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The Tra٧els of
Ibn Battuta
A GUIDED ARABIC READER

Da٧ ‫؛‬d DiMeo and Inas Hassan

The American University in Cairo Press

Cairo NewYork
First published in 2016 by
The American University in Cairo Press
115 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt
420 Fifth Avenue, NewYork, NY 10018
- a u c p r e s s .c o m

Copyright © 2 0 l6 b y David DiMeo and Inas Hassan

All rights reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior w itten permission of the publisher.

Exclusive distribution outside E ^ p t and North America by I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., 6 Salem Road,
London, W 42BU

DarelKuttibNo. 25559/14
ISBN 9789774167157

Dar el Kutub Cataloging-in-Publication Data

DiMeo, Da١ dd
The Travels oflbn Battuta: A Guided Arabic Reader / David DiMeo,
Inas Hassan— Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2016.
p. cm.
ISBN 978 9774167157
1. Arabic literature
2. Ibn Battuta, Mohamed, 150^1587

I Hassan, Inas (‫ او‬auth.)

II Title

892.7

12 5 4 5 20 19 18 17 16

Designed by Shehab Abdullah

Printed in the United States of America
 Contents

In tro d u c tio n Vll

1. Setting off on the Greatest Journey 1

2٠The Lighthouse at Alexandria, One of 15

the Wonders of the World

3. ^ e Mamluk Sultan of E ^ t 29

4. Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock 43

5. Damascus, Paradise ofthe East 57

6. ^ e Hajj Journey and Medina 73

7. The Hajj to Mecca 87

8. Baghdad, City of Caliphs 101

9. Yemen, Gateway to East Asia 117

10. The African Coast 131

11. Travels along the Arabian Gulf 145

12. ^ e Golden Horde ofM ongol Russia 159

13. Constantinople, Capital ofthe Byzantine Empire 173

14. ^ e Sultan oflndia 187

15. Delhi, Capital ofM uslim India 201

16. Judge in the Maldives 215

17. The Rich Kingdom of China 229

Contents
18. Islamic Spain (al-Andalus) 241
1 9 . T ie Return Home 255

20. To Mali and Timbuktu 269

Glossary 285

Grammar and Structure Points by Lesson 301

Index ofPeople M entioned in the Text 306

Index ofpiaces (in Arabic alphabetical order) 308

Index ofP laces(in English alphaljetical order) 312

Further Reading 316

 Introduction

I Travels oflbn Battuta: A Guided Reader is designed for Arabic students

striving to reach, or already at, foe Advanced level of proficiency It introduces
sttidents to classical Arabic literature through a detailed, but prided, study of
one the greatest works of classical literature— Travels oflbn Battuta. In
fois book, students will read the acttral text ofthe great travel writer, but with
sufficient supporting explanatory notes to make foe text accessible to students
at foe third or fourth year of Arabic sttrdy. From there, students are offered an
extensive series of exercises to test, foeir comprehension, develop interpret-
ing and critical-reading skills, and apply foe linguistic structures to their own
speaking and writing. To suit students of vailing proficiency levels, the exer-
cises cover a spectrum of tasks from the Intermediate to the Advanced level.

Beyond la n ^ a g e proficiency this book is designed to offer a window into

an important period in Arab culture and world history. W ithout question,
Ibn Battuta is one ofthe m ost fascinating writers ofthe medieval period. His
voyages offer unparalleled portraits ofM iddle Eastern, African, and Asian
societies during the height of Muslim power and influence. There is no bet-
ter lens to view the glories of Islamic civilization at the time, and its place
in the world than through the writings o ffo n Battuta. His was also a time
of great transition. The united Islamic empire o fth e caliphates had fellen,
and the Arab Muslim states were under attack from many sides. At the same
time, however, Muslim religion and culture were spreading throughout Asia
and Africa. For the first time, the m ost powerfifl Muslim states were non-
Arab and a large portion of the Muslim population lived as minori-
ties. It was into this milieu that Ibn Battuta traveled as an Islamic judge
to help establish Islamic law in recently converted states. This book
will offer sttrdents an opportunity to learn the histories of many cul­

Introduction vii
tures, such as the Chinese empire, the Golden Horde, Timbuktu, Mecca,
and Constantinople through the eyes of a fourteenth-century traveler,

^ e lessons in this book do not have to be completed in order,, students and

teachers are free to use the chapters they choose in the order they desire.

The Source Text

^ e Arabic selections in this book come directly from the original text
penned over six centuries ago, rather than m odern paraphrases or revisions.
As such, the history ofthe text is of great importance in itself Shortly after
his return to Morocco in 1354, Ibn Battuta was directed by his sultan to
dictate the memoirs ofhis travels to a gifted scribe o fth e royal court. Mu-
hammad Ibnjuzayy, whom Ibn Battuta had m et earlier in Spain.! I s , the
authoritative version ofthe travels is a collaborationbetw eenlbn Battuta the
traveler, and Ibnjuzayy the writer. Much is based on Ibn Battuta's recollec-
tions, so in some places dates are uncertain and facts may be questionable.
As Ibn Battuta was a public o ffic ia l-a Muslim ju d g e -a n d an unofficial
anthropologist, he often does not distinguish bettveen what he sa١v firsthand
and stories he heard during his travels. Ibnjuzayy firrther embellished the
accounts. Tfre text contains, for instance, liberal quotation from an earlier
traveler Ibn Juba۴ , often without identffication. Later scholars have ques-
tioned some parts ofhis travels— for example his trip to Beijing during his
stay in China—but overall, the record is believed to be a generally honest
account o fth e world as he knew it.

This text, although today viewed as one of the most im portant medieval
historical narratives, was unknown in the West before the 1800s. ^ e Ger.
man explorer Ulrich Jasper Seetzen acquired and translated a selection
of excerpts from Ibnjuzayys text in 1818. The first English translatio.n of
the partial texts came in 1829 by Professor Samuel Lee. The most import-
ant discovery was the French acquisition of five copies o fth e ori^nal text
in Algeria in 1830, one of which carries foe signature of Ibn J u z a ^ him-
self In 1858, French scholars Charles Defremety and Beniamino San.
guinetti published the first fiill translation of I Travels and an annotated
1 See Lessons 18 and 19 for more information about Ibnjuzayy and the Marinid sultan.

viii Introduction
version o fth e Arabic text. The most authoritative English translation and
historical study of Ibn Battuta’s narrative was written by foe reknowned
Scottish historian Sir H.A.R. Gibb between 1929 and 1958 (foe final vol-
ume being completed by Charles Beckingham in 1994). In short, foe
excerpts that students wfil read in fois book come straight from one of
the most im portant historical and cultaral texts ever written in Arabic.

Lesson Format
Each lesson is divided into several parts, as described below:

Historical Background
This introductoty section sets foe stage for the reading and helps sttidents
frame what foey will encounter in Ibn Battuta’s tert. It begins with a general
overview o fth e historical context and the significance o fth e location visit-
ed (For example: W hy was Cairo so important at the time? W hat was foe
relationship beriveen China and the Muslim world? How was foe Muslim
influence in Spain changing?). Next, key terms, such as locations, dynasties,
people, groups, sects, and foctions are identified and placed in their proper
context. The emphasis is on the lasting legacy of these groups. For instance,
how is the Mamluk influence felt in Egypt today? W hat ^ e a t landmarks have
these people left behind? W hat terms and names in our present day came
from them?

From the Writings oflbn Battuta

Key excerpts, in the actual words o flb n Battuta, are presented with suffi-
cient e‫ ؟‬lanatory notes to situate them contextually Here, students will
not rely on paraphrases, but the actual words ofthe writer, and thus gain an
appreciation for his style and skill. Each sentence is numbered, and key or
difficult terms and phrases linked to explanatoty definitions.

Vocabulary Terms
Presented in the order they appear in the text, stadents will find both unfa-
miliar vocabulary andkey names and titles. The consolidated glossary at the
end ofthe book lists all terms from all lessons in alphabetical order.

Introduction
Comprehension Exercises
This section begins with questions to test students’ general understanding
o fth e text, then moves on to questions that prom pt students to identify
idioms and phrases based on their existing knowledge of Arabic. Hints are
given in parentheses as to from which lines o fthe text the questions come.

Interpretingthe Text
^ e s e questions, in Arabic, prom pt sttidents to read b e ^ e e n the lines, ap.
plying their knowledge of histoty and the background notes ^ v en for the
texts. They are often "why” questions, such as "W hy would Ibn Battuta visit
Cairo before going to Mecca?” ^ e s e questions can form the springboard
for class discussions or serve as usefol short answer questions for tests that
emphasize critical reading and reasoning.

Using Grammar and Context Clues

Taese are hints on reading strategies and stylistic devices that will better
enable students to read this text and other classical texts. They are also
designed to give sttidents practice in applying their knowledge o fth e lan-
guage and culture to effective reading. This section offers prided practice
on strategic reading of Arabic texts, providing students with techniques for
effectively breaking down difficult texts and using their knowledge ofArabic
structure to determine meaning. After describing a technique, the book will
direct students to apply it to specific lines o fth e text to sharpen their skills
and become more effective readers.

WritingExercises
^ i s section offers several different types of exercises to cement student
comprehension o fth e text as well as build student writing skills, ^ e exer-
cises prom pt students to apply the idioms and stylistic techniques discussed
in order to enhance their own writing, with hints given as to where to loot
in the text for clues. !

Discussion Questions
These are general, open-ended questions about Ibn Battuta, his travels, his
world, and the countries he visited. These encourage students to go beyond
the material in the text and apply foe information to their own interpretations

Introduction
of Arab culture. In this way, students do not merely comprehend the text, but
are encouraged to make it foeir own, and develop their own viewpoints.

Research and Presentation

This section offers a general question for forther research by stadents as a cap-
stone to their study o fth e lesson. These can serve for both written projects
and oral presentations that can be intepated into a classroom framework.

Classical Arabic literature need not be daunting for students nor involve an
excessively difficult .jump’ from intermediate texts. The sequence ofexer-
cises presented here will ^ride sttidents to become increasingly more confi-
dent and independent readers ofArabic Literattrre.

Happy travels with Ibn Battuta!

Introduction
 Setting on the
Greatest Journey
(Tangier, M orocco, 1325)

Ibn Battuta's departure from his home c o u n ty the Marinid Sultanate ofM orocco

Although he is remembered today as the greatest traveler ofhis day, Ibn Bat-
ttita did not start out with that intent. The journey of some 75,000 miles
over nearly 30 years began as the m ost familiar of travels for a pious Mus-
lim— the Hajj to Mecca. Ibn Bataita grew up in a respected family ofMtis-
lim legal scholars in the coastal Moroccan city ofTangier ( ‫) ﻃ ﺌ ﺠ ﺔ‬, and his
primary vocation and reputation throughout his life was as a Muslim jurist
or qadi (‫) ﻗ ﺎ ص‬. In feet, it seems that this young scholar of exceptional tal-
ent had exhausted the limited educational opportunities in his hometown,
so that when he began his Hajj journey in 1325 at age twenty-one, he also
intended to visit some o fth e larger and more respected centers oflslam ic
learning. Throughout his travels, Ibn Battuta details foe great attention he paid
to the jurists and Islamic scholars of all foe cities he visited. This extension of

Setting off on the Greatest Journey I

his pilgrimage into a lifetime journey throughout the known world ofhis day
was the result of several fectors: foe demand for his service and expertise as a
particularly in foe more remote regions ofthe Muslim world) his pursuit of
learning in great centers of Islamic knowledge) the need to move due to shifting
political conditions) and lastly his own love oftiavel. In his early jo u rn e y we
see foe aufoenticity that made Ibn Battuta’s memoir so valuable. He openly con-
fesses his loneliness, longing for home, seasickness, fear, illness, and blunders.

