Int. J. Biosci.

2018

International Journal of Biosciences | IJB |

ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 12, No. 4, p. 43-54, 2018

RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS

Characterisation of two varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon

esculentum)with saline resistant
Chahrazed Dersouni*, Saida Chougui

Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Constantine1, Algeria

Key words: Tomato, Salinity, Vegetative parameters, Biochemical parameters, Nutritious solution.

http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/12.4.43-54 Article published on April 048, 2018

Abstract
During this study we have determine the effect of salt stress on the growth and biochemical parameters of plants.
To do so, two tomato varieties were studied: Rio Grande and Heinz which differ in their origins and their
adapting behaviour to abiotic stress. The two ecotypes originated from America. In order to select tomato
genotypes that are more tolerant to salinity, an experiment was carried out and repeated three times. The salinity
stress factor comprised two genotypes and three levels of salinity stress. The percentage of the dry and fresh
matter and the stem length, the length of both young and old leaves, decreases with the rise in salinity in the two
varieties with a slighter decrease in the Rio Grande variety compared to that of the Heinz. The foliar surface was
more affected by salinity in the Rio Grande compared to the Heinz. Likewise, the contents in proline increased
significantly more in the Heinz than in the Rio Grande. The results also show that the content of proteins is
smaller in Rio Grande than in Heinz. These results seem to show that the Rio Grande variety studied is more
sensitive to salinity within the tested limits than the Heinz variety. Static analyses show there is difference
significant between salinity and the two varieties and between the vegetative and biochemical parameters, for the
test of Fisher.
* Corresponding Author: Chahrazed Dersouni  [email protected]

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Introduction which play a major role in the osmotic adjustment of

The functional biology of salt stress adaptation in the plant already perturbed by the excessive presence
plants is matter of current debate, in the 20th of ions. The tolerance of the plants to salt depends on
century, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is eaten their upholding of a sufficient absorption of essential
all over the world. It has become one of the most nutrients such as K+, notably in presence of an excess
produced vegetables in the whole world (122 million in Na+. Shabala and al., 2005.
tons in 2005): FAO Statistical database, 2008.
Destined to be consumed fresh or after being Genetic variability between species facilitates the
modified industrially, tomatoes are an important screening and/or the selection of more tolerant plants
source of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and fibre in at more or less high concentrations of salt. This
human diet. variability is therefore necessary for any program
aiming at selecting genotypes that are resistant to
The tomato has established itself as a model for salt. Thus, it was indicated in several plant species:
several species with agronomical interest such as amongst 14 accessions of soft wheat Goudarzi and
grapes, peaches, melon, apples or strawberries. Pakniyat, 2008 ; 60 melon cultivars Kusvuran and al.,
Moreover, this species presents numerous biological 2007 ; 7 barley cultivars Chen et al., 2005 and
advantages (short biological cycle, easy amongst 18 tomato cultivars Turhan and al., 2009.
crossbreeding, genetic modification with Thus, it has been reported in several plant species:
Agrobacterium, small sizegenome, very large genetic between 14 accessions of soft wheat Goudarzi and
diversity). Pakniyat, 2008 ; 60 melon cultivars Kusvuran et al.,
2007 ; 7 barley cultivars Chen and al., 2005 and
It is sensitive to moderate salt concentrations in the between 18 tomato cultivars Turhan and al., 2009.
soil. However, many authors reveal a great variability
amongst tomato genomes in their response to salinity The objective of this work is the assessment of the
according to Cuartero and Ferandez-Munez, 1999; degree of sensitivity ortolerance at the germination
Manaa et al., 2011. level first, and then at the vegetative stage of
seedlings, of two tomato varieties of which one
Salts present in the soil and in irrigation waters (Heinz) and the other (Rio Grande) to determine
perturb the germination of grains, affect the growth of their behavior in the face of the increase in salt stress
the seedlings and, consequently, the culture want to improving their productivity in the areas
production. Na+ Cl- ions that are accumulated in where they are grown.
plant tissues of above ground organs, can equally
provoke toxicity in the plant, Munns and Teter, 2008. Material and methods
Moreover, their effects on the plant osmotic potential, Culture and treatment of tomato grains:
high concentrations of NaCl cause a toxicity linked to To study the effect of varying degrees of salinity on
excessive presence of Na+ ions which interfere with germination capacity, tomato seeds from 2 genotypes
K+ ions. The salinity affects all physiological Rio Grande and Heinz were put to germinate during
processes of the plant as well as its development and 48h at 22°C, in darkness. This was realised after
its growth. disinfecting the seeds with sodium hypochlorite at 2%
during 10 minutes, then rinsing them carefully with
The summary of organic compounds or distilled water in petri boxes (30 grains) lined with 3
osmoprotectants, is one of the strategies deployed by layers of filter paper soaked with distilled water for
the plant in order to attenuate the effect of salinity. the « control » plants. By contrast, the « salinity »
Proteins, soluble sugars, amino-acids and especially treatment consisted of bringing 0, 25, 50 or 150 mm
proline, count amongst these organic compounds of NaCl to the distilled water. Under controlled

