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Diagnosis Tblshtg of Auto Elect Electronic Systs 6th ed.
Edition J. Halderman Digital Instant Download
Author(s): J. Halderman, et. al.
ISBN(s): 9780132552202, 0132552205
Edition: 6th ed.
File Details: PDF, 41.02 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
DIAGNOSIS AND TROUBLESHOOTING
OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL,
ELECTRONIC, AND COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
S I X T H E D I T I O N

James D. Halderman
Editorial Director: Vernon Anthony Senior Art Director: Diane Ernsberger
Acquisitions Editor: Wyatt Morris Text and Cover Designer: Anne DeMarinis
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Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson
Education, 1 Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved.
Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright,
and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction,
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photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work,
please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, Pearson
Education, 1 Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.

Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed
as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a
trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 10: 0-13-255155-1

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-255155-7
 PREFACE
PROFESSIONAL TECHNICIAN SERIES Part of Pearson NATEF CORRELATED NATEF certified programs need to
Automotive’s Professional Technician Series, the sixth edition demonstrate that they use course material that covers NATEF
of Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical, tasks. All Professional Technician textbooks have been cor-
Electronic, and Computer Systems represents the future of au- related to the appropriate NATEF task lists. These correlations
tomotive textbooks. The series is a full-color, media-integrated can be found in an appendix to each book.
solution for today’s students and instructors. The series includes
textbooks that cover all 8 areas of ASE certification, plus addi- A COMPLETE INSTRUCTOR AND STUDENT SUPPLE-
tional titles covering common courses.
Current revisions are written by a team of very experienced
MENTS PACKAGE All Professional Technician textbooks
are accompanied by a full set of instructor and student supple-
writers and teachers. The series is also peer reviewed for technical
ments. Please see page vi for a detailed list of supplements.
accuracy.

UPDATES TO THE SIXTH EDITION A FOCUS ON DIAGNOSIS AND PROBLEM SOLVING

The Professional Technician Series has been developed to
 All content is correlated to the latest NATEF tasks. satisfy the need for a greater emphasis on problem diagnosis.
 A dramatic, new full-color design enhances the subject Automotive instructors and service managers agree that stu-
material. dents and beginning technicians need more training in diagnos-
 One entirely new chapter Electronic Throttle Control tic procedures and skill development. To meet this need and
Systems (chapter 36). demonstrate how real-world problems are solved, “Real World
Fix” features are included throughout and highlight how real-life
 Greatly expanded coverage on circuit testers (chapter 6),
problems are diagnosed and repaired.
lighting and signalling (chapter 21) and oxygen sensors
The following pages highlight the unique core features that
(chapter 32).
set the Professional Technician Series book apart from other
 Over 40 new color photos and line drawings have been automotive textbooks.
added to this edition.
 Content has been streamlined for easier reading and
comprehension.
 This text is fully integrated with MyAutomotiveKit, an online
supplement for homework, quizzing, testing, multimedia
activities, and videos.
 Unlike other textbooks, this book is written so that the
theory, construction, diagnosis, and service of a particu-
lar component or system is presented in one location.
There is no need to search through the entire book for
other references to the same topic.

P REF A C E iii
 IN-TEXT FEATURES
chapter SERVICE INFORMATION, SAFETY TIP
TOOLS, AND SAFETY
1
Shop Cloth Disposal
OBJECTIVES: After studying Chapter 1, the reader will be able to: • Understand the ASE knowledge content for vehicle
identification and the proper use of tools and shop equipment. • Retrieve vehicle service information. • Identify the strength
ratings of threaded fasteners. • Describe how to safely hoist a vehicle. • Discuss how to safely use hand tools. • Identify the
personal protective equipment (PPE) that all service technicians should wear. • Describe what tool is the best to use for each
Always dispose of oily shop cloths in an enclosed
container to prevent a fire.  SEE FIGURE 1-69.
job. • Explain the difference between the brand name (trade name) and the proper name for tools. • Explain how to maintain
hand tools. • Discuss how to safely use power tools. • Identify the precautions that should be followed when working on
hybrid electric vehicles.
KEY TERMS: Adjustable wrench 8 • Bench grinders 21 • Bolts 4 • Box-end wrench 8 • Breaker bar 9 • Bump cap 21
• Calibration codes 2 • Campaign 4 • Casting number 2 • Cheater bar 11 • Chisels 16 • Combination wrench 8 • Drive sizes
9 • Extensions 9 • Eye wash station 29 • Files 15 • Fire blanket 28 • Fire extinguisher classes 28 • GAWR 2 • Grade 5
Whenever oily cloths are thrown together on the floor
• GVWR 2 • Hacksaws 16 • Hammers 12 • Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) 30 • Light-emitting diode (LED) 19 • Line
wrench 8 • Metric bolts 4 • Nuts 6 • Open-end wrench 7 • personal protective equipment (PPE) 21 • Pinch weld seam 24
• Pitch 4 • Pliers 13 • Punches 15 • Ratchet 9 • Recall 4 • Screwdrivers 11 • Snips 15 • Socket 9 • Socket
or workbench, a chemical reaction can occur, which
adapter 11 • Spontaneous combustion 23 • SST 19 • Stud 4 • Tensile strength 6 • Trouble light 19 • TSB 3 • UNC 4
• UNF 4 • Universal joint 9 • VECI 2 • VIN 1 • Washers 7 • Wrenches 7
can ignite the cloth even without an open flame. This
VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION



The sixth character is the body style.
The seventh character is the restraint system.
process of ignition without an open flame is called
The eighth character is often the engine code. (Some
spontaneous combustion.


engines cannot be determined by the VIN.)

MAKE, MODEL, AND YEAR All service work requires that
the vehicle and its components be properly identified. The most  The tenth character represents the year on all vehicles.
common identification is the make, model, and year of the vehicle.  SEE CHART 1–2.
Make: e.g., Chevrolet
Model: e.g., Impala
Year: e.g., 2008

VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER The model year of

SAFETY TIPS
the vehicle is often difficult to determine exactly. A model may be
introduced as the next year’s model as soon as January of the
previous year. Typically, a new model year starts in September
or October of the year prior to the actual new year, but not
alert students to possible hazards on the job
always. This is why the vehicle identification number, usually
abbreviated VIN, is so important.  SEE FIGURE 1–1.
Since 1981, all vehicle manufacturers have used a VIN
and how to avoid them.
that is 17 characters long. Although every vehicle manufacturer
assigns various letters or numbers within these 17 characters,
there are some constants, including:
 The first number or letter designates the country of origin.
 SEE CHART 1–1. FIGURE 1–1 Typical vehicle identification number (VIN) as
The fourth and fifth character is the vehicle line/series. viewed through the windshield.
REAL WORLD FIX


SERVICE INFORMATION, TOOLS, AND SAFETY 1

Lightning Damage
A radio failed to work in a vehicle that was outside
OBJECTIVES AND KEY TERMS appear during a thunderstorm. The technician checked the
at the beginning of each chapter to help students fuses and verified that power was reaching the ra-
and instructors focus on the most important dio. Then the technician noticed the antenna. It had
material in each chapter. The chapter objectives been struck by lightning. Obviously, the high voltage
are based on specific ASE and NATEF tasks. from the lightning strike traveled to the radio receiver
and damaged the circuits. Both the radio and the
antenna were replaced to correct the problem.
 SEE FIGURE 26–26.
TECH TIP

Hide Those from the Boss

REAL WORLD FIXES present students with actual auto-
An apprentice technician started working for a deal-
motive service scenarios and show how these common (and
ership and put his top tool box on a workbench.
sometimes uncommon) problems were diagnosed and repaired.
Another technician observed that, along with a com-
plete set of good-quality tools, the box contained

?
several adjustable wrenches. The more experienced
technician said, “Hide those from the boss.” The FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION
boss does not want any service technician to use
adjustable wrenches. If any adjustable wrench is How Many Types of Screw Heads Are Used
used on a bolt or nut, the movable jaw often moves in Automotive Applications?
or loosens and starts to round the head of the fas- There are many, including Torx, hex (also called
tener. If the head of the bolt or nut becomes rounded, Allen), plus many others used in custom vans and
it becomes that much more difficult to remove. motor homes.  SEE FIGURE 1–9.

TECH TIPS feature real-world advice and “tricks of the FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS are based on the
trade” from ASE-certified master technicians. author’s own experience and provide answers to many of the
most common questions asked by students and beginning
service technicians.

iv IN- TEXT FEATUR ES

NOTE: Before applying Ohm’s law, be sure that each unit
of electricity is converted into base units. For example,
10 KΩ should be converted to 10,000 ohms and 10 mA
should be converted into 0.010 A.

SUMMARY
NOTES provide students with additional technical informa- 1. Bolts, studs, and nuts are commonly used as fasteners
in the chassis. The sizes for fractional and metric threads
7. Torque wrenches measure the amount of torque applied to
a fastener.

tion to give them a greater understanding of a task or procedure. are different and are not interchangeable. The grade is the
rating of the strength of a fastener.
2. Whenever a vehicle is raised above the ground, it must be
8. Screwdriver types include straight blade (flat tip), Phillips, and
Torx.
9. Hammers and mallets come in a variety of sizes and weights.
supported at a substantial section of the body or frame. 10. Pliers are a useful tool and are available in many different
3. Wrenches are available in open end, box end, and combi- types, including slip-joint, multigroove, linesman’s, diago-
nation open and box end. nal, needle-nose, and locking pliers.
4. An adjustable wrench should only be used where the 11. Other common hand tools include snap-ring pliers, files,
proper size is not available. cutters, punches, chisels, and hacksaws.
CAUTION: Do not use a screwdriver as a pry tool or 5. Line wrenches are also called flare-nut wrenches, fitting
wrenches, or tube-nut wrenches and are used to remove
12. Hybrid electric vehicles should be de-powered if any of the
high-voltage components are going to be serviced.
fuel or refrigerant lines.
chisel. Screwdrivers use hardened steel only at the tip 6. Sockets are rotated by a ratchet or breaker bar, also called
a flex handle.

and are not designed to be pounded on or used for pry- REVIEW QUESTIONS
ing because they could bend easily. Always use the 1. List three precautions that must be taken whenever hoist-
ing (lifting) a vehicle.
6. What are the other names for a line wrench?
7. What are the standard automotive drive sizes for sockets?
2. Describe how to determine the grade of a fastener, including 8. Which type of screwdriver requires the use of a hammer or
proper tool for each application. how the markings differ between fractional and metric bolts.
3. List four items that are personal protective equipment (PPE).
mallet?
9. What is inside a dead-blow hammer?
4. List the types of fire extinguishers and their usage. 10. What type of cutter is available in left and right cutters?
5. Why are wrenches offset 15 degrees?