I K i n g d o m ofMorocco
Ibn Battutas home country, though clearly in decline from the unified king-
dom which had ruled over Spain and much o fth e Maghreb, was enjoying
something ofa renaissance in his lifetime. The Marinid sultans (1 2 ^ -1 4 6 5 )
had built Fez into a major political and intellectual capital, and restored the
official statirs ofthe Maliki school oflslamicjurisprudence, of which fon Bat-
tuta was a scholar. The sultan o fth e day, Abu Sa'id Uthman II (1310-31),
had established relative calm with the neighboring kingdoms, which made
travel to the East possible. W ith the decline of Muslim Spain, the great cen-
ters of Islamic learning and power lay to the East, and it was to these that Ibn
B a l a headed. Nonetheless, wherever Ibn Battuta traveled, he never ceased
to consider Morocco his home, nor doubt that he would one day retiirn.

Tunis
W hen Ibn Battuta arrived there in 1325, Tunis was the most prosperous and
respected center of commerce and learning in the Maghreb. Many eminent
scholars from Muslim Spain had fled to Tunis over the previous century,
greatly enhancing its status. Its position on the N orfo African coastal route
also made it a major departure point for the yearly pilgrimage convoy. As
could be expected, the twenty-one-year-old Ibn Battuta spent his time in
one o fth e leading Islamic schools ofTunis. His talents were quickly recog-
nized, however, and this young man found himself appointed as the qadi for
the annual Hajj caravan from this great city. Here, the pattern was set for the
rest ofhis travel.s, as his skills as a jurist, diplomat, and leader would call him
to travel to the farthest corners o fth e Muslim world.

The Travels o f lb n Battuta

‫‪From the Writings o f fljn Battuta‬‬

‫‪The greatest journey begins w ith a very simple purpose. Here, Ibn B atota‬‬
‫‪describes his humble intent upon setting out from his home on a journey‬‬
‫‪that would ttirn out to be m uch longer than he ever envisioned:‬‬

‫)‪( ١‬ﻛﺎن ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﻃﻨ ﺠﺔ ﻣ ﻘ ﻂ رأﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻳ ﻮ م اﻟ ﺨﻤﻴ ﺲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﺮاﻟﻠﻪ ر ﺟ ﺐ اﻟﻔﺮد‬

‫ﻋﺎ م ﺣﻤﺴﺔ و ﻋﺜ ﺮﻳ ﻦ و ﺳﺒ ﻌﺈﺋ ﺔ’ )‪ ( ٢‬ﻣ ﻌ ﺘ ﻤ ﺪ أ ﺣ ﻎ ﺑ ﻴ ﺖ اﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﺤﺮام وزﻳﺎرة ﻗﺒ ﺮاﻟ ﺮ ﺳ ﻮ ل‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴ ﻪ اﻓ ﻀ ﻞ اﻟ ﺼ ﻼة و ا ﻟ ﻼ م ‪ ( ٣) ،‬ﻣﻨﻔ ﺮ دأ ﻋ ﻦ رﻓﻴ ﻖ ص ﺑ ﺼ ﺤﺒﺘﻪ‪ ( ٤) ،‬و رﻛ ﺐ ﴽ ﻛ ﻮ ن‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻠﺘ ﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﺎ ﻋ ﺚ ﻋ ﻞ اﻟﻨﻔ ﺲ ﺷ ﺪﻳ ﺪاﻟ ﻌ ﺰاﺋ ﻢ ‪ ،‬و ﺷ ﻮ ق إﻟﻰ ﺗ ﻠ ﻚ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪ اﻟﺜ ﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﻛﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎزم‪ ( ٥) .‬ﻓ ﺠ ﺰ ﻣ ﺖ اﻣ ﺮ ي ﻋ ﻞ ﻫ ﺠ ﺮ ا ﻷ ﺣﺒﺎ ب ﻣ ﻦ ا ﻻﻧﺎ ث واﻟﺬﻛﻮ ر‪ ( ٦) .‬ﻓﻔﺎ رﻗ ﺖ‬
‫و ﻃﻨ ﻲ ﻣﻐﺎرﻗﺔ اﻟ ﻄﻴﻮ رﻟﻠﻮﻛﻮر‪ ( ٧) .‬وﻛﺎن واﻟﺪا ي ﺑ ﻘ ﻴ ﺪ اﻟ ﺤﻴﺎة ﻓ ﺘ ﺤ ﺘ ﻠ ﺖ ﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻫ ﻤﺎ و ﺑ ﺄ‪،‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﻴ ﺖ ﻛ ﻤ ﺎ ﻟ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻐﺮاق ﻧ ﺼﺒﺎ‪ ،‬و ﺳﻨ ﻲ ﻳ ﻮ ﻣﺌ ﺬﺛﺘﺘﺎ ن ر ﻋﺜ ﺮو ن ﺳ ﺬة‪2.‬‬

‫‪Early on, Ibn Battuta is struck by the physical hardships of a fourteenth-‬‬

‫‪century land journey, yet demonstrates his determination to continue until‬‬
‫‪death:‬‬

‫وﻟ ﻤﺎ و ﺻﻠ ﺬاإﻟ ﻰﺑ ﺠﺎ ب ‪. . .‬ا ﺻﺎ ﺑﺘ ﺬﻳﺎ ض )‪ ( ٩‬ﻷ ﺷ ﺎ ر ﺀ ﻻً ﺑ ﻮ ﺀ ﻳ ﺪ ا ﻟ ﻠ ﻪ اﻟ ﺆﺑﻴ ﺪ ي‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻓ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﻳ ﺘ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﺀ ﻣﻨ ﻲ )‪ ( ١٠‬ﻓﺎﺑﻴ ﺖ و ﻗﻠ ﺖ ‪» :‬إف ﻗ ﻐ ﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋ ﺰ و ﺟ ﻞ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮ ت ﻓﺘ ﻜ ﻮ ن وﻓﺎﻧ ﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬وأﻧﺎﻗﺎ ﺻ ﺪا ر ض اﻟ ﺤ ﺠﺎ ز‪ ( ١ ١)« .‬ﻓ ﻔﺎ دﻟ ﻲ ‪» :‬ا ﻣﺎإ ن‬
‫ﻋﺰﻣ ﺖ ﻓ ﺒ ﻊ داﺗﺘ ﻚ و ﺛ ﺌ ﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺦ واﻧﺎأ ﻋ ﺮ ك داﺳﻪ و ﺧﺒﺎﺀ‪ ،‬وﺗ ﺼ ﺤﺒﻨﺎ ﺧ ﻐﻴ ﻐﴼ ‪ ( ١٢) ،‬ﻓﺈﺗﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻧ ﺠ ﻦ ا ﻟ ﻮ ز ﺧ ﻮ ف ﻏﺎرؤ اﻟ ﻌ ﺮ ب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪ ( ١٣) ((.‬ﻓ ﻜ ﻨ ﺖ أ ﺷ ﻦ ﺷ ﺒ ﻲ ﺑ ﻌﺈ ﻣ ﺔ ﻓ ﻮ ق‬
‫ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺨﻮ ف‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ اﻟ ﻀﻌ ﻒ‪ ،‬و ﻻﻳ ﻤ ﻜﻨﻨ ﻲ اﻟﺘﺰول‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺮ ج ﺧ ﻮﻓﻨﺎﻟ ﺴﻘ ﻮ ط ﺑ ﺒ‬

‫‪Upon arriving in Tunis, IbnB attuta is struck by emotional hardship, as lone-‬‬

‫‪liness and homesickness affect him. Yet he also experiences the kindness of‬‬
‫‪those he meets along the w ayw hich will sustain him in much ofhis journey:‬‬

‫ﻓﻴ ﺮ زا ﻫﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻟﻠ ﻘ ﺎ ﺀ ا ﻟ ﺸ ﺦ اﺑﻲ ﻋ ﺒ ﺪ اﻟﻠﻪ اﻟ ﺰﺑﻴﺪ ي )‪ ( ١٥‬ﻓﺄﻗﺒ ﻞ‬ ‫)‪ ( ١٤‬و ﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﻨ ﺔﯮﺋﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ ﻌ ﻀ ﻬﻢ ﻋ ﻞ ﺑﻌﻐ ﺲ ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ﻼ م و ا ﻟ ﺆ ا ل )‪ ( ١٦‬وﻟﻢ ﺳ ﺜ ﻢ ﻋ ﻞ ا ﺣ ﻨ ﻠ ﻌ ﺪ م ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﻢ )‪( ١٧‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻮ ﺟ ﺪ ت ﻣ ﻦ ذ ﻟ ﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔ ﺲ ﻣﺎﻟﻢ أ ﻣ ﻠ ﻚ ﻣ ﻌ ﻪ ﺳ ﻮاﺑ ﻖ اﻟﻌﻴﺮة‪ ،‬واﺷﺘﻖ ﺑﻜﺎﺋﻲ )‪ ( ١٨‬ﻓ ﺸ ﻌ ﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟ ﺤ ﺒﺎ ح ﻓ ﺎ ﺑ ﻞ ﻋ ﻞ ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ﻼ م واﻹﻳﻨﺎ س‪٠‬‬

‫‪1 1325 CE‬‬

‫‪2 lunar (Islamic calendar) years‬‬

‫‪Setting off on the Greatest Journey‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

Ibn Battuta is chosen to be the qadi o fth e pilgrims leaving Tunis. He will
serve as a qadi throughout his life in locations all over the Muslim world:

‫ ( و ﺑ ﻤ ﺪ ﻣ ﺬ ة ﺗﻤﻬﻦ ﻟ ﺮ ﻛ ﺐ اﻟ ﺤ ﺠﺎ ز اﻟﺜ ﺮﻳ ﻒ ﺷ ﻴ ﺌ ﻪ ﻳﻌ ﺮ ف ﺑﺄﺑﻲ ﻳ ﻌ ﻘ ﻮ ب اﻟ ﺴﻮ ﺳ ﻰ‬١٩)

( ٢١) ‫ ( ﻓﻘﺪﻣﻮﻧ ﻲ ﻗﺎ ﺿﻴﺄ ﺑ ﻴ ﻨ ﻬ ﻢ‬٢٠) ،‫ واﻛﺜﺮه اﻟﻤﺼﺎدﻣﺔ‬،‫ﻣ ﻦ ا ﻫ ﻞ ا ﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺑ ﻼ د إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬
. ‫و ﺧ ﺮ ﺟﻨﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﻮﻧ ﺲ ﻓﻲ ا وا ﺧ ﺮ ﺷ ﻬ ﺮ ذ ي اﻟ ﻘ ﻌ ﺪ ة‬

