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Flood risk management contributions in localized areas. Case study: Tunja,

Colombia

Article in Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua · July 2021

DOI: 10.24850/j-tyca-2021-04-09

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DOI: 10.24850/j-tyca-2021-04-09

Articles

Flood risk management contributions in localized areas.

Case study: Tunja, Colombia

Contribuciones a la gestión del riesgo de inundación en

zonas localizadas. Caso de estudio: Tunja, Colombia

Carlos Andrés Caro-Camargo1, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-

5568-1219

Laura Gil-Alvarado 2

1Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Santo Tomás, Tunja, Colombia,

[email protected]

2Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Santo Tomás, Tunja, Colombia,

[email protected]

Corresponding author: Carlos Andrés Caro-Camargo,

[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

In an increasingly urbanized world, local governments have greater

responsibility to implement practical measures against climate change.
Measures that help prevent, mitigate, and efficiently overcome events
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such as floods, focusing on sustainable urban development. The present

project is developed for the city of Tunja, Colombia. In this, sectors with
high flood threat are evaluated, according to the main bodies of water
that cross the urban area, Jordán River and La Vega River. The research
purpose is to provide strategies that promote the correct flood risk
management in the municipality. There are three priority topics, (1)
importance of urban planning and management, (2) study of vulnerability
from the social perception of the exposed inhabitants , and, finally, (3) a
proposal of strategic alternatives according to the analyzed risk. It is
aimed at the timely prevention promotion and affectations reduction, a
product of precipitation events due to climatic variability.

Keywords: Floods, risk management, social perception, sustainable

urban development, vulnerability.

Resumen

En un mundo cada vez más urbanizado, los gobiernos locales tienen

mayor responsabilidad de implementar medidas prácticas frente al
cambio climático. Medidas que ayuden a prevenir, mitigar y superar
eficientemente eventos como las inundaciones, centrándose en el
desarrollo urbano sostenible. El presente proyecto se enfoca en la ciudad
de Tunja, Colombia. Se evalúan sectores con alta amenaza de inundación,
según los principales cuerpos de agua que atraviesan el área urbana : los
ríos Jordán y La Vega. El propósito de la investigación es proporcionar
estrategias que promuevan la correcta gestión del riesgo de inundación
en el municipio. Se cuenta con tres temáticas prioritarias : (1) la
importancia de la planificación y gestión urbana; (2) el estudio de la
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vulnerabilidad desde la percepción social de los habitantes expuestos y,

finalmente, (3) una propuesta de alternativas estratégicas según el riesgo
analizado. Está dirigido a la promoción oportuna de la prevención y la
reducción de afectaciones, producto de eventos de precipitación por
variabilidad climática.

Palabras clave: desarrollo urbano sostenible, gestión de riesgos,

inundaciones, percepción social, vulnerabilidad.

Received: 01/07/2019

Accepted: 15/09/2020

Introduction

In the global context, people are choosing to settle in urban areas. Cities
are currently considered as the engines of economic growth. People who
migrate from rural to urban centers, pursue a higher standard of living.
However, it must not be ignored the need to address climate change with
risk management help and promotion. Cities that tend to grow
significantly over years may bring increases in the regional economy, but
they can also generate dangers if they are not planned and developed
properly, in accordance with the environment that surrounds them.

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The need is emphasized in establishing better-planned cities and,

above all, dignified and safe for their inhabitants. While the World
Meteorological Organization reveals that nine out of ten disasters in the
world are related to climate or water, natural disasters continue to have
greater repercussions in the economies of developing countries. In
Colombia, the precipitation events consequences due to the "La Niña"
phenomenon, which has been one of the strongest in history (Hurtado &
Euscátegui, 2012), show the existing national flaws in terms of territorial
organization. For this reason, it is of great importance that continuous
monitoring of water bodies be generated and natural disasters that affect
lives, infrastructure, and goods are prevented.