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 Int. J. Biosci. 2018

conditions of temperature, humidity and lighting, the part above-ground is determined after drying during
number of germinated grains in each of the 48 hours at 80°C.
concentrations is collected every 24 hours for the
evaluation of the effect of growing concentrations of Next, the above ground part is separated from the
NaCl on the percentage of germination. root part and the dried matter of the aerial portion is
fixed after drying during 48 hours at 80 °C. The
In addition, the plants that were issued from weighing is carried out using electronic precision
germination in an environment free from NaCl, are scales of the type Model- Citizen XK3190-A7M. Total
transplanted in trays filled with inert coarse sand and protein synthesis is achieved according to the method
are watered with Hoagland nutritive solution of Bradford. 1976. Finally, the foliar proline content
modified by Jemal and al. 2005, whose composition is determined according to the method of Bates et al.,
is as follows: 1,5 mM of Ca (NO3) 4 H2O, 0,5 mM of 1973, Marin and al., 2009. The results have been
MgSO4.7 H2O, 1 mM of KNO3, 1 mM of KH2PO4, 1 μM subjected to analysis of Anova and the averages were
of KH2PO4. 7 H2O, 30 μM of H3BO3, 50 μM of Fe- compared with the help of the Fisher test. 1953. Baed
EDTA, 10 μM of MnSO4, 1μM of ZnSO4. 7H2O. At the on the LSDT method (Least Significant
3-4 leaves stage, the seedlings are transplanted into Difference test) using a software called XLSTAT 2012-
plastic pots filled with nutritive solution in presence 2013 for Windows). Each average is assigned a letter.
or absence of NaCl at the following concentrations (0, Averages followed by the same letter are not
17, 50, 85 et 130 mM). Culture media are aerated then significantly different at the 5% probability level.
regularly renewed.
Results and discussion
After a period of 14 days in the hydroponic We have noticed that salinity in the limit value of the
environment, the seedlings are removed, the number examined concentrations significantly reduced the
of leaves is counted and the foliar surface is germinating capacity of grains from both varieties
measured. The length of the stem as well as the root, from the first concentration of 25 mM. These results
the length of young leaves and that of old ones are are in agreement with some of the works already
also measured. Then, the above-ground part is published, Lachhab and al., 2013, Ould Mohamdi and
separated from the root part and the dry matter of the al., 2011.

Table 1.Represents the number of germinated grains at all concentrations with both varieties and their
germination percentage.
Variety Rio Grande Heinz
Duration 0mM 25mM 50mM 150Mm 0mM 25mM 50mM 150mM
50h 23 8 2 0 29 15 5 0
70h 26 23 9 2 30 28 11 6
%Germination 86,6 76,6 30 6,6 100 93,3 36,6 20

Averages followed by different in the same column for each treatment differ significantly (probability < 0.05).

On the tomato in their work on cucumber Cuartero. Effect of NaCl on the morphological parameters
1999, Amini and Ehsanpour, 2005, reported that The salinity effect is not homogenous for all organs
increasing saline concentrations in the medium, not and the morphological response of the latter are
only induce considerably reductions in the percentage different, Hilal and al., 1998. And sometimes they are
of germination but they also slow down the speed of even opposite between the Juvenal and adult stages,
germination of a few tomato cultivars exposed to salt Munns and al., 1986, Zid and al., 1989.
stress.