Vocabulary

( ١) ‫ﺷ ﺘ ﻂ رأس‬ birthplace
( ١) ‫ز ﺟ ﺐ‬ Rajab, the seventh m onth ofthe
Islamic calendar
( ٢) ‫ﻛ ﺪ أ‬ intending, targeting
(٣ ) ‫ﺛﻐ ﺮدآ‬ alone, solitary
( ٤) ‫اﻟﻌﺰاذم‬ intentions, resolutions
( ٤)(‫ ﺟ ﺊ ؟‬.- ‫ﺣﻴﺰوم )اﻟﺤﻴﺎزم‬ the front ofthe chest
( ‫ﺟﺬم ) ه‬ to assert, resolve
( ‫إذاث ) ه‬ females
( ‫ةﻛﻮر ) ه‬ males
( ٦) ( sing .- ‫وﻛﻮر ) وﻛﺮ‬ nests
( ٧ ) ‫ ﻟﺤﺎة‬1‫ﺑﺔﻳﺪ‬ alive, still living
( ٧) ‫ ﺛ ﺬ‬٠‫ﻳﻮ‬ at this time
( ٧) ‫ ﻧ ﻌ ﺒ ﺄ‬،ً‫ذ ﻧ ﺒ ﺎ‬ pain (in classical usage)
( ٨) ‫اﻟﺨﺘﻰ‬ fever
( ٩) ‫ا و ﺀ‬ healing, cure
( ١. ) ‫ا ﻳ ﻦ‬ Irefosed
( ١٠) ‫ﻗﻔﺒﻰ‬ to predestine
( ١٠) ‫اﻟﺤﺠﺎز‬ ^ e Hijaz (region in Saudi Arabia
where Mecca&Medina are located)
( ١١) ‫داآة‬ ride
( ١١) ‫ﻳﺒﺎﺀ‬ tent
( ١٢) ‫ذ ﺟ ﺬ ا ﺑ ﺬ‬ speedup
( ١٣) ‫ﺛ ﺬ‬ to tighten
( ١٧) ‫اﻟﺌ ﺮة‬ crying, weeping
( ١٨) ‫ا ﻹﻳﺂ س‬ sociability
( ٢١) ‫ذ ﻳﺎﻟ ﻘ ﻌ ﺪ ة‬ the eleventh m onth o fthe Islamic
calendar

4 The Travels o f lb n Battuta

Com prehension Exercises

A. Answer the following questi.ns in complete Arabic sentences (numbers

refer to the lines in which the information can be found):

( ٢- ١) ‫ ا ذ ا ﻛ ﺎ ﻧ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎ ر ﺻ ﺮ ﺧ ﻪ ؟‬٠‫ﺷ ﺒ ﺪأا ﺑ ﻨ ﺒ ﻄ ﺮ ﻃ ﺔ ر ﺣ ﻒ ؟ و‬ ١

( ٨- ٥) ‫ﻣﺎ اﻟ ﺴ ﻮ ﺑﺎ ت اﻟﺘﻲ واﺟﻬﻬﺎو اﺑﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻃﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺪا رﺣﻠﺘﻪ ؟‬ .٢

( ١٠- ٨) ‫ أﺑﻮ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﺰﺑﻴﺪي اﺑﻦ ﺑﻌﻠﻮﻃﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﺻﺎﺑﺘﻪ اﻟﺤﻤﻰ ﻓﻲ ﴽول اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ؟‬4‫ﺑﺈذا دﺻﺢ‬ .٣

( ١٢~ ٩) ‫ اﺑﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻃﺔ ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ؟ ﻣﺎذا ﻗﺎل ﻟﻪ؟‬5‫ﻫﻞ اﻗ ﻊ‬ .٤

3 faced
4 adWsed
5 followed

Setting offon the Greatest Journey s

 ( ١٩~ ١٤) ‫ ع اﺑﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻃﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ وﺻﺮﻟﻪ؟‬٠‫ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻌ ﻞ اﻫﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺗﻮ ض‬ .٥

B. Find Arabic phrases in the text that approximate the following meanings
in English:

1. without a com panion:_________________________________________

2. Ih adresolved:

3* if God has destined :

4. for fear of :

5. each other ‫؛‬

c. Find Arabic synonyms or equivalents in the text for the following words
and phrases:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ‫ﺻﺪ ﻳ ﻒ‬ ٠١

________________________________ : ‫ﺛ ﻨ ﻲ‬ .٣

______________________________________________________ ‫د ؛‬ ‫ا‬ .٤

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------: ‫ر ﻓ ﺾ‬ .٥

D. Find Arabic antonjnns or opposites for each ofthe following words in the
text and use each in a complete sentence:

6 The Travels o f lb n Battuta

 ‫ﻏﺎدر‪.:‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬

‫اﻟﺮ ض‪.:‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬

‫ا ﺷ ﺰ ى‪.:‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫ﺛﻘﻴ ﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬

‫‪Interpreting the Text‬‬

‫اﻳﻦ ؤك اﻳﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻃﺔ ؟ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻋﺮﻓﻘﻢ ذﻟ ﻚ؟ )‪( ١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪ . ٢‬ﻛﻴﻒ وﺻﻒ اﺑﻦ ﻳﻄﻮﻃﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻓﺎرق وﻃﺌﻪ و أ ﻫﻠﻪ ؟ ر ﻫ ﻞ ﺑﺎﺑﻊﺀﻓﻲ ﻫﺬااﻟﻮ ﺻ ﻒ؟)‪٣‬ل‪( ٦‬‬

‫ﻟ ﻤﺎذا ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟ ﻤﺎﻧ ﺮ وﻧﺒ ﺮ و ن ﺑ ﺮ ﻋ ﺔاﺛﻨﺎﺀ ر ﺣﻨ ﻬ ﻢ ؟ )‪( ١٢‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫‪6 exaggerated‬‬

‫‪Setting offon the Greatest Journey‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

 ( ١٨- ١٤) ‫ ﻋﻞ ذﻟ ﻚ ؟‬7‫ ورذ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺎ راﻳ ﻜ ﻢ ﻓﻲ ا ﺳﻘﺒﺎ ل ا ﻫ ﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺗﺮ ض ﻻﺑ ﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻃﺔ‬ .٤

( ٢ ١—١٩) ‫ﻛ ﻢ ﻛﺎن ﺋ ﻤ ﺮ اﺑ ﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻃﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ا ﺻ ﺢ ﻗﺎﺿﺘﺄ ؟‬ .٥

Grammar, Structure, and Context Clues

1. In line 2‫ د‬Ibn Battuta describes himself as "‫ ﺀﺛﻌﺘﻤﻴﺄ ﺣ ﻎ ﺑﻴﺖ اﻟﻠﻪ‬.

^ i s sentence is a good example o fthe importance of reading for con-
text. The word ‫ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬is an active participle derived from the verb ‫ا ﻋﺘﻤﺪ‬.
In this text, the word means intending, planning, or targeting.
In other contexts, the verb may cari^ many different meanings, such
as: .to approve,' as in ‫ اﻋﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬o r ‫ﺀ‬to accredit; as in
‫ اﻋﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺪد‬. W hen followed by the preposition ‫ رﻋﻞ‬the
verb means .to rely on or to depend on,, as in the sentence:
‫ ا ﻋﺘﻤﺪ اﻟ ﻄﺎ ب ﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎ ب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة‬. The verb in this configuration can also
mean *to base (something) on.' The contert o flb n Battuta describing
his departure on a trip, however, indicates that the word refers to his
intended destination.

2. In line 10, Ibn Battuta begins his oath ‫ﺀ‬.‫ ﻋﺰ وﺟﻞ‬،‫ان ﻗ ﻐ ﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ‬.” The verb
‫ﻗ ﻐ ﻰ‬, like many Arabic verbs, has multiple meanings and is used in
many idioms. In this case,‫ ﻗ ﻐ ﻰ‬means .to predestine,, or .to decree., ^ e
context ofbeing collocated with 'if...G od' indicates that this is the
proper meaning, ^ e same verb can also mean to judge. ( ‫) ﻗ ﻐ ﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪل‬

7 reaction

8 The Travels o f lb n Battuta

 and r£lates to Ibn Battuta's career tide as a ‫ ﻗﺎ ض‬. Yet it can also mean
to accomplish' ( ‫)ﻗﻐ ﻰ اﻟﻐﺮض‬,‫ ﺀ‬to carry o u t ( ‫) ﻗﺨﻰ اﻟﻌﻬﺪ‬, or even to
urinate' ( ‫) ﻗ ﻐ ﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ‬. The objects which collocate with the verb are
important clues to the meaning. The modern day usage most familiar
to you maybe 'to spend (a unit of time ); as in ‫ ﻗﻔﺒﻰ اﻟﻌﻄﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻣﺮﺗﻪ‬.

3. In line 6, Ibn Battuta claims ‫ " ﻳ ﺤ ﻴ ﺪ وﻃﻨﻲ ﻟ ﻸ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻟﻠﻮﻛﻮرﺀﺀ‬. ‫ ح ؛‬word

‫ دﻣﻐﺎرﻗﺔ‬in this sentence is used as an absolute object ( ‫) ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬, a dis-
tinctive form of object that serves to highlight the main verb. The ab-
solute object uses the masdar (‫ )اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬form ofthe primary verb placed
in the accusative case. The absolute object is very often modified by
adding an adjective or idaafa that forther qualifies the meaning.

For example:

٠‫ئ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬

Literally, "He hit him a strong hitting... ^ e underlined word is foe abso-
lute object. It repeats foe meaning of foe basic verb, but when qualified
here with the adjective, makes it clear what ^ e ofhitting was involved,
^ i l e a literal translation sounds very awkward in English, foe root
and pattern system gives this a rather poetic quality in Arabic, as in the
example above.

Another example:

.‫رﻛﺾ رﻛﻀﺎ ﻣﺮﻳﻌﺎ‬

He ran fast ( literally, "He ran a fast running ”).

4. The absolute object can also be modified by making it part of an idaafa,

to clarify the type of action.

.‫ ت اﻟﺸﻬﺪاﺀ‬fr*‫ﻣﺎت اﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬

" ^ e man foed the death of martyrs.”

Setting offon the Greatest Journey 9

 In line 6, Ibn Battuta has used this form, saying that he has left his
homeland “‫ زﻓﺎرﻗﺖ وﻃﺌﻲ‬describing this as the departure ofthe birds
from the nest ‫ ﺀاﻣﻐﺎرﻗﺔ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻟﻠﻮﻛﻮر؛ﺀ‬This meaning could be approximat-
ed in English by using a simile "like the departure ofa bird from its
nest," but the Arabic constriction conveys more power, as it does not
rely on a like' or as/

5. In line 16, ‫ أﺣﺬﺀﺀ‬...‫ ”ﻟﻢ‬is a general negation meaning "no one” (in this
case, "no one greeted me..). Anegative particle ( ‫ ﻟﻦ‬،‫ ﻟﻢ‬،‫ ) ﻻ‬followed by
an accusative noun has the meaning o fa general, category negation,
and can be translated as “no less” , “non- ”, or any
general negative in English. For example,‫ ﻻ ﺳﻠﻜ ﻲ‬from the word ‫ ﻣ ﻠ ﻚ‬,
meaning .wire,, thus means 'wireless.'

W hat do you think the following compounds mean?

‫ﻻ ﺟﻨﺴﻤﻴﺔ؛‬

‫ﻻ دﻳﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻻ ﻣﻜﺎن؛‬

6. ^ e p a r t i e d has many uses and can be a useftil signal of changes in the

flow ofthe text. Since it attaches directly to the beginning ofthe word, it
is im portant to be on the lookout for it. The ex cep t from lines 8-13 in-
eludes several examples. I n used in conjunction with a conditional
'if. ( ‫ إذا‬،‫ ﻟﺮ‬،‫ ) ف إن‬it signals the follow-on .then' statement. Although the
'if. clause must always be in the perfect (past) tense, the ‫ ذ‬also allows
the 'then, clause to be in a tense other than foe perfect, ^ i s is instra-
mental in line 10, where t h e j allows the author to put foe resulting
clause in foe imperfect, thus strengthening the dramatic impact ofthe
first clause, which indicates that God's will on future events is sealed:

.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮت ﻓﺘﻜﻮن وﻓﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬،‫ ﻋﺰ و ﺟ ﻞ‬،‫< ﻗﻐ ﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ‬

‫إي‬

10 T ie Travels o f lb n Battuta
 “If God has ordained [my] death, then my death will be on the road.”

The other uses of ‫ ذ‬in the paragraph (at the beginning oflines 9,10,
11, and 12) all introduce new statements. In these cases, the particle
‫ ذ‬fonctions like ‫ ذ‬and need not be translated into English, but has the
effect of indicating a closely related series ofimmediatelyfollowing
events. This increases the dramatic effect ofthe peril and urgency in
the narrative, and supports the repeated use of ‫( ﺧ ﻮ ن‬fearing), by in-
dicating that Ibn Battuta and his companions are moving rapidly from
one action to another w ithout delay.

