pelmon”
Spring Grips. Get a pair in your
hands, and you will at once
recognise their many points of
superiority over other forms of
hand “Exercisers.”
4/0 per pair.

MUSICAL WANDS.
No. 1, 36 in., 4/6; No. 2, 42 in., 5/6;
No. 3, 48 in., 6/0; No. 4, 54 in., 7/6 per doz.

MUSICAL DUMB-BELLS.
0/5 per pair.

WOOD DUMB-BELLS.
Polished, 0/5½, 0/7, 0/10 per pair.
Book on Indian Clubs, 0/5 each.
[432]

FENCING EQUIPMENT, BOXING GLOVES.

FOILS.
Fencing Foils, curved handles, strong per
mounts ... ... pair 5/0
Ditto, Military, white and black handles ... ... ,, 8/0
Ditto, French pattern, heavy steel
mounts ... ... ,, 6/6
Ditto, black handle, French pattern, steel mounts and
Interchangeable Blades ,, 9/0
Blades for above ... ... ... ,, 3/0

RAPIERS

RAPIERS.
Best French Blades, with button, and concave and
convex handles, nickel mounts, as above illustration,
21/6 per pair. Blades for above, 3/6 each.
 ITALIAN PATTERN FOILS.

Italian pattern Foils, best quality blades, nickel mounts; the blades
screw into the pummels, and are therefore easily interchanged. 18/6
per pair.
Blades for above, 4/9 per pair.
 F H AYRES Ltd

JACKETS.
Men’s French Pattern, Leather front ... each 12/6
Men’s French Pattern, Canvas ... each 8/6
Men’s French Pattern, Tan Leather ... each 25/0
Military Pattern, White Drill, padded with Canvas ... each 17/0
LADIES’ JACKETS.
French Pattern, Canvas and Leather ... each 13/6
Ladies’ Jackets kept in stock.
FOIL CASES.
Waterproof Brown Canvas, to take single foils, 2/6; to
take a pair, 3/6; to take 2 foils and mask, 9/6.
 HELMETS.
Cane, padded and bound real leather, 8/6 per pair;
strong Wire, lace faces, 15/6 pair. Ditto with head
covers and ears, 24/6 pair. Best Indestructible Hand-
twisted Wire, with hide head covers and throat
protectors, 30/0 per pair. As illustration. Same as used
at Aldershot, per pair 38/0.
 No. S G 256.
MASKS. Best wire,
Mask, best twisted twisted small mesh,
wire, to cover face, to cover face, ears
ears and head, and forehead,
fitted with throat 6/0 pair.
protector, as
illustration. Suitable
for Foils, Epées or
Swords, each 5/6

QUARTER-STAFF EQUIPMENT.

Best English Ash Quarter-Staffs, 8/9 pair.

Bamboo do. (selected male), 9/3 pair.
Lance Pads, with bamboo shaft and sling,
24/6
Leg Guards to thigh, 19/0 each.
Gauntlet for quarter-staff practice, 6/10

NEW REGULATION BAYONET

FENCING EQUIPMENT.
Consisting of canvas jacket, pads, and
pair of gloves, per set for one man, 25/6
Col. G. M. Fox’s Spring Bayonet, each
33/0
Ditto Latest short pattern, each 43/0
 GAUNTLETS.
Black Kid. Patent Leather, Stiff Gauntlet, 4/3;
Chamois Leather, Stiff Gauntlet, 2/6.
RAPIER GLOVES.
Black Kid, padded, each 3/6
SWORD-GAUNTLETS.
Buckskin glove, slightly stuffed, with leather arm guard.
each 7/3.

FENCING SHOES.
Ladies or Gents’, French made, 8/6 pair.
 SINGLESTICKS.
Singlesticks, per doz. 1/9 Wicker Baskets,
per doz. Cane 4/9 ditto, per doz. 7/0
ITALIAN PATTERN SWORDS.
Each 11/6 Lead Cutting Sword, with
Scabbard, Price 35/0 each.
ELBOW-GUARDS.
Each 1/6
ROUND CAST SHOT.
For “Putting the Shot.” per shot of 16 lb. 4/0
SLEDGE HAMMER.
For Throwing, 16 lb., each 5/0
STILTS.
With adjustable brackets, per pair 5/6
PLASTRONS.
Each 9/6
 BOXING GLOVES

