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 Handbook of AI-Based
Models in Healthcare and
Medicine

This handbook provides thorough, in-depth, and well-focused developments of arti-

ficial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), natural lan-
guage processing (NLP), cryptography, and blockchain approaches, along with their
applications focused on healthcare systems.
Handbook of AI-Based Models in Healthcare and Medicine: Approaches,
Theories, and Applications highlights different approaches, theories, and appli-
cations of intelligent systems from a practical as well as a theoretical view of the
healthcare domain. It uses a medically oriented approach in its discussions of human
biology, healthcare, and medicine and presents NLP-based medical reports and med-
icine enhancements. The handbook includes advanced models of ML and DL for the
management of healthcare systems and also discusses blockchain-based healthcare
management. In addition, the handbook offers use cases where AI, ML, and DL can
help solve healthcare complications.
Undergraduate and postgraduate students, academicians, researchers, and indus-
try professionals who have an interest in understanding the applications of ML/DL
in the healthcare setting will want this reference on their bookshelf.
 Artificial Intelligence in Smart Healthcare Systems
Series Editors: Vishal Jain and Jyotir Moy Chatterjee

The progress of the healthcare sector is incremental as it learns from associations between data
over time through the application of suitable big data and IoT frameworks and patterns. Many
healthcare service providers are employing IoT-enabled devices for monitoring patient health-
care, but their diagnosis and prescriptions are instance-specific only. However, these IoT-enabled
healthcare devices are generating volumes of data (Big-IoT Data), that can be analyzed for more
accurate diagnosis and prescriptions. A major challenge in the above realm is the effective and
accurate learning of unstructured clinical data through the application of precise algorithms.
Incorrect input data leading to erroneous outputs with false positives shall be intolerable in
healthcare as patient’s lives are at stake. This new book series addresses various aspects of how
smart healthcare can be used to detect and analyze diseases, the underlying methodologies, and
related security concerns. Healthcare is a multidisciplinary field that involves a range of factors
like the financial system, social factors, health technologies, and organizational structures that
affect the healthcare provided to individuals, families, institutions, organizations, and popula-
tions. The goals of healthcare services include patient safety, timeliness, effectiveness, efficiency,
and equity. Smart healthcare consists of m-health, e-health, electronic resource management,
smart and intelligent home services, and medical devices. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a sys-
tem comprising real-world things that interact and communicate with each other via networking
technologies. The wide range of potential applications of IoT includes healthcare services. IoT-
enabled healthcare technologies are suitable for remote health monitoring, including rehabilita-
tion, assisted ambient living, etc. In turn, healthcare analytics can be applied to the data gathered
from different areas to improve healthcare at a minimum expense.
This new book series is designed to be a first choice reference at university libraries, aca-
demic institutions, research and development centres, information technology centres, and any
institutions interested in using, design, modelling, and analysing intelligent healthcare services.
Successful application of deep learning frameworks to enable meaningful, cost-effective person-
alized healthcare services is the primary aim of the healthcare industry in the present scenario.
However, realizing this goal requires effective understanding, application, and amalgamation of
IoT, Big Data and several other computing technologies to deploy such systems in an effective
manner. This series shall help clarify the understanding of certain key mechanisms and tech-
nologies helpful in realizing such systems.
Designing Intelligent Healthcare Systems, Products, and Services Using Disruptive
Technologies and Health Informatics
Teena Bagga, Kamal Upreti, Nishant Kumar, Amirul Hasan Ansari, and Danish Nadeem
Next Generation Healthcare Systems Using Soft Computing Techniques
D.Rekh Ram Janghel, Rohit Raja, and Korhan Cengiz
Immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality in Healthcare: An IoT and Blockchain
Perspective
Rajendra Kumar, Vishal Jain, Garry Han, and Abderezak Touzene
Handbook on Augmenting Telehealth Services: Using Artificial Intelligence
Edited by Sonali Vyas, Sunil Gupta, Monit Kapoor, and Samiya Khan
Machine Learning in Healthcare and Security: Advances, Obstacles, and Solutions
Edited by Prashant Pranav, Archana Patel, and Sarika Jain
 Handbook of AI-Based
Models in Healthcare and
Medicine

Approaches, Theories, and Applications

Edited by
Bhanu Chander, Koppala Guravaiah,
B. Anoop, and G. Kumaravelan
First edition published 2024
by CRC Press
2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431

and by CRC Press

4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© 2024 selection and editorial matter, Bhanu Chander, Koppala Guravaiah, B. Anoop, and G. Kumaravelan;
individual chapters, the contributors

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can-
not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and
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ISBN: 978-1-032-41915-2 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-42588-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-36336-1 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003363361

Typeset in Times
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Contents

Preface.................................................................................................................... viii
About the Editors......................................................................................................xii
Contributors.............................................................................................................xiv
About the Book........................................................................................................xix

Chapter 1 Edge Computing in Healthcare: Concepts, Tools, Techniques,

and Use Cases........................................................................................1
Shalini Ramanathan, Anabel Pineda-Briseno, Tauheed Khan
Mohd, and Mohan Ramasundaram

Chapter 2 History and Role of AI in Healthcare and Medicine.......................... 19

Dipali Dakhole and K.N. Praveena

Chapter 3 Drug Discovery Using Explainable AI Approaches: The

Current Scenario................................................................................. 32
Chinju John, Akarsh K. Nair, and Jayakrushna Sahoo

Chapter 4 Supervised Learning Models for Diagnosing Severity of

Cirrhosis Disease................................................................................. 53
Akshita Sakshi, J.V. Bibal Benifa, and P. Antony Seba

Chapter 5 3D Volumetric Computed Tomography from 2D X-Rays: A

Deep Learning Perspective................................................................. 70
Manish Kumar, Suman Kumar Maji, and Hussein Yahia

Chapter 6 GAN-Based Encoder-Decoder Model for Multi-Label

Diagnostic Scan Classification and Automated Radiology
Report Generation............................................................................... 93
Rahul Kumar, K. Karthik, and S. Sowmya Kamath

Chapter 7 A Survey of Machine Learning- and Deep Learning-Based

Techniques for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening............................... 110
Nitigya Sambyal, Poonam Saini, and Rupali Syal

 v
vi Contents

Chapter 8 An Embedded Solution for Real-Time Implementation of a

Deep Learning Model for Malicious Breast Tumour Detection....... 133
S. Malarvizhi, R. Kayalvizhi, H. Heartlin Maria,
Revathi Venkatraman, Shatanu Patil, and A. Maria Jossy

Chapter 9 Towards Robust Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Using

Ensemble Framework of Convolutional Neural Network and
Vision Transformer............................................................................ 156
Poonguzhali Elangovan and Malaya Kumar Nath

Chapter 10 RetinalAlexU-Net: Segmentation of the Retinal Vascular

Network for the Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy......................... 173
A. Sathya Vani and D. Sumathi

Chapter 11 Decoding EEG Signals to Generate Images Using GANs................ 190

Ritik Naik, Kunal Chaudhari, Ketaki Jadhav, and Amit Joshi

Chapter 12 Mental Health Disorder through Electroencephalogram

Analysis using Computational Model...............................................207
Kiran Waghmare and Meenakshi Malhotra

Chapter 13 Machine Learning Techniques in ECG Data Analysis for

Medical Applications........................................................................ 226
S. Daphin Lilda and R. Jayaparvathy

Chapter 14 Heartcare Assistance System: A Machine Learning-Based

Cardiovascular Risk Monitoring Tool (CRMT)................................ 247
A. Kannammal, E. Chandra Blessie, S. Barath Vignesh, and
P. Kanishk

Chapter 15 Parameter Estimation of Real-Time NCS Signal Acquired

Using Designed Neurostimulator to Develop Microcontroller-
Based Healthcare Support System.................................................... 275
Amarprit Singh, Lachit Dutta, Anil Hazarika, Champak
Talukdar, and Manabendra Bhuyan
Contents vii

Chapter 16 Critical Analysis of Current Healthcare Applications for

Diagnosis of Diseases: Pitfalls and Future........................................ 303
Tumul Vikram Singh, Qazi Amanur Rahman Hashmi,
Nitu Dogra, Ankur Saxena, Deepshikha Pande Katare, and
Ruchi Jakhmola Mani

Chapter 17 Machine Learning-Based Decision Support System for Optimal

Treatment of Acute Inflammation Response with Specific
Patient Conditions............................................................................. 330
Selami Beyhan and Meriç Çetin

Chapter 18 Digital Histopathology: Paving Future Directions Towards

Predicting Diagnosis of Disease Via Image Analysis....................... 347
Rishita Singh, Nitu Dogra, Ravina Yadav,
Angamba Meetei Potshangbam,
Deepshikha Pande Katare, and Ruchi Jakhmola Mani