CAUTIONS alert students about potential to the vehicle that CHAPTER QUIZ

can occur during a specific task or service procedure. 1. The correct location for the pads when hoisting or jacking
the vehicle can often be found in the ________.
a. Service manual c. Owner’s manual
7. The proper term for Vise-Grip is ________.
a. Locking pliers
b. Slip-joint pliers
c. Side cuts
d. Multigroove adjustable pliers
b. Shop manual d. All of the above 8. Two technicians are discussing torque wrenches. Techni-
2. For the best working position, the work should be ________. cian A says that a torque wrench is capable of tightening a
a. At neck or head level c. Overhead by about 1 foot fastener with more torque than a conventional breaker bar
b. At knee or ankle level d. At chest or elbow level or ratchet. Technician B says that a torque wrench should
3. A high-strength bolt is identified by ________. be calibrated regularly for the most accurate results. Which
a. A UNC symbol c. Strength letter codes technician is correct?
b. Lines on the head d. The coarse threads a. Technician A only
b. Technician B only
4. A fastener that uses threads on both ends is called a
WARNING ________.
a. Cap screw c. Machine screw
c. Both Technicians A and B
d. Neither Technician A nor B
9. What type of screwdriver should be used if there is very
b. Stud d. Crest fastener
limited space above the head of the fastener?
5. When working with hand tools, always ________.
a. Offset screwdriver c. Impact screwdriver
a. Push the wrench—don’t pull it toward you
b. Stubby screwdriver d. Robertson screwdriver
b. Pull a wrench—don’t push it away from you
10. What type of hammer is plastic coated, has a metal casing
6. The proper term for Channel Locks is ________.
inside, and is filled with small lead balls?
a. Vise-Grip
Always use impact sockets with impact wrenches, b. Crescent wrench
c. Locking pliers
a. Dead-blow hammer
b. Soft-blow hammer
c. Sledge hammer
d. Multigroove adjustable pliers
d. Plastic hammer
and always wear eye protection in case the socket
34 CHAPTER 1

or fastener shatters. Input sockets are thicker

walled and constructed with premium alloy steel.
They are hardened with a black oxide finish to THE SUMMARY, REVIEW QUESTIONS,
help prevent corrosion and distinguish them from AND CHAPTER QUIZ at the end of each
regular sockets.  SEE FIGURE 1–57. chapter help students review the material pre-
sented in the chapter and test themselves to see
how much they’ve learned.

WARNINGS alert students to potential dangers to them-

selves during a specific task or service procedure.

HOISTING THE VEHICLE STEP BY STEP

1
The first step in hoisting a vehicle is to properly align
the vehicle in the center of the stall.
2
Most vehicles will be correctly positioned when the left
front tire is centered on the tire pad.
7 Position the pads under the vehicle at the recommended
locations.
8 After being sure all pads are correctly positioned, use
the electromechanical controls to raise the vehicle.

9
With the vehicle raised one foot (30 cm) off the ground, If raising a vehicle without a frame, place the flat

Most lifts are equipped with short pad extensions that

push down on the vehicle to check to see if it is stable
10 pads under the pinch weld seam to spread the

3 4
The arms can be moved in and out and most pads can on the pads. If the vehicle rocks, lower the vehicle and load. If additional clearance is necessary, the pads
be rotated to allow for many different types of vehicle are often necessary to use to allow the pad to contact reset the pads. The vehicle can be raised to any desired can be raised as shown.
construction. the frame of a vehicle without causing the arm of the lift working level. Be sure the safety is engaged before
to hit and damage parts of the body. working on or under the vehicle.

5
Tall pad extensions can also be used to gain access An additional extension may be necessary to hoist a

11
When the service work is completed, the hoist

12
After lowering the vehicle, be sure all arms of the STEP-BY-STEP photo sequences show in
to the frame of a vehicle. This position is needed to
safely hoist many pickup trucks, vans, and sport utility 6 truck or van equipped with running boards to give the
necessary clearance.
should be raised slightly and the safety released
before using the hydraulic lever to lower the
lift are moved out of the way before driving the
vehicle out of the work stall.
vehicles. vehicle.
detail the steps involved in performing a specific
33
32 CHAPT E R 1 SERVICE INFORMATION, TOOLS, AND SAFETY
task or service procedure.

I N -T E X T F EA T U RES v
 SUPPLEMENTS
INSTRUCTOR SUPPLEMENTS The instructor supplement STUDENT SUPPLEMENTS
package has been completely revamped to reflect the needs As a result of extensive student input, Pearson is no longer bind-
of today’s instructors. The all new Online Instructor’s Manual ing CDs into automotive students’ textbooks. Today’s student
(ISBN: 0-13-255156-X) is the cornerstone of the package. has more access to the Internet than ever, so all supplemental
To access supplementary materials online, instruc- materials are downloadable at the following site for no addi-
tors need to request an instructor access code. Go to www tional charge:
.pearsonhighered.com/irc, where you can register for an in-
structor access code. Within 48 hours after registering, you
www.pearsoned.com/autostudent
will receive a confirming e-mail, including an instructor access On the site, students will find:
code. Once you have received your code, go to the site and log  PowerPoint presentations
on for full instructions on downloading the materials you wish  Chapter review questions and quizzes
to use.
Here you will find:
 English and Spanish Glossary

PowerPoint presentations*
 A full Spanish translation of the text

Image Library containing every image in the book for use
in class or customized PowerPoints*
 My Test*
 Chapter Quizzes
 Chapter Review Questions
 English and Spanish Glossary*
 NATEF Correlated task Sheets* (also available as a
printed supplement [ISBN: 0-13-255220-5])
 NATEF/ASE Correlation Charts

* All of these are available for download from www.pearson

highered.com

vi SUPPLEMENTS
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A large number of people and organizations have cooperated Oldrick Hajzler
in providing the reference material and technical information Red River College
used in this text. The author wishes to express sincere thanks Betsy Hoffman
to the following organizations and persons for their special Vermont Technical College
contributions: Jeff Rehkopf
ASE Florida State College
Automotion, Inc. Steven T. Lee
Bill Fulton, Ohio Automotive Technology Lincoln Technical Institute
Dan Marinucci, Communique’ Richard Krieger
Dave Scaler, Mechanic’s Education Association Michigan Institute of Technology
Dr. Norman Nall
Carlton H. Mabe, Sr.
Jim Linder, Linder Technical Services, Inc.
Virginia Western Community College
John Thornton, Autotrain
Mark Warren Roy Marks
Randy Dillman Owens Community College
Rick Escalambre, Skyline College Tony Martin
Jim Morton, Automotive Tranining center (ATC) University of Alaska Southeast
Scot Manna Kerry Meier
San Juan College
Fritz Peacock
TECHNICAL AND CONTENT REVIEWERS The follow- Indiana Vocational Technical College
ing people reviewed the manuscript before production and
Dennis Peter
checked it for technical accuracy and clarity of presentation.
NAIT (Canada)
Their suggestions and recommendations were included in the
Kenneth Redick
final draft of the manuscript. Their input helped make this
Hudson Valley Community College
textbook clear and technically accurate while maintaining the
easy-to-read style that has made other books from the same Omar Trinidad
author so popular. Southern Illinois University
Jim Anderson Mitchell Walker
Greenville High School St. Louis Community College at Forest Park
Victor Bridges Jennifer Wise
Umpqua Community College Sinclair Community College
Matt Dixon Special thanks to instructional designer Alexis I. Skriloff
Southern Illinois University James.
Dr. Roger Donovan
Illinois Central College PHOTO SEQUENCES The author wishes to thank Blaine
A. C. Durdin Heeter, Mike Garblik, and Chuck Taylor of Sinclair Community
Moraine Park Technical College College in Dayton, Ohio, and James (Mike) Watson who helped
Herbert Ellinger with many of the photos. A special thanks to Dick Krieger for
Western Michigan University his detailed and thorough reviews of the manuscript before
Al Engledahl publication.
College of Dupage Most of all, I wish to thank Michelle Halderman for her
assistance in all phases of manuscript preparation.
Larry Hagelberger
—James D. Halderman
Upper Valley Joint Vocational School

AC K N O W L E D GM EN T S vii
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

JIM HALDERMAN brings a world of experience, knowl-

edge, and talent to his work. His automotive service experience
includes working as a flat-rate technician, a business owner,
and a professor of automotive technology at a leading U.S.
community college for more than 20 years.
He has a Bachelor of Science Degree from Ohio Northern
University and a Masters Degree in Education from Miami
University in Oxford, Ohio. Jim also holds a U.S. Patent
for an electronic transmission control device. He is an ASE
certified Master Automotive Technician and Advanced Engine
Performance (L1) ASE certified.
Jim is the author of many automotive textbooks all pub-
lished by Prentice Hall.
Jim has presented numerous technical seminars to national
audiences including the California Automotive Teachers (CAT) and
the Illinois College Automotive Instructor Association (ICAIA). He
is also a member and presenter at the North American Council
of Automotive Teachers (NACAT). Jim was also named Regional
Teacher of the Year by General Motors Corporation and an out-
standing alumnus of Ohio Northern University.
Jim and his wife, Michelle, live in Dayton, Ohio. They have
two children. You can reach Jim at

[email protected]

viii ABOUT THE AUTHOR

BRIEF CONTENTS
chapter 1 Service Information, Tools, and Safety 1

chapter 2 Environmental and Hazardous Materials 35

chapter 3 Electrical Fundamentals 46

chapter 4 Electrical Circuits and Ohm’s Law 56

chapter 5 Series, Parallel, and Series-Parallel Circuits 63

chapter 6 Circuit Testers and Digital Meters 76

chapter 7 Oscilloscopes and Graphing Multimeters 94

chapter 8 Automotive Wiring and Wire Repair 102

chapter 9 Wiring Schematics and Circuit Testing 116

chapter 10 Capacitance and Capacitors 133

chapter 11 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 139

chapter 12 Electronic Fundamentals 152

chapter 13 Computer Fundamentals 169

chapter 14 CAN and Network Communications 177

chapter 15 Batteries 194

chapter 16 Battery Testing and Service 202

chapter 17 Cranking System 216

chapter 18 Cranking System Diagnosis and Service 228

chapter 19 Charging System 242

chapter 20 Charging System Diagnosis and Service 254

chapter 21 Lighting and Signaling Circuits 274

chapter 22 Driver Information and Navigation Systems 297

chapter 23 Horn, Wiper, and Blower Motor Circuits 322

chapter 24 Accessory Circuits 336

chapter 25 Airbag and Pretensioner Circuits 370

chapter 26 Audio System Operation and Diagnosis 384

chapter 27 On-Board Diagnosis 400

BRI E F C ON T EN T S ix
 chapter 28 Temperature Sensors 409

chapter 29 Throttle Position (TP) Sensors 420

chapter 30 MAP/BARO Sensors 426

chapter 31 Mass Air Flow Sensors 435

chapter 32 Oxygen Sensors 442

chapter 33 Ignition System Operation and Diagnosis 459

chapter 34 Fuel Pumps, Lines, and Filters 483

chapter 35 Fuel-Injection Components and Operation 501

chapter 36 Electronic Throttle Control System 515

chapter 37 Fuel-Injection System Diagnosis and Service 524

chapter 38 Vehicle Emission Standards and Testing 544

chapter 39 Emission Control Devices Operation and Diagnosis 555

chapter 40 Scan Tools and Engine Performance Diagnosis 583

chapter 41 Hybrid Safety and Service Procedures 602

chapter 42 Fuel Cells and Advanced Technologies 616

appendix 1 Electrical/Electronic Systems (A6) 631

appendix 2 Engine Performance (A8) 634

English Glossary 636

Spanish Glossary 647

Index 660

x BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
chapter 1 
Used Oil 38
 Solvents 39
SERVICE INFORMATION,  Coolant Disposal 40
TOOLS, AND SAFETY 1 
Lead-Acid Battery Waste 40
 Battery Handling and Storage 41
 Objectives 1
 Fuel Safety and Storage 41
 Key Terms 1