No. S G 246. Men’s American Pattern

Tan Cape, laced palms with grip bar,
stuffed horse hair,
per set 10/6
Men’s Gold Cape, stuffed hair, tan
palms,
per set 7/6
Boys’ and Youths’ Gloves, 6/6 set.
Frank Bryan CHAMPION BOXING GLOVE
No. S G 247. “Imperial”
Champion, per set of 4 19/0
Improved 17/6; Youths 16/6.
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Registered Nos. 25993 and
34795. Specially designed for
(under instructions from the
committee) and used in Olympic
Games, 1908.
Per set 14/6
 No. S G 248. The Lonsdale Glove.
These Boxing Gloves embody several
improvements upon those of the ordinary
patterns. The bar across the fingers offers
a good firm grip to the hand when closed,
and the opening in the palm has been
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fitting. No. 1, best quality gold Cape
throughout, finest curled horse-hair
stuffed, padded wrist-band, per set 15/0
[433]

EXERCISERS, DUMB-BELLS. Etc.

 FRANK BRYANS
ATROPO REGd
THE ATROPO REGd
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Complete with strong and effective Swivel
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Price, complete with Punch Ball, 36/6
 F.H.AYRES
IMPROVED HYDRAULIC SCULLING EXERCISER.
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No. S G 707. SANDOW’S SPRING-GRIP DUMB-BELLS.

A Revolution in Dumb-bells. The springs can be
removed or added instantly to suit the strength
of the student. Complete with Chart and
Polishing Cloth in Box. Nickel-plated and
Polished. Children’s, 5/0; Girls’ and Boys’, 7/6;
Ladies’ and Youths’, 10/6; Gents’, 12/6 pair,
Gents’ Black Enameled, 7/6 pair.
 Sandow’s Developer
IMPROVED MODEL 1912
AS BODY EXERCISER
AS CHEST EXPANDER
AS WALL EXERCISER
THREE · · · EXERCISERS · · · IN ONE
No. S G 706.

Invented by Eugen Sandow (the greatest living

authority on Physical Culture), and as used in all
the Sandow Schools of Physical Culture. The New
Model Sandow Developer is a vast improvement
on the old pattern, for in addition to the old
methods of using it, by a special device this can
now be attached to the feet, and so used in the
most confined space ... This is a feature which
Mr. Sandow has long sought to make practicable.
The six strands are now of equal length, and
the Developer handles have three loops, so that
it will make a perfect Chest Expander of from
one to six strands. Price 12/6.
SANDOW’S EMBROCATION, 2/6 Tube. SANDOW’S CHILD’S
DEVELOPER, 8/6.
 THE “PRESIDENT” PORTABLE.
Tarr’s Patent, No. 24318
Can be used either indoors or
outdoors. Adjustable for all
heights. Can be taken to pieces
and stowed away when not in use.
Price, complete with Ball, 60/0
 PUNCHING BALLS. No. S G 108.
The support has no spring, but is
set firmly into the iron base, which,
having a rounded bottom, permits
of the necessary oscillation. It
possesses an advantage over the
usual type of bag owing to the fact
that it is impossible to gauge the
direction in which the ball will
return, and every blow struck
causes a change in the direction.
Price 38/6
 PUNCHING BALLS.
With Rubber Cords for fixing to Floor and
Ceiling 7/3 9/6 11/6 13/0 17/0 21/0
each.

THE ARMY PUNCH BALL.

To hang from ceiling only ... 14/6 each.