7. Inline 1, Ibn B atata refers to the monfo ofRajab as ‫ ر ﺟ ﺐ اﻟﻔﺮد‬, with ‫ﻓﺮد‬
meaning .solitary,' or 'alone: This refers to foe feet foat Rajab is foe only
one ofthe four sacred months (‫م‬۶ ‫ )اﻷﺷﻬﺮ ا‬ofthe Islamic calendar foat
does not come in sequence with the rest. I four sacred monfos in which
fighting was not allowed, as identified in foe c^iran (Quran 9:36), are:

foe elevenfo m onth ofthe year - ( ‫ )ذ واﻟﻘﻌﺪة‬Dhu a l - ^ d a

the twelfth m onth ofthe year — ( ‫ ) ذو اﻟﺤﺠﺔ‬Dhu al-Hijja

foe first m onth ofthe year — (‫ )ﻣﺤﺮم‬Muharram

Rajab, as foe seventh monfo, is non-consecutive with foese.

Writing Exercises

A. Translate the following sentences into Arabic, using vocabulary from

this reading. Hints in parentheses indicate which lines to look at for similar
structures:

Setting off on the Greatest Journey 11

1. Ileft my birthplace, intending to travel to the Middle East (1 -2 ):

2. He lived alone in the desert (3):

3. My grandfather was still alive when I left hom e (7):

4. I was struck by a fever, and was unable to talk, due to weakness (9):

5. T ie people ofth e city greeted one another (16):

12 ‫ ﺀ ﻵ‬Travels o f lb n Battuta
‫‪B. Rearrange foe words below into coherent sentences:‬‬

‫واﻟﺪ ي ﻛﺎن ذﻟ ﻚ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻓﻲ ﻋﻞ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺮﻗ ﺖ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬

‫ﺳ ﺸ ﺪ ﺧ ﺮ ﺟ ﻦ ا ﻷ و ﻣ ﻂ زﻳﺎرة اﻟﺜ ﺮ ق ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﴽ‬ ‫رأﺳﻲ ص‬ ‫‪٠٢‬‬

‫ﻣ ﻠ ﻢ ﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﴽﻫﻞ ﺑﻌ ﻀﻬﻢ‬ ‫‪٠٣‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻨﺰول ﻣﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨ ﻲ اﻟﺮد ﻻ ﺑ ﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬

‫‪ ٠٥‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺰرﻧﻲ اﻟ ﺸﺜ ﻐ ﻰ ﴽ ﺣﺪ‬

‫‪Setting offon the Greatest Journey‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬

‫‪D iscussion Q uestions‬‬

‫‪ . ١‬ﻣﺎ ﴽول رﺣﻠﺔ ﻗ ﻤ ﺖ ﺑﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗ ﻚ ‪ ،‬و ﻛﻢ ﻛﺎن ﻏﻤﺮك ﺣﻴﻨﺌﻨﻪ؟‬

‫‪ . ٢‬ﻣ ﺎ ا و ﺟ ﻬ ﻔ ﺌ ﻼ ﻳ ﺦ‪ ٠‬ﺑﻴﻦ ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺮ اﻵن و ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺮ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ اس ﺑﻄﻮﻃﺔ؟‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﻫﻞ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ و ﺻﻔ ﻪ‪ ٦‬اﺑﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﻄﺎح‪ ١١‬اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﻘ ﺪﻳ ﻢ ؛ " ﺷ ﺪﻳ ﺪ اﻟﺒﺄ ست أ ؟ ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬

‫‪ . ٤‬ﻫﻞ ﺗﺸﻌﺮون ﺑﺎﻟﻮ ﺣﺪة ﴽوﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن؟ ‪ ٠‬ش رﴽﻳﻦ؟‬

‫‪ . ٥‬ﺗﺤﺘﺎج رﻇﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻤﺆﻫ ﻼﺗﻮ‪ ١‬ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ وﺷﺨ ﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ أﻫﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﻫﻼت ﻣﻦ رﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻛﻢ؟‬

‫‪Research and Presentation‬‬

‫اﺑﺤﺜﻮا ﻓﻲ ا ﻻﻧﺮﻧ ﺖ ﻋﻦ وا ﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻤﺪن ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼد اﻟﻤﻔﺮب اﻟﻌﺮي‪ ،‬واﻛﺘﺒﻮا ﺗﻘ ﺪﻳﺈ ﻣﺼﺮرا ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫وﻳﻬﺘﻮا ﺳﺒ ﺐ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻛﻢ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮأ‪.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪at this time‬‬

‫و‬ ‫‪similarities and differences‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪describe‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪idiom‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪stouthearted‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪qualifications‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪T ie Travels o f lb n Battuta‬‬