Airbag Disposal 41
 Vehicle Identification 1
 Used Tire Disposal 42
 Service Information 3
 Air-Conditioning Refrigerant Oil Disposal 42
 Threaded Fasteners 4
 Hand Tools 7 SUMMARY 45
 Basic Hand Tool List 16 REVIEW QUESTIONS 45
CHAPTER QUIZ 45
 Tool Sets and Accessories 17
 Electrical Work Hand Tools 18
 Hand Tool Maintenance 18
 Trouble Lights 19
chapter 3
 Air and Electrically Operated Tools 19 ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS 46
 Personal Protective Equipment 21  Objectives 46
 Safety Precautions 22  Key Terms 46
 Vehicle Protection 23  Introduction 46
 Safety in Lifting (Hoisting) a Vehicle 23  Electricity 46
 Floor Jacks 25  How Electrons Move Through a Conductor 49
 Safe Use of a Floor Jack 26  Units of Electricity 50
 Electrical Cord Safety 27  Sources of Electricity 52
 Jump Starting and Battery Safety 27  Conductors and Resistance 53
 Fire Extinguishers 28  Resistors 53
 Fire Blankets 28
SUMMARY 54
 First Aid and Eye Wash Stations 29
REVIEW QUESTIONS 55
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Safety Issues 30
CHAPTER QUIZ 55
SUMMARY 34
REVIEW QUESTIONS 34
CHAPTER QUIZ 34 chapter 4
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
chapter 2 AND OHM’S LAW 56
ENVIRONMENTAL AND 


Objectives 56
Key Terms 56
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 35  Circuits 56
 Objectives 35 
Circuit Fault Types 57
 Key Terms 35  Ohm’s Law 59
 Hazardous Waste 35  Watt’s Law 60
 Federal and State Laws 35 SUMMARY 61
 Asbestos Hazards 36 REVIEW QUESTIONS 62
 Used Brake Fluid 38 CHAPTER QUIZ 62

C ON T EN T S xi
chapter 5  Types of Oscilloscopes 94

Scope Setup and Adjustments 95
SERIES, PARALLEL, AND  DC and AC Coupling 96
SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS 63  Pulse Trains 96

Number of Channels 97
 Objectives 63
 Triggers 98
 Key Terms 63
 Using a Scope 99
 Series Circuits 63

Graphing Multimeter 100
 Ohm’s Law and Series Circuits 63
 Graphing Scan Tools 100
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 64
 Series Circuit Laws 66 SUMMARY 100
 Series Circuit Examples 66 REVIEW QUESTIONS 100
CHAPTER QUIZ 101
 Parallel Circuits 67
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 67
 Parallel Circuit Laws 67
 Determining Total Resistance in a Parallel Circuit 68 chapter 8



Parallel Circuit Examples 70
Series-Parallel Circuits 71
AUTOMOTIVE WIRING
 Solving Series-Parallel Circuit Problems 72 AND WIRE REPAIR 102
 Series-Parallel Circuit Examples 72  Objectives 102
SUMMARY 74
 Key Terms 102
REVIEW QUESTIONS 74  Automotive Wiring 102
CHAPTER QUIZ 74  Ground Wires 104
 Battery Cables 104
chapter 6  Jumper Cables 104
 Fuses and Circuit Protection Devices 105
CIRCUIT TESTERS  Terminals and Connectors 110
AND DIGITAL METERS 76  Wire Repair 111
 Objectives 76
 Electrical Conduit 114
 Key Terms 76 SUMMARY 115
 Fused Jumper Wire 76 REVIEW QUESTIONS 115
 Test Lights 77 CHAPTER QUIZ 115
 Logic Probe 78
 Digital Multimeters 78
 Inductive Ammeters 82 chapter 9
 Diode Check, Pulse Width, and Frequency 83
 Electrical Unit Prefixes 84
WIRING SCHEMATICS
 How to Read Digital Meters 85 AND CIRCUIT TESTING 116
SUMMARY 93  Objectives 116
REVIEW QUESTIONS 93  Key Terms 116
CHAPTER QUIZ 93  Wiring Schematics and Symbols 116
 Schematic Symbols 117
chapter 7  Relay Terminal Identification 122
Locating an Open Circuit 125
OSCILLOSCOPES AND GRAPHING 

 Common Power or Ground 125

MULTIMETERS 94  Circuit Troubleshooting Procedure 125
 Objectives 94  Locating a Short Circuit 127
 Key Terms 94  Electrical Troubleshooting Guide 129

xii CONTENTS
 Step-By-Step Troubleshooting  Diodes 153
Procedure 130  Zener Diodes 155
SUMMARY 131 
High-Voltage Spike Protection 155
REVIEW QUESTIONS 131  Diode Ratings 157
CHAPTER QUIZ 131  Light-Emitting Diodes 157

Photodiodes 158
 Photoresistors 158
chapter 10  Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers 159
CAPACITANCE 
Thermistors 159

AND CAPACITORS 133 


Rectifier Bridges 159
Transistors 160

Objectives 133 
Field-Effect Transistors 161
 Key Terms 133  Phototransistors 162
 Capacitance 133  Integrated Circuits 162

Capacitor Construction and Operation 133 
Transistor Gates 163

Factors of Capacitance 135  Operational Amplifiers 164
 Uses for Capacitors 136  Electronic Component Failure Causes 164

Capacitors in Circuits 137 
How to Test Diodes and Transistors 165
SUMMARY 137  Converters and Inverters 166
REVIEW QUESTIONS 138  Electrostatic Discharge 167
CHAPTER QUIZ 138
SUMMARY 168
REVIEW QUESTIONS 168
168
chapter 11 CHAPTER QUIZ

MAGNETISM AND
ELECTROMAGNETISM 139 chapter 13
 Objectives 139 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 169
 Key Terms 139
 Objectives 169
 Fundamentals of Magnetism 139
 Key Terms 169
 Electromagnetism 141
 Computer Fundamentals 169
 Uses of Electromagnetism 143
 Computer Functions 169
 Electromagnetic Induction 144
 Digital Computers 171
 Ignition Coils 146
 Computer Input Sensors 173
 Electromagnetic Interference 148
 Computer Outputs 173
SUMMARY 150
REVIEW QUESTIONS 150 SUMMARY 175
CHAPTER QUIZ 151 REVIEW QUESTIONS 176
CHAPTER QUIZ 176

chapter 12
chapter 14
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS 152 CAN AND NETWORK
 Objectives 152 COMMUNICATIONS 177
 Key Terms 152 
Objectives 177
 Semiconductors 152  Key Terms 177
 Summary of Semiconductors 153 
Module Communications and Networks 177

C O N T EN T S xiii
 Network Fundamentals 177  Battery Charging 207

Module Communications Configuration 178 
Battery Charge Time 208
 Network Communications Classifications 180  Jump Starting 210
 General Motors Communications Protocols 180  Battery Electrical Drain Test 211

Ford Network Communications Protocols 183 
Battery Symptom Guide 214
 Chrysler Communications Protocols 184 SUMMARY 214
 Controller Area Network 185 REVIEW QUESTIONS 214

Honda/Toyota Communications 187 CHAPTER QUIZ 215
 European Bus Communications 187
 Network Communications Diagnosis 188

OBD-II Data Link Connector 191 chapter 17
SUMMARY 192
REVIEW QUESTIONS 192
CRANKING SYSTEM 216
CHAPTER QUIZ 193 
Objectives 216
 Key Terms 216
 Cranking Circuit 216
chapter 15 
Computer-Controlled Starting 217
 Starter Motor Operation 218
BATTERIES 194  How the Starter Motor Works 220
 Objectives 194  Gear-Reduction Starters 222
 Key Terms 194  Starter Drives 223
 Introduction 194  Positive Engagement Starters 224
 Battery Construction 194  Solenoid-Operated Starters 225
 How a Battery Works 196 SUMMARY 226
 Specific Gravity 197 REVIEW QUESTIONS 226
 Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries 197 CHAPTER QUIZ 226
 Causes and Types of Battery Failure 199
 Battery Ratings 199
 Battery Sizes 200 chapter 18
SUMMARY 200
REVIEW QUESTIONS 201
CRANKING SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER QUIZ 201 AND SERVICE 228
 Objectives 228
 Key Terms 228
chapter 16  Starting System Troubleshooting Procedure 228

BATTERY TESTING 


Voltage Drop Testing 229
Control Circuit Testing 231
AND SERVICE 202  Starter Amperage Test 231
 Objectives 202  Starter Removal 232
 Key Terms 202  Starter Motor Service 232
 Battery Service Safety Considerations 202  Bench Testing 234

Symptoms of a Weak or Defective Battery 202 
Starter Installation 234
 Battery Maintenance 203  Starter Drive-to-Flywheel Clearance 234
 Battery Voltage Test 204  Starting System Symptom Guide 235
 Hydrometer Testing 205 SUMMARY 240
 Battery Load Testing 205 REVIEW QUESTIONS 240
 Electronic Conductance Testing 206 CHAPTER QUIZ 240

xiv CONTENTS
chapter 19  Introduction 274

Exterior Lighting 274
CHARGING SYSTEM 242  Bulb Numbers 275
 Objectives 242  Brake Lights 279
 Key Terms 242 
Turn Signals 280
 Principles of Alternator Operation 242  Headlights 282
 Alternator Construction 242  High-Intensity Discharge Headlights 284
 Alternator Overrunning Pulleys 242 
LED headlights 286
 Alternator Components and Operation 244  Headlight Aiming 286
 How an Alternator Works 245  Adaptive Front Lighting System 286
 Alternator Output Factors 248 
Daytime Running Lights 288
 Alternator Voltage Regulation 249  Dimmer Switches 288
 Alternator Cooling 250  Courtesy Lights 288
 Computer-Controlled Alternators 251 
Illuminated Entry 290
 Fiber Optics 290
SUMMARY 252
REVIEW QUESTIONS 253
 Automatic Dimming Mirrors 290
CHAPTER QUIZ 253 
Feedback 291
 Lighting System Diagnosis 292
chapter 20  Lighting System Symptom Guide 292

CHARGING SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS SUMMARY 296

REVIEW QUESTIONS 296
AND SERVICE 254 CHAPTER QUIZ 296
 Objectives 254
 Key Terms 254
 Charging System Testing and Service 254 chapter 22
 Drive Belt Inspection and Adjustment 255
 AC Ripple Voltage Check 257
DRIVER INFORMATION
 Testing AC Ripple Current 257 AND NAVIGATION SYSTEMS 297
 Charging System Voltage Drop Testing 258  Objectives 297
 Alternator Output Test 259  Key Terms 297
 Minimum Required Alternator Output 260  Dash Warning Symbols 297
 Alternator Removal 261  Oil Pressure Warning Devices 300
 Alternator Disassembly 261  Temperature Lamp Diagnosis 301
 Testing the Rectifier 263  Brake Warning Lamp 301
 Reassembling the Alternator 264  Analog Dash Instruments 302
 Remanufactured Alternators 265  Network Communication 303
 Alternator Installation 265  Stepper Motor Analog Gauges 303
SUMMARY 272
 Head-Up Display 305
REVIEW QUESTIONS 272  Night Vision 305
CHAPTER QUIZ 272  Digital Electronic Display Operation 306
 Electronic Speedometers 307
chapter 21 
Electronic Odometers 309
Electronic Fuel Level Gauges 311
LIGHTING AND SIGNALING 