PUNCH BALL GLOVES,

2/9 pair.
 The Sandell-Gray FIGURE TRAINER
A REVOLUTION IN PHYSICAL APPLIANCES
Wall Exercisers, Developers, Dumb-bells, Indian
Clubs, &c.,
Obsolete by Comparison.
Includes a 3 Months’ Course of Selected
Movements to Cure, Remove, or Improve:
Obesity, Weak chest, Stunted Growth,
Constipation, Indigestion, Lung and Stomach
Trouibles, etc.
NO WALL OR OTHER SUPPORT NEEDED
ATTACHES TO USERS BODY DIRECT
CREATES AN ERECT FIGURE
PATENTED IN TEN COUNTRIES.
Makes Graceful Women & Symmetrical Men
Attaches direct to the body, obviating the
use of screws and damage to doors, etc.
Can be used in the most limited space, is
therefore ideal for travelling use. The “S.-
G.” is adjustable to the height and
strength of the user, and is made in two
grades, “Lady’s” and “Gent’s,” which
please specify, as a separate and distinct
Course of Instruction is supplied with
each apparatus. Price 12/6.
 TERRY’S PATENT
TERRY’S STEEL SPRING EXPANDERS.
These expanders are highly finished and made from
best quality spring steel, and tested. They will not
perish and their elasticity is always retained. They have
an even pull, and the shape and improvements of the
handles exercise the muscles of the hands and wrists
independent of the exerciser itself.
No. 1. Ladies’, Girls’ & Boys’ single 2/6 ... double 6/0
No. 2. Men’s ,, 2/9 ... ,, 6/6
No. 3. Men’s Strong ,, 3/0 ... ,, 7/3
No. 4. Athletes’ ,, 4/3 ... ,, 9/3
 Sandow’s Symmetrion.
12/6
SYMMETRY OF FORM
GRACEFUL CARRIAGE
No. S G 708 SANDOW’S SYMMETRION
LADY’S EXERCISER.
Specially designed by Eugen Sandow for
producing symmetry of form. In Case
complete, with Chart of Exercises, 12/6
net.
 WHITELY EXERCISERS.
Ladies’ 3/6 Gents’ 4/6 Athletes 5/6
Ryan Combination, Exerciser.
Ordinary strength 8/3;
Extra strong, 10/0
Single Strand Expanders 1/0, 1/3, 1/6, 1/9
Silk Covered Elastic Expanders, 2/11, 3/11, 5/6

WHITELY DETACHABLE DOOR HOOKS.

For attaching the “Whitely” Exercisers to
any door.
No screws required for fixing. Cannot
injure the door. Self-adjusting. Nickel-
plated. Per pair, 1/3

THE EMPIRE GRIP-HANDLE.

For attaching to any Exerciser—or for use
separately, 1/2 per pair.
 THE FLEXIBLE DEVELOPER.
We claim for this Grip Developer that it is
positively unique and absolutely the very
best on the market on account of its
simplicity and adaptability to either sex
and all ages. I. It has a perfect parallel
grip. II. The screws cannot fall out. III.
There are only two springs to deal with.
IV. It is shaped to the hand and compact
in form. V. Being only 1-lb. in weight it is
suitable for either sex and most ages
(carrying out the dictum that weight is no
object). Price, Ladies’ or Gents’, 7/6.
Boys’ or Girls’, 5/0. Complete with Chart
of Exercises.
[434]

SPORTS DEPARTMENT.
COMPENDIUMS OF GAMES.
No. S G 64. THE FALL FRONT
COMBINATION SET OF GAMES.
Containing Staunton Chess, Draughts, and
Dominoes, Backgammon, Leather
Combination Race and Chessboard, Set of
Boxwood Table Croquet, Bridge, Halma,
Whist, Reversi, Cribbage, Bezique,
Euchre, Ecarte, and other games,
complete with illustrated book of
instructions.
In mahogany, £7 10 0; rosewood, £8 5 0
 No. S G 65.
THE PARLOUR COMBINATION OF GAMES
No. 1. Middle combination, containing 10
games. Race, Go-Bang, Ton-Ton, Snail, Expert
Angler, Fox and Geese, Skittles, Pope Joan,
German Tactics, Solitaire 14/0
No. 2. Large combination, containing 14
games; Croquet, Race Game, Ton-Ton, Go-Bang,
Expert Angler, Snail, Trails, Puff and Dart,
German Tactics, Solitaire, Fox and Geese, Aunt
Sally, Star Ringolette, Skittles 22/9
No. 3. Polished combination, same as
preceding, but with superior fittings 42/0
No. S G 66. WINGED COMPENDIUM OF GAMES
containing Backgammon, Chess, Draughts,
Dominoes, Race Game, Cribbage, Whist,
Bezique, Bridge, and Bell and Hammer, with
illustrated book of instructions. The fittings are of
boxwood and ebony. Pine, 43/0; stained
rosewood, 46/0; mahogany, 55/0; walnut,
64/0; mahogany 70/0
 CHESSMEN

No. S G 67. THE STAUNTON CHESSMEN.