In Tunja, some risks may affect the population, assets, and

infrastructure existing in the territory. Among which, it can be mentioned
floods, landslides, seismic events, public agglomerations, technological
risks, and of course, those derived from the effects of climate change,
etc. These risks, of different origins and different forms in their
manifestation, represent challenges for public policy, which must be
coherent with the institutional transformations that have taken place in
the country in recent years. With the Law 1523 of 2012 issuance, the
conceptualization that up to that point had been made regarding disaster
prevention was transformed, thus conceiving risk management as a social
process.

It is for the needs previously exposed that this study is developed.

Several processes framed in research, action, and participation are
highlighted. Processes as a collection of data to analyze, review of
documentary information provided by official entities, the study of priority

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areas to be evaluated, the use of techniques such as interviews, field

visits, the recognition of selected sectors and finally, this project evaluate
Flood Risk Management in the study area, providing a proposal of
strategic guidelines for its application in the municipality of Tunja. This
study is also analyzed local risk management, from the risk identification
and perception, risk reduction, disaster management , and governance.
All this, being very useful for the decision-making entities and for the
same community that may be affected by disaster situations.

The document will have an analytical and descriptive character,

focusing on the generation of theoretical and practical contributions in the
scope of Flood Risk Management in Tunja's areas with the high threat.
The most important periods of analysis for this research, are mainly those
that occurred in 2010-2011 when the "La Niña" phenomenon was
presented in Colombia and the subsequent legal advances that emerged.
It is hoped that with this project results, improvements will be made in
prevention and mitigation of damages activities resulting from future
natural phenomena that may generate disasters in sites with high flooding
threat.

Literature review

Flood risk reduction methodologies

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Risk management Departmental plans

Within the Methodological Guide for the elaboration of Risk Management

Departmental Plans, the state bets to the correct management of every
risk, to the service of territory. The National Disaster Risk Management
Policy is adopted and promoted in Colombia, by Law 1523 of 2012. These
plans provide guidelines for the threats study, vulnerabilities, and risk, to
establish actions to be carried out in each territory. This guide highlights
the need for regional administrations to initiate and maintain the
continuity of risk management processes in each sector, as well as
integration in development planning, priority actions in this area , and
other instruments of planning (PNUD, 2012).

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)

Green growth and adaptation to climate change become a fundamental

objective within the strategy of improving rainwater harvesting and
retention systems. Since one of the risks associated with climate change

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is the one caused by the floods, which have their origin in the inadequate
management of surface run-off, in recent years it has been forced to raise
in-depth discussion, wherefrom public policies and technical solutions, it
provides the necessary tools to deal with these types of situations in a
correct way.

One of the most influential factors in which surface runoff due to

rain becomes a determining factor in the cities' flooding processes, has to
do with the rapid urban growth, which due to the high number of buildings
exceeds the networks of sewerage capacity. The lack of citizen culture,
which generates sinks blockages due to pollution and the increase of
impervious surface in public space, which do not contribute to retaining
water but, on the contrary, evacuate it directly and more quickly to the
city sewer networks. The need is to implement solutions according to the
environment with low negative impact.

Through the Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)

implementation, it is intended that the hydrological response of an
urbanized area be as similar as possible to that in its hydrological original
state (Ramos, Pérez-Sánchez, Franco, & López-Jiménez, 2017). With the
SUDS, two objectives are strengthened regarding the management of
rainwater. On one hand, there is the redistribution of urban runoff through
measures such as control at the source, the attenuation of flood peaks,
the delivery of controlled/regulated discharges, the recharge of the
aquifer, and the use of the flow transport. A second objective is the
reduction of the contamination of water bodies receiving urban runoff.

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Hydrodynamic modeling

Thanks to computational advances, hydrological modelling has presented

notable advances in the characterization of physical processes, as an
extension of the application of concepts that enclose the behavior of water
in its various phases of the hydrological cycle on the planet. There are
works focused on the study of models that closely approximate the
general hydrological processes taking into account surface areas,
underground in hydraulic bases based on finite volume schemes, applying
the complete Saint-Venant equations or simplifications (Caro-Camargo, &
Velandia-Tarazona, 2019). It has been observed that by applying the
vertical transfer hydrological module into Iber software, the behavior of a
basin has been approximated, resulting in accurate hydrological
responses, showing special interest in the mesh type of the digital
elevation model. It influences the results, the performance of the
simulation, and the choice of type of hydrological or hydraulic modelling
(Caro-Camargo, Pacheco-Merchán, & Sánchez-Tueros, 2019).