Chapter 19 Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Design Epitope-Mapped

Vaccines and Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens.......................... 378
Hina Bansal and Navya Aggarwal

Chapter 20 DN-Based DTI Model to Identify Potential Drug Molecules

Against COVID-19............................................................................ 397
Santhosh Amilpur and Chandra Mohan Dasari

Chapter 21 Deep Learning-Based Chatbots for Patient Queries......................... 420

Priya Vijay, K. Jayashree, R. Babu, and K. Vijay

Chapter 22 Autism, ADHD and Dyslexia Disorder Comorbidity: An

Enhanced Study on Education for Children through Artificial
Intelligence-Enabled Personalized Assistive Tools........................... 437
K.N. Praveena, R. Mahalakshmi, C. Manjunath, and
Dipali K. Dakhole

Index....................................................................................................................... 451
Preface
Artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) have
boosted the healthcare sector with their pioneering systematic approaches, which
are accurate and relevant to the collection of tasks. The situation transformed even
further with the recent COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic disaster, we saw
a tremendous digital transformation, with the acceptance of disruptive machinery
across different fields, with healthcare being one of them. Thus, people now make
the highest priority of health, regardless of cost, making the health industry more
prominent. Hence, the attention of the healthcare sector is on improving the health
of people, lowering the price of health tests and care, and improving the patient
experience.
In this context, AI progressively assists in noticing hidden insights into clinical
decision-making, linking individuals with intelligent devices for self-management,
extracting meaning from distant and unstructured data assets, remotely treating
patients, and into drug discovery. ML is highly employed in the medical imaging
field and facilitates several services like computer-aided analysis, X-rays, comput-
erized tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs), and other
image-guided therapy. DL builds on mathematical models that allow the healthcare
sector to analyze data at exceptional speeds with high accuracy. It continues to make
inroads into the industry. These technologies are connected, providing something
different to the industry and changing how medical professionals manage their roles
and patient care.
This book delivers a high-level understanding of healthcare and medicine appli-
cations for emerging technologies such as AI, ML, and DL, by covering innova-
tive advances, concepts, and persistent challenges. In addition, the book also offers
potential use cases where AI, ML, and DL can help solve malicious healthcare
complications.
Chapter 1 explores the use of edge computing in healthcare. The chapter explores
how to use edge computing technology to process the large amount of data generated
by medical devices, electronic health records, and other sources locally, at or near
the point of care, to reduce the latency associated with transmitting data to remote
servers or data centres.
Chapter 2 examines the landscape of artificial intelligence within the current
medical curriculum and makes an effort to understand how it can affect both current
healthcare and the practice of medicine in the future.
Chapter 3 provides a deeper view of the current trends in AI-driven drug dis-
covery, and how explainable AI is reinforcing the results from such machine intel-
ligence concepts. The possible challenges that are perceived and how they need to
be handled while introducing AI to the drug discovery practice are also included.
Chapter 4 performs a detailed study of a cirrhosis dataset. The outliers and miss-
ing values are detected through visualization, and they are handled through statisti-
cal imputation. In addition, unsupervised feature selection algorithms extra trees

viii
Preface ix

classifier and recursive feature elimination, and machine learning models logis-
tic regression, decision tree, multilayer perceptron, AdaBoost, random forest, and
XGBoost are used.
Chapter 5 aims to focus on the imaging techniques and principles of computed
tomography, their main drawbacks, and the motivation behind deep learning-based
3D reconstruction. Details on the three techniques of volumetric reconstruction from
two-dimensional X-ray images are covered and followed by a conclusion.
Chapter 6 discusses how X-ray imaging is one of the most popular diagnostic
imaging techniques that plays a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment process.
Proposed GAN-MLC, a CNN-LSTM description generator model for multi-label
classification of X-ray images. In addition the proposed GAN-MLC will improve the
feature learning for capturing disease-specific findings.
Chapter 7 and Chapter 10 present a curated selection of various machine learning
and deep learning-based diabetic retinopathy (DR) detection models. The Chapter 7
review includes models for binary and multistage DR classification as well as detec-
tion and segmentation of four main lesions – namely microaneurysms, hemorrhages,
cotton wool spots, and hard exudates. These DR-CAD systems can allow automatic
detection of DR at an early stage, which allows the control of progressive damage to
the retina. On the other hand, Chapter 10 provides an innovative and effective deep
learning architecture for segmentation that makes use of U-Net as its major module
and proposes RetinalAlexU-Net.
Chapter 8 illustrates deep learning methods to identify and categorize breast can-
cer from multi-modality images, namely mammogram, histopathology, magnetic
resonance imaging, and ultrasound. An ensemble model comprising three different
deep learning networks, namely VGG-16, ResNet-50, and Inception V3, was trained
and tested, and their performance was studied. Further, the developed and trained
ensemble model is accelerated using PYNQ hardware accelerators for optimal diag-
nostic performance.
Chapter 9 discusses how Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most pervasive and
incurable neurodegenerative ailment that wreaks havoc on the mind’s memory. With
an increasing number of persons suffering from AD, relying on traditional concep-
tions to identify the illness may be economically unsustainable. Hence, computer-
aided approaches are being developed to mitigate these issues.
Chapter 10 discusses how the recent escalation in deep learning underpins a
swarm of algorithms with an incredible potential to decipher the information con-
tained within images. Among these algorithms, convolutional neural networks
(CNNs) and vision transformers (ViTs) have evolved as contemporary architectures
for capturing local and global image features, respectively.
Chapter 11 begins with extracting features from electroencephalography (EEG)
signals and then generating images from those features using proposed generative
adversarial networks. This work focuses on digits and character datasets.
Chapter 12 presents and analyzes the EEG brainwaves with their domain analy-
sis, pre-processing, classification accuracy, and the cause-and-effect of various men-
tal health disorders. Additionally, it examines the machine learning model for EEG
analysis and classification techniques for better accuracy.
x Preface

Chapter 13 covers the various levels of ML-based detection methods that have
been utilized to interpret the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. This chapter also
covers an ML-based method for predicting abnormalities in ECGs based on low-
amplitude fluctuations known as ventricular late potentials (VLPs). These ML-based
algorithms have been demonstrated to provide significantly more satisfactory dis-
coveries and early predictions when compared to manual detection approaches.
Chapter 14 discusses heart disease, the major cause of severity of cardiovascular
disease (CVD), and the increase in death rate due to heart disease. A novel approach,
“Heartcare Assistance System”, is proposed, using a Random Forest classifier to
predict heart risk and Kommunicate, an intelligent chatbot system, to help patients
to look out for remedial measures for various heart-related queries.
Chapter 15 aims to record multiple sets of real-time nerve signals from given
subjects by dint of a designed neurostimulator in the laboratory environment and its
processing and extraction of diagnostic markers. Subsequently, a microcontroller-
based decision-making platform is developed by analyzing the recorded signals.
Chapter 16 analyzes various working apps, such as Mayo Clinic Symptom
Checker, WebMD Symptom Checker, Symptomate, Your.MD, Ada etc. These apps
use text-based input from the user and predict the probable diagnosis based on a
questionnaire. This chapter discusses working algorithms and diagnostic criteria.
Patient profiles based on the most prevalent medical conditions were created and the
workflows of the different apps have been comparatively analyzed. Furthermore, the
challenges and issues related to the usage of such apps in the healthcare industry are
elucidated.
Chapter 17 proposes reinforcement learning-based optimal treatment of acute
inflammatory response with drug-dosage regulation, where the mathematical model
of inflammation response is a well-known universal model. In the treatments, exter-
nal disturbance and ineffective dosage cases have been considered to strengthen the
immune system to prevent possible damage by considering the septic and aseptic
dynamics of the inflammation response.
Chapter 18 presents the branch of science called histopathology, which is used for
the identification of the signature of disease in cells of diseased tissue.
Chapter 19 emphasizes the need for the development of remedies and precaution-
ary measures to protect the general populace from the widespread pathogenicity of
infectious diseases. The highly mutable nature of the pathogens and their impact
make it necessary to provide remedies as quickly as possible. This chapter predomi-
nantly focuses on how these epitopes elicit a reaction in the bodies, and how that
knowledge can be harnessed to select the best possible combination of epitopes and
vaccine formula. The selection of the most suitable antigens, linkers, and adjuvants
is an important part of the process.
Chapter 20 presents a deep learning technique for drug target interaction (DTI)
that has recently emerged as an innovative field of research. Deep learning algo-
rithms are applied in this process to produce novel drug candidates that have the
potential to be effective at searching through a wide range of molecules. In this
chapter, a two-step approach is proposed for identifying potential drug molecules
to combat COVID-19 and its variants: initially to induce generative adversarial
Preface xi