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
lameUibranch moUusks, containing all the forms except the
EndoearMnes. exocarp (ek'so-karp), n. [< Grr. efo, outside, -I-
Kap7r6c, fruit.] In bot., the outer layer of a pericarp when it consists
of two dissimilar layers. exoccipital (ek-sok-sip'i-tal), a. and n. [< L.
ex, out, + occiput (occipit-J, occiput : see ocapital.] I. a. Pertaining
to or constituting that part of the occipital bone of the skull which
lies on the right or left side of the foramen magnum. II. n. A lateral
occipital bone; oneofai)air of bones situated on each side of the
basioceipital, and with this and generally with the supraoccipital
circumscribing the foramen magnum. It is the neurapophysial
element of the occipital bone, corresponding to the greater part of
the neural arch of a vertebra. (See cuts under Anura, Baleenidce,
Cycl(idus,iim Esox.) In the embryo it has a distinct center o' »PS;
tion; in the adult of man and other mammals It emeu/ forms the
condyloid portion of the occipital bone. Exoceides (ek-so-se'i-dez),
».!>?. [NL.] Same as ExoccBtida.
 jsxoeepnala Exocephala (ek-so-sef a-la), n.^l. [NL., neut.
El. of *exocephalus, < Gr. I|, the finale of a tragedy, a tragical
conclusion, a catastrophe, neut. of i^oSioQ, of or belonging to an
exit {i^66ioi v6fioi, the finale of a play), < i^oSoQ, a going out, exit,
close : see exodms.] 1. In the Gr. d/rama, the concluding part of a
play, or the part which comprehends all that is said after the last
choral ode.— 3. In the Bom. d/rama, a farce or satire, played as an
afterpiece or as an interlude. The Romans had three plays acted one
after another, on the same subject ; the first a real tragedy, the
second the Atellane, the third a satire or escade, a kind of farce of
one act. Rosmtmnon. exodic (ek-sod'ik) , a. [= P. exodique ;
aaexode^ + ■4c.'] 1. Pertaining to an exodus, or a going out.
Specifically — St. Inphysiol., same as efferent. exodist (ek'so-dist), n.
[< exode^ + ■4st.'] One who makes an exodus; an emigrant; one
of a band of emigrants. [Rare.] As Want was the prime foe these
hardy exodietB had to fortify themselves against, so it is little
wonder if that traditional feud is long in wearing out of the stock.
Lowell, Biglow Papers, 1st ser., Int. exodus (ek'so-dus), n. [< LL.
Exodus, the book so named, < Gr. i^oSog, a going out, a marching
out, a way out, issue, end, close; the name in the Septuagint of the
second book of the Old Testament; < cf, out, + v a plant in which
the growth of the stem is in successive concentric layers. The
exogens, otherwise called d-uiotyledons (see dicotyledon), form the
larger of the two classes into which phsenogamous plants are
divided. They are usually considered as including two subclasses, the
angiosperms and the gymnosperms, though the latter, which have
essentially the same structure and mode of growth, but diif er in
having naked ovules, are by some late authorities separated as a
distinct class. See endogen. Exogenae (ek-soj'e-ne), n. pi. [NL., fern.
pi. (so. plantce) of exogenus : see exogen.} In bot, the exogens.
exogenetic (ek-so-jf-net'ik), a. Having an origin from external causes
: as, an exogenetic disease. Dunglison. exogenite (ek-soj'e-nit), n.
[< exogen + -ite.] A generic name proposed, but not generally
adopted, for fossil exogenous wood of unknown affinities.
exogenous (ek-soj'e-nus), a. [< NL. exogenus : seeexogen."] 1.
Growing by additions on the outside ; specifically, in bot, belonging
to or characteristic of the class of exogens. — 3. Produced on the
outside, as the spores of hyphomycetous and many other f imgi ;
growing out from some part : specifically applied in anatomy to
those processes of a vertebra which have no independent ossific
centers of their own, but are mere outgrowths. The various
processes of the vertebrae have been divided into those that are
autogenous, or formed from separate ossific centers, and
exogenous, or outgrowths from . , . primary vertebral constituents.
W. H. Flower, Osteology, p. 18. The origin of lateral members is
either exogenous or endogenous. It is the former when they are
formed by lateral outgrowth of a superficial cell or of a mass of cells
including the outer layers of tissue, as in the case of all leaves and
hairs and most normal leaf-forming shoots. Saclis, Botany (trans.), p.
149. Exoglossinse (ek'''s6-glo-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Exoglossum +
■4nw.'] A subfamily of eyprinoid fishes remarkable for the
development of the lower jaw, the dentary bones being laterally
expanded and mesially united for their whole length. It is
represented by a single genus and species, Exoglossum, maxillingua,
confined to the United States, and popularly known as cut-lips and
stone-toter. exoglossine (ek-so-glos'in), a. and n. I. a. Pertaining to
or taving the characters of the Exoglossmw. II. n. A fish of the
subfamily Exoglossinw. Exoglossum (ek-so-glos'um),». [NL.,< Gr. Ifu,
outside, + yTMOBa, tongue.] An American genus of cjrprinoid fishes
having the mandibular rami of the lower jaw united in front : so
called because this formation resembles a projecting tongue. It
typifies the subfamily Exoglossinte. Bafinesque. exoletet (ek'so-let),
a. [< L. exoletus, pp. of exolescere, grow out, mature, grow out of
use, become obsolete, decay, < ex, out, -I- olescere (only in comp.),
grow ; ef . obsolete.] Obsolete ; worn ; faded; fiat; insipid. There is
a Greeke inscription which I could not understand, by reason of the
antiquity of those exolete letters. Coryat, Crudities, I. 223. exomis
(ek-s6'mis), n. [Gr. t^a/tk, a vest without sleeves, leaving one
shoulder bare, < if, out, + afiog, shoulder: see humerus.'] In Gr.
antig., originally, a form of the short Dorian tunic or chiton, which
was fastened over the left shoulder only, leaving the right arm
entirely free. Later, tunics were sometimes woven with a shoit sleeve
lor the left arm, and none for the i-lght, the right shoulder remaining
uncovered. This formed a usual drees for slaves and workmen, as
the limbs of the wearer were unhampered.
 ezomologesis eiomologesist (ek-so-mol-o-je'sis), n. [NL., <
LL., < Gr. k^oaoUyrjiig, a full confession, < efofio'/.o-) claOai,
confess in full, < i;, out, + o/ioXoyelv, agree, assent, confess : see
homologate.} A complete or a common confession. And upon this
acco\int all publick criminals were tied to a publick ezonwiogesis or
repentance in tlie churcli, who by confession (if their sins
acknowledged theii- error, and entered into tlie state of repentance.
Jer. Taylor, Repentance, x. exomphalos, exomphalus (eg-zom'f a-los,-
lus), 11. [NL., < Gr. E^dfupa'Ao;, with prominent navel, as n. a
prominent navel, < e|, out, + bfi^aUg, navel.] A hernia at the navel;
an umbilical hernia. SXOn (ek'spn), u. [See essoin."] In England, the
name given to each of four oficers of the yeomen of the royal body-
guard ; an exempt. exonarthex (ek-so-nar'theks), n. [MGr.
s^uvapdrj^, < i^L>, outside, + vapdri^, narthex.] In a Greek
church, the outer narthex or vestibule, in case there were two, as in
the church of St. Sophia in Constantinople, the inner narthex being
called the esonartliex. The exonarthexis of inferior workmanship, and
has been thought by some of later date than the rest of the church.
J. II. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 246. exonert (eg-zon'er), V. t. [< F.
exon^er = Sp. Pg. exonerar = It. esonerare, < L. exonerare,
disburden: see exonerate.'] To exonerate. My youtlif ul heart was
won by love, But death will me exon^r. Andrew Lammie (Child's
Ballads, II. 198). exonerate (eg-zon'e-rat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
exonerated, ppr. exonerating. [< L. exoneratus, pp. of exonerare,
disburden, discharge, < expriv. + onerare, load, burden, < obms
{oner-), a load : see onus, onerous.] If. To unload ; disburden.
Neither did this riuer exonerate it self e into any sea, but was
swallowed vp by an hideous gulfe into the bowels of the earth.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 113. I would examine the Caspian Sea, and
see where and how it exonerates itself. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 289.
2t. To ease (one's self) at stool. They eat three times a day ; but
when they feast they sit all the day long, unlesse they rise to
exonerate nature, and forthwith return agaiu. Sandys, Travailes, p.
51. 3. To relieve, as of a charge or of blame resting on one ; clear of
something that lies upon the character as an imputation : as, to
exonerate one from blame, or from an accusation of crime. We
should not exonerate an assassin who pretended that his dagger
was guilty of the murder laid to his charge rather than himself. H.
Spencer, Social Statics, p. 166. 4. To relieve of, as an obligation,
debt, or duty ; discharge of responsibility or liability: as, a bail
exonerates himself by producing his principal in court. Because the
whole cure of the diocess is in the bishop, he cannot exotierate
himself of it, for it is a burden of Christ's imposing. Jer. Taylor, Works
(ed. 1836), II. 216. = SyTi. 3. To exculpate, absolve, acquit, justify,
vindicate. exonerate (eg-zon'e-rat), a. [< L. exoneratus, pp.: see tho
verb.] Exonerated; freed. [Rare.] By right of birth exonerate from
toil. Lowell, Under the Willows.exoneration (eg-zon-e-ra'shon), n. [=
F. exoneration = Sp. exoneraeion = Pg. exoneragHo ; < LL.
exoneraHoin-), an unloading, lightening, < L. exonerare, disburden :
see exonerate.] The act of exonerating, or of disburdening,
discharging, or freeing, or the state of being exonerated,
disburdened, discharged, or freed from an accusation, imputation,
obligation, debt, or duty. He [Henry VIII.] chose to exact money by
loan and then to come to the nation that lent the money for
exoneration. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 263. exonerati'7e
(eg-zon'e-ra-tiv), a. [< exonerate -f- -ive.] Of the nature of
exoneration; exonerating; freeing from a burden or an obligation.
exonerator (eg-zon'e-ra-tor), m. [< LL. exonerator, < L. exonerare:
Bee' exonerate.] One who exonerates. exoneratur (eg-zon-e-ra'ter),
n. [L., he is discharged; 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. pass, of exonerare,
disburden, discharge.] In law, an order of discharge ; in particular,
an order indorsed by a judge on a bail-piece, discharging the bail
from their liability as such, as upon their surrender of the person
bailed. exoneural (ek-so-nu'ral), a. [< Gr. i^a, outside, -i- vevpov,
nerve: see neural.] In awa J. , situated or occurring outside of the
nervous system. exoneurally (ek-so-nii'ral-i), adv. In an exoneural
manner. Geaster tenuifes. a, endoperidium : *, A, exoperidium.
(From Le Maout and Decaisne's " Trait6 g6n6ral de Botanique." )
2072 eXonsMp (ek'son-ship), m. [< exon + -ship.] In England, the
office of exon of the royal bodyguard. eXOpatMc (ek-s6-path'ik), a.
[< Gr. efu, outside, + iraBog, suffering, + -ic.] lapathol, pertaining to
or resulting from pathogenic factors external to the organism :
contrasted with autopathic. The doctrine of disease ... is mostly an
exopathic one, although a small residue of it may be autopathic.
Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 362. exoperidium (ek'so-pe-rid'i-um), n. ; pi.
exoperidia (-a). [NL., < 'Gr. l^u, outside, + NL. peridium.] "In
mycol., the outer peridium of a fungus when more than one are
present, especially in Geaster, in which the outer peridium separates,
and expands into a stellate form. Compare endoperidium.
exophagous ( ek - sof ' a gus), a. [< exophagy + -ous.] Practising
exophagy. But, as a rule, cannibals are exophagous, and will not eat
the members of their tribe. London Daily News, June 7, 1883.
exophagy (ek-sof 'a-ji), n. [< Gr. tfu, outside, -t(payelv, eat.] A
custom of certain cannibal tribes, prohibiting the eating of persons
of their own tribe. It would be interesting if we could ascertain that
the rules of exophagy and exogamy are co-extensive among
cannibals. London Daily News, June 7, 1883. exophthalmia (ek-sof-
thal'mi-a), n. [NL., < Gr. e^6ij)6a?,/iog, with prominent eyes : see
exoplithalmiis.'] In pathol., a protrusion of the eyeball, caused by
disease. Also exopMhalmy. exophthalmic (ek-sof-thal'mik), a. [<
exophthalmia + -ic] Pertaining to, resembling, or affected with
exophthalmia Exophthalmic goiter, a disease characterized by
exophthalmia, enlargement of the thyroid gland, and frequent pulse.
Also called Graves's or Basedow's disease. exophthalmus (ek-sof-
thal'mus), n. [NL., < Gr. e^6(j>0a?./iog, with prominent eyes, < if,
out, -I'o())Ballj.6Q, eye.] 1.. A person exhibiting exophthalmia, or
protrusion of the eyeball. — 2. Protrusion of the eyeball. — 3. [cap.]
In entom., a genus of eurculios, with over 60 West Indian, Mexican,
and Central American species, and one from Senegal. They vary
much in aspect, are usually covered with a powdery efflorescence,
and are often large and brightly colored. exophthalmy (ek-sof-
thal'mi), n. [< Nil. exophthalmia.] Same as exophthalmia.
exophyllous (ek-so-fil'us), a. [< Gr. «fu, outside, + (jivXTmv = L".
folium, a leaf, + -otis.] In iot, having a naked plumule : a word
proposed as equivalent to dicotyledonous. exoplasm (ek'so-plazm),
n. [< Gr. e^u, outside, + Tvldafia, anything formed, < TrAaffcreiv,