Models that have been used in nations with excessive urban growth,
allow confronting parameters of surface runoff and normal routing of the
flow-through natural water channels that cross cities. Models that
evaluate the main data that influence the behavior of flood risk warning
systems have been proposed to prevent loss of human lives and
deterioration of people's material goods (Chen, Zhou, Zhang, Du, & Zhou,
2015).

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Flood Early Warning Systems (FEWS)

The devastating results that have been caused by floods have managed
to generate an impact on both environment and society. In various parts
of the world, tools for early warning have been studied since the frequent
flood events. The need is observed in the timely response capacity that
the affected localities can have. Some studies propose a flood index based
on satellite data that identify areas that give rise to runoff and that
contribute greatly to the production of flooding of the basin. The
preliminary conclusions of the studies indicate that spatial distribution of
areas that probably cause runoff, show the most prone flooding sites
(Koriche & Rientjes, 2016).

Public management and Flood Risk Management

To achieve a vulnerability reduction of flood's socio-natural phenomenon,

it is necessary that strategies that are proposed and used have the
maximum possible effectiveness. Regulatory instruments are needed that
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focus on risk management and territorial ordering variables, maximizing

the impact of population activity as priority criteria related to public,
urban, and risk management.

Materials and methods

The methodology developed for this research was focused on 4 stages

designed to meet the specific objectives established for the project. Below
is shown a diagram in Figure 1 that summarizes the activities that will be
described in the course of the article.

Figure 1. Research Methodology, Stages, and Objectives. Source: Own.

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It is clarified that the results obtained from each stage will be named
here, but they remain in the development of the definitive book of this
investigation. In this article, the most relevant approaches obtained will
be highlighted.

Location

Tunja is the capital of the Boyacá department, located two hours from
Bogotá, Colombia. The quality of urban space produced to the north of
Tunja does not reach great levels, because despite locating in areas of
high strata, studies focused on the lines of urban’ design and
transformations, reach to show that configuration of these sectors do not
guarantee the adequate appearance of public spaces, nor their
articulation with the system of facilities, nor their transition between built
and natural means, nor with adequate access and communication routes
with the rest of urban sectors. Normally, it is shown that the city
configuration process, is under the regulation that focuses on determining
occupancy rates of each property and does not show a consistent image
with the needs of Urban Development that are currently indicated in
studies at national and international levels (Chocontá-Martínez, 2017). In
Figure 2 it is shown the city location.

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Figure 2. Case study location, Tunja, Colombia. Source: Own using

Google Maps, TuSIG platform, Tunja POT.

Three main areas are shown, (I) Rural area, (II) Urban Expansion
area, and (III) Urban area. The flood footprint during the "La Niña"
phenomenon is also shown at the right of Figure 2 which corresponds to
the prioritized urban area to study for its continuous growth and current
development. Bearing in mind that the main neighborhoods affected by
floods have been located, five of them were selected to study vulnerability
from a social perspective (Las Quintas + José de Las Flores, 15 de Mayo,
Santa Inés, Pozo Donato and Mesopotamia).

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Points of interest for possible overflow

There are specific stretches on riverbanks that have lower elevations on

certain hillsides and may affect neighborhoods when rainfall events occur,
with high return periods. These specific points have been approached
under hydrodynamic modelling and those found in this case study were
selected. Below in Figure 3 are some of the most vulnerable points to
overflow at a Return Period T = 50 years, according to the IBER modelling
carried out in previous studies (Caro-Camargo & Bayona-Romero, 2018).

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Figure 3. Points of interest. Possible overflows. Source: Own, according

to the IBER modelling.