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Table2.Represents the effect of NaCl on the morphological parameters.

Variety NaCl (mM) SL (cm) RL (cm) FM (mg) DM (mg) LA (cm²) NL OLL YLL

Rio Grande 0 14,20±0,72 9,6±0,6 0,46±0,01 0,06±0,01 4,2±0 ,1 8±1 8,2±1 8,9±0,7
Rio Grande 25 12,4±2,33 10,4±0,5 0,37±0,02 0,03±0 ,01 2,7±0 ,2 7±0,6 7,3±0,6 7,1±0,25
Rio Grande 50 12±1 11,8±1,3 0,22±0,17 0,02±0 ,01 1,2±0 ,51 5,6±1 6,1±0,6 5,7±0,21
Rio Grande 150 9,3±1,41 13,6±0,5 0,11±0,01 0,02±0 ,00 0,9±0 ,05 2,4±1 4,9±0,6 3,1±0,25
Heinz 0 16,4±0,7 10,5±0,5 0,89±0,11 0,08±0 ,01 7,7±0 ,51 11±1 10,3±0,6 10±0,15
Heinz 25 15,2±0,7 11,6±0,3 0,57±0,08 0,07±0 ,02 6,5±0 ,29 9,3±1,15 8,9±1 8,5±1
Heinz 50 12,3±2,4 13,9±1,1 0,38±0,05 0,06±0 ,02 4,2±0 ,31 6±1 6,6±0,6 6,5±0,58
Heinz 150 11,3±0,9 15,8±0,9 0,27±0,03 0,04±0 ,01 2,5±0 ,45 4±0,6 5,5±0,6 4,7±0,58

SL=long stem, RL=long root, FM=fresh matter, DM=dry matter LA= leave area NL=number of leaf, OLL=ould
leaves length, YLL=yield leaves longht.

On stem and root: may be due to a reduction of carbon allocation for

According to our results (Table 2), after 90h explain foliar growth in favour of roots growth, Brungnoli and
that the seedlings of the Heinz variety show a size of al., 1992. The decrease in the growth may also be
stem and roots larger than that of Rio Grande. At 0 linked to some perturbations of growth regulating
mM of NaCl, the two varieties germinate but the rates (Abscisic acid and cytokinins) induced by salt,
Heinz presents a higher growth (of stem and root), Kuiper and al., 1990.
indicating specific characteristics for each variety. On
the other hand, at 25 and 50 mM of NaCl: The growth
(of stem and root) has decreased with both varieties
while remaining always higher with the Heinz variety
compared with the Rio Grande. At 150 mM one
notices a sharp decrease with Rio Grande compared
to Heinz (Fig.1 and 2). Thus, the Heinz variety seems
to have certain properties enabling it to have a better
resistance to salt stress.

Fig. 2. Effect of the concentration of NaCl on the

stem with both varieties of tomatoes. Each value
represents an average of 3 out of 3 repetitions ± gap.

On dry and fresh matter

After a culture period of 80 days, fresh and dried
matter of both varieties is determined (Table 2).
Whether salt is present or not in the nutritive
solution, the Heinz variety produces more fresh
Fig. 1. Effect of the concentration of NaCl on the root matter than the Rio Grande variety (Fig. 3 and 4).
length with both varieties of tomatoes. Each value Similar results were reported by Ben Khaled and al.,
represents an average of 3 out of 3 repetitions ± gap. 2003. Indeed in the control solution, fresh matter
with the Heinz variety equals (0.89 mg) and only
Salinity reduced the growth of the over-ground parts (0.457 mg) with the Rio Grande, under saline
of the tomato more than it did its roots. This constraint, NaCl concentration at 150 mM reduces
resistance of the tomato roots system to salt stress significantly the production of fresh biomass with the

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 Int. J. Biosci. 2018

Heinz variety (22.97%) compared to the fresh It is also established that salinity decreases the
biomass of the Rio Grande (30%) (Fig. 6). production of biomass through a limitation of the
absorption of potassium and of calcium, Lachââl M
According to Ben Ahmed and al., 2008, the and., 1995. And of their transport of ions Soltani and
depressive action of salt manifests itself equally by the al., 1990. A supplement of Ca2+ in the culture
reduction of the production of dry matter of the medium corrects these effects, Rengel and al., 1992.
different organs of the plant. Also, it manifests itself
equally by a reduction in the length of the plants
according to Singh and Passad. 2009.