form.] In liol., external protoplasm or outer sareode, as of a cell or
single-celled animal; an outer cell-substance, in any way
distinguished from an inner or endoplasm. It constitutes sometimes
a pretty distinct cell-wall, cuticle, or other investment, but is oftener
indistinguishable by any structural character. The " exoplaem " and "
endoplasra " described in Amoebae, &c., by some authors are not
distinct layers, but one and the same continuous substance — what
was internal at one moment becoming external at another, no really
structural difference existing between them. JE. R. Lanlcester, Encyc.
Brit., XIX. 838. exopodite (ek-sop'o-dit), n. [< Gr. Ifu, outside, -1-
TToi/f (jroj-), = E.'/oot, + -ite^.J In Crustacea, the outer one of two
main branches into which the typical limb or appendage of any
somite is divided or divisible : opposed to endopodite. Compare
epipodite. Like the endopodite, the exopodite is very vanously
modified in different regions of the body of the same animal. Thus,
in the tail-fin, as of the crawfish, it forms the outer part of the broad
flat swimnieret on each side of the tail. In abdominal and thoracic
somites it may be very small, or entirely suppressed, especially when
the endopodite is highly developed as an ambulatory leg. (See cut
under eridopodite.) In maxillipedary segments it forms a variously
modified appendage of those parts (see cut under Cyclops) ; in an
antennary segment it may be a mere scale at the base of the very
long and many-jointed endopodite (antenna or feeler). The middle
division of each maxillipede, answering to the exopodite, is long,
slender, many-jointed, and palpiform. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 271.
exopoditic (ek''''so-po-dit'ik), a. [< exopodite + -ic] Of or pertaining
to the exopodite : as, the exopoditic division of a limb or of an
antenna. exoptablet (eg-zop'tar-bl), a. [< L. exoptabilis, desirable, <
exoptare, desire: see exoptation.] Capable of being desired or
sought after; desirable. Coles, 1717. [Rare.] exoptationf (ek-sop-
ta'shon), n. [< L. exoptare, pp. exoptatus, desire, long for, < ex, out,
+ optare, desire: see optation.] Earnest desire or wish. E. Phillips,
1706. [Bare.] exoptile (ek-sop'til), n. [< Gr. cfu, outside, + TrriAov, a
feather, down, plumage.] In hot., a plant having a naked plumule :
same as dicotyledon. [Not in use.] exorable (ek'so-ra-bl), a. [= P.
exorahle = Sp. exorable = Fg.'exbravel = It. esorabile, < L.
exorabilis, < exorare, move by entreaty, gain by entreaty : see
exorate.] Susceptible of being moved or persuaded by entreaty. He
seemes offended at the very rumour of a Parlameiit divulg'rt among
the people : as if hee had tak'n it for a kind of slander that men
should think him that way exorahle, much less inclin'd. Milton,
Eikonokla^tes, i. It [religion] prompts us ... to be patient, exorable,
and reconcileable to those that give us greatest cause of offence. ,
Barrow, Works, I. i. exorate (ek'so-rat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. exorated,
ppr. exorating. [< L. exoratus, pp. of exorare, move by entreaty, gain
by entreaty, < ex, out, -(- orare, pray : see oration.] To obtain by
request. [Rare.] Imp. Diet. exoration (ek-so-ra'shon), n. [< L.
exoratio{n-), < exorare, move by entreaty: see exorate,] A prayer;
an entreaty. [Rare.] I am blind To what you do ; deaf to your cries ;
and marble To all impulsive exoratioTis. Fletcher (and another).
Love's Cure, v. 3. exorbitance, exorbitancy (eg-z6r'bi-tans, -tansi), n.
[= ¥. exorbitance = Sp. Pg. exdrbitatieia = It. esorbitanza, < ML.
exorbitanUa, < L. exorlitan{t-)s, exorbitant: see exorbitant.] If. A
going out of or beyond proper limits or bounds ; transgression of
normal limitations or restrictions ; hence, inordinate extension or
expansion ; extravagant enlargement. Great "Worthies heertofore by
disobeying Law ofttimes have sav'd the Common-wealth : and the
Law afterward by firme Decree hath approv'd that planetary motion,
that unblamable exorbitancy in them. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxvi. To
such exorbitancy were things arived. Evelyn, Diary, May 12, 1641. A
good reign is the only time for the making of lawfr against the
exorbitance of power. Addison, The Head-dresB. 2. Extravagance in
degree or amount ; exoessiveness; inordinateness : as, the
exorbitance of desires, demands, or taxes. exorbitant (eg-z6r'bi-
tant), a. [= F. exorlitant = Sp. Pg. exorbitante = It. esorbitante, < L.
exorbitan(t-)s, ppr. of exorbitare, go out of the track, deviate, < ex,
out, + orbita, track: see orbit.'] It. Deviating from proper limitation
or rule ; excessively enlarged or extended; out of order or
proportion. Sin is no plant of God's setting. He seeth and flndeth it a
thing irregular, exorbitant, and altogether out of course. Hooker,
Eccles. Polity, v., App. 1. Acts of this bold and most exorbitant strain.
B. Jonson, Volpone, iv. 2. 2. Going beyond the bounds of reason;
extravagantly exacting or exacted; inordinate; excessive : as,
exorbitant charges or prices ; an exorbitant usurer. Once more I will
renew His lapsed powers, though forfeit and enthrall'd By sin to foul
exorbitant desires. Milton, P. L., iii. 177. An exorbitant miser, who
never yet lent A ducat at less than three hundred per cent. Barham,
Ingoldsby Legends, I. 46. He was ... the steadfast antagonist of the
exorbita,^ pretensions of Spain. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 87. =S3m. 2.
Inordinate, unreasonable, unconscionable. exorbitantly (eg-z6r'bi-
tant-li), adv. If. I" an exorbitant, excessive, or irregular manner;
extravagantly. 'Tis the naked man's apparel which we shut up in our
presses, or which we exorbitantly Tuf&e and ilaunt m. _ Barrow,
Works, I. xxxi. 2. In an excessive degree or amount; beyond
reasonable limits ; inordinately: as, to charge exorbitantly for a
service. exorbitatet (eg-z6r'bi-tat), V. i. [< L- exormtatus, pp. of
exqrbitare (> Pg. exorbitar), go out of the track : see exorbitant.] To
go beyond the usual track or orbit ; deviate from the usual lumt. The
planets . . . sometimes have exorbitated beyond the distance of
Saturn. Bentley, Sermons, vni. exorcisationt (ek-s6r-si-za'shon), «.
[< *^.exorsisacioun, < OF. exorcisacion, < ML- exorcir eaUo(n-), <
LL. exorcizare, pp. exordsatus, exorcise : see exorcise.] Exorcism ;
conjuration. Olde wyches, sorceresses, That usen exorsitadauns. ,„
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 120^
 exorcise exorcise (ek's6r-siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. exorcised,
ppr. exorcising. [Formerly also exorcize (the proper spelling
according to the analogy of other verbs in 4ze); < ME. *exorcisen (in
deriv.), < OF. exordser, F. exorciser = Sp. Pg. .exorcizar = It.
esorcizzare, < LL. exorcizare, < Gr, i^opidi;eiv, in eooles. writers
drive away (an evil spirit) by adjuration, in classical Gr. equiv. to the
earlier i^opicovv, swear a person, administer an oath, < if +
SpKiieiv, ipitovv, administer an oath, < 8p(cof, an oath.] 1. To expel
by conjurations and religious or magical ceremonies ; drive out by
religious or magical agencies: as, to exorcise evil spirits. One of
these was the Keverend Mr. Portpipe, whom we have already
celebrated for his proficiency in the art of ezorcimig goblins by dint
of venison and Medeira. peacock, Melincourt, i. Abate, cross your
breast and count your beads And exoreiee the devil, for here he
stands And stiffens in the bristly nape of neck, Daring you drive him
hence ! Browning, Ring and Booii, II. 250. 2. To purify from unclean
spirits by adjurations and religious or magioalceremonies ; deliver
from the influence of malignant spirits or demons : as, to exorcise a
house. And friars, that through the wealthy regions run, Besort to
farmers rich, and bless their haUs, And exorcise the beds, and cross
the walls. Dryden, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 28. Do all you can to
exorcise crowds who are in some degree possessed as I am.
Spectator, No. 402. 3t. To call up or forth, as a spirit; conjure up. He
impudently exorcizetk devils in the church. Prynne, Histrio-Mastix, I.
vi. 12. exorciser. (ek's6r-si-z6r), n. 1. One who easts out evil spirits
by adjurations and conjuration. They compared this performance of
our Lord with those, and perhaps with things which they had seen
done in their own times by professed exercisers. Horsley, Worlts, I.
x. 2t. One who calls up spirits ; a conjurer. Gui. No exorciser harm
thee ! Arv. Nor no witchcraft charm thee I Shah., Cymbeline, iv. 2
(song). exorcism (ek's6r-sizm), n. [< MB. exorcisme = F. exorcisme
= Sp. Pg. exorcismo = It. esoreismo, < LL. exorcismus, < Gr.
e^opKta/iis, eocles. exorcism, classical Gr. administration of an oath,
< £f op/cif £iv, swear a person, exorcise : see exorcise.'] 1. The act
or process of expelling evil spirits by conjurations and religious or
magical ceremonies ; a conjuration or ceremony employed for this
purpose. Exorcism has been practised in all times wherever a belief
has existed in literal demoniacal possession. In the Koman Catholic
and Greek churches it is used in the baptism of both adults and
infants, in the consecration of water, salt, oil, etc., and in specific
cases of individuals supposed to be possessed by evil spirits.
Exorcism in baptism is still retained also in some Lutheran churches.
It Is the nature of the devil of tyranny to tear and rend the body
which he leaves. Are the miseries of continued possession less
horrible than the struggles of the tremendous exorcism' Macaulay,
Milton. The growth of Neoplatonism and kindred philosophies greatly
strengthened the belief, and some of the later philosophers, as well
as many religious charlatans, practised exorcism. Lecky, Europ.
Morals, I. 405. 2t. The act of, or formula used in, raising the devil or
other spirit. Will her ladyship behold and hear our exorcisms' . . .
Madam, sit you, and fear not ; whom we raise, we will make fast
within a hallow'd verge. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 4. exorcismal (ek-s6r-
siz'mal), a. [< exorcism + -al. ] Pertaining to or of tie nature of
exorcism. In a short time nearly all tlie female population, excited by
theexorrasmaZ practices of the clergy, fell a prey to the disease
[hysteria]. Fortnightly £ev., N. S., XLI. 740. exorcist (ek's6r-sist), n.
[< MB. exorcist = F. exorciste = Sp. Pg. exorcista = It. esorcista, <
LL. exorcista, < Gr. s^opiaaT^c, an exorcist, < £fopid^eiv, exorcise:
see exorcise.] 1. One who exorcises evil spirits; eocles., a member of
an order of ecclesiastics, which became a distinct class during the
third century, whose office it was to expel evil spirits. This order still
exists in the Roman Catholic and Greek churches, with its original
office and a few minor duties added, such as bidding the non-
communicants give place to the communicants at the celebration of
the eucharist. He began to play the exorcist: "In the name of God,"
said he, "and all saints, I command thee to declare what thou art."
Foxe (Arbor's Eng. Garner, I. 109). Some few exorcists among the
Jews cured some demoniacs and distracted people. Jer. Taylor,
Works (ed. 1835), I. 239. The exorcist, by loud noises, frightful
grimaces, abominable stenches, etc., professes to drive out the
malicious intruder. ff. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 206. 2t. One who
calls or conjures up evil spirits. Thou, like an exoreist, hast oonjur'd
up My mortified spirit Shak., J. C, ii. 1. 2073 exordial (eg-z6r'di-al), a.
[< exordiwm + -ah] Pertaining to an exordium ; introductory; initial.
But the greatest underweening of this life is to undervalue that unto
which this is but exordial, or a passage leadmg unto it. Sir T.
Browne, Christ. Mor., ill. 26. If the exordial verses of Homer be
compared with the res.t of the poem, they will not appear
remarkable for plainness or simplicity, but rather eminently adorned
and illuminated. Johnson, Rambler, No. 158. exordium (eg-z6r'di-
um), n. [= F. exorde = Sp. Pg. exordio = It. esordia, esordio, < L.
exordium, a beginning, the warp of a web, < exordiri, begin, weave,
< ex, out, + ordiri, begin a web, lay the warp, begin..] The
beginning of anything; specifically, the introductory part of a
discourse, intended to prepare the au Sp. Vg. exornar = It. esornare
= OF. exorner), fit out, equip, deck, adorn, < ex, out, + ornare, fit
out, equip, deck, adorn: see ornate.] To ornament. [Bare.] Their
hemimeris of halfe foote serued not by licence Poeticall or necessitie
of words, but to bewtifie and exornatc the verse. Puttenham, Arte of
Eng, Poesie, p. 108. exornatiout (ek-s6r-na'shon), n. [= Sp.
exornacion = Pg. exornagao = It. esornazione, < L. exornatio(n-), <
exornare, pp. exornatus, adorn : see exornate.] Ornamentation ;
decoration ; embellishment. So is there yet requisite to the
perfection of this arte another maner of exornation, which resteth in
the fashioning of our makers language and style. Puttenham, Arte of
Eng. Poesie, p. 114. She doth give it that sweet, quick grace, and
exornation in the composure, B. Jonson, Every Man out of his
Humour, ii. 1. Hyperbolical exornations, elegancies, &c., many much
affect. Burton, Anat, of Mel,, p, 24, exortivet (eg-z6r'tiv), a. [< L.
exortivus, pertaining to tiie rising of the heavenly bodies, eastern, <