• The first point is located on the Jordán Alto River stretch, which
crosses between the Mesopotamia neighborhood and the Santa Inés
neighborhood. According to the transversal profile, it is observed that the
level of Mesopotamia is much lower than that adjacent to the area of
Remansos de Santa Inés, which generates flood threats to the first
neighborhood with water drafts up to 1.3 m and speeds of 0.8 m/s.

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• The second point of interest for this study is located between the
Avenida Norte and Santa Inés neighborhood, which has a lower height
towards the slope of the avenue, in front of the Pedagogical and
Technological University of Colombia (UPTC), what can be affected with
dimensions of 0.5 m and speeds of 0.5 m/s.

• The third point observed in the study was the one that generates
a 90° turn in the Jordán River, at the height of Santa Inés Shopping
Centre. This may affect the area of Santa Inés and Quince de Mayo, with
flood levels and speeds similar to those mentioned in the previous point.

• For the fourth revised point, there is a great contextualization due

to flood events in the past, which have affected neighborhoods such as
Los Rosales, Los Cristales, Pozo Donato, and Avenida Norte. It is located
on the La Vega River and generates a reduction in the river section, due
to the location of a Box Culvert structure. According to the results of the
model, speeds of 0.8 m/s and drafts of up to 1.5 m are given, which
makes it a high hazard zone.

• Finally, the fifth point refers to the sector of the Jordán Bajo River
(after its union with the La Vega River), at the height of Las Quintas,
where an overflow to the east can occur, with water sheet elevations up
to 1.5 m above the ground. This flood of the area would have the ability
to reach University Avenue and the areas that are currently in process of
urban development.

This study was reviewed and corroborated, to present later,

suggestions for structural measures to be taken.

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Sample

Through the development of this section, constant use was made of the
Generic Statistical Business Process Model (GSBPM v 5.1), where
suggestions are presented to apply statistical models in various case
studies. The structure presented by this model is defined by eight stages
of development that are shown in Figure 4. The model is designed to be
used in describing and evaluating the quality of processes based on
surveys, censuses, administrative records, and other non-statistical or
mixed sources (UNECE, 2019) Due to its extensive applicability, updating
and wide adaptation condition according to each case study, this model
was selected to be used in this investigation.

Figure 4. Level 1GSBPM Stages. Source: Own, according to the Model.

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Sixteen questions were selected to apply during the inhabitant's

interviews. About 15 more were directed to agent entities of Municipal
Risk Management.

As the first section of the survey format, the characterization of

households was taken, followed by the dwelling and its surroundings, the
threat' perception and memory, to end with a section of the spatial
location of the sector inhabitants, generated through a visual activity of
the municipality, the neighborhood and its housing. The first three
sections were assembled in a template created using Google Forms and
they were applied with the university institutional mail so that the
information was recorded and updated at the time on the Internet.

After having the number of built properties, was proceeded to

randomly select the sample, according to the amount that was given by
the calculation of the sample size, shown in Table 1. This sample was
made for the sum of the built properties that were counted (Sectors 1 and
2).

Table 1. Surveys number per Sector.

Households Surveys Surveys

Neighborhoods Percentage
number number taken

Sector 1 621 100 % 65

Las Quintas +
571 92 % 60 65
José de las Flores

Pozo Donato 50 8% 5 10

Sector 2 1 303 100 % 69

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Santa Inés + 15
739 57 % 39 43
Mayo

Santa Inés +
564 43 % 30 32
Mesopotamia

Total 134 150

Source: Own, according to the sample.

Results

Analysis of the carried out surveys

It was observed that the 150 surveys carried out, represent 519 people
living in dwellings of sectors under study. On average there are 4
inhabitants per household and women represent a greater number. The
sectors mostly have people over 45 years, followed by young people
between 18 and 25 who are mostly university students. The inhabitants
of studied sectors have jobs —whether independent or employees— and
most have reached the development of university studies.

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For emergencies, it is observed that none of the sectors recognizes

a clear and structured evacuation route. About 20 % of them say they
know one, but they do not have a clear meeting point with home
inhabitants of the neighborhood. There were very few homes that had
established points, in some cases not very convenient, to meet with the
family members.