The original and only genuine models.
Ebony and boxwood, loaded with lead,
superior finished, in mahogany case. Base
of king 1¾ in. diameter: height, 3½ in.,
21/0 set. Ebony and boxwood, loaded
with lead, small size club, in mahogany
case. Base of king 1⅞ in. diameter;
height, 3⅞ in., 32/0 set.
Ebony and boxwood, loaded with lead,
club size, in mahogany case. Base of king,
2 in. diameter; height, 4¼ in., 42/0 set.
St. George’s pattern, 1/10, 2/6, 3/3,
5/0 per set; Staunton pattern, boxwood,
and ebonized 6/0, 7/9, 9/3, 11/0,
13/6 per set; ditto loaded bases, 9/0,
10/0, 13/0, 16/0 per set.
No. S G 13. The “In Statu Quo” Chess
Board. The “In Statu Quo” chess board is
so contrived that the game may at any
time be discontinued, and the board
folded and placed in its case without the
chessmen being disturbed. Polished
mahogany board, with bone men,
complete in leather case, 25/0

No. S G. 37. POCKET CHESS.

Leather, 2/11, 4/11, 7/6; Crocodile, 10/6
 No. S G 68. FLAT COMPENDIUM OF GAMES
No. 1. The School Prize, containing Halma,
Reversi, Trails, Dominoes, Race, Draughts,
Solitaire, Snail, German Tactics, Fox and Geese
7/6
No, 2. Mahogany, containing 10 games, viz.: Go-
Bang, Chess, Draughts, Dominoes, Race Game,
Cribbage, Bezique, Whist, Spoil-Five and Pope
Joan, with book of instructions 10/6
No. 3. Mahogany, containing 10 games, viz.:
Backgammon, Chess, Draughts, Cribbage,
Bezique, Whist, Spoil-Five, Dominoes, Race
Game and Pope Joan, with book of instructions
15/0
No. 4, Mahogany, containing 14 games, viz.:
Backgammon, Chess, Draughts, Dominoes, Race
Game, Bezique, Whist, Cribbage, Spoil-Five, Go-
Bang, German Tactics, Solitaire, Fox and Geese,
Snail Game, with book of instructions 23/6
No. 5. Mahogany, containing 11 games, viz.:
Chess, Draughts, Backgammon, Dominoes, Race
Game, Bezique, Whist, Cribbage, Spoil-Five,
Spellicans, Pope Joan, with book of instructions
31/0
 No. S G 69. FOLDING LAP CHESS.
Polished mahogany, 8 in. square ... 9/9
,, ,, 10 in. ,, ... 14/0
,, ,, 12 in. ,, ... 17/6

No. S G 70. DOMINOES, in slide lid

boxes. Double sixes, 0/10, 1/6, 2/6,
4/6, 5/6 per set. Double nines, 2/3,
2/6, 4/6, 6/6 per set.
Fall Front Sets, as illustration. Double
sixes, 4/3, 5/6 per set. Double nines,
6/9, 7/9 per set.

No. S G 4. DRIMP. If you can play

Draughts you can play Drimp, it’s easier
than Chess. It has character pieces of
distinct value, viz.: King, Prince, Duke,
Earl, Lord, Bart, Knight, Esq., Nobody,
2/6, 4/11
 No. S G 71.
FOLDING CHESS OR DRAUGHT BOARDS.
12 14 16 18 20 22 in.
Black and buff square ... 1/6, 1/10, 2/6, 3/6, 4/11, 6/11
Red and buff square ... 2/6, 2/11, 4/0, 5/3, 6/3, 8/0
BEST CLUB BOARDS. French Polished.
No. 1. 14 in. each 11/0 No. 4. 20 in. each 18/0
,, 2. 16 in. ,, 13/0 ,, 5. 22 in. ,, 21/0
,, 3. 18 in. ,, 16/0 ,, 6. 24 in. ,, 24/0

No. S G 72. BACKGAMMON BOARDS.

Size 15 in. 18 in.
First quality, 11/6 15/6
Second quality, 6/6 9/0
Third quality, 5/0 7/6
With two dice cups only.
No. S G 73 THE “AILSA” DOMINOE CASE.
Lettered in script “Dominoes.” With
watered silk head. With a set of double-
sixes bone dominoes, best finish, one
scoring block with pencil, and a “Pocket
Guide to Dominoes,” by Jar. French
Morocco, 16/6 each; morocco, 18/6
each; best crushed morocco, 22/6 each.

S G 74. THE BRITISH DOMINOE.

British Manufacture. Made in one solid
piece of ebonite. Spots cannot wear off.
No rivets to scratch the table or tear the
cloth. The colour does not change or get
yellow. Will last a lifetime, Complete in
box, 2/9 per set.
[435]
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