exoriri, pp. exortus, rise out or forth, < ex, out, + oriri, rise: see
orient] Bising; relating to the east or the place of rising of the
heavenly bodies. Coles, 1717. [Bare.] exoscopic (ek-so-skop'ik), a.
[< Gr. £|u, outside, + anonelv', view, + -Jc] Considering a thing in a
superficial way, or without taking into account its interior constitution
— Exoscopic method in alg., a method of considering a quantio in
which the coefficients are regarded as monads, without reference to
their internal constitution, J. J. Sylvester, 1853, exosculate (eg-
zos'ku-lat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. exosculated, ppr. exosculating. [< L.
exosculatus, pp. of exosculari, kiss fondly, < ex + oscuexostome lari,
Idss : see osculate.] To kiss ; especially, to kiss repeatedly and
fondly. exoskeletal (ek-so-skel'e-tal), a. [< exoskeleton + -al.] Of or
pertaining to the exoskeleton. Exoskeleton has acquired such
latitude of signification that exoskeletal is nearly synonymous with
tegumentary, cuticular, OT epidermal, and is applicable to any
hardened superficial structure, as hair, fur, feathers, claws, horns,
hoofs, nails, etc. The connective tissue and muscles of the
integument are exclusively developed in the enderon ; while from
the epidermis all cuticular and cellular exoskeletal parts, and all the
integumentary glands, are developed. Huxley, Anat. Invert,, p, 55,
exoskeleton (ek-so-skel'e-ton), n. [NL., < Gr. £f 6), outside, + aKe?
ieT6v, a dried body : see skeleton.] In zool. and anat, any structure
produced by the hardening of the integument, as the shells of
crustaceans or the scales and plates of fishes and reptiles, especially
when such modified integument is of the nature of bone, as the
carapace of a turtle or the plates of a sturgeon; the dermoskeleton :
opposed to endoskeleton. In the highest Annulosa, the exoskeleton
and the muscular system never lose all traces of their primitive
segmentation, R. Spencer, Universal Progress, p, 409, exosmic (ek-
sos'mik), a. Same as exosmoUc. exosmose (ek'sos-mos), m. [< NL.
exosmosis.] Same as exosmosis. exosmosis (ek-sos-mo'sis), n. [NL.,
< Gr. £f, out, + aajjJig, a thrusting, an impulse, < aBelv, thrust,
push, drive'; cf . e^uBelv, thrust out, force out : see osmosis, and cf.
endosmosis, diosmosis.] The passage of gases, vapors, or liquids
through membranes or porous media from within outward, in the
phenomena of osmosis, the reverse process being called
endosmosis. See endosmosis, osmosis. exosmotic (ek-sos-mot'ik), a.
[< exosmosis {exosmot-) + -ic] Pertaining to or of the nature of
exosmosis: as, an exosmotic current. Also exosmic. exosperm (ek'so-
spferm), n. [< Gr. Ifu, outside, -f- airipiia, seed.] Same as exospore.
exospore (ek'so-spor), n. [< NL. exosporium: see spore.] 1. The
outer coat of a spore, corresponding to the extine of pollen-grains:
same as epispore. — 2. An outer coat of dried protoplasm adhering
to the surface of a spore, as to the resting-spores of Peronospora
and Mueor. Exosporese (ek-so-spo're-e), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. Efu,
outside, + aWiipof, seed, + -ecB.] The first of the two groups into
which the Myxomycetes are divided. It is characterized by the
production of spores externally upon a conidiophore, and includes a
single genus, Ceratium, which Saccardo's classification refers to
Hyphomycetes. Compare Endosporece. exosporium (ek-so-spo'ri-
um), n. [NL., < Gr. I'^a, outside, + cirdpoq, seed: see spore.] Same
as exospore. The product of conjugation is termed a zygospore. Its
cellulose coat becomes separated into an outer layer of a dark
blackish hue, the exosporium, and an inner colourless layer, the
endosporium, Huxley, Biology, v, exosporous (ek-so-sp6'rus), a. [<
Gr. £fai, outside, + airdppg, seed (see spore), + -ous.] Producing
spores exogenously; having naked spores. exossatet (ek-sos'at), v. t
[< L. exossatus, pp. of exossare, deprive of bone, bone, < exossis,
exossiis, also exos (exoss-), without bones, < ex, out, + OS (os«-),
a bone.] To deprive of bones; bone. Bailey, 1731. exossationt (ek-so-
sa'shon), n. [< exossate + -ion.] The act of exossating, or depriving
of bones or of any similar hard substance ; the state of being so
deprived. Experiment solitary touching the exossation of fruits.
Bacon, Nat. Hist,, § 854, exosseoust (ek-sos'f-us), a. [< L. exossis,
exossus, boneless {see' exossate), + -eous. Cf. osseow.] Having no
bones ; boneless. The like also in snails, a soft and
exosseousSimTaal, whereof in the naked and greater sort , , ,
nature, neer the head, hath placed a fiat white stone, or rather
testaceous concretion. Sir T. Browne, Vulg, Err., iii. 13, Exostema (ek-
so-ste'ma), n. [NL. (so called with ref . to the exserted stamens), <
Gr. £f«, outside, + ar^/ia, stamen.] A genus of rubiaceous trees or
shrubs, of tropical America, nearly allied to Cinchona. West Indian or
Princewood bark, used in the West Indies as a tonic, is obtained
from E. Caribbceum. exostome (ek'so-stom), n. [< Gr. £fu, outside, -
i-'ardfia, mouth.] In S"?^ [„„'^''' hot. : (a) The aperture through the
outer integument of an ovule which, together with the endostome,
completes the foramen. (6) The outer peristome of mosses.
 ezostosed ezostosed (ek-sos'tozd), a. 1. Affected 'with
exostosis. Erasmus Wilson, Anat. — 2. Ossified externally;
dermosseous. The gaseouB, liquid, and solid molecular conditions,
being characters diBtinguishing otherwise allied substances in the
same way morphologically (we can not say yet developmentally) as
the cartilaginous, osseous, and ezostosed or dermosseous characters
distinguish otherwise nearly allied genera. K D. Cope, Origin of the
Fittest, p. 46. exostosis (ek-sos-to'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. efu, outside, +
bariov, bone, + -osis.'] 1. In pathol., a morbid bony growth on the
surface of a bone, arising from bone, periosteum, or articular or
epiphyseal cartilage. — 2. In 6oi., the formation of woody, wart-Uke
excrescences upon the stems or roots of plants. exostotic (ek-Bos-
tot'ik), a. [< exostosis (-ot-) + -ic] Pertaining to or of the nature of
exostosis. exostracize (ek-sos'tra-siz), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
exostraoised, ppr. exostradzing. [< Gr. k^oarpaKtlictv, banish by
ostracism, < ef, out, + barpaK(f«v, ostracize: see ostracize.'} To
consign to a state of ostracism. That the dictionaries have
overlooked the use of this word wWch Mr. White exostracizes goes
for nothing. F. Hall, False Philol., p. 70. exoteric (ek-so-ter'ik), a. and
«. [=F.exotMque = Sp. exotirico = Pg. exoterico = It. esoterico (= D.
G-. exoteriseli = Dan. Sw. exoterisk), < LL. exotenctts,- *• [< L-
expansiis, pp. oi expandere, expand: see expand."] To expand;
stretch out. The like doth Beda report of Belerophon's horse, which,
framed of iron, was placed between two loadstones, with wings
expansed, pendulous in the ayre. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 3.
expansibility (eks-pan-si-bil'i-ti), n. [= Sp. expansibilidad = Pg.
expansibilidade; as ej^ansiile: see-bility.] The quality of being
expansible ; capacity of extension in surface or bulk, or of distention:
as, the expansibility of air. Else all fluids would be alike in weight,
expansibUity, and all other qualities. if- Or'"'A metal of low
conducting power and high expansibility is necessary, and lead
answers these conditions best. Sillvman's Journal, IX. 105.
expansible (eks-pan'si-bl), a. [= F. expansible = Sp. expansible = Pg.
expansimel = It. espmir • sibile, < L. as if *expansibilis, < expansus,
pp. of expandere, expand: see expand, expamse.] Capable of being
expanded or spread ; admitting of being extended, dilated, or
diffused. All have springiness in them, and (notwithstanding) be, by
reason of their shape, readily expansible on the score of their native
structure. Boyle, Works, V. 614. Bodies are not expansible in
proportion to their weight N. Orew. Expansible pair, in math., a pair
containing neither tlie first nor the last of the series of objects from
which it is taken. expansibleness (eks-pan'si-bl-nes), n. Expansibility.
expansibly (eks-pan'si-bli), adv. In an expansible manner; so as to
be expanded. expansile (eks-pan'sil), a. [< L. expansus, pp. of
expandere, expand (see expand), + -»!«■] *-'*■ pable of expanding
or of expansion; of a nature to expand: as, expansile action. Scott.
expansion (eks-pan'shon), n. [= F. exparmon = Sp. eimansion = Pg.
expansS/O = It. espoMr sione, < LL. expansio{n-), a spreading out,
< iJexpansus, pp. of evpandere, spread out : see expand.] 1. The
act of expanding. (a)Iheactof spreading out.
 expansion The extent of his f athome, or distance betwixt
the extremity of the fingers of either hand upon expaTmoiis, is equal
unto the space between the sole of the foot and the crown. Sir T.
Browne, Vulg. Err., iv. 6. It. spatriare = Sp. Pg. expatria/r = P.
expatrier), banish, < L. ex, out of, + patria, one's native country,
fatherland, < pater = E. father : see patrial. Cf . depatriate,
repair^.] 1. To banish; send out of one's native country. The allied
powers possess also an exceedingly numerous, well-informed,
sensible, ingenious, high-principled, and spirited body of cavaliers in
the expatriated landed interest of France. Burke, Policy of the Allies.
2. Eefiexively, to withdraw from one's native country; renounce the
rights of citizenship where one was bom, and become a citizen of
another country. expatriation (eks-pa-tri-a'shon), re. [= P.
expatriation = Sp. expatriadon = Pg. expatriagSo, < ML. as if
*expatriatio{n-), < expatriare, pp. ea> patriatus, expatriate: see
expatriate.] 1. The act of banishing, or the state of being banished ;
banishment. Expatriation was a heavy ransom to pay for the rights
of their minds and souls. Palfrey. 2. In law, the voluntary
renunciation of one's nationality and allegiance, by becoming a
citizen of another country. The right of expatriation, or the right
voluntarily to change one's allegiance, so as to be free from the
obligation of natural allegiance, was formerly denied in England, and
doubted by jurists in the United States, although always maintained
politically in the latter country ; it was finally established by Congress
in 1868, and by Parliament in 1870. In other civilized countries it had
previously been conceded, with some specific limitations. expect
(eks-pekf), v. [= OF. expecter, espeeter = It. espettare, < L.
expectare, exspectare, look for, await, anticipate, expect, < ex, out,
+ spectare, look: see ^ectacle. Cf. aspect, inspect, prospect,
respect, suspect.] I. trans. 1. To look for; wait for; await. [Archaic]
The guards. By me encamp'd on yonder hill, expect Their motion.
Milton, P. 1., xii. 691.
 expect Being at this time in most prodigious confusion and
under no government, every body expecting wliat would be next and
what he would do. Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 3, 1660. The emperor and his
whole court stood on the shore, expecting the issue of this great
adventure. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, i. 5. 2. To look for with
anticipation; beMeveinthe occurrence or tlie coming of ; await as
likely to happen or to appear. Luc. When expect you them ? Cap.
With the next benefit o' the wind. Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2. Whilst evil
is expected, we fear ; but when it is certain, we despair. Burton,
Anat. of Mel., p. 639. Expect her soon with f ootboy at her heels.
Coviper, Task, iv. 550. To incur a risk is not to expect reverse ; and if
my opinions are true, I have a right to think that they will bear
examining. J. H. Newmun, Gram, of Assent, p. 183. 3. To reckon
upon, as something to be done, granted, or yielded ; desire with
confidence or assurance : as, to expect obedience or aid ; I shall
expect to find that job finished by Saturday ; you are expected to be
quiet. There is a pride of doing more than is expected of us, and
more than otliers would have done. Dryden, Amphitryon, Pref. 4. To
count upon in relation to something; trust or rely upon to do or act
in some specified way; require or call upon expectantly : as, I expect
you to obey, or to perform a task. England expects every man to do
his duty. Lord Nelson (signal at the battle of Trafalgar). 5. To
suppose; reckon; conclude: applied to things past or present as well
as to things future : as, I expect he went to town yesterday. [Prov.
Eng., and local, U. S.] [This use, though naturally derivable from
sense 3, is probably in some instances due to confusion with suspect
: as, I rather expect he doesn't intend to come. ] = Syn. To
anticipate, look forward to, calculate upon, rely upon. " Hope,
Expect. Both express the anticipation of something future ; when the
anticipation is welcome, we hope ; when it is less or more
certain,vfe expect." (Angus, Handbook of the Eng. Tongue, p. 378.)
Expect, Suppose. Expect properly refers to the future ; suppose may
refer to the present, the past, or the future. The two words do not
differ materially in the degree of certainty felt. ^ It would be the
wildest of human imaginations to expect a poor, vicious, and
ignorant people to maintain a good popular government. D. Webster,
Speech at Pittsburg, July, 1833. I suppose. If our proposals once