Regarding one of the questions about flood threat memory, it was

observed that 72 % of Sector 1 inhabitants say they do not remember
suffering from flood events. This is because a large number of the
population of the Las Quintas neighborhood has not lived there for more
than 5 years. However 70 % of the respondents in the Pozo Donato
neighborhood, along with 21 % of Las Quintas neighborhood who
answered affirmatively to this question, remember the events that
occurred during the winter season-"La Niña" phenomenon, which
occurred in 2010-2012.

Threat assessment

The threat is a risk factor associated with a physical event of natural

origin, caused or induced by human action. This can occur with sufficient
severity to cause loss of life, property, or health impacts. Threats can be
associated with their natural origin (inherent in planet natural dynamics),

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anthropic (directly human actions, both intentional and unintentional),

technological (associated with industrial activities and transportation of
hazardous substances), or socio-natural (similar to natural, but induced).

According to values obtained through surveys, the analysis of

frequency, intensity, and affected territory was carried out, to find the
threat value in the studied sectors, prioritizing events that occurred in
2011. During this stage, was used the methodological guide (PNUD,
2012), where 1 means Low assessment, 2 means Medium, and three
means High. In Table 2 can be seen the threat global results:

Table 2. Threat assessment.

Frequency Intensity Affected Territory Threat

3 - High 2 - Medium 3 - High 8 - High

The event Moderate affectation of More than 80 % of the Frequency

that occurs territory, natural studied territory has +
more than resources, affectation in been affected
Intensity
once in a public services
year or at networks, temporary +

least once in suspension of economic Affected

a period of activities, moderate Territory
one to three affectation in
(1-3 Low, 4-6
years infrastructure, damaged
Medium, 7-9
houses
High)

Source: Own, according to the guide.

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It was obtained that the threat in which they are found is high. This
corroborates the studies carried out on the municipality of Tunja, in which
the maps show these communities with a high flood threat. Likewise, the
faults that are generated in the sewage system can be added to it, which
causes overflows to be recurrent in rainy periods.

Vulnerability assessment

After generating an analysis of the physical, environmental, economic,

and social vulnerability, according to information collected about sectors
understudy in Tunja, Table 3 shows the obtained total vulnerability for
both sectors.

Table 3. Vulnerability assessment – Sum of vulnerabilities.

Physical Environmental Economic Social Total

Vulnerability Vulnerability Vulnerability Vulnerability Vulnerability

Sector 1: 9 Both sectors: Sector 1: 6 Both sectors: Both sectors:

10 9 34 - Medium
Sector 2: 10 Sector 2: 5

- Age of the - Atmospheric - Income level - Organization

building conditions level
- Poverty and
- Construction - Air quality and food security - Participation
materials and composition situation

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state of - Water quality - Access to - Relationship

preservation and public services between
composition community,
- Compliance with - Access to
current - Conditions of the labour organizations,

regulations market and

environmental
institutions
resources
- Characteristics
of the type of soil - Community
risk
- Location of
knowledge
buildings
concerning water
source zones and
identified risk
zones

Source: Own, according to the guide.

Risk assessment

To make the risk calculation presented in the chosen sectors, the double-
entry matrix is used, of Threat and Vulnerability as shown in Table 4. Both
results obtained previously are interrelated. The intersection of both
estimates the expected risk level. This information is very important to
adopt measures that can facilitate risk reduction and disaster
management processes.

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Table 4. Risk assessment.

Risk assessment matrix

Threat Risk

High Medium High High

Medium Low Medium High

Low Low Low Medium

Low Medium High

Vulnerability

Source: Own, according to the guide.

According to the threat results (high) and vulnerability (medium),

obtained for the studied sectors, it can be seen that the risk estimation
for these areas is high. Population, as well as corresponding institutions,
must become aware and spread knowledge about the existing risk. It is
necessary to take measures to mitigate possible future emergency events
and apply them in conjunction with the sector's community and
threatened by flood. When society increases its resilience, the conditions
of vulnerability and its levels of risk will reduce.