networks (GAN) using reinforcement techniques to generate novel molecules; then,

to determine the binding affinity between potential compounds and the target pro-
tease sequence, a deep learning-based unique drug target interaction (DTI) model
is suggested. Finally, the binding affinity of the generated molecules is predicted
against the 3CLPro main protease by using the proposed DTI model
Chapter 21 explains the importance of chatbots in healthcare. The chapter dis-
cusses the role of various deep learning algorithms to train and test models of X-ray
and scan reports and integrate with medical chatbots to provide resourceful answers
with appropriate remedial care and accurate diagnosis of reports to prescribe drugs
or precautions as a response to queries of patients. It also deliberates on future chal-
lenges, limitations, regulatory standard issues, ethical problems, security glitches,
and the scope of research in the field of deep learning chatbots.
Finally, Chapter 22 provides an overview of the types and efficacy of AI-assisted
tools created by machine learning models and deep learning models used to solve
learning issues in children with a variety of NDDs. The chapter summarizes the
research, showing how AI tools can enhance social connection and supportive
teaching.
We are sincerely thankful to the authors for their contributions. Our gratitude is
also extended to the many anonymous referees involved in the revision and accep-
tance process of the submitted manuscripts. It would not have been possible to reach
this publication quality without the contributions of the referees. The editors are
sincerely thankful to the series editors Prof. Vishal Jain and Prof. Jyotir Chatterjee
for providing constructive input and allowing an opportunity to edit this important
book. As the editors, we hope this book will stimulate further research in medical
image processing, theories, and applications, to utilize in real-world clinical settings.
Special thanks go to our publisher, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group. We hope that
this book will present promising ideas and outstanding research results.
Bhanu Chander
Dept. of CSE, IIIT Kottayam, Kerala, India
Koppala Guravaiah
Dept. of CSE, IIIT Kottayam, Kerala, India
Kumarvelan Gopalakrishnan
Dept. of CSE, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
B. Anoop
Post Doc University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, TX, USA
About the Editors
Dr. Bhanu Chander, working as Assistant Professor at Indian Institute of
Information Technology (IIIT-K), Pala, Kerala, India, graduated from Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India, and received a postgraduate degree
from the Central University of Rajasthan, India. Dr. Bhanu earned a Ph.D. in
Machine Learning in Wireless Sensor Networks for Sensor Data Classification from
Pondicherry University, India, in 2022. Dr. Bhanu’s primary research interests are
in the areas of wireless sensor networks, machine learning, and IoT security. As we
know, computer science as a field has largely focused on problems relevant to the
developed world. The internet and the world wide web have remained largely urban
phenomena, which means that a significant fraction of the developing world, espe-
cially in rural and underdeveloped regions, remains disconnected from the rest of the
world. Dr. Bhanu is an academic reviewer recognized by IEEE, ACM, and Springer,
and has served for 16 various scientific journals and conferences in the review pro-
cess of more than 50 articles. He contributed as a track chair and session chair for
numerous international conferences and workshops, and performed as a technical
program committee (TPC) member for several international conferences organized
by IEEE, Springer, and ACM.
He is interested in machine learning techniques for energy-efficient 6G networks,
blockchain technology for the security of the Internet of Things and wireless com-
munications, analysis and verification of cryptographic protocols, and identification
of novel features or misclassified features in satellite image analysis. He published
eight articles in peer-reviewed journals, five international conferences, and eight
book chapters (Elsevier, Wiley, CRC, and Springer). Presently, his main areas of
interest include wireless sensor networks (WSN), IoT and healthcare, cryptography,
machine learning, and deep learning.

Dr. Anoop, working as Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Glenn Biggs Institute for
Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science
Centre, US, received a Ph.D. degree in the Development of Automated Methods for
Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Image Analysis from the National Institute
of Technology, Surathkal, India, in 2021 and M.Tech on Signal Processing from
National Institute of Technology, Calicut, India, 2013. He received the Best Paper
award at the ninth International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Machine
Intelligence, PReMI 2021 for the work entitled “Attention-Assisted Patchwise CNN
for the Segmentation of Fluids from the Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography
Images” Organized by Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute (ISI),
Kolkata, India, in December 2021. He attended the 43rd-annual International
Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC21).
Research fellow on a project entitled “Retinal Cysts Identification and Quantification
from Low-SNR Optical Coherence Tomography Scans Using Image Processing
Techniques” (funding agency: DST-SERB) from May 2017 to March 2020. He has

xii
About the Editors xiii

membership in the professional bodies IEEE, IEEE Signal Processing, Engineering

in Medicine and Biology Society, and Internet Society.
He published six articles in peer-reviewed journals and two book chapters.
Presently, his main areas of interest include medical image processing, deep learn-
ing, GANs and auto-encoders.

Dr. Koppala Guravaiah, working as Assistant Professor at Indian Institute of

Information Technology (IIIT-K), Pala, Kerala, India, completed a Ph.D. on the
topic of Performance of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks using River
Formation Dynamics from National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India.
His research interests include the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks,
MANETs, applications and security aspects in IoT, WSN, and MANETs, and natural
language processing. He is an active speaker at various international and national
conferences. He contributed as a track chair and session chair for numerous interna-
tional conferences and workshops and pe0rformed as a technical program commit-
tee member for several international conferences. He has published in five journals,
eight conferences, and contributed two book chapters in the areas mentioned above.
He is a member of various professional research bodies, such as IEEE and ACM.

Dr. G. Kumaravelan currently serves as Associate Professor at Department of

Computer Science, School of Engineering and Technology, Pondicherry University,
Karaikal Campus, Karaikal, India. He received his M.Tech in Advanced Information
Technology and his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Bharathidasan University,
Trichy, India, in 2009 and 2013, respectively. He has published more than 25 research
papers in reputed international journals indexed in Scopus and SCI and conferences
including IEEE, SPRINGER, and ACM. He received two best paper awards in the
international conferences organized by the IITs. He has received “Best Teacher
Award” from Pondicherry University, based on students’ evaluation, for the past six
years (2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, and 2018–19). He has gained
17 years of rich teaching and research experience. He is an active reviewer in various
international conferences and peer-reviewed journals, and has reviewed more than
200 papers. He has acted as a resource person in various FDPs, conferences, and
seminars in higher educational institutions. He contributed as a track chair and ses-
sion chair for numerous international conferences and workshops and performed as a
TPC member for several international conferences. His research interests include the
Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data analytics, wireless communications,
and networking.
Contributors
A. Sathya Vani Manabendra Bhuyan
Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Electronics and
VIT-AP University, Communication Engineering, Tezpur
Andhra Pradesh, India University,
Assam, India
Navya Aggarwal
Centre for Computational Biology and E. Chandra Blessie
Bioinformatics, Amity Institute of Coimbatore Institute of Technology,
Biotechnology, Amity University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Noida, India
C. Manjunath
Santhosh Amilpur School of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Information REVA University,
Technology Sri City, Bengaluru, India
Chittoor, AP
Meriç Çetin
R. Babu Department of Computer Engineering,
Department of Computational Pamukkale University,
Intelligence, SRM Institute of Denizli, Turkey
Science and Technology,
Chennai, India Kunal Chaudhari
Department of Computer Engineering
Hina Bansal and IT, COEP Technological
Centre for Computational Biology and University (COEP Tech),
Bioinformatics, Amity Institute of Pune, India
Biotechnology, Amity University,
Uttar Pradesh, India D. Sumathi
Department of Computer Science and
Bibal Benifa Engineering, VIT-AP University,
Department of Computer Science and Andhra Pradesh, India
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Information Technology Kottayam, Dipali Dakhole
Kerala, India Computer Science and Engineering
Department, Presidency University,
Selami Beyhan Bengaluru, India
Department of Electrical-Electronics
Engineering, Izmir Democracy Chandra Mohan Dasari
University, Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of
Izmir, Turkey Information Technology Sri City,
AP, India

xiv
Contributors xv

Nitu Dogra Chinju John

Research Boulevard Technologies, Department of Computer Science and
Uttar Pradesh, India Engineering, Indian Institute of
Information Technology Kottayam,
Lachit Dutta Kerala, India
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Amit Joshi
Guwahati University, Department of Computer Engineering
Assam, India and IT, COEP Technological
University (COEP Tech),
A. Kannammal Pune, India
Coimbatore Institute of Technology,
Tamil Nadu, India A. Maria Jossy
SRM IST,
Poonguzhali Elangovan Tamil Nadu, India
National Institute of Technology
Puducherry, K. Karthik
Karaikal, India Healthcare Analytics and Language
Engineering (HALE) Lab,
Geostat Department of Information
INRIA Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, Rue de la Technology, National Institute of
Vieille Tour, Technology,
Talence Cedex, France Karnataka, India