again were heard, We should compel them to a quick result. Milton,
P. L., vi. 617. Il.t intrans. To wait ; stay. I will expect until my change
in death. And answer at thy call. Sandys, Paraphrase of Job, p. 22.
"Where there is a Banquet presented, if there be Persons of Quality
there, the People must expect and stay till the great ones have
done. Selden, Table-Tallc, p. 80. Frosts that constrain the ground,
and birth deny To flowers that in its womb expecting lie. Dryden,
Astrsea Bedux, 1. 132. expectt (eks-pekf), n. [< expect, v.}
Expectation. And be 't of less expect That matter needless, of
importless burden. Divide thy lips. Shak., T. and C, i. 3. expectable
(eks-pek'ta-bl), a. [= Sp. espectable = Pg. expectavel, < L.
expectdbilis, exspeetabilis, to be expected, < expectare, exspectare,
expect: see expect.'^ To be expected; that may be expected. [Eare.]
Occult and spiritual operations are not expectable. Sir T. Brovme,
Vulg. Err. expectance, expectancy (eks-pek'tans, -tansi), n. [< ML.
expectantia, < E. expectan(fi)s, ppr. of expectare, look for, expect:
see expectant.'] 1. The act or state of expecting; anticipatory belief
or desire. There is expectance here from both the sides, What
further you will do. Shak, T. and C, iv. 6. How bright he stands in
popular expectance ! B. JoTison, Sejanus, iv. 3. The returns of
prayer, and the blessings of piety, are certain, . . . though not
dispensed according to the expectances of our narrow conceptions.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 65. 2. Something on which
expectations or hopes are founded ; the object of expectation or
hope. [Rare.] The expectancy and rose of the fair state. Shak.,
Hamlet, iii. 1. The Nations hailed Their great expectancy.
Wordsworth, Prelude, vi. 3. Same as expectative, 2._ Estate In
expectancy, or expectant estate, a present right or interest, either
vested or contingent, the enjoyment of which in possession is
postponed to a future time. Expectant estates are reversions,
remaindei-s, or executory interests.— Tables 2076 of expectancy,
tables showing the length of life which remains on the average to
males or females of every given age. expectant (eks-pek'tant), a.
and n. [< ME. expectant, < OP. expectant = F. expectant = Pg.
expectante, < L. expectan{t-)s, exspectan(t-)s, ppr. of expectare,
exspectare, look for, expect: see expect.} 1. a. 1. Having
expectation; expecting. Expectant ay tille I may mete < To geten
mercy of that swete. Bom. of the Rose, 1. 4671. Expectant of that
news which never came. Tennyson, Enoch Arden. Kosy years that
stood expectant by To buckle the winged sandals on their feet.
Lowell, Agassiz. 2. Looking forward with confidence ; assured that a
certain future event will occur. Her majesty has offered concessions,
in order to remove scruples raised in the mind of the expectant heir.
Swift. 3. In med., relating to or employed in the expeotEint method:
as, an expectant medicine. Dunglison, — Expectant estate. See
estate in expectancy, under expectance. — Expectant method, in
med., the therapeutic method which recognizes the futility of
attempting an immediate cure in certain diseases, as typhoid fever,
but consists in watching for and checking any untoward symptoms
as they may arise. II. n. 1. One who expects; one who waits in
expectation ; one held in dependence by his belief or hope of
receiving some good. The boldest expectants have found unhappy
frustration. Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, v. Meantime, he is merely an
expectant; but with prospects greatly improved by the death of
Salisbury. E. A. Abbott, Bacon, p. 177. 2t. In Scotland, a candidate
for the ministry who has not yet received a license to preach. No
expectant shall be permitted to preach in publike before a
congregation till first he be tryed after the same manner. Act of
Assembly of Glasgow, Aug. 7, 1641. expectantly (eks-pek'tant-li),
adv. In an expectant manner ; with expectation. As it was, she
listened expectantly. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, I. 357.
expectation (eks-pek-ta'shon), n. [= P. expectation = Pr. espectacio,
expectacion = Sp. expectaeion = Pg. expectagao = It. espettaeione,
< L. expectatio{n-), exspectaUo{n-), < expectare, exspectare,
expect: see expect.'] 1. The act or state of waiting or awaiting with
confident anticipation. And there have sat The livelong day with
patient exoectaticn. To see great Pompey pass the streets of Rome.
Shak., J. C, i. 1. 2. The act or state of expecting; a looking forward
to an event as about to happen ; belief in the occurrence of
something hereafter. The same weakness of mind which indulges
absurd ex^eciafionsproduces petulance in disappointment, Irving.
She spoke and turn'd her sumptuous head, with eyes Of shining
expectation fixt on mine. Tennyson, Princess, iv. Christian nations
live in a perpetual state of expectation, always hoping for something
new and good ; heathen nations expect little, hope for little, and
therefore accomplish little. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 409. 3. That
which is expected; what is anticipated or looked forward to. Now
clear I understand . , , Why our great Expectation should be call'd
The seed of woman. Milton, P. 1., xii. 378. 4. Prospect of future
good, as of possessions, honors, advancement, and the like : usually
in the plural. My soul, wait thou only upon God; for my expectation
is from him. Ps. Ixii. 5. You must know that I have a dev'lish rich
uncle in the East Indies, Sir Oliver Surface, from Whom I have the
greatest expectation.s. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 3. His
magnificent expectations made him . . . the best match in Europe.
Prescott. 5j. A state or qualities in a person which excite anticipation
in others of some future exceUenoe; promise. Simi not your travels
up with vanities ; It ill becomes your expectation. Fletcher,
Wildgoose Cha^e, ii. 1. By all men's eyes, a youth of expectation;
Pleas'd with your growing virtue I receiv'd you. 6. In med., same as
expectant method (which see, under expectant). — 7. In the theory
of probabilities, the present value of contingent future gain, it is
equal to the value to be gained multiplied by the probability of
gaining it. No account is taken of interest, as not being germane to
the problems usually treated.— Expectation of life, the average
duration of life beyond any age of persons who have attained that
age.— E^iectation week/the interval between Asexpectorate cension
day and Whit-Sunday : so called because it was the season of the
apostles' earnest prayer for and expectation of the Comforter. = Syn,
2. Anticipation, expectance expectancy, confidence, trust, reliance,
presumption. ' expectative (eks-pek'ta-tiv), a. and n. [= p.
expectative = Sp. Pg. expectativa = It. espettativa, n., < ML.
*expectatims (fern. expectaUma n.), < L. expectare, exspectare, pp.
expectatus, exspeetatus, expect: see expect.] I, a. 1. Constituting an
object of expectation ; giving rise to expectation; anticipatory.
[Rare.] Expectative graces or mandates nominating a person to
succeed to a benefice. Bobertson 2. Mccles., pertaining to an
expectative. See II., 2. II. n. 1. That which is expected; something in
expectation. Though blessedness seem to be but an expectative, a
reversion reserved to the next life, yet so blessed are they in this
testimony of a rectified conscience, which is this purity of heart, as
that they have this blessedness in a present possession. Donne,
Sermons, x. Specifically — 2. In the Bom. Cath. Ch., the right to be
collated in the future to a benefice not vacant when the right is
granted. Expectatives were either papal, granted by a mandate of
the pope, or royal, granted by a mandate of the temporal sovereign.
Hence, the mandate so given is sometimes incorrectly called an
expectative. The right was abolished by the Council of Trent in the
sixteenth century, except in a few specified cases. Also called
expectance, expectancy, and, when the benefice was specified, a
survivorship. The king conferred upon him as many ecclesiastical
preferments ... as he could be legally possessed of, as supports of
his state and dignity, while this great expectative was depending. Bp.
Lowth, Wykeham, p. 84. Before his return, Ximenes obtained a papal
bull, or expectative, preferring him to the first benefice of a specified
value which should become vacant in the see of Toledo. Prescott,
Ferd. and Isa., ii. 6, Expectatores (eks-pek-ta-to'rez), n.pl. [NL., pi.
of LL. expectator, ' exspectator, one who watches, a spectator, <
expectare, exspectare, lookout, expect: see expect] InMacgiUivray's
system of classification, an order of birds, the watchers, as the
herons and their allies : nearly equivalent to the modem Merodiones.
[Not in use,] expectatorium (eks-pek-ta-to'ri-um), n.; pi. expectatoria
(-a). [ML., < L. expectare, exspectare, wait for, expect : see eicpect.]
In the middle ages, a disputation by cursory bachelors in theology, in
the University of Paris and elsewhere. expectedly (eks-pek'ted-li),
adv. In an expected manner ; at a time or in a manner expected or
looked for. Lord Mansfield . , , unexpectedly is supported by the late
Chancellor, the Duke of Newcastle, and that part of the Ministry, and
very expectedly by Mr. Fox. Walpole, Letters (1768), III. 277.
expecter (eks-pek'ter), n. One who expects; one who waits for
something or for another person. Also expector. .^neas, call my
brother Troilusto me; And signify this loving interview To the
expecters of our Trojan part. Shak.,T. andC.,iv. 6. expectingly (eks-
pek'ting-li), adv. With expectation. Prepar'd for fight, expect^ly he
lies. Dryden, tr, of Juvenal's Satu:eB, vi, expectlesst (eks-pekt'les), a.
[< expect + -less.] 1. Unsuspicious. But when he saw me enter so
expectless, To hear his base exclaims of murther, niurthcr. Chapman,
Eevenge of Bussy d'Ambois, ii 1. 2. Unexpected ; not looked for ;
unforeseen. expector (eks-pek'tor), ». Same as expecter. Dam.
Who's that, boy? Boy. Another juggler, with a long name, 0 that your
expectors would be gone hence, now, at the first act; or expect no
more hereafter than they understand. B. Jonson, Magnetick lady, i, '
expectorant (eks-pek'to-rant), a. and n. [= Pexpectorant = Sp. Pg.
expectorante = It. espettorante, < L. expeotoran(t-)s, ppr. of
expectorare: see expectorate.] I. a. Pertaining to or promoting
expectoration. II. n. Something, as a drug, which promotes or
facilitates expectoration. expectorate (eks-pek'to-rat), v. ; pret. and
ppexpectorated, ppr. expectorating. [< L. expectoratus, pp. of
expectorare (> It. espettorare = bP' Pg. expectorar = P. expectorer),
only fig. hamsn from the mind, but lit. (as in mod. use) expel from
the breast, < ex, out of, + pectus {pector-), the breast: see
pectoral.] I. trans. 1. To eject from the trachea or lungs ; discharge,
as phlegm or other matter, by coughing or hawking »nO spitting ;
spit out.
 expectorate They afflrm that as well the one as the other
doth expectorate the fleame gathered in the chest. Holland, tr. of
Pliny, xxiy. 16. 2. To eject or reject as 11 byspittmg; cast out or aside
as useless or worthless. [Bare.] Hath it [faith] not sovereign virtue in
it to excerebrate all cares, expectorate all fears and griefs ? 5. Ward,
Sermons, p. 25. II. intrans. To eject matter from the lungs or throat
by coughing or hawking and spitting ; by euphemism, to spit.
Inability to expectorate is often the immediate cause of death.
Quam, Med. Diet. expectoration (eks-pek-to-ra'shon), n, [= P.
expectoration = Sp. expectoracio'n = Pg. expectoragSo = It.
eapettorazione, < L. as if *expectoraUo{n-), < expectorare, pp.
expectoraius, in lit. sense: see expectorate.'^ 1. The act of
discharging phlegm or mucus from the throat or limgs, by coughing
or hawking and spitting; euphemistioally, a spitting. The act of
expectoration is, as a rule, most easy in that position in which
respiration is most tree. Qvatn, Med. Diet. 2. The matter
expectorated. Saline matter is abundant in the transparent viscid
expectoration. Quain, Med. Diet. expectorative (eks-pek'to-ra-tiv), a.
andji. [= Sp. expectorativo ; as expectorate + -we.] I, a. Having the
quality of promoting expectoration. II. n. An expectorant. Syrups and
other expectoratives, in coughs, must necessarily occasion a greater
cough. Harvey, Consumptions. expede (eks-ped'), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. expeded, ppr. expeding. [= D. expedieren^ G. e^ediren, = Dan.
expedere = Sw. expedAera, < OF. expedier, F. expSdier, despatch (<
ML. as if *expeditare, freq.), = Sp. Pg. expedir = It. espedire,
spedwe, despatch, < L.eagjeiiire, expedite, orig. free the feet, as
from a snare, hence disengage, despatch, etc., impers. be
serviceable or expedient, < ex, out, + pes (ped-) = E. foot. Of.
impede, despatch, depeach, impeach. Also expedite; hence (from L.
expedite) expedient,expedite, etc.] To despatch; expedite. [Now only
Scotch.] When any see was vacant, a writ was issued out of the
chancery for seising on all the temporalities of the bishoprick, and
then the king recommended one to the Pope, upon which his bulls
were expeded at Rome. Bp. Burnet, Hist. Reformation, i. To expede
letters, in Scots lam, to write out the principal writ and get it signed,
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