 Navigation and GPS 311

CIRCUITS 274  Onstar 313
 Objectives 274  Backup Camera 314
 Key Terms 274  Backup Sensors 315

C O N T EN T S xv
 Lane Departure Warning System 316  Antitheft Systems 359

Electronic Dash Instrument Diagnosis 
Electrical Accessory Symptom Guide 365
and Troubleshooting 316
SUMMARY 368
 Maintenance Reminder Lamps 317 REVIEW QUESTIONS 368
SUMMARY 320 CHAPTER QUIZ 368
REVIEW QUESTIONS 320
CHAPTER QUIZ 320 chapter 25
AIRBAG AND PRETENSIONER
chapter 23
CIRCUITS 370
HORN, WIPER, AND BLOWER  Objectives 370
MOTOR CIRCUITS 322  Key Terms 370
 Objectives 322 
Safety Belts and Retractors 370
 Key Terms 322  Front Airbags 370

Horns 322  Airbag Diagnosis Tools and Equipment 375
 Windshield Wiper and Washer 
Airbag System Service 377
System 324  Driver Side Airbag Module Replacement 378
 Rain Sense Wiper System 331  Safety When Manually Deploying Airbags 379
 Blower Motor 331  Occupant Detection Systems 380
 Electrical Accessory Symptom  Seat and Side Curtain Airbags 381
Guide 334  Event Data Recorders 382
SUMMARY 335 SUMMARY 382
REVIEW QUESTIONS 335 REVIEW QUESTIONS 382
CHAPTER QUIZ 335 CHAPTER QUIZ 383

chapter 24 chapter 26
ACCESSORY CIRCUITS 336 AUDIO SYSTEM OPERATION
 Objectives 336 AND DIAGNOSIS 384
 Key Terms 336  Objectives 384
 Cruise Control 336  Key Terms 384
 Troubleshooting Cruise Control 337  Audio Fundamentals 384
 Electronic Throttle Cruise Control 339  Radios and Receivers 386
 Radar Cruise Control 339  Antennas 386
 Precollision System 340  Antenna Diagnosis 387
 Heated Rear Window Defoggers 341  Speakers 388
 Heated Mirrors 342  Speaker Types 390
 Homelink Garage Door Opener 343  Sound Levels 391
 Power Windows 343  Crossovers 391
 Power Seats 346  Aftermarket Sound System Upgrade 391
 Electrically Heated Seats 348  Voice Recognition 392
 Heated and Cooled Seats 349 
Bluetooth 394
 Heated Steering Wheel 349  Satellite Radio 394
 Adjustable Pedals 350  Radio Interference 395
 Outside Folding Mirrors 351
SUMMARY 398
 Electric Power Door Locks 351 REVIEW QUESTIONS 398
 Keyless Entry 352 CHAPTER QUIZ 399

xvi CONTENTS
chapter 27  Throttle Position Sensor Construction 420

TP Sensor Computer Input Functions 421
ON-BOARD DIAGNOSIS 400  PCM Uses for the TP Sensor 421
 Objectives 400  Testing the Throttle Position Sensor 422
 Key Terms 400 
Testing a TP Sensor Using the Min/Max Function 423
 On-Board Diagnostics Generation-II (OBD-II) Systems 400  Testing the TP Sensor Using a Scan Tool 423
 Diagnostic Executive and Task Manager 401  TP Sensor Diagnostic Trouble Codes 424
 Monitors 401 SUMMARY 424
 OBD-II Monitor Information 402 REVIEW QUESTIONS 426
 Enabling Criteria 403 CHAPTER QUIZ 426
 OBD-II DTC Numbering Designation 404
 OBD-II Freeze-Frame 405
 Enabling Conditions 405 chapter 30
 PCM Tests 406
 GLOBAL OBD-II 407 MAP/BARO SENSORS 426
 Diagnosing Problems Using Mode Six 408  Objectives 426
SUMMARY 408
 Key Terms 426
REVIEW QUESTIONS 408 
Air Pressure—High and Low 426
CHAPTER QUIZ 408  Principles of Pressure Sensors 426
 Construction of Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP)
Sensors 426
 PCM Uses of the MAP Sensor 429
chapter 28
 Barometric Pressure Sensor 431
TEMPERATURE SENSORS 409  Testing the MAP Sensor 432
 Objectives 409  Fuel-Rail Pressure Sensor 433
 Key Terms 409  MAP/BARO Diagnostic Trouble Codes 433
 Engine Coolant Temperature Sensors 409 SUMMARY 433
 Testing the Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor 410 REVIEW QUESTIONS 433
 Intake Air Temperature Sensor 414 CHAPTER QUIZ 434
 Testing the Intake Air Temperature Sensor 416
 Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor 416
 Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor 417 chapter 31
 Engine Fuel Temperature (EFT) Sensor 417
 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Temperature Sensor 417
MASS AIR FLOW
 Engine Oil Temperature Sensor 418 SENSORS 435
 Temperature Sensor Diagnostic Trouble Codes 418  Objectives 435
SUMMARY 418  Key Terms 435
REVIEW QUESTIONS 418  Airflow Sensors 435
CHAPTER QUIZ 419  Mass AirFlow Sensor Types 435
 Karman Vortex Sensors 437
 PCM Uses for Airflow Sensors 437
chapter 29 
Testing Mass Airflow Sensors 438
MAF Sensor Contamination 439
THROTTLE POSITION (TP) 

 MAF-Related Diagnostic Trouble Codes 440

SENSORS 420 SUMMARY 440
 Objectives 420 REVIEW QUESTIONS 440
 Key Terms 420 CHAPTER QUIZ 441

C O N T EN T S xvii
chapter 32 chapter 34
OXYGEN SENSORS 442 FUEL PUMPS, LINES,
 Objectives 442 AND FILTERS 483
 Key Terms 442  Objectives 483
 Oxygen Sensors 442  Key Terms 483
 Titania Oxygen Sensor 444  Fuel Delivery System 483
 PCM Uses of the Oxygen Sensor 446  Fuel Tanks 483
 Oxygen Sensor Diagnosis 446  Rollover Leakage Protection 485
 Post Catalytic Converter Oxygen Sensor  Fuel Lines 485
Testing 450  Electric Fuel Pumps 488
 Wide-Band Oxygen Sensors 452  Fuel Filters 493
 Dual Cell Planar Wide-Band Sensor  Fuel-Pump Testing 493
Operation 453
 Fuel-Pump Current Draw Test 498
 Dual Cell Diagnosis 455
 Fuel-Pump Replacement 499
 Single Cell Wide-Band Oxygen
Sensors 455 SUMMARY 499
 Wide-Band Oxygen Pattern Failures 457 REVIEW QUESTIONS 500
 Oxygen Sensor–Related Diagnostic CHAPTER QUIZ 500
Trouble Codes 457

SUMMARY 457
REVIEW QUESTIONS 458
chapter 35
CHAPTER QUIZ 458 FUEL-INJECTION
COMPONENTS
AND OPERATION 501
chapter 33  Objectives 501
IGNITION SYSTEM  Key Terms 501

OPERATION  Electronic Fuel-Injection Operation 501

 Speed-Density Fuel-Injection
AND DIAGNOSIS 459 Systems 501
 Objectives 459  Mass Airflow Fuel-Injection Systems 503
 Key Terms 459  Throttle-Body Injection 503
 Ignition System 459  Port-Fuel Injection 503
 Ignition Switching and Triggering 461  Fuel-Pressure Regulator 506
 Distributor Ignition (DI) 465  Vacuum-Biased Fuel-Pressure
 Waste-Spark Ignition Systems 466 Regulator 507
 Coil-On-Plug Ignition 468  Electronic Returnless Fuel System 507
 Knock Sensors 470  Mechanical Returnless Fuel System 508
 Ignition System Diagnosis 472  Demand Delivery System (DDS) 508
 Spark Plug Wire Inspection 474  Fuel Injectors 509
 Spark Plugs 477  Central Port Injection 510
 Ignition Timing 480  Fuel-Injection Modes of Operation 511
 Ignition System Symptom  Idle Control 511
Guide 481  Stepper Motor Operation 512

SUMMARY 482 SUMMARY 513

REVIEW QUESTIONS 482 REVIEW QUESTIONS 513
CHAPTER QUIZ 482 CHAPTER QUIZ 513

xviii CONTENTS
Other documents randomly have
different content
Duchess’ own health, so sorely tried at this moment, caused the gravest fears
to be entertained on her own account.
On the morning of the 16th of November sweet little Princess “May”—
the Princess’ sunshine, as she ever called her—was taken from her doting
parents. The Grand Duchess telegraphed as follows to her mother:
November 16th.
* * * Our sweet little one is taken. Broke it to my poor Louis this
morning; he is better; Ernie very, very ill. In great anguish.
Telegrams.
November 16th; evening.
The pain is beyond words, but “God’s will be done!” Our precious Ernie
is still a source of such terrible fear. The others, though not safe, better.
November 17th.
Ernie decidedly better; full of gratitude.
November 18th.
My patients getting better; hope soon to have them better. Last painful
parting at three o’clock.
The coffin had to be closed very soon. It was entirely covered with
flowers. The Grand Duchess quietly entered the room where it had been
placed. She knelt down near it, pressing a corner of the pall to her lips; then
she rose, and the funeral service began.
When it was over, she cast one long, loving look at the coffin which hid
her darling from her. She then left the room and slowly walked up-stairs. At
the top of the stairs she knelt down, and taking hold of the golden balustrade,
looked into the mirror opposite to her to watch the little coffin being taken
out of the house. She was marvellously calm; only long-drawn sighs escaped
her.
When all had left the palace, she went to the Grand Duke, who was to be
kept in ignorance of all that was going on. The Grand Duchess had herself
arranged every detail of the funeral.
Telegram.
November 19th.
 The continued suspense almost beyond endurance. Ernie thought he was
going to die in the night, and was in a dreadful state for some hours. Louis
very nervous, too; but they are not worse. The six cases have been one worse
than the other.
Later, November 19th.
Ernie had a relapse, and our fears are increased. I am in an agony
between hope and fear.
The Grand Duchess desired her warmest thanks to be expressed to the
country for their heart-felt sympathy.
On the 25th of November the Grand Duke was able for the first time to
leave his bed for a few hours, and on the 6th of December he and Prince
Ernest drove out for the first time, in a shut carriage.
It was on this day that the Grand Duchess wrote for the last time to the
Queen.
November 19th.
Beloved Mama:—Tender thanks for your dear, dear letter, soothing and
comforting!
Our sweet May waits for us up there, and is not going through our agony,
thank God! Her bright, happy, sunshiny existence has been a bright spot in
our lives—but oh! how short! I don’t touch on the anguish that fills me, for
God in His mercy helps me, and it must be borne; but to-day, again, the fear
and anxiety for Ernie is still greater. This is quite agonizing to me; how I
pray that he may be spared to me!
His voice is so thick; new membranes have appeared. He cries at times so
bitterly, but he is gayer just now.
To a mother’s heart, who would spare her children every pain, to have to
witness what I have, and am still doing, knowing all these precious lives
hanging on a thread, is an agony barely to be conceived, save by those who
have gone through it.
* * * Your letter says so truly all I feel. I can but say, in all one’s agony
there is a mercy and a peace of God, which even now He has let me feel.
***
P.S.—I mean to try and drive a little this afternoon. I shall go out with
Orchie. Of my six children, since a week none more about me, and not my
husband. It is like a very awful dream to me.
November 22d.
Beloved Mama:—Many thanks for your dear letter, and for all the
expressions of sympathy shown by so many! I am very grateful for it.
Dear Ernie having been preserved through the greatest danger is a source
of such gratitude! These have been terrible days! He sent a book to May this
morning. It made me almost sick to smile at the dear boy. But he must be
spared yet awhile what to him will be such a sorrow.
For myself, darling Mama, God has given me comfort and help in all this
trouble, and I am sure His Spirit will remain near us in the trials to come!
Great sympathy, such as all show, is a balm; but I am very tired, and the pain
is often very great; but pain can be turned into a blessing, and I pray this
may be so. * * *
When alone, I rest; and writing even is a physical exertion. Those around
me have spared me all they could, but one must bear the greater weight one’s
self.
May God spare you all future sorrow, and give you the peace which He
alone can give!