Qazi Amanur Rahman Hashmi Deepshikha Pande Katare

Centre for Computational Biology and Proteomics and Translational
Bioinformatics, Amity Institute of Research Lab, Centre for Medical
Biotechnology, Amity University, Biotechnology, Amity Institute of
Noida, India Biotechnology, Amity University,
Noida, India
Anil Hazarika
Department of Physics, Cotton R. Kayalvizhi
University, SRM IST,
Assam, India Tamil Nadu, India

Ketaki Jadhav Manish Kumar

Department of Computer Engineering Department of Computer Science and
and IT, COEP Technological Engineering, IIT Patna,
University (COEP Tech), Bihar, India
Pune, India
Rahul Kumar
K. Jayashree Healthcare Analytics and Language
Department of Artificial Intelligence Engineering (HALE) Lab, Department
and Machine Learning, Panimalar of Information Technology, National
Engineering College, Institute of Technology,
Chennai, India Karnataka, India
xvi Contributors

R. Mahalakshmi Akarsh K. Nair

Bio-intelligence Lab, Department of Department of Computer Science and
Computer Science and Engineering, Engineering, Indian Institute of
Presidency University, Information Technology,
Bengaluru, India Kerala, India

Suman Kumar Maji Malaya Kumar Nath

Department of Computer Science and National Institute of Technology
Engineering, IIT Patna Puducherry,
Bihar, India Karaikal, India

S. Malarvizhi P. Kanishk
SRM IST, Coimbatore Institute of Technology,
Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu, India

Meenakshi Malhotra Shatanu Patil

Dayananda Sagar University, SRM IST,
Bengaluru, India Tamil Nadu, India

Ruchi Jakhmola Mani Anabel Pineda-Briseno

Proteomics and Translational National Technology of Mexico,
Research Lab, Centre for Medical Mexico
Biotechnology, Amity Institute of
Biotechnology, Amity University, Angamba Meetei Potshangbam
Noida. India Manipur University, Department of
Biotechnology,
H. Heartlin Maria Imphal, India
SRM IST,
Tamil Nadu, India R. Jayaparvathy
Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of
Tauheed Khan Mohd Engineering,
Augustana College, Rock Island, Chennai, India
Illinois, USA
Shalini Ramanathan
K.N. Praveena National Institute of Technology
Department of Computer Science and Tiruchirappalli,
Engineering. Presidency University, Tamil Nadu, India
Bengaluru, India
Mohan Ramasundaram
Ritik Naik National Institute of Technology
Department of Computer Engineering Tiruchirappalli,
and IT, COEP Technological Tamil Nadu, India
University (COEP Tech),
Pune, India
Contributors xvii

S. Barath Vignesh P. Antony Seba

Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Kumaraguru College of Technology,
Tamil Nadu, India Coimbatore, India

S. Daphin Lilda Amarprit Singh

Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Department of Electronics and
Engineering, Communication Engineering, Tezpur
Chennai, India University,
Assam, India
S. Sowmya Kamath
Department of Intelligent Computing Rishita Singh
and Business Systems (ICBS), St Centre for Computational Biology and
Joseph Engineering College, Bioinformatics, Amity Institute of
Mangaluru, India Biotechnology, Amity University,
Noida, India
Jayakrushna Sahoo
Department of Computer Science and Tumul Vikram Singh
Engineering, Indian Institute of Centre for Computational Biology and
Information Technology, Bioinformatics, Amity Institute of
Kerala, India Biotechnology, Amity University,
Noida, India
Poonam Saini
Department of Computer Science and Rupali Syal
Engineering, Punjab Engineering Department of Computer Science and
College, Engineering, Punjab Engineering
Chandigarh, India College,
Chandigarh, India
Akshita Sakshia
Heritage Institute of Technology, Champak Talukdar
Kolkata, India Department of Electronics and
-Communication Engineering,
Nitigya Sambyal Tezpur University,
Department of Computer Science and Assam, India
Engineering, Thapar Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Revathi Venkatraman
Patiala, India SRM IST,
Tamil Nadu, India
Ankur Saxena
Centre for Computational Biology and Priya Vijay
Bioinformatics, Amity Institute of Department of Information Technology,
Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajalakshmi Engineering College,
Noida, India Chennai, India
xviii Contributors

K. Vijay Ravina Yadav

Department of Computer Proteomics and Translational
Science, Rajalakshmi Engineering Research Lab, Centre for Medical
College, Biotechnology, Amity Institute of
Chennai, India Biotechnology, Amity University,
Noida, India
Kiran Waghmare
Center for Development of Advanced Hussain Yahia
Computing, Geostat, INRIA Bordeaux Sud-Ouest,
Mumbai, India Cedex, France
About the Book
The edited book Handbook of AI-Based Models in Healthcare and Medicine:
Approaches, Theories, and Applications is intended to discuss the evolution of
future generation technologies for healthcare applications through the Internet of
Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep learning
(DL). The main focus of this volume is on all the related technologies, such as IoT,
AI, ML, and DL, applied to healthcare to solve health-related issues easily with a
single platform, so that undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, acade-
micians, and industry people can easily understand the AI, machine learning, deep
learning algorithms, and learning analytics in IoT-enabled technologies for health-
care applications.
AI and ML are highly employed in medical imaging and facilitate services like
computer-aided analysis, X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and other image-guided therapy.
DL builds on mathematical models that allow the healthcare sector to analyze data at
exceptional speeds with high accuracy. It continues to make inroads into the industry.
These technologies are connected, providing something different to the industry and
changing how medical professionals manage their roles and patient care. This book
delivers a high-level understanding of healthcare and medicine applications with
emerging technologies such as AI, ML, and DL by discovering innovative advances,
concepts, and persistent challenges. In addition, the book also offers potential use
cases where AI, ML, and DL can help solve malicious healthcare complications.
This book will help researchers and practitioners to understand the design archi-
tecture of different problems of healthcare with AI, ML, and DL algorithms through
IoT.

xix
 1 Edge Computing
in Healthcare
Concepts, Tools,
Techniques, and Use Cases
Shalini Ramanathan, Anabel Pineda-Briseno,
Tauheed Khan Mohd, and Mohan Ramasundaram

1.1 OVERVIEW
Edge computing is a method of computing that brings data storage and computa-
tion closer to the point where it’s used to improve the speed of response and reduce
bandwidth consumption. Figure 1.1 shows the basic architecture of edge computing.
Healthcare providers can use edge computing and analytics to transform data into
novel findings that can help improve patient outcomes while providing commercial
and functional value. In healthcare, edge computing refers to the processing and
analysis of data at the network’s edge, which is closer to the origin of the data rather
than at a centralized place. This approach involves deploying computing resources,
such as servers and storing devices, at the centre of the network, such as in hospitals,
clinics, and medical devices [1]. Edge computing in healthcare has the potential to
revolutionize patient care by enabling real-time monitoring, faster and more accu-
rate medical imaging, and personalized medicine. It can also support telemedicine,
remote patient monitoring, and electronic health records (EHRs) by providing low-
latency and high-bandwidth connectivity for remote consultations and faster and
more efficient data processing at the point of care.
Edge computing in healthcare has the potential to enhance outcomes for patients,
save money, and improve the effectiveness and safety of medical facilities. For
example, edge computing can enable real-time patient monitoring, allowing health-
care providers to respond to emergencies quickly and efficiently. It can also reduce
the latency associated with sending large image files to a centralized server, enabling
faster and more accurate medical imaging. Edge computing is used with Internet of
Things (IoT) devices, self-driving cars, and medical monitoring tools [2]. Utilizing
edge computing in the healthcare sector provides a lot of benefits, like mobility,
rural region accessibility, and workforce reduction. There have been several recent
advancements in healthcare across a range of areas, including medical devices,

DOI: 10.1201/9781003363361-1 1
2 Handbook of AI-Based Models in Healthcare and Medicine