Proposals

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Some action proposals that when promoted, can reduce the existing
vulnerabilities in flood threat sectors are presented. Taking into account
that the characteristics of the study area correspond to sectors of rapid
urbanization, low slope, and high risk of flooding, due to its proximity to
water bodies and aquifer recharge areas, a series of strategies were
proposed for proper planning and flood risk control. Below are the most
relevant structural measures to be taken into account in these cases.

The structural measures that can be adopted for these sectors

consider the construction of protection works on the banks. In the case
study, it was possible to highlight the points of importance due to the
overflow of the river, presented in Figure 3, in which the construction of
walls, gabions, and/or pitchers on the riversides is proposed and
recommended, 0.5 to 0.8 m above the current ground level.

SUDS

SUDS seek to work in different scenarios of the public space that by their
vocation, can intervene efficiently. Although it is true that SUDS
implementation strategies have been developed in some Colombian cities,
as it is not a public policy, progress in their implementation is still little
studied (Martínez-Candelo, 2014). Among the most used, it can be
highlighted roofs, facades, and green ditches, which are based on the city

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natural systems, not designed for that purpose but efficient, such as
parks, sardine, separators, among others. However, in many cases , the
percentage of the impermeable surface area is still much higher,
compared to the desirable filtering surface for cities with these problems
(Hoang & Fenner, 2016).

These unconventional alternatives arise in response to similar

problems to those associated with the Tunja municipality, where the
impermeable city growth is increasingly greater soil percentages and
there are limitations in the existing drainage systems.

In Tunja, the objective would be to adopt alternatives based on

SUDS methodology, to control and regulate the runoff generated by rains
by effectively integrating a detention pond, which temporarily stores the
excess rainfall volume and delivers a comfortable flow to the sewer
network. For all this, it must be known by the institutions responsible for
its implementation, and the local community for proper care and
maintenance.

When selecting and designing the proposed alternatives, having

identified the project area, the urban information, topography, type of
soils, and roads should be identified, proceeding to delimit the respective
areas that will drain its runoff to the detention zone, determining each of
its parameters, with which the hydrographs and flows generated by them
can be calculated. In this way, the volume and type of regulation that
best suits the local conditions are determined. All this can be simulated in
software like EPA SWMM (free access), which has a SUDS extension to be
modelling in urban environments (Jimenez, 2015).

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In Sector 1 it is recommended the implementation of flood plain

park, since it is, by far, the system with the highest flow eliminate s from
the drainage network with high water retention capacities, taking
advantage of this way, the large available surface area that is effectively
available for a recreational area. Additionally, it is important to mention
that it is the point of arrival of the flow with high speeds coming from the
city downtown (by topography), so a temporary retention reservoir, or in
this case a flood park, fulfills the function of reducing speeds for sectors
down thus also reducing the associated vulnerabilities.

FEWS

It is of great importance that Flood Early Warning Systems (FEWS)

implementation, be promoted for the benefit of populated areas at risk of
flooding (González-Cao, García-Feal, Fernández-Nóvoa, Domínguez-
Alonso, & Gómez-Gesteira, 2019). During the development of this
investigation, it was observed that Tunja has a high risk of flooding in
certain zones. Most of its floods in urban areas are due to overflows of
sewers, but the most impacting events for the community have been in
conjunction with the overflow of water bodies that cross it. This increases
the need to have a timely and adequate information system on river levels
at strategic points, where possible affectation downstream is

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demonstrated. All this, to be forewarned and be able to make the best

on-time decisions.

This measure can increase the security level for the Tunja's urban
area inhabitants, who are located on riverbanks, and efficiently plan their
action steps. For the FEWS implementation project, this proposed
methodology can be followed:

• Collect topographic and hydro-climatological information of the

study area.

• Determine environmental and hydrodynamic variables for an early

warning system in the case study.

• Modelling the hydrodynamic and environmental study area, using

hydrodynamic models (e.g. IBER), to analyze the water bodies behavior.

• Establish significant points to implement early warning systems.