P.S.—I finish these lines at my dear Louis’ bed. He thanks you so much
for your dear, loving sympathy. Thank God, he is doing well. But the pain
they have all gone through in their poor throats has been awful. The doctors
and nurses—eight! for they have changed day and night, and had such
constant attendance—have been all I could wish.
Your loving child,
Alice.
Darmstadt, December 1st.
* * * Every one shows great sympathy, I hear, everywhere. * * * All
classes have shown a great attachment to us personally, and to the House,
and amongst the common people—it goes home to them that our position
does not separate us so very far from them, and that in death, danger, and
sorrow the palace and the hut are visited alike.
So many deep and solemn lessons one learns in these times, and I believe
all works together for good for those who believe in God. * * *
 December 2d.
So many pangs and pains come, and must yet for years to come. Still
gratitude for those left is so strong, and indeed resignation entire and
complete to a higher will; and so we all feel together, and encourage each
other. Life is not endless in this world, God be praised! There is much joy—
but oh! so much trial and pain; and, as the number of those one loves
increases in Heaven, it makes our passage easier—and home is there!
Ever your loving child,
Alice.
December 6th.
Louis and Ernie will go out in a shut carriage to-day, though it rains—but
it is warm. Louis’ strength returns so slowly. Of course he shuns the return to
life, where our loss will be more realized; to him, shut off so long, it is more
like a dream. I am so thankful they were all spared the dreadful realities I
went through—and alone. My cup seemed very full, and yet I have been
enabled to bear it. But daily I must struggle and pray for resignation; it is a
cruel pain and one that will last years, as I know but too well.
Ever your loving child,
A.
Amongst the last letters from the Grand Duchess is one written on the 6th
of December, instructing Prince Ernest’s new tutor in his duties. Princess
Alice wished her son to become a truly good man in every sense of the word
—upright, truthful, courageous, unselfish, ready to help others, modest and
retiring. She wished his tutor to encourage in him fear of God and
submission to His will, a high sense of duty, a feeling of honor and of truth.
It had been settled that as soon as the convalescent patients were able to
be moved, the whole Grand Ducal family should go to Heidelberg for
thorough change of air.
On the 7th of December the Grand Duchess went to the railway station to
see the Duchess of Edinburgh, who was passing through Darmstadt on her
way to England. That night she first complained of feeling ill; and on the
following morning the unmistakable symptoms of diphtheria had begun to
show themselves. It is supposed that she must have taken the infection, when
one day, in her grief and despair, she had laid her head on her sick husband’s
pillow. During the first day of her illness she settled several things, and gave
various orders in case of her death. Still it was evident that she thought she
would recover.
She bore her great sufferings with wonderful patience, and was most
obedient to every thing the doctors ordered her to do, however painful and
trying. Those were terrible days! How much so to her is apparent from short
sentences which from time to time she wrote down on slips of paper. Every
thing was done to alleviate her sufferings—every thing to encourage her.
The high fever which set in at the commencement of the illness did not
decrease on the third day as in the previous cases, though her sufferings were
perhaps not so great. At times she was very restless and distressed. In the
night of the 12th of December she gave many directions to her mother-in-
law, and to her lady-in-waiting. At times, too, she spoke in the most touching
manner about her household, also enquiring kindly after poor and sick
people in the town. Then followed hours of great prostration.
On the morning of the 13th of December the doctors could no longer
disguise from the Grand Duke that their efforts to save that beloved life were
in vain. As the danger increased, the Grand Duchess expressed herself as
feeling better. She received her mother-in-law that afternoon in the most
affectionate manner; also saw her lady-in-waiting; and when the Grand Duke
entered her room her joy was most evident. She even read two letters—the
last one being from her mother. After some hours of heavy sleep she woke
perfectly conscious and took some nourishment. She then composed herself
to rest, saying: “Now I will go to sleep again.” And out of this sleep she
woke no more.
Shortly after 1 A.M. on the 14th of December a change took place which
left no doubt to those around that that precious life was fast ebbing away.
When, a little later on, Princess Charles went into the Grand Duke’s room,
who was then asleep, she had left the Grand Duchess perfectly unconscious.
It required no words of his mother’s to break the news to him.
At half-past eight that morning Princess Alice died peacefully, murmuring
to herself, like a child going to sleep: “From Friday to Saturday—four weeks
—May—dear Papa——!”
It was exactly to the day four weeks since Princess May’s death, and
seventeen years since the death of the Prince Consort. On the following
Tuesday evening, the 17th of December, after a solemn service held by the
English chaplain, the remains of the beloved Princess were quietly removed
from her own palace to the chapel in the Grand Ducal Castle. The next day,
amidst the universal grief of high and low, the coffin was placed in the
Mausoleum at the Rosenhöhe. Her brothers, the Prince of Wales and Prince
Leopold, were present.
A beautiful recumbent monument by Boehm, representing the Princess
holding Princess May in her arms, is now placed in the Mausoleum over the
spot where she rests.
 CONCLUDING REMARKS.

W E must leave it to those who have read the preceding pages—mere

chronicle of facts as they are, to form their own idea of the character
and personality of the Princess.
Still, the disjointed manner in which the whole subject has been treated
seems to call for a few more additional remarks.
The world has long been acquainted with the outward appearance of the
Princess—with the delicacy of her features, the sweetness of their
expression, and the dignity and gracefulness of her every movement. Though
so perfectly natural and simple in manner, she never forgot that she was a
Princess. While she knew how to encourage and draw out those who, from
timidity, kept themselves in the background, she also understood how, in a
moment, to check any thing like forwardness, and, where necessary, to
silence presumption by a glance.
Her conversation was bright and animated, passing rapidly from topic to
topic, but always directed to subjects worth talking about. There was a
certain distinction in the way she dealt even with minor matters of daily life.
She spoke German with a slightly foreign accent, but with a power of
idiomatic expression that seldom failed her, and showed how thoroughly she
had mastered the genius of the language.
Occupation was a necessity to her; she could not understand how any one
could be idle. When at home, she always had some needlework at hand
ready to take up.
The Princess was singularly free from all prejudice, and always
endeavored to judge people according to their worth.
It sometimes happened that she offended people by her independent
views, but she never knowingly hurt anybody’s feelings; innate generosity
was a striking trait in her character.
Frank and sincere herself to an unusual degree, she always encouraged
others to be the same, and was most tolerant of well-grounded contradiction.
In times of trouble and danger, when so much was expected of her, her
powers seemed to expand. It was in such moments that she really showed the
master-spirit, which remains calm and self-possessed when all around lose
their heads.
The Princess took the deepest interest in the personal welfare of all
around her, even to the humblest of her servants. This interest was shown by
many small services, seldom rendered to their servants by masters or
mistresses.
With all her appreciation of the purely theoretical and scientific aspect of
things, she was naturally of a very practical turn of mind. She had few equals
in her love and talent for organizing, for communicating her own ideas to
those around her, and in turn being animated by the views of others. Thus it
was that she expected not a little from those about her, and might almost
have given the impression of a very restless nature, had not this activity been
counterbalanced by an unceasing perseverance in carrying out and adhering
to what she had once undertaken.
To become acquainted with great men of every profession, whether
scholars, artists, or men of science, was a real pleasure to her. She loved to
gain an insight into their thoughts and views, and proved herself a very
German in her admiration and appreciation of serious scientific work.
Among the arts, music and painting were those she loved the best, and
cultivated the most. In both she was far ahead of even distinguished
amateurs. Her drawing was free, firm, and bold; she had a decided talent for
composition, and was rich in inventive power. She had a wonderful eye for
color, and was especially successful in water-colors.
She was an excellent musician, and played extremely well. Few could
read and understand difficult pieces at sight as the Princess did. In music, as
in all the arts, her taste was rather severe. She had a great predilection for the
classical school. Bach, Beethoven, and Schumann, Schubert, Mendelssohn,
and Brahams were her especial favorites.
In theatrical performances she disliked empty show and splendor—the
mere decoration of pieces for the love of decoration. She believed in the
ennobling influence of the representation of sound classical works.
 Her whole being mentally and morally was concentrated in her children
and their education, and in this she showed herself to be a thorough woman.
She endeavored to make them feel the worth and greatness of both the
nations to which they belonged by birth. She was apt to be more severe in
her criticisms of the German mode of education and of moral training than
of that of her own country. That this should have been so is easily to be
explained. In Germany her life and work were not easy, and she knew that it
would take time before her endeavors for the welfare of her adopted country
met with recognition, whilst in England, the country of her birth and her
affection, to which she clung with ever-increasing reverence and devotion,
she knew she was ever becoming more beloved.
Still, being so thoroughly English as she was, we cannot but say that
much that was best and finest in her character must be considered as the
inheritance of her German father. A nature such as the Princess’ could not
help coming in contact with many deep and serious questions, in which
religion alone could help her.
The traces of perfect trust in God, and entire submission to His will, will
be found throughout her letters. We know that at one time she wavered in her
convictions. Although she never doubted the value of practical religion,
although she ever turned to her Bible for help and comfort in hours of
distress and anxiety, she had to wrestle heart and soul with theoretical
doubts. It seems to have been a struggle of many years’ duration, at the
commencement and end of which personal influences played a great part.
We are indebted to an intimate friend and relation of Princess Alice’s for
the following communication, which is in accord with the observations of
others who knew her:
“After her son’s death I thought I observed a change in her feelings.
Before that time she had often expressed openly her doubts as to the
existence of God—had allowed herself to be led away by the free-thinking
philosophical views of others. After Prince Fritz died she never spoke in
such a way again. She remained silent while a transformation was quietly
going on within, of which I afterwards was made aware, under the influence
of some hidden power. It seemed as if she did not then like to own the
change that had come over her.
“Some time afterwards she told me herself, in the most simple and
touching manner, how this change had come about. I could not listen to her
story without tears. The Princess told me she owed it all to her child’s death,
and to the influence of a Scotch gentleman, a friend of the Grand Duke’s and
the Grand Duchess’, who was residing with his family at Darmstadt.
“ ‘I owe all to this kind friend,’ she said, ‘who exercised such a beneficial
influence on my religious views; yet people say so much that is cruel and
unjust of him, and of my acquaintance with him.’ At another time she said:
‘The whole edifice of philosophical conclusions which I had built up for
myself, I find to have no foundation whatever; nothing of it is left; it has
crumbled away like dust. What should we be, what would become of us, if
we had no faith, if we did not believe that there is a God who rules the world
and each single one of us? I feel the necessity of prayer; I loved to sing
hymns with my children, and we have each our favorite hymn.’[136]
“I remember observing that her table in her room was covered with
religious books of all languages. Some of them she recommended to me.”
The German Protestant form of worship did not satisfy her. Her own
English liturgy, with its fine simple prayers and benedictions, with its many
appointed lessons from Holy Writ—the old Testament especially,—with its
sermons confined to a limited time, pleased her more. At the same time she
always acknowledged with gratitude and admiration that the great spiritual
hero who was the first to demand as a right absolute sincerity in the life of
faith, and so brought on the Reformation, was a German.
The Princess had a very wide knowledge of history. Her political
opinions were independent, entirely free from party prejudice, and based on
the principle she had imbibed from her father—that Princes exist for the
welfare of their people.
Future generations must ever acknowledge how the Princess Alice
throughout her life strove to fulfil the saying of her favorite hero in history,
“the great Fritz” (Frederic the Great, in his “Anaimachiavell”): “The rulers
of nations must set the example of virtue to the world.”
 APPENDIX.