FIGURE 1.1 Basic architecture of edge computing

pharmaceuticals, digital health, and genomics. In medical devices, artificial intel-

ligence- (AI-) powered medical devices are being developed that can improve diag-
nostic accuracy and enable personalized treatment plans [3]. Wearable gadgets like
fitness trackers and smartwatches are being used for remote monitoring and early
detection of health issues. 3D printing technology is being used to create custom-
ized medical implants and prosthetics, reducing the risk of rejection and improv-
ing patient outcomes. In pharmaceuticals, gene therapies are being developed that
can cure genetic diseases by replacing or repairing defective genes. Immunotherapy
drugs are being used to treat cancer by strengthening the immune system to fight
cancer cells. Personalized medicine is becoming more common, using genetic test-
ing to tailor treatment plans to a patient's unique genetic profile. In digital health,
telemedicine and remote patient monitoring technologies are enabling virtual care
and remote consultations between patients and healthcare professionals. EHR sys-
tems are being adopted widely to increase the precision and efficiency of healthcare
services. Big data are being used to identify patterns and trends in patient data,
improving diagnosis accuracy and treatment outcomes. In genomics, the cost of
genetic sequencing is decreasing rapidly, making it more accessible and affordable
for patients and healthcare providers. Advances in genetic factor editing knowledge,
such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), are
enabling precise modifications to genetic material, offering new possibilities for dis-
ease treatment and prevention. Genetic counselling and testing are becoming more
Edge Computing in Healthcare 3

common, allowing patients to make informed decisions about their health and treat-
ment options based on their genetic information. These are a few examples of recent
advancements in healthcare. The healthcare industry is continuously evolving with
novel technologies and treatments, which are developed regularly. These advance-
ments are improving patient outcomes, increasing access to healthcare, and enhanc-
ing the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Advantages of using edge computing in the healthcare sector:

• Real-time processing: Edge computing enables instantaneous data analysis

and processing, allowing healthcare professionals to make faster and better-
informed decisions about patient care.
• Improved patient outcomes: Edge computing can improve patient outcomes
by enabling real-time monitoring, personalized medicine, and faster and
more accurate medical imaging.
• Reduced latency: Edge computing reduces the latency associated with
sending data to a centralized server, enabling quicker and more competent
data processing at the point of care.
• Enhanced security: Edge computing can enhance the security of patient
data by processing and storing data locally, reducing the risk of data
breaches and cyberattacks.
• Cost-effective: Edge computing can be more profitable than out-of-date
computing models, as it reduces the need for expensive hardware and
infrastructure.

Disadvantages of using edge computing in the healthcare sector:

• Limited processing power: Edge computing devices typically have limited

processing power and storage capacity compared to centralized servers,
which may limit their ability to process and analyze large amounts of data.
• Maintenance and management: Edge computing devices require regular
maintenance and management, which can be challenging for healthcare
organizations with limited resources.
• Data integration challenges: Integrating data from multiple sources can be
challenging in an edge computing environment, which may lead to data
silos and fragmented data.
• Dependence on network connectivity: Edge computing devices rely on net-
work connectivity to communicate with other devices and systems, which
may be unreliable in some settings.
• Data privacy concerns: Edge computing devices may store sensitive patient
data locally, which may raise concerns about data privacy and security.

In summary, edge computing in healthcare is a promising approach to transform

the healthcare industry by providing faster, more efficient, and more secure data
processing at the point of care, ultimately improving patient outcomes and enhanc-
ing the quality of care [4]. Edge computing offers several benefits for the healthcare
4 Handbook of AI-Based Models in Healthcare and Medicine

sector, but it also presents some challenges that need to be addressed to ensure suc-
cessful implementation and adoption. Healthcare organizations should carefully
consider the advantages and disadvantages of using edge computing and evaluate
their specific needs and requirements before implementing this technology.

1.2 EDGE COMPUTING INTELLIGENCE

AI is playing an increasingly important role in edge computing [5]. It involves local
data processing, somewhat quicker to the basis of the data than distributing it to a
centralized information centre or cloud for dispensation. It allows for faster data
processing, reduced latency, and improved efficiency. AI is being used in edge com-
puting to enable intelligent decision-making. Considering autonomous vehicles,
AI algorithms are used to examine IoT device information in real time, permitting
vehicles to make immediate decisions without consuming the data at the centralized
server for processing. Similarly, in industrial automation and robotics, AI algorithms
are used to analyze sensor data to make decisions and perform actions in real time.
AI uses edge computing to advance the proficiency of data processing. By using AI
algorithms to analyze data at the edge, only relevant details are sent to the server to
be examined further, limiting the quantity of information that needs to be analyzed,
and thus minimizing the bandwidth requirements and storage costs. Furthermore,
AI is being used in edge computing to improve security [6]. AI algorithms can detect
anomalies in data at the edge, allowing for immediate responses to potential secu-
rity threats before they become more serious. Overall, AI plays a critical role in
edge computing by enabling real-time decision-making, improving efficiency, and
enhancing security. Figure 1.2 summarises the various edge computing intelligence.
Machine learning (ML) is a subdivision of AI that encompasses training proce-
dures to learn patterns and make calculations based on data [7]. It has an important
role to play in edge computing, where data handling and investigation are performed
at the edge of the computing network, nearer to the foundation of the data. Here are
some examples of ML used with edge computing:

FIGURE 1.2 Various intelligence of edge computing

Edge Computing in Healthcare 5

Predictive conservation: In numerous industries, ML is used to forecast when

the apparatus is likely to nose-dive, allowing for proactive upkeep to be
completed before the equipment breaks down. By processing sensor infor-
mation at the edge of the computing network, ML algorithms can make
predictions in real time, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.
Anomaly detection: ML algorithms can be used to detect anomalous behav-
iour in sensor data, such as sudden spikes or drops in temperature or pres-
sure. These anomalies could indicate a potential problem, allowing for
immediate action to be taken to prevent damage or failure.
Resource optimization: In edge computing environments, resources such
as storage and processing power are limited. ML algorithms can be used
to optimize resource usage by predicting when certain resources will be
needed and when they can be freed up.
Real-time decision-making: ML algorithms can be used to scrutinize sensor
data in real time and make decisions based on that data. For example, in
autonomous vehicles, ML algorithms can analyze sensor data to make deci-
sions about steering, braking, and acceleration without the need for human
intervention.
Personalization: ML algorithms can be used to personalize experiences for
users by analyzing data about their behaviour and preferences. In edge com-
puting environments, this analysis can be performed in real time, allowing
for personalized experiences to be delivered immediately.

Natural language processing (NLP) is a defined subclass of AI that involves the com-
munication between individuals and supercomputers using natural language. NLP
has a significant role to play in edge computing, where statistics processing and study
are done at the place of the system, nearer to the source of the information. Some
examples are voice assistants, language translation, sentiment analysis, chatbots,
and speech-to-text. Voice aides like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant are becoming
increasingly popular in edge computing environments [8]. NLP algorithms are used
to interpret the user’s voice commands and provide responses in real time. Language
translation services in edge computing environments need to communicate with
each other across language barriers, and NLP algorithms can be used to translate
between languages in real time. Sentiment analysis and NLP algorithms benefit from
the analysis of social media data in real time to determine the sentiment of content
being shared. This information can be used to inform real-time decision-making or
to identify potential issues that require immediate attention. Chatbots are becom-
ing increasingly popular in edge computing environments where human interaction
is required. NLP algorithms are used to interpret the user's messages and provide
appropriate responses in real time. Speech-to-text with edge computing services is a
need to convert speech to text in real time, and NLP algorithms can be used to tran-
scribe the speech in real time, enabling faster and more accurate communication.
Deep learning is the process used to train artificial neural networks to recognize
patterns among data [9]. It also plays a crucial role in processing and analyzing data
6 Handbook of AI-Based Models in Healthcare and Medicine

to the advantage of the network system. Here are some of the key roles of deep learn-
ing in edge computing:

Object recognition: Deep learning procedures are used to identify objects in

images or video feeds in real time. This is particularly useful in applica-
tions such as surveillance, robotics, and autonomous vehicles.
Speech recognition: Deep learning algorithms can be used to recognize and
transcribe speech in real time, enabling more natural and efficient commu-
nication between humans and machines.
Predictive maintenance: In edge computing environments where equipment
is monitored using sensors, deep learning algorithms can be used to predict
when maintenance is required before equipment failure occurs.
Anomaly detection: Deep learning algorithms can be used to detect anoma-
lous behaviour in sensor data, such as sudden spikes or drops in temperature
or pressure. These anomalies could indicate a potential problem, allowing
for immediate action to be taken to prevent damage or failure.

NLP has a critical role to play in edge computing by enabling voice assistants, lan-
guage translation, sentiment analysis, chatbots, and speech-to-text capabilities, all of
which contribute to more efficient and effective communication in edge computing
environments. ML has enabled predictive maintenance, anomaly detection, resource
optimization, real-time decision-making, and personalization [10]. By computing the
data, deep learning algorithms enable more efficient and effective decision-making,
leading to improved performance, reduced downtime, and enhanced user experiences.