Fig. 5. Effect of the concentration of NaCl on the

number of leaves with both tomato varieties. Each
value represents an average of 3 repetitions ± gap.
Fig. 3. Effect of the concentration of NaCl in dry
matter with both tomato varieties. Each value
On number of leaves and the leaf area:
represents an average of 3 repetitions ± gap. In addition, salinity causes a similar and gradual
decrease of foliar surface in both tomato varieties
The depressive action of salt manifests itself by a
until it reaches 12%, compared to the controls at the
reduction in the production of dry matter by different
highest do se of NaCl (150 mM) for the Heinz as well
organs of the plant and sometimes by a reduction in
as for the Rio Grande (Fig. 6).
the photosynthesis capacity due to a decrease in CO2
stomatal conduction under salt stress according to
Santiago and al., 2000. It is attributed to a
combination of the osmotic effect and the specific
effects of Na+ and Cl- ions, Turan and al., 2007;
Taffouo and al., 2010.

Fig. 6. Effect of the concentration of NaCl on the area

leaves with both tomato varieties. Each value
represents an average of 3 repetitions ± gap.

A rising colour gradient going from yellow-brown for

old leaves to dark green for the young ones has been
Fig. 4. Effect of the concentration of NaCl in fresch equally registered for both tomato varieties under a
matter with both tomato varieties. Each value treatment of 150 mM of NaCl (Fig. 7 and 8). The
represents an average of 3 repetitions ± gap. number of leaves is higher with Heinz than with Rio

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 Int. J. Biosci. 2018

Grande for the three stress levels (Fig. 5).Similar This figure shows also that it is severe salt stress that
results were reported by Ben Khaled and al., 2003. engendered the high proline accumulations, and it is
This may be attributed to high accumulation of toxic Rio Grande that was most affected (Fig.9). It should
Na+ ions; according to Lachââl et al., 1996. be noted, that the moderate constraint did not lead to
significant modification of this substance. The
interaction of proline treatment being significant, it
stipulates that each variety has behaved differently
when faced with salt stress.

Fig. 7. Effect of the concentration of NaCl on old

leaves with the two varieties of tomato. Each value
represents an average of 3 repetitions ± gap.

Effect of NaCl on the proline conten Fig. 9. The content of proline in the two species of
The results have shown a high proline content with tomato (Rio Grande, Heinz). Each value represents
plants coming from an environment where the an average of 3 repetitions ± the gap.
ground is considered to be saline, the accumulation of
proline being an adaptation mechanism to salinity The study of the nitrogen metabolism of a plant
with this species according to Morsy. 2008. (Fig.9) undergoing an abiotic constraint shows a varying
show that in the absence of salt stress, Heinz global accumulation of amino acids, according to the
accumulates more proline in its leaves (0.273 μg/g), nature of the applied stress and of the studied taxon,
its content is significantly different from that of the Ranieri and al., 1989; Belanger and al., 1990. The
Rio Grande (0.25 μg/g). On the other hand, in the proline accumulation was independent of NaCl
presence of NaCl the Rio Grande accumulates more presence in the nutritive solution but it varied
proline with a significant difference (37%) at the third according to the varieties. Several authors, including
NaCl level (150 nM). Hernandez and al., 2000; Khedr and al., 2003;
Claussen. 2005; Debnath and al., 2008, had
mentioned that this amino acid was part of the
osmoticumsplants synthesise once they are exposed
to water or salt stress. Its role is necessary for the
osmotic adjustment in order to balance the osmotic
potential of the ground in accordance with what has
been demonstrated by other works including those of
Gadallah. 1999. And Demir. 2000. Proline is
considered to be an indicator of metabolic constraint.
It is not specified (salinity constraint or thermal,
water). Its accumulation is a common characteristic
Fig. 8. Effect of the concentration of NaCl on young to numerous monocotyledons subjected to salt stress
with the two varieties of tomato. Each value according to Moulineau. 1993; Zoumarou-Wallis.
represents an average of 3 repetitions ± gap. 1996; Nayar and Walia. 2003; Ashraf and Harris.