T HE beautiful sketch which follows appeared in the Darmstädter Zeitung,

dated “Christmas Eve, 1878”; and the annexed translation of it, by Sir
Theodore Martin, appeared a few days afterward in the Times.
A WATCHER BY THE DEAD.
Long, long before daybreak on one of those gloomy December days of
last week, an officer made his way hurriedly along the empty, silent streets
of the capital. He was in full uniform, but its pomp and splendor were
shrouded in a thick covering of crape, for he was afoot thus early to do duty
by the bier of the beloved Princess. Desolate were the streets, as of a city of
the dead; desolate as though tenanted only by the dead was the lordly palace
to which he bent his steps. The sentinels at the great gate stood motionless,
despite the severe cold, as if they feared to disturb the repose of death. Here,
where the inhabitants of the capital used to see all astir with the busy,
cheerful life inseparable from the residence of a reigning Prince; here, where
in days but recently gone by children, blooming and beautiful, the country’s
pride and the joy of their princely parents, gave animation to house and
garden, all was silent and void; a deadly blast had swept over the till now so
happy home. The country’s young, idolized mother had closed her beautiful
eyes, closed them for evermore, after doing and enduring nobly, after tasting
the bitterness of great earthly sorrow. Many long and woful days, many
nights of even greater anguish, had she watched, trembled, and prayed by the
couch of a husband sick unto death, and of five children beloved past telling.
The sweet, youngest bud in the fair wreath of princely children, had been
torn from her bleeding heart, and tears—scalding tears—for the sweet little
May-blossom, which she had herself put to its last sleep under chaplets of
flowers, flowed fast, as she folded her hands in gratitude, when the peril of
death had passed over the heads of her husband and her other children.
“Thus do we learn humility!” she said, with quivering lip, to a lady who
stood beside her. “God has called for one life, and has given me back five for
it; how, then, should I mourn?” And now, when, with fear and trembling, joy
seemed about to enter once more into that heavily-stricken home, again the
dark pinions of the Angel of Death were heard upon the air, and he bore
away the truest of wives, the most loving of mothers, a sacrifice to duty
fulfilled with the noblest forgetfulness of self. These were the thoughts with
which the solitary wayfarer went upon his sorrowful way, and crossed the
threshold of the chamber of death. With light step and whispered words the
watchers by the dead whom he relieved withdrew.
Overwhelmed by the majesty of death, which met him here in its most
sombre form, the new comer bent his head and continued long in silent
prayer. The Princess lay on a bier in the great hall on the ground-floor, where
she had so often sat surrounded by a radiant circle of guests. What of her
was earthly, cased in a triple cerement, was covered with a pall of black
velvet, which, however, was almost hid from view beneath a mass of flowers
and palms. Upon the head of the coffin stood a little, simple crucifix of
perfect artistic workmanship. Six torches on pedestals, hung with black,
stood round the bier, shedding but a feeble glimmer through the hall,
scarcely brighter, indeed, than the scanty light of the dawning winter day.
From the wall opposite the coffin the youthful image of her husband, painted
in happier times, looked sadly down upon the loved one lost. Directly
opposite hung the picture which the Hessian Division had had painted for
their much-loved leader, in remembrance of the glorious day of Gravelotte—
a picture of battle and of the wild mêlée of slaughter in the silent chamber of
death. He who now watched by the coffin had played a part in the conflict of
the memorable day which the picture was meant to perpetuate, and he knew
how deeply it was interwoven with the life of the Princess who lay there in
her long last sleep. Her dear husband had gone to the campaign with his
faithful Hessians; she knew his precious life to be in hourly danger; but her
own sorrows and cares were not her first thought. Helpful, comforting,
encouraging, she gave at all times to those who were left behind a brilliant
example of cheerful and devoted courage; and when the wounded and sick
came back from the battlefields in ever-increasing numbers, she it was who
everywhere took the lead with noblest self-abnegation and practical good
sense. By the beds of the sick and dying she stood like a comforting angel,
and the love of the Hessian people twined the fairest of all diadems, the
aureole of the heroine, round her princely brows.
This grateful love, not only of those who bore arms, but of the citizen and
artisan as well, for which these things laid the foundation, was now sincerely
and unconstrainedly busy beside the bier of the princely sleeper. Servants
came, with loads of wreaths and bouquets, and arranged them upon the
coffin. But it was not the official tributes of flowers from Court and noble,
from the deputations of regiments far and near, which were laid as a
mournful homage at the feet of the dead mistress, that touched most deeply
the heart of him who stood there on guard. No, the tear that stole down
unbidden, the little trivial gift of the poor and humble who lived far away
from Court favor, had a greater value in his eyes. It was still quite early
morning when, with the first glimmer of day, came an old peasant woman
from the Odenwald. Advancing timidly, she laid, with a murmured prayer, a
little wreath of rosemary, with a couple of small white flowers, perhaps the
only ornament of her poor little room at home, as a token of grateful
affection down upon the velvet pall. Then, thinking herself unnoticed, she
took a rosebud from one of the splendid wreaths, and hid it under the old
woollen dress. Who could interfere to balk the impulse of genuine affection,
that longed to carry off some slight memorial with it? And now the little
flower is lying between the leaves of the old Bible, and in days to come the
matron, when she turns the leaves of the sacred volume, will tell her
daughters and granddaughters of the noble lady, too early snatched away
from her people—of her, who never forgot the poorest and the humblest of
them all.
Anon appeared the bearer of one of the proudest names in Hesse, who
was attached to the personal service of the Princess. The official, stalwart
bearing of the courier was left outside, and, weeping hot, unhidden tears, he
lingered long by the bier. To what a lofty soul, to what goodness of heart,
was he saying here a bitter farewell! He was followed by two little girls,
poorly but cleanly dressed, and they, too, brought their tribute of gratitude—
two little bunches of violets. Shyly, almost frightened, and yet with childish
curiosity, they drew slowly nearer. They thought of another winter day, some
years ago. Hungry, chilled to the heart, they were sitting in an empty attic;
their parents were dead, and they ate among strangers bread that was hard
and grudgingly given, when that great lady appeared who was now sleeping
here under the flowers. From her, whose heart was ever yearning to the
orphan’s cry, they heard again, for the first time, gentle, loving words; by her
provision was quickly made for their more kindly treatment, and gratitude
was rooted firmly and forever in their young souls.
A deputation from the Court Theatre laid upon the coffin a wreath
intertwined with pale pink streamers. Art, too, had come to mourn for her
noblest patroness, who had been ever ready with her fine, cultivated
intelligence to advance whatever was great and good. A servant brought a
beautiful cross, of dark foliage with white flowers. It was the gift of the
Grand Duke’s mother, anxious to testify by an outward sign her love for her
dead daughter. In ever-growing numbers came the mourners, all visibly
oppressed by the weight of the calamity which had fallen upon the country.
Countless were the gifts of love, of gratitude, of respect, which, now
beautiful and costly, now slight and simple, arched ever higher and higher
the hill of flowers above the coffin. The ladies of the neighboring towns sent
cushions of dark violets, with chaplets of white flowers. Two ladies deeply
veiled brought branches of palm, from the dark green of which gleamed a
white scroll—a poetic farewell word of deep feeling:

A hurricane, charged with destruction,

O palm, swept o’er thee. The squall
Crashed through thy leaves, and tore from thee
The tenderest, sweetest of all.

The clouds clear’d away in the distance,

The tempest seem’d over and past,
When forth from the firmament darted
A lightning-bolt, fiery and fast.

It struck thee, O noble one, struck thee!

It crush’d thee, and now thou art gone!
Farewell! To our death-day thine image
Still, still in our hearts shall live on.

There was a second poem, enclosed in a heart-shaped framework of leaves,

which gave expression to the grief of a devoted soul for the high-hearted
lady.
But now the hour was come for another to take the post of honor by the
bier of the Princess. Silently and sadly the two men saluted. He that left took
away with him a deep and elevating impression of the general love and
respect paid by the people of Hesse to their too-early departed Princess, and
the remembrance of that silent watch by the dead will remain in his memory
forever. And he who now entered on that honorable duty could chronicle
proofs of genuine grief, of true reverence and love, not fewer nor less
touching. Whosoever is thus bewept has secured the best and fairest
memorial in the hearts of her own people for all time—“The remembrance
of the just abideth in blessing.”
Nothing could show better than this touching narrative, how deep and
how widespread was the grief for the death of the Princess throughout the
country which had so recently hailed her as its Sovereign. Not less deep and
universal was the sorrow with which the sad intelligence was received in her
native land. She had long been dear to all hearts there; for the fame of her
many admirable qualities as daughter, sister, wife, and mother had penetrated
into every household. The news that her life was in peril had awakened the
deepest sympathy; and when the anniversary of the death of the father she
loved so well brought the tidings of her own death, there were few homes on
which it did not cast a shadow as for the loss of one that was personally dear.
The journals teemed with expressions of the national grief, each vying with
the other in paying affectionate tribute to the worth of one whose name had
long been familiar and cherished on the lips of her countrymen and
countrywomen, and in assurances of sympathy to the Queen, and the loving
hearts of her kindred, on whom this great calamity had fallen.
It may not be out of place to insert here, as an example of these, what was
written out of a full heart on the day of the Princess’ death by the hand which
had not yet concluded the task of tracing the “Life of the Prince Consort,” in
which the Princess had all along taken the keenest interest. The letters
printed in this volume afford the amplest proof of the justice of the estimate
which the writer had formed of the gifted and devoted woman whose heart is
there laid bare for our study and instruction.

“Oh, sir, the good die first,

And those whose hearts are dry as summer dust
Burn to the socket.”—Wordsworth.

December 14th, 1878.