1.3 AI-POWERED HEALTHCARE-BASED EDGE COMPUTING

Edge computing has the potential to transform healthcare by providing faster, better
organized, and more secure information handling at the point of care [11]. Here are
some applications of edge computing in healthcare:

• Real-time patient monitoring: It will enable real-time patient monitoring,

allowing healthcare providers to monitor patients continuously and respond
to emergencies quickly.
• Telemedicine: Edge computing can support telemedicine by providing low-
latency and high-bandwidth connectivity for remote consultations, enabling
healthcare professionals to provide real-time virtual care to patients in
remote locations.
• Wearable devices: Wearable devices such as fitness trackers and smart-
watches create significant data that will be processed at the edge.
• Edge computing can provide real-time insights into patient health, enabling
healthcare providers to make more informed decisions about patient care.
• Medical imaging: Edge computing can enable faster and more accurate
medical imaging by processing data locally, reducing the latency associated
with sending large image files to a centralized server.
Edge Computing in Healthcare 7

• Medical attentive systems: These provide a way for patients to call for
help in an emergency, such as a fall or sudden illness.
• Medical billing application: This is used to manage the financial aspects
of healthcare, such as billing patients, managing insurance claims, and pro-
cessing payments.
• Clinical verdict provision systems: These provide healthcare profession-
als and real-time clinical information to aid in decision-making, such as
prescribing medication or ordering tests.
• Personalized medicine: Edge computing can enable personalized medi-
cine by processing patient data locally and providing real-time insights into
patient health, allowing healthcare providers to customize treatment plans
based on individual patient needs.
• EHRs: Edge computing can support EHRs by enabling faster data han-
dling at the point of care, improving the standard of treatment, and reducing
the risk of medical errors.
• Medical imaging gears: This includes X-ray machines, magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) scanners, computed tomography (CT) scanners, and ultra-
sound machines used to produce images of the inside of the human body.
• Health information exchange platforms: These enable the sharing of
patient information between healthcare organizations, allowing for coordi-
nated care and improved patient outcomes.

1.4 LEARNING SYSTEM OF EDGE COMPUTING

It is a disseminated computing standard to carry calculation and storage nearer to
the place it is required, rather than relying on centralized cloud computing resources.
In edge computing, computation is performed on devices that are closer to the data
source, such as sensors, mobile devices, and IoT devices. The awareness behind
edge-based computing will reduce the latency and bandwidth constraints associated
with transmitting data to centralized computing resources, along with the potential
safety with privacy concerns that arise when sensitive data is transmitted over the
network. By performing computation at the computing edge of the structure, it can
improve system performance, reduce network congestion, and enhance data confi-
dentiality and refuge. Edge computing involves the deployment of computing infra-
structure, such as servers, storage devices, and system equipment. These devices
can be placed in a wide range of locations, from industrial sites and manufacturing
facilities to remote locations and smart city environments. The edge computing eco-
system includes a wide range of devices, such as smartphones, tablets, wearables,
and IoT devices, as well as edge servers and other network infrastructure. In addi-
tion, edge computing involves the use of forward-thinking knowledge, such as AI,
ML, and natural language processing, to enable immediate processing and analy-
sis of data at the computing of the edge network. It represents a new paradigm in
disseminated computing which conveys computation and data storage faster to the
site where it is wanted, enabling more efficient computing solutions for an extensive
variety of claims, from smart cities to industrial automation and beyond. It relies
8 Handbook of AI-Based Models in Healthcare and Medicine

on a wide range of technologies to enable the immediate processing of information

in the computing part of the network. Some of the main technologies used in edge
computing are listed below. IoT devices, such as sensors and connected devices, are
a crucial element of edge-based computing. These devices generate large amounts
of data that can be processed and analyzed with the computing edge-based net-
work. Microservices construction is used to develop and model deployment of edge
network applications [12]. This approach involves breaking down tasks into minor,
self-governing components that can be arranged and installed separately. Containers
are used to package and deploy edge computing applications. Containers provide a
volatile and transportable way to deploy applications across different environments.
Virtualization is used to create virtual machines that can be used to run edge com-
puting applications. This approach provides a flexible and scalable way to deploy
applications across different environments [13]. AI and ML technologies are used
to enable real-time processing and analysis of data with the computing edge-based
network. These technologies will perform everyday jobs, such as image reconstruc-
tion, NLP, image segmentation, object identification, and predictive measures. 5G
and edge computing networks are being used to enable faster and more reliable con-
nectivity between edge computing devices. This technology provides the low-latency
and high-bandwidth needs for computing devices.

1.5 IMPACT ON HEALTHCARE
Edge-based computing systems have momentous problems in transforming health-
care by allowing current-time processing of healthcare data with edge computing
systems. Here are some of the ways in which edge computing can have a significant
impact on healthcare:

Real-time monitoring: It is used to monitor patients in real time, using wear-

able devices and other connected devices. This can help healthcare profes-
sionals to detect health problems early and provide timely intervention.
Faster diagnosis: Edge computing can enable faster and more accurate diag-
nosis of health problems by processing and analyzing medical images and
other diagnostic data in real time at the point of care [14].
Remote patient monitoring: Edge computing can enable remote patient
monitoring, allowing healthcare professionals to monitor patients in real
time from remote locations. This can be particularly useful for patients with
chronic conditions who require regular monitoring and intervention.
Predictive analytics: Edge computing can be used to perform predictive
analytics on healthcare data, helping healthcare professionals to identify
patterns and trends that may indicate potential health problems. This can
enable proactive intervention and better healthcare outcomes.
Data privacy and security: Edge computing can help to address privacy and
security concerns associated with healthcare data by processing and storing
data locally, instead of transmitting it to unified cloud computing resources
[15].
Edge Computing in Healthcare 9

By leveraging edge computing, healthcare professionals can provide more effi-

cient, effective, and personalized healthcare services, improving patient outcomes
and reducing healthcare costs. It has significant potential to transform healthcare
by enabling current-time processing and investigation of healthcare information.
Several driving factors are fuelling the adoption of edge computing in healthcare.
Here are some of the key factors: (i) Increase in healthcare data: With the grow-
ing use of connected devices, wearables, and other medical technologies, there is
an important maximization in the quantity of healthcare material being generated.
Edge structures can enable actual-time processing of data over improving health-
care outcomes. (ii) Need for instantaneous monitoring: Real-time intensive care of
patients is vital in many healthcare settings, such as emergency rooms and critical
care units. Edge computing can enable real-time monitoring of patients using con-
nected devices, helping healthcare professionals detect health problems early and
provide timely intervention. (iii) Remote patient monitoring: Remote patient moni-
toring is becoming increasingly important in healthcare, particularly for patients
with chronic conditions who require regular monitoring and intervention. Edge
computing can enable remote patient monitoring, allowing healthcare professionals
to monitor patients in real time from remote locations. (iv) Need for faster diag-
nosis: Faster and more accurate diagnosis of health problems is critical in health-
care. Analysis of medical images with their diagnostic data at the point of care, help
healthcare professionals to make faster and more accurate diagnoses.

Improving patient outcomes: Ultimately, the goal of healthcare is to improve

patient outcomes. Edge computing can help to achieve this goal by enabling
more efficient, effective, and personalized healthcare services, improving
patient outcomes, and reducing healthcare costs. Therefore, the need for
real-time monitoring, faster diagnosis, and improved patient outcomes is
driving the adoption of edge computing in healthcare. By leveraging edge
computing, healthcare professionals can provide more efficient and cost-
effective healthcare services. Real-time cloud computing with edge com-
puting performance can provide significant benefits in terms of speed and
efficiency, compared to traditional cloud computing architectures [16].
Cloud computing resources are used to process and analyze data in real
time, whereas edge computing is used to conduct local monitoring and
examination of data at the network's edge, closer to the source of the data
[17].