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 Int. J. Biosci. 2018

2004. The application of a severe salinity constraint 100mM level of NaCl. These bands are light in the
has multiplied the proline content of both tomato absence of NaCl (0 mM) and in the higher
varieties. It could be used as criteria for early concentration of (150 mM of NaCl). By contrast, at
selection of salinity-tolerant legumes, Messai and al. average concentrations 25 and 50 mM in NaCl, the
2006. bands are clearly defined. Also, one observes a band
(F) only with Heinz at the 100 mM level of NaCl,
Effect of NaCl on total proteins which means a specific protein for this variety. When
By means of an electrophoresis of total proteins there is germination, one notices a perceptible
(Fig.10), on notices the presence of 5 major bands (A, decrease of protein bands (A to F) in relation with the
B, C, D and E) which are present in the two varieties expression of proteases.
and only one band (F) exists with Heinz at the

Fig. 10. The analysis of protein profiles by electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE of protein totals of both tomato
varieties.

Evolution of the protein content in both varieties has notices that there are different proteins which are
also known a varying response amid the seedlings of squeezed out in the germination of both varieties.
both verities. The reduction in the content of the This indicates the presence of enzymatic activity
soluble protein totals under salt stress has been protease which degrades these proteins. This is not
reported by several authors including Khosravinejad the case for the profile corresponding to the
and al., 2009, in their work on two varieties of barley concentration of 50 and 150 mM. In other words,
Amini and Ehsanpour. 2007. with salt concentration of 150 mM where there is no
germination, proteins remain intact and do not
Mohameden and al., 2011; in their work on the degrade. There is no protease expression at this level
tomato variety (Campbell 33 and Mongal), the of salt concentration.
salinity induces the reduction of certain soluble
proteins and that this variation in the proteins Conclusion
content does not necessarily give to the plant a When faced with salinity, plants develop a series of
tolerance to salt stress. These differences may mechanisms which can of morphological,
correspond to the characteristics of each variety. One biochemical, physiological or molecular order. The

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 Int. J. Biosci. 2018

processes which favour tolerance to salt tress and Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars
which help to support an excess of ions can act in a under in vitro Salt Stress. American
supplementary or synergic manner. We propose to Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology1(4), 204-
follow the physiological behaviour and the agronomic 208.
performance of the cultivated plants in nutritive
solutions, and in particular, their growth, their Anonym. 2006. Diagnosis of nutritional disorders of
development in saline conditions, under controlled plants. Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II,
laboratory conditions. The comparison between the Maroc, 7 P. Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare I. Rapid
varieties of plants cultivated in the nutritive solution determination of free proline for water studies Plant
or not, will enable us to evaluate the importance and Soil 1973, 39- 2058.
the efficiency of the growth with the tolerance to
salinity. In our study, we concerned ourselves with Ashraf M, Harris P. 2004. Potential biochemical
the accumulation of proline with the proteinic indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant
synthesis and a few vegetative parameters. Indeed, Science 166, 3-16.
in the case of a saline constraint, the tomato adjusts
its osmotic potential through accumulation of proline Baatour O, M’rah S, Ben Brahim N.,
which increases proportionately to the applied salt Boulesnem F, Lachaal M. 2004. Physiological
stress. However, we should not neglect the significant response of the pesse (Lathyrus sativus) to the salinity
role played by proline in the tolerance to stress where of the medium. Review of Arid Regions 346-358 p.
its potential role as an indicator of tolerance in the
genetic enhancement programs for certain species. Bates L, Waldren R, Teare I.1973. Rapid
Furthermore, we have established that the reduction determination of free proline for water-stress studies.
of certain proteins is a genetic characteristic. Plant and Soil 39, 205-207.

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