On the 14th of December, seventeen years ago, a great sorrow fell upon
England in the death of the Prince Consort, who, if he did not die too soon
for his own happiness and fame, died at least, as all now feel, too soon for
England. The memorable 14th of December has again come round, and
again a great sorrow has fallen upon the country. The Princess has been
taken to her rest, who watched and soothed the Prince Consort in the last
days of his fatal illness, and who by her fortitude and noble devotion helped
materially, though then but a girl of seventeen, to sustain and comfort the
widowed Queen in her measureless affliction. For the first time a breach—
and such a breach—has been made in that family circle to which all who had
the priviledge to know it looked as the happiest in England—happiest,
because mutual love and esteem bound all its members together by ties knit
in childhood and never broken, and because of the noble activity for good
which had been set before them in the example of their parents kept their
hearts fresh and their minds ever open. She who, while yet a girl, was called
to play a woman’s part by her father’s deathbed, has been the first to follow
him into the Silent Land.
No life could have opened more auspiciously than that of the second
daughter of our Royal house.[137] From the first she gave great promise of
beauty and of intelligence. The fine old English names of Alice and Maud,
selected for her by her happy parents, seemed as names sometimes do, to be
particularly fitted to the winning, open character of her fair and finely-
formed features, and their sound was one pleasant in the mouths, not only of
those to whom she was known, but of the people, as she grew up and was
seen in public by the eager and kindly eyes to whom the sight of the Royal
children has always been welcome.
When the marriage of the Princess Royal took place in 1858, the Princess
Alice was still only a girl of fifteen; but she had already developed qualities
of mind and heart of no ordinary kind. She came by degrees to fill up in
some measure the vacancy which had been created by the removal of her
very gifted sister to Berlin. Naturally she was drawn nearer to the Prince
Consort; and the influence of his character and the teachings of his
affectionate wisdom sank deeply into her pure and highly intellectual nature.
He looked forward to her future with the assurance that she would prove all
he could wish a daughter to be. She, on the other hand, loved him with a
devotion only tempered by a profound reverence for the great qualities
which she could then, perhaps, but dimly appreciate, but the true extent and
worth of which her own subsequent experience and reflection taught her
more thoroughly to measure. When in later years she spoke of the Prince,
one saw that, as Ben Jonson said of Shakespeare, “she honored his memory,
on this side idolatry, as much as any.”
The teaching of that beloved father was put to the proof in those sad days
of patient watching which preceded his death. Things were told at the time
of the devotion and the marvellous self-control of the young girl, called so
sternly and so suddenly to face death in the person of a father, on whose life
that of the Queen herself seemed to depend, and whose counsels she knew to
be of inestimable value to the nation. A few days after the Prince’s death, she
was spoken of by the Times in these noticeable words: “Of the devotion and
strength of mind shown by the Princess Alice all through these trying scenes
it is impossible to speak too highly. Her Royal Highness has, indeed, felt that
it was her place to be a comfort and a support to her mother in her affliction,
and to her dutiful care we may perhaps owe it that the Queen has borne her
loss with exemplary resignation, and a composure which, under so sudden
and terrible a bereavement, could not have been anticipated.” The
knowledge of this fact—and it was a fact—sank deeply into people’s minds.
It was never forgotten, and from that day the name of the Princess Alice has
been a cherished household word to all her countrymen and women.
When, in 1862, she married the husband of her choice—a man whose
sterling worth and manliness had satisfied even the critical judgment of
parents jealous for the happiness of a daughter so justly dear—the
affectionate good wishes of the Queen’s subjects of all grades went with her
to her new home. In that home, brightened and ennobled as it was by her
presence, her love for the home and country of her youth burned with a
steady and ever-deepening glow. It is only those who know how strong is the
mutual love by which the children of Queen Victoria are bound to their
parent and to each other, who can appreciate the passionate yearning toward
England of the Princesses whose homes have been made elsewhere. England
and all its interests held a foremost place in the heart of the Princess Alice;
and no one watched more closely every phase of the changeful life of the
busy land, which she loved and reverenced as the home of liberty and the
pioneer of civilization.
While fulfilling with exemplary devotion every duty as a wife and
mother, the process of self-culture was never relaxed. Every refined taste
was kept alive by fresh study, fresh practice, fresh observation; neither was
any effort spared to keep abreast with all that the best intellects of the time
were adding to the stores of invention, of discovery, of observation, and of
thought. Each successive year taught her better to estimate the value of the
principles in religion, in morals, and in politics in which she had been
trained. As her knowledge of the world and of men grew, she could see the
wide range of fact upon which they were based, and their fitness as guides
amid the perplexing experiences of human life, which, however seemingly
varied in different epochs, are ever essentially the same. Then the
significance of the Prince Consort’s habit of judging every thing by some
governing principle, and working always by strict method, became clear to
her; and in a letter written in January 1875, of which a copy is before us, the
Princess writes with her accustomed modesty: “Living with thinking and
cultivated Germans, much in Papa has explained itself to me, which
formerly I could less understand, or did not appreciate so much as I ought to
have done.”
She inherited much of her father’s practical good sense, and, like him,
was ever ready to take part in any well-directed effort for raising the
condition of the toilworn and the poor. How much of their misery, nay, of
their evil ways, was due to their wretched habitations, she, like him, felt
most keenly; and she gave her sympathy and support to every effort for their
improvement. With this view she translated into German some of Miss
Octavia Hill’s essays “On the Homes of the London Poor,” and published
them with a little preface of her own (to which only her initial A. was
affixed), in the hope that the principles, which had been successfully applied
in London by Miss Hill and her coadjutors, might be put into action in some
of the German cities. No good work appealed to her in vain. The great
exemplar of her father was always before her; and in the letter from which
we have already quoted she speaks of his life, “spent in the highest aims, and
with the noblest conception of duty,” as a “leading star” to her own.
That sense of duty carried her to the bedside of the Prince of Wales when,
at the end of 1871, he was struck down at Sandringham by the fell disease
under which his father had sunk. There she fulfilled the same priceless
offices which she had ten years before discharged at Windsor Castle. It
pleased Heaven to spare her a renewal of the great affliction of 1861; and in
the very days of December in which we are now living, the life of the much-
loved brother, which had been wellnigh despaired of, came slowly back to
requite her affection, and in answer to her prayers.
The trials of that time came, before the exhaustion had passed away both
of body and mind which the Princess had undergone during the Franco-
German war. Separated—and for the second time—by war from the Prince
of Hesse, who was away in the thickest of the perils of that campaign, she
was not a woman to give herself up to morbid brooding on the pangs and
apprehensions under which, devoted wife as she was, she yet could not fail
to suffer most acutely, for her feelings were warm, and her imagination
active beyond that of most women. In the hospital at Darmstadt, crowded
with the soldiers, French as well as German, who had come from the
battlefields maimed and racked with pain, she was foremost with her bright
intelligence, her helpful sympathy, and her tender hand, in soothing pain,
and inspiring that sense of manly gratitude which is the best of panaceas to a
soldier’s sick-bed. What she was and what she did at that time have
embalmed her image in many a heart, and will make the tears flow thick and
fast in many manly eyes at the thought of the death of one so young, so
good, so gifted, and so fair. To her it was merely duty—duty to be done at
every cost; but how much it had cost to that finely touched spirit and to that
delicate womanly frame might be read, by all who could look below the
surface, in the deep earnestness of her eyes and the deeper earnestness of her
thoughts. The pain of that terrible period would not let itself be forgotten
even in the gratitude which she felt for the providence which restored her
beloved husband to her side, and for the realization of her father’s cherished
dream of an United Germany, which had been purchased by the valor and
the sufferings of its sons.
The Princess’ fortitude had already been severely tried in the war between
Prussia and Austria in 1866. Hesse-Darmstadt was engaged upon the side of
Austria, and her husband, Prince Louis, took the field with the troops of the
Principality. At the very time that his third daughter, the Princess Irène, was
born, he was with the army; and the Princess Alice knew he was under fire
but was unable to get any tidings from him. The victorious Prussians
marched into Darmstadt, while the Princess, newly made a mother, was still
confined to her room.
Of the sad aspects of life it had been her destiny to see much—as
daughter, as sister, and as mother. In June, 1873, a terrible calamity fell upon
her as a mother. A child—one especially beloved—climbing to an open
window in a room adjoining that in which she was, lost its balance, and was
killed almost before her eyes, as she rushed in terror to call him back. This,
too, had to be borne. It was borne nobly, and with Christian resignation. But
such shocks tell upon the vital powers, and some trace of what had been
“undergone and overcome” seemed to be visible long afterward in a
perceptible bodily languor, and in a more spiritual beauty which had passed
into her expressive face.
The thought of this sent an anxious thrill through the hearts of many,
when it became known that the Princess was herself seized by the terrible
malady which had prostrated her husband and five of her children, and taken
from her the youngest of them all—the youngest, the brightest, the idol of
her other children.[138] She had nursed them all through their time of danger,
and now, spent with watching and anxiety as she was, the malady had laid its
fatal clutch upon herself. She that had cared and thought for all was soon
past all human care to save. Thus she died as she had lived, devoted, self-
sacrificing, purified by great pain and great love—a model daughter—wife
—mother.
Of the loss of such a woman to the husband to whom she was the all-in-
all, to the children to whose love she will respond no more, to the mother in
whose thoughts she is interwoven with the sweetest, the saddest, the most
sacred memories, to the brothers and sisters whom she loved and who loved
her so truly, so tenderly, who dare trust himself to speak? It must be long
before the grief can be assuaged, under which all these must now be
suffering—before the “Idea of her life can sweetly creep,” as something
hallowed, “into their study of imagination”; but the day will come when they
will bless God, that theirs was a wife, a daughter, a sister, a mother, so good,
so noble, and that, having fought her fight on earth valiantly, yet meekly, she
has gone where there is no more sorrow, nor crying, and where the great
mysteries of life alone find their solution.
Theodore Martin.

Of the many beautiful tributes in verse to the worth of the Princess, which
appeared in England immediately after her death, none spoke the prevailing
feeling more truly than the following:—
IN MEMORIAM.

Princess Alice: died December 14th, 1878.

Death’s shadow falls across the Palace door,
His fingers trace our dear Princess’ doom;
“She will awake no more; ah! never more!”
And through the murky night the big bells boom.

But in the gray of morning hope appears,

And treading in death’s footprints entrance seeketh
Where lonely grief is weeping bitter tears,
And whispers low—“She being dead yet speaketh.”

And at the voice of hope the black clouds break,

And through the rift there shines God’s glorious light;
And we who mourn look up and solace take
As those to whom comes day—dawn after night.

“She being dead yet speaketh”—all may hear

The message left us by her lovely life
In deeds that live, in actions that endear,
As Princess, sister, daughter, mother, wife!

The fierce rude light that beats upon a throne

For which so many royal heads are hid,
Served but to make her worth more widely known,
To glorify the acts of grace she did.

A favorite sister! She the love had earn’d

Her brothers and her sisters for her felt,
By her devotion which had brightest burn’d
When with disease and threatening death she dealt.

A darling daughter! ’T is the Queen alone

Can know the secret of that awful time,
When at the father’s side by her were shown
A faith and constancy alike sublime.

A doting mother! What could she do more

Than for her little one her life lay down?
No heroine than this could higher soar—
No grander deed a noble life could crown!