By combining these two technologies, real-time cloud computing with edge comput-
ing can provide several performance advantages, as shown in Figure 1.3.
By performing local monitoring and examination of data with the computing
edge-based network, edge computing can significantly reduce latency, or the delay
between the time when data is generated and when it is processed. This can enable
real-time response to critical events, such as emergency medical situations, improv-
ing outcomes for patients. Edge computing can reduce the amount of data that needs
to be transmitted over the network by performing local processing and analysis of
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CASA D i MONEDA 743 Hasta el año de 1535, es decir,

catorce años después de la conquista, no se conoció en México otra
moneda troquelada que la que de España venia y que era muy poca,
por lo que para los contratos y cambios que se celebraban aquí, se
hacía uso de piezas de plata de un peso convenido, y de ahí vino el
nombre de pesos, que antes no figuraba en el sistema monetario.
Los machos fraudes á que daba ocasión esa manera de fabricar
dineros, motivaron la real orden de 11 de Mayo del referido año de
1535, por la que se mandó establecer ^además de las casas de
moneda perpetuas eu. la ciudad del Potosí, de la América del Sur, y
en la ciudad de Santa Fé, def~Nuevo Reino de Granadla, otra en la
capital de la Nueva España, con arreglo á las leyes dadas para sus
congéneres de Castilla; y en virtud de esa cédula estableció la
oficina, como ya dijimos en otro lugar, D. Antonio de Mendoza,
primer Virrey de México y segundo del Perú, conde de Tendilla y
comendador de Socuéllanos, de grata memoria. Al terreno que hoy
ocupa el Palacio Nacional, fué trasladada después la Casa. En4567
mandó el Rey «que se colocase donde estuviesen las cajas reales
(IX» y en 1569 se ordenó que se pasara dicho establecimiento «al
frente de la casa de Martín Aranguren,» sitio elegido por el tesorero
D. Gabriel Diaz, comisionado por el virrey D. Martín Enríquez de
Almanza para que lo señalara en unión de los Oficiales reales. Este
sitio, que es el que hoy ocupa el Museo Nacional, fué el que
definitivamente ocupó hasta que se cambió ala calle del Apartado, y
ahí es donde existe todavía. El año de 1729, en vista de la necesidad
de contar con un edificio más amplio y adecuado á las labores de
amonedación que ya se desempeñaban en grande escala por el
antiguo establecimiento, se le señaló á éste un nuevo local y formó
los planos de la Casa, en 1730, D. Nicolás Peinado, que vino de
España con el empleo de director de la nueva labor. Aprobados los
planos, se mandó proceder á la fábrica del edificio proyectado, por
real cédula de 2 de Agosto de 1731, siendo virrey el Marqués de
Casa Fuerte, varón digno de loa por la sabiduría de su gobierno y
por lo caritativo que fué con los pobres y desamparados. En dicha
orden se prevenía que las fachadas de la Casa fueran «de buena
simetría y proporciones, de modo que el edificio manifestase desde
luego ser fábrica real.» La obra se concluyó en 1734, y en ella se
gastaron $449.893, inclusos los $19,000 de costo de dos casas
contiguas, que se compraron prra completar el local designado, y el
valor de algunas máquinas y herramientas. Como no había en la
Nueva España otra casa de moneda que la de México, llegó á ser tal
la afluencia de metales preciosos que acuñaba la referida, que para
poder elaborar con prontitud los que sin cesar se introducían en ella,
se hizo indispensable emprender la construcción de nuevas oficinas,
y se ejecutaron las obras llamadas de ampliación, á las que se dio
comienzo en 1772 y que quedaron concluidas en 1782, con un costo
de $554,600. Hasta el año de 1733 en que estuvo la Casa á cargo de
asentistas, es decir, de personas que compraban los empleos,
desempeñándolos por lo regular tenientes suyos, la propiedad de
dichos empleos transmitíase por herencia de padres á hijos. Después
tomó el Gobierno por su cuenta el establecimiento, lo que en los
últimos años de su prosperidad producía al Erario más de millón
titulo XVIII, libro IX de U Novísima Recopilación de las leyes de ese
país, y no M 5 odian trabajar stno mediante un permiso en el que se
estipulaba la parce de ios po* netos que debía ingresar al real
tesoro. Por una ordenanza del año de 1504» se ajó ese derecho en
una quinta parte del valor de dichos productos mineros, que por esa
razón se llamó el quinto reaL (1) El Tribunal de loa oficios reales
tenía el manejo de esas cajas, en las que ingresaban los productos
de los ramos siguientes: media annata. alumbres, cobres,
cordovanes, uno por ciento de-diezmos y señoreaje Se platas, juego
de gallos, naipes, nieve, papel sellado, pólvora, pulques y salinas, y
ademas los neveros délos cuatro obispados, los valores de oficios
vendibles ó renunciabies, tales como bancos de procuradores,
ensayadores, oficios públicos y de escribanos de provincia,
receptorías y otros muchos que sería prolijo enumerar. (Véase Tilla
Señor y Sánchez (D Josenjk Antonio): Thratro Americano,
Descripción general de los Reynosy Provincias dé A» Nueva España,
y sus jurisdicciones, etc. México, 1746, [2 vols. folio.] Digitized by
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744 EX-ARZOB1SPADO y medio de pesos, libres de gastos

de labor. El apartado de oro, que también pertenecía á los
particulales, se mandó incorporar á la corona por real orden de 21
de Julio de 1778, agregándose á la Casa de Moneda en 19 de
Octubre del mismo año. Realizada nuestra independencia de la
corona de España, y establecidas ya en nuestro territorio algunas
casas de moneda, cía afluencia de metales preciosos disminuyó
muchísimo en México, disminuyendo en proporción las labores del
establecimiento y su importancia (1);» y una serie de vicisitudes
tales como la reducción del local de la Casa, hecha para ensanchar .
Palacio, y la inutilización más ó menos completa de las máquinas,
que nd eran de buena clase y que no se repusieron porque los
fondos destinados á comprar otras en el extranjero se aplicaron á
gastos de diversa naturaleza, señala también un período de penosa
transición en la historia de la oficina en que nos venimos ocupando.
Más, tarde arrendó el Gobierno la Casa de Moneda y el Apartado á
los Sres. Mackintosh, Belangé y C*, en 23 de Febrero de 1847, por
término de diez años y en la cantidad de •de $174.000, más el 1%
de la cantidad acuñada anualmente, estipulándose en el contrato
respectivo la traslación de la oficina al lugar que hoy ocupa. Las
obras necesarias para ese objeto, quedaron concluidas el mes de
Marzo de 1848; la maquinaria quedó instalada en Junio del propio
año, y se dio principió á la acuñación en el nuevo local (el de la calle
del Apartado, que es amplio y bien dispuesto) el Io de Julio de 1850.
La maquinaria que se montó entonces, fué construida en Inglaterra
por Manesley Son & Field, excepto los volantes, las rieleras y la
máquina de acordonar, que fabricó en París Eugenio Kurtz; á esta
maquinaria se agregó en 1852 un juego de laminadores construidos
en Paterson, Estados Unidos de Norte América; en 1865 se
introdujeron en la Casa mejoras tan grandes como fué la de montar
la prensa monetaria, construida en Filadeifia por Morgan Ow & Co.,
perfecta en su género; y por úitimo, se han ido mejorando hasta el
dia la dotación y los procedimientos técnicos de la oficina, como
puede verse visitándola, pues, por no fatigar á nuestros lectores,
prescindimos ya de continuar enumerando los progresos alcanzados
en esta línea por la Casa de Moneda. 631* Bx-Ariobispado. — En las
casas llamadas de Medel, á las que se añadieron dos contiguas,
comenzase á labrar el año de 1530, por orden del Sr. Azobispo D. Fr.
Juan de Zumárraga, y con dinero de los diezmos. El Emperador
Carlos V expidió más tarde una cédula, fecha en Monzón á 2 de
Agosto de 1533, por la que mandaba que aquel edificio sirviese
«para que el dicho obispo en su vida, y después sus sucesores las
moren r. vivan como en casas obispales para siempre jamás;» el
Exmo é limo Sr. D. Juan Antonio de Vizarrón y Eguiarreta,
vigésimoquinto Arzobispo de México, reedificó en gran parte el
propio edificio, y ensanchado con una casa más, que compró el Sr.
Arzobispo D. Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta, se le dói en el siglo
XVIII la forma que hoy tiene. Después en 1861, fué vendido como
los demás bienes del clero; en 1863 tornó á ser morada episcopal, y
ahora que pertenece á la Nación, lo ocupan la Imprenta
delGobierno, la Contaduría Mayor y el Archivo General de Hacienda.
Su interior es amplio y su construcción muy sólida, como la de la
mayoría de los edificios que nos quedan de la época del virreinato.
Los barandales que aún conserva se hicieron aprovechando la
primitiva crujía de Catedral, queera de fierro y muy sen* cilla. Arriba
del cerramiento de la suntuosa puerta de entrada, se lee; ANNO
DOMINI 1745, en el intercolumnio de la izquierda: (i) OroMcoy Berra
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TEMPLOS 745 DlXIT> QUI SEDEBAT IN TI1RONO, y en el