Based on exhaustive FEWS research, it is proposed to consider the

following two phases, predesign and design, for flood studies in localized
areas.

Pre-design: It is proposed to select the object of the alert,

considering the frequency, the type, and the arrival times of floods.
Drainage areas (basins and sub-basins) must be delimited. Information is
collected (Cartographic, meteorological and hydro-climatological). Then,
the hydrological characterization of the basin and the field survey are
carried out, for the preparation of a complete report.

Design: During the design phase, it establishes the type of FEWS

and its components, with the preparation of instrumentation such as rain
gauges. A hydrodynamic analysis of the sites of interest is carried out,

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with hydrological and hydraulic modeling topographies, the selection of

flood thresholds is made and an operating protocol is made. This, to finally
develop a feedback process in the FEWS implementation process.

Within the research carried out, on the FEWS implementation

methodologies, can be a highlight this summary, which may be
complementary to the revision at the time of implementation of a system
for the municipality of Tunja.

FEWS operation can be divided into three components, monitoring,

communications, and alert activation, to make way for the response
preparations. For monitoring, FEWS have transmission and data collection
equipment that includes the rain gauges and the level sensors, linked to
the hydro-meteorological network of the city where they are installed.
This allows the realization of hydro-meteorological behavior and favoring
the forecast models of the basin.

It is important to adequately zoning the rainfall registered in the

municipality of Tunja. Risk Management entities, keep track of the rains,
however, according to information processed with the municipal entity,
there have been months without data, being the most rainy. Generate
reliability about rainfall measurements, benefits the knowledge of events
occurring in the territory and its timely management.

The way of monitoring that Tunja currently has to face possible

overflows, is by means of revision the river levels in certain points, which
are watched in rain periods by the municipal aid agents.

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Discussion

During the development of this research work, the idea that risk is socially
constructed due to multi-causal phenomena was maintained. This implies
that several factors that take place in the same territory, make the
disaster materialize. In this final section, the fulfi llment of the established
objectives, the initial research questions raised will be reviewed and some
final comments will be pointed out.

According to the obtained results from this project, the main

processes were taken throughout its development and the specific
objectives were analyzed to review its derivations:

• Within the identification of existing shortcomings in the territorial

development of Tunja and its current situation in Flood Risk Management,
it was possible to choose 5 priority neighborhoods to be analyzed, due to
being under a high threat of flooding and to have sufficient information
on the buildings developed in this study area. Finally, a recognition of the
sector was generated, making a summary of their current situation.

• Regarding the evaluation by means of surveys of the existing

vulnerability, from the social perception, in the chosen areas for their
flood high threat level events in Tunja, it was possible to carry out a direct
information collection, which determined the needs and established the
flood vulnerability from social perception. With all this, an accurate
number of surveys was obtained, with a sample of 150, representing 519
people, and a summary of the results obtained was made, as well as the
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evaluation of the Flood Risk, based on various variables. The flood threat
turned out to be high for these sectors, which in combination with their
Medium vulnerability, generated a High risk.

During the answers analyze, one question decided to be highlighted.

It was observed that most communities do not consider that the
municipality is prepared to deal with emergency situations that may arise,
as results shown in Figure 5. This perception is very important to take
community approach measures by the in-charge institutions.

Figure 5. Social perceptions about municipality preparation against

flood risk. Source: Own, according to the survey.

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• Regarding the generation of theoretical and practical knowledge

that promotes the local application of Flood Risk Management in Tunja,
according to the developed analyses, relevant content was presented as
alternatives to be applied in high threat sectors. The need to install Flood
Early Warning Systems was raised, promoting a methodology from its
design. The implementation of methodologies studied and successfully
applied in localized areas of this type is promoted (Robleto-Molina, 2010).
At the same time of all the above, knowledge acquired through research
was shared, around different methodologies and actions are taken that
also promote the mitigation of flood events, through the implementation
of Urban Systems of Sustainable Drainage, which can reach to be
deepened and applied at the local level, promoting adequate management
of rainwater, its retention, cleaning, and use. The proposal for a floodable
park means that there is no flooding immediately downstream of Sector
1 which has also been verified in similar studies (Trapote-Jaume &
Fernández-Rodríguez, 2016).