A perfect wife! The heavy veil of grief

Back from the stricken hearth we will not draw,
Save but to say her life, alas! too brief,
Her husband found without one spot or flaw.
 Then let not grief persuade us she is dead;
She has but left us for a fairer shore;
And though her spirit heav’nwards may have fled,
Her influence remains for evermore.
—Truth

FOOTNOTES:
[1] “Life of Prince Consort,” by Sir Theodore Martin, vol. i., p. 166.
[2] The memoranda in this paragraph are communicated by the Crown Princess of
Germany.
[3] In a little piece of that name by Madame Jonas.
[4] Bunsen’s “Life,” ii., 328.
[5] In 1857. See the “Life of the Prince Consort,” vol. iv.
[6] “Life of the Prince Consort,” vol. iv., p. 429.
[7] Ibid., p. 427.
[8] Prince Louis of Hesse was at this time serving in the Prussian Guards at
Potsdam.
[9] “Life of the Prince Consort,” vol. v., p. 253.
[10] This is not quite correct. Prince Louis had left for Germany before the others
arrived.
[11] See “Leaves from a Journal,” p. 204, et seq.
[12] Memorandum by the Grand Duchess of Baden.
[13] Afterward Marquis of Hertford, who died on the 25th of January, 1884.
[14] St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, where the Prince Consort rested until removed
to the Mausoleum at Frogmore.
[15] The recumbent statue of the Prince Consort, now in the Mausoleum at
Frogmore.
[16] Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Michael of Russia. The Grand Duke Michael
is uncle of the present Emperor of Russia.
[17] This was in the autumn of 1860.
 [18] This refers to Mr., afterward Sir, Arthur Helps’ Introduction to the “Collected
Addresses and Speeches of the Prince Consort,” which was then about to be published
(Murray, 1862).
[19] During a musical and gymnastic festival.
[20] The Princess’ lady, Baroness Christa Schenk.
[21] Prince Louis was then at Balmoral.
[22] Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Baden.
[23] Duke of Connaught, then twelve years old.
[24] The Princess Alice’s private secretary.
[25] Princess Victoria of Hesse.
[26] Princess Frederick Charles, mother of the Duchess of Connaught.
[27] Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
[28] Count Lutzow was at this time the Austrian Minister and Plenipotentiary at the
Court of Darmstadt.
[29] Tutor of the Prince Consort during his boyhood and early youth.
[30] A favorite greyhound of the Prince Consort’s, which he brought to England at
the time of his marriage.
[31] Prince Henry of Hesse, brother of Prince Louis.
[32] Mrs. Hull, a former nurse of the Princess and her brothers and sisters.
[33] Prince Gustav Wasa, first cousin to Prince Charles of Hesse.
[34] The late Duke Frederic of Augustenburg.
[35] Prince and Princess of Leiningen.
[36] Prince Leiningen’s brother.
[37] Former tutor to Prince Leiningen’s father.
[38] Prince and Princess Hermann of Hohenlohe-Langenburg.
[39] King Maximilian II. of Bavaria had died on the 10th of the preceding month of
March. The Queen is a sister of Prince Louis’ mother.
[40] Of the Princess Anna of Hesse with the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-
Schwerin.
[41] The unveiling of a statue of the Prince Consort.
[42] Grand Duke Serge.
[43] The History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth.
[44] Wife of General the Hon. Arthur Hardinge, who was on a visit to the Princess.
[45] The Princess Elizabeth was born on the 1st of November, 1864.
[46] By Dr. Samuel Smiles.
 [47] John Brown, the Queen’s personal attendant.
[48] One of the Princess’ ladies in waiting.
[49] Then the Crown Princess’ youngest child.
[50] The anniversary of the Queen’s marriage.
[51] Miss Hildyard, the Princess’ former English governess.
[52] This sport is practised in the evening twilight.
[53] Prince Louis’ sister, the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She died
on the 16th of April, 1865.
[54] Nurse of the Prince Louis and his brothers and sister.
[55] She was the only sister of Prince Charles of Hesse.
[56] Daughter of M. Van de Weyer, the Belgian Minister Plenipotentiary in
England. She had been thrown out from her carriage, and died from the effect of the
injuries received.
[57] See “Leaves from a Journal,” Grantown, 1860.
[58] The opening of Parliament by the Queen for the first time after the death of the
Prince Consort.
[59] Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain and Ireland, Princess Alice’s grand-aunt.
[60] Princess Hohenlohe.
[61] War between Prussia and Austria was now imminent.
[62] Widow of King Louis Philippe.
[63] Son of the Crown Prince and Princess of Prussia. See ante, p. 93.
[64] The Princess Charles had a sister, who died when a child, who had borne that
name.
[65] Formerly one of the Royal Band in England. Madame Nichel had been a
dresser of the Duchess of Kent’s.
[66] “The Early Years of the Prince Consort,” by the late General Grey.
[67] Son of the Crown Prince and Princess of Prussia.
[68] The uncovering of the monument to the Prince Consort.
[69] General Grey’s “Early Years of the Prince Consort.”
[70] Princess Feodore Victoria Adelaide Paulina Amelia Maria, daughter of Queen
Victoria’s sister, the Princess Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and wife of the Hereditary
Prince, now the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. She died at the age of thirty-three, on the
10th of February, 1872.
[71] Major Elphinstone, Prince Arthur’s Governor from 1859, now Sir Howard
Elphinstone, K.C.B.
 [72] Princess Amalie of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, niece of Queen Victoria’s late
brother-in-law, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, married to an artist, Herr Lauchert.
[73] The Princess of Wales was suffering at the time from rheumatic fever and
rheumatism.
[74] Their nurse, who is still (1884) with the youngest child, Princess Alix.
[75] Of their child, to whom Queen Victoria stood sponsor.
[76] This Catalogue was not completed and made public till 1876.
[77] Her Majesty’s private librarian.
[78] At Buckingham Palace.
[79] The Emperor of Russia.
[80] The Princess’ servant (see ante, p. 56). The boy was brought from Java by
Baron Schenk-Schmittburg. His father was a negro, his mother a Javanese.
[81] We give this extract in a translation, instead of the original German.
[82] A kind of dwarf tree—half pine, half juniper—which grows in the highest
regions of the Alps, and supplies most of the soft wood used by the Swiss wood-
carvers.
[83] Riding-master to the Prince Consort and the Queen from 1840 to 1871.
[84] The Cesarewitch and Cesarewna.
[85] Archibald Brown, his valet, younger brother of the Queen’s personal attendant.
[86] Prince Waldemar of Prussia, fourth son of the Crown Prince and Princess. He
died of diphtheria on the 27th of March, 1879.
[87] At the funeral of King Louis I., who had died at Nice on the 29th of February.
[88] A footman, much valued by the Prince and Princess.
[89] Mrs. McDonald, the Queen’s first wardrobe-maid.
[90] The Royal Mausoleum at Frogmore.
[91] Who died on the 8th of November, 1825.
[92] The only son and heir of the King of the Belgians.
[93] Princess George of Saxony, Infanta of Portugal, who died in February, 1884.
[94] This refers to the Queen’s stay at Invertrossachs, and the excursions to the
neighborhood. These are described in “More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the
Highlands,” pp. 116-147 (London, 1884).
[95] Madame Rollande, formerly the Princess’ French governess.
[96] Miss Grosvenor, Lady Ebury’s daughter.
[97] General Grey, Her Majesty’s private secretary had recently died.
[98] Miss Bauer the German governess of the Royal family.
 [99] Prince Frederick William, the “Frittie” of these letters, born the 6th of the
previous month of October, and who was killed by a fall from a window on the 29th of
May, 1873.
[100] On the 10th, 11th, and 12th of January, 1871, before Le Mans.
[101] Prince Henry Charles Woldemar of Schleswig-Holstein, Governor of the
Fortress of Mayence. He died on the 20th of January, 1871.
[102] Daughter of the Duke of Abercorn.
[103] The late Mr. John Mitchell, the librarian of Old Bond Street.
[104] Princess Alix, born on the 6th of June.
[105] Two children who were carried away by a “spate” while playing at Monaltrie
Burn, near Balmoral (11th of June, 1872), and swept into the river Dee and drowned.
See “More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands,” p. 156 et seq.
[106] For an account of this visit see “More Leaves from a Journal,” p. 164 et seq.
[107] The Queen’s half-sister, Feodore, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, who
died on the 23d of September, 1872, at Baden-Baden.
[108] Daughter of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Subsequently she did
marry the Grand Duke Vladamir of Russia, as she was allowed not to change her
religion. This was the first time such a thing was permitted in Russia.
[109] Who would have thought that only six years later the Princess herself was to
rejoin her father on the same day?
[110] He said to the Princess: “La bénédiction d’un vieillard fait toujours du bien.”
[111] A private plate, engraved for the Queen by the late Mr. Francis Holl, from a
picture by Winterhalter.
[112] Also engraved by the late Mr. Francis Holl for the Queen from a picture given
by Her Majesty to the Prince Consort on the 26th of August, 1843.
[113] The King of Bavaria and his brother, first cousins of Prince Louis of Hesse.
[114] The opening of Victoria Park, in the East end of London, on the 2d of April.
[115] To the 79th Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders, at Parkhurst, on the 16th of
April.
[116] The allusion is to the death of the little Prince Frederick, who was killed on
the 29th of the previous month by a fall from a window.
[117] Princess Charles’ brother, Prince Adalbert of Prussia.
[118] The Grand Duchess Marie, who was engaged on the 11th of July to the Duke
of Edinburgh.
[119] How these words recall those of Constance (King John, act iii., scene 4):
 Grief fills the room up of my absent child,
Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me,
Puts on his pretty looks, repeats his words,
Remembers me of all his gracious parts,
Stuffs out his vacant garments with his form;
Then have I reason to be fond of grief.

[120] To the Prince Consort in Hyde Park.

[121] Baron Stockmar had such a dislike of leave-takings that he never let it be
known when he was going away from the English Court. The first intimation of his
intention was—that he was already gone.
[122] A former Dresser of the Queen’s.
[123]

Now unto you the Lord has done what we had wished to do;
We would have train’d you up, and now ’t is we are train’d by you.
With grief and tears, O children, do you your parents train,
And lure us on and up to you, to meet in heaven again.

[124] The first volume of whose “Life of the Prince Consort” had just been
published.
[125] To “The Idyls of the King.”
[126] Only child of Sir George Grey, and Equerry to the Prince of Wales. He died at
Sandringham of inflammation of the lungs.
[127] “Childe Harold,” canto iii., stanza 30.
[128] During the visit of the Prince of Wales to India.
[129] Her husband, the father of the Queen’s personal attendant, John Brown, had
just died. See “More Leaves from a Journal,” p. 319.
[130]Secretary in the office of the Privy Purse.
[131] The Prince Consort’s head groom, who had come over with him to England.
[132] The Hon. Emily Caroline Hardinge, the Princess’ Lady-in-Waiting, died in
London on the 4th of September, 1876.
[133] Written after the death of his daughter.
[134] The Grand Duke of Hesse was alarmingly ill.
[135] Of the Princess Charlotte of Prussia with the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-
Meiningen.
[136] This memorandum does not go far enough. The Princess returned to the faith
in which she was reared, and died in it, a devout Christian.
 [137] “She is a pretty and large baby, and we think will be la Beauté of the
family.”—The Queen to King Leopold, 9th May, 1843.
“Our little baby, whom I am really proud of, for she is so very forward for her age,
is to be called Alice, an old English name; and the other names are to be Maud
(another old English name, and the same as Matilda), and Mary, as she was born on
Aunt Gloucester’s birthday.”—The same to the same, 16th May, 1843.
“Our christening went off very brilliantly, and I wish you could have witnessed it.
Nothing could be more anständig, and little Alice behaved extremely well.”—The
same to the same, 6th June, 1843.
[138] The struggle to conceal from the other children that their favorite was dead
cost the Princess, down to the time of her own fatal seizure, such a daily and almost
hourly effort as, in her weak state, she was ill able to bear. Her sufferings during her
short illness, which lasted less than a week, were borne with exemplary patience, and
an unselfish and even cheerful spirit which were truly admirable. The day before she
died, she expressed to Sir William Jenner her regret that she should cause her mother
so much anxiety.
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