Although these systems may not be the definitive solution to the

city flood problems, they would generate great benefits for the sewerage
systems, which currently generate problems when it comes to heavy
rainfall events.

The complementation of the information presented is

recommended, in future studies, with the 50 guidelines for the design of
SUDS (Departamento Nacional de Planeación, 2018) and the specific
technical guides by Los Andes University, the EAAB, and the Secretaría
de Ambiente de Bogotá (Universidad de Los Andes, 2017), since they are
ideal technical documents for the development of these research and

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application works, being able to obtain great benefits for the inhabitants
of the threatened sectors and their governments.

With this project, the aim is for official entities to take as a basis the
information presented, to project socializations, workshops , and other
strategies to create a preventable and resilient community in the fa ce of
existing local threats; increase knowledge of risk management issues in
Tunja city, according to their threats. In addition, it was ensured that
inhabitants who were interviewed during the development of this project,
could become more aware about their flood vulnerability and the need to
expand their knowledge on the subject, bearing in mind that they will
generate their own benefit.

Conclusions

Through the present study, it was possible to determine high risk for the
studied areas, where the implementation of unstructured proposals is
required, such as education and taking legal and governmental measures
against risk, as well as the construction of structural solutions, such as
gabions, SUDS and FEWS. This, taking into account that the inhabit ants
exposed downstream of the water bodies would benefit.

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SUDS restore in the city the natural hydrological cycle to maintain

the hydrology prior to the urbanization process, minimizing runoff and
impacts of urban planning, improving the landscape integration of the city
and its infrastructures, improving services to the citizen in a respectful
way with the environment.

In the case of Tunja, the company providing water and sewage

services, together with the municipal planning secretary, should join
efforts to define and establish unified criteria applicable to new urban
constructions that allow the adoption of this type of project, SUDS
alternatives, including structural and non-structural measures. This work
requires at the same time a complete diagnosis of the real state of the
city sewer system.

It is expected that communities achieve great progress in reaching

the general objectives of risk management plans, including an increase in
flood risk perception and self-protection strategies. To improve
administrative coordination between involved actors, flood predictive
capacity, and reduction of the danger as far as possible to the health of
population, environment, and economic activities in flood zones.

Effective implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster

Risk Management systems depends on the strength of institutional
capacities and key actors at different levels of government, private sector,
and civil society and effective coordination between these. The promotion
of good social practices at local levels is required, particularly in
environmental management, appropriate use of land and natural
resources, urban management, and comprehensive risk management,
which are the product of historical processes of relationship and

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adaptation with the environment of local knowledge, scientific

development at a specific level and public administration activity at the
municipal level.

It is expected that this work will motivate the realization of future

research for urban areas, where powerful analysi s tools will be provided
and, with interdisciplinary teams and greater resources, spatial
monitoring of vulnerabilities to natural threats can be made, in order to
have better-planned cities, but above all, more "dignified and safe", with
populations more aware of their role, both in the generation and in the
prevention and reduction of vulnerability conditions.

It is worth mentioning that there are no infallible proposals that

guarantee success by defining and involving society in general, with its
assets and the need to protect the public. Less in this scenario that is
dominated by uncertainty. However, by generating joint efforts for the
incorporation and dissemination of the idea that the problem of floods is
not in isolated scenarios, but is part of our territorial system, it would be
understood that local scale is the basis for developing disaster reduction
comprehensive strategies. Following coordination, cooperation, and
flexibility principles in the strategies adoption, it will be possible to define
an efficiently route oriented towards the achievement of a common good,
within a sustainable context.

Will is required, accompanied by a paradigm shift that involves the

management of public infrastructure in cities sustainable development.
Promotion to the knowledge of existent risks for those that can get to be
mostly affected and a development perspective extension, aimed for the
population needs. Within this study, it can be pointed out main results for

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its treatment in conjunction with various entities , from social awareness,

work in the community, as a prospective vision of urban design
responsible.

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