de la derecha: ECCE NOVA FACIÓ OMXJA Apocal. 21. 636* Bx-
Hoipltll de Terceroi.— Otro de los buenos edificios de de> tiempo de
la dominación española. Tiene un hermoso patio que rodea una
galería de aspecto conventual, lo mismo en la planta baja que en los
altos. Sus tres fachadas de tezontle son de sencillo gusto
arquitectónico, y de apariencia mil veces mejor que la de una
multitud de ostentosas y á menudo raquíticas y desproporcionadas
construcciones, que se levantan hoy por todas partes de la ciudad
con extraordinario lujo, de feos adornos de cantería y de mármol de
todas clases, precios y colores. En la casa y sitio que fué del
mayorazgo de los Villegas, y á los 7 días del mes de Mayo de 1756
se concluyó el edificio que nos ocupa y que además del Hospital de
Terceros de la Orden de San Francisco que en él se fundara,
costeado de los fondos de la mesa, contenía cierto número de
habitaciones de alquiler. El benéfico establecimiento, en cuyas
amplias y bien dispuestas enfermerías atendíase á la curación de
hombres y de mujeres, cesó en sus caritativas funciones por el año
de 1861, y la casa fué vendida a un particular En 6 de Diciembre de
1865 la compró el Gobierno. Desde entonces han venido ocupándola
diversas oficinas públicas, y ahora, en gran parte, la Escuela
Nacional de Comercio y Administración. 63$. Templos.— Pasan de
sesenta los católicos, y los protestantes no son más de seis. De los
últimos hay dos que por su arquitectura, de buen estilo gótico,
merecen especial mención: el llamado «Christ Churcb,» que está en
la calle de la Providencia, y cuya fachada ve al Norte; 'y el que se
acaba de construir en la Avenida Balderas, con vista al Oriente.
Vamos á describir ahora lo más notable de los principales templos
que el catolicismo erigiera en la capital desde el siglo XVI hasta
nuestros días, suntuosos algunos, como el Sagrario; otros bellos,
como el de la Profesa, y humildes como el de San Juan de Dios ó el
de Corpus Christi los demás; pero todos dignos de ser visitados y de
que se conozca su historia: todos, lo mismo nuestra gran basílica,
obra de una centuria casi, que nos habla de un pasado cuyo
recuerdo no bastan á borrar las febriles agitaciones de la vida
moderna, y que aún atesora con las reliquias del arte mexicano, las
del a ríe ■del Viejo Mundo que los actores en nuestras intestinas
luchas olvidaron malbaratar ó destruir; lo mismo la Santa Iglesia
Catedral, que guarda además las cenizas ó los huesos de proceres,
de sabios, de héroes, de santos ó de caritativos y mansos varones;
lo mismo, repetimos, ese augusto templo que el de San Sebastián,
desairado y pobre, pero que en cambio tiene el mérito de ser uno de
los más antiguos de la metrópoli. 637- Catedral- — La iglesia
mayor% como se llamaba entonces á la que Carlos V mandó
construir en el lugar que ocupa la que hoy admiramos, es decir,
sobre las ruinas del gran teocalli de los tenochca, comenzaron á
edificarla los oficiales reales, y parece que ya estaba concluida por
los años de 1025, pues en ella hubo solemnes honras fúnebres por
el ataa de CorU's cuando á éste se hizo pasar por muerto mientras
expedicionaba en las Hi 
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746 CATEDRAL hueras. Su título de catedral data de 1530,

año en que por bula de Clemente Vil se erigió el obispado, y en 1547
constituyóse en metropolitana. El terreno de que se disponía para
edificar aquella iglesia, «muy pobre y arremendada,» como la llamó
Fr. Toribio de Benavente, amplio era en verdad, pues destináronsele
diez solares, situados de la manera que indica el diseño que se
inserta y que hizo el Sr. García Icazbalceta (1) fundándose en el acta
de cabildo de 8 de Febrero de 1527. Siente dicho autor (y su opinión
nos parece bien fundada), que el sitio de la primitiva iglesia fué el
que ocupa el atrio de la Catedral actual. Habiéndose al fin mandado
demoler por orden de Felipe II ese humilde templo, pusost en 1573
la primera piedra de la nueva fábrica; ten 1615— dice el Sr. Orozco y
Berra (2)— estaban hechos los cimientos y parte de los muros; en
1623 quedaron cerradas las bóvedas de la sacristía mayor.
Interrumpida la obra en 1629 á causa de la inundación, se prosiguió
en fines de 1635, y aún no terminada, se dedicó á 2 de Febrero de
1656: concluido el interior del templo, se hizo otra solemne y
definitiva dedicación á 22 de Diciembre de 1667; y hasta ese tiempo
se habían gastado 1.752,000 pesos. Hasta Enero de 1787 sólo
existía el primer cuerpo de la torre oriental; en este año se le puso
mano de nuevo y se comenzó la occidental, terminando ambas en
1791, con el costo de 190,000 pesos: todavía se hicieron algunas
obras más; de manera que la catedral no se pudo tener como
completa, sino hasta principios del presente siglo (3).» El total de
gastos erogados por los reyes Felipe II, Felipe III, Felipe IV y Carlos
II para la obra de nuestra gran basílica hasta la conclusión de las
dos torres cuyo primer cuerpo levantaron D. Juan Lozano y D. Juan
Serrano, y el segundo el arquitecto D. Damián Ortiz, fué de más de
dos millones de pesos. Hasta aquí, en resumen brevísimo, la historia
de la Catedral; en cuanto á su descripción, seguros de que no
podríamos hacerla, también en breve espacio, mejor que el Sr.
Ingeniero D. Antonio García Cubas, cedemos la palabra á este
conocido y estimado escritor, que dice en su Diccionario Geográfico,
Histórico y Biográfico de les Estados- Uní dos Mexicanos (4) lo
siguiente: « La catedral actual, cuya dedicación tuvo efecto en 22 de
Diciembre de 1667, es hermosa, de vastas proporciones y de una
construcción sólida y severa, aunque afeada por su mal pavimento
de madera, por los altares nuevamente construidos, que
abiertamente pugnan con el estilo general del edificio, por las rejas
de hierro desprovistas de arte, que cierran algunas capillas en
sustitución de las antiguas de maderas finas, y por el poco aseo y
falta de decoración conveniente. El interior, de orden dórico, con
ciertas reminiscencias del gótico, que marcan el carácter de las
construcciones españolas del siglo XVI, está formado de cinco naves,
cuya altura decrece gradualmente de la central á las laterales,
ocupadas por catorce capillas; 20 columnas estriadas sostienen
arcos esbeltos y elevadas bóvedas, de las cuales las del centro, que
en su conjunto forman una cruz latina, se hallan interrumpidas por
una cúpula con pinturas al temple del célebre Jimeno, y las cuales
representan la Asunción de la Virgen, y en diversos grupos los pa.
(1) Copiamos de la edición do los Diálogos de Cerrantes Salazar. que
hizo el Br« Icazbalceta. este curioso diseño, formado para ilustrar la
nota 40, tpág. 197], al Dialogo Segundo. El Sr. Galindo y VilU
reproduce también el referido diseño en su* apuntes de Epigrafía
Mexicana ípág. 62.] (2) Memoria para el Plano de la Ciudad de
México, pag. 96. (5) Es decir, del XIX. (4) Tomo IV, pág. 69. México,
1890. —Recomendamos á nuestros lectores el estadio del Sr.
Ingeniero D. Luí» G. de Anzorena: La Catedral de México, lectura
hecha eo la Sociedad de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de México, el año
de 1896. Reimprimióseaicho estudio en el periódico El Circulo
Católico, tomo I de la segunda época [1887-18». J Es una
descripción muy buena y pormenorizada de nuestro gran templo
metropolitano*
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 CATEDRAL 747 iriarcas y las mujeres más célebres de la
Historia Sagrada. El tabernáculo, obra moderna que desdice mucho
de la severidad arquitectónica del edificio, se halla elevado sobre un
zócalo de cuatro gradas, á la altura del coro que ocupa los tramos
tercero y cuarto de la nave central, y cuyo frente cierra una hermosa
reja de metal llamado tumbago, la cual, así como los balaustres de
las tribunas del mismo coro, los del tránsito al tabernáculo y los del
zócalo sobre el cual éste se levanta, fueron fabricados en Macao. La
sillería de los canónigos es de hermosa talla, en madera de
tapincerdn, sólo inferior á la del antiguo templo de San Agustín,
hallándose en este lugar que se describe una bella pintura de Juan
Correa: la Virgen del Apocalipsis. Dos buenos órganos se elevan
sobre las tribunas laterales del coro á la altura de las bóvedas
procesionales. La costumbre española de colocar los coros en la
parte central de tas catedrales, es la causa de que en la nuestra no
pueda admirarse en toda su extensión la magnífica y extensa nave
central. > « El altar más notable de la Catedral es el de los Reyes,
que en la parte de la ábside se eleva desde el pavimento que cierra
la cripta en que se ha* Han depositados los restos de los héroes de
la Independencia, hasta la bóveda; fué ejecutado por el mismo
artista que hizo el de la catedral de Sevilla, y todo es de madera
ricamente tallada y dorada, según el estilo de Churriguera,
resaltando entre sus complicados detalles, esculturas y buenas
pinturas de Juan Rodríguez Juárez; son los más bien acabados, la
Epifanía en la par* te central, y la Asunción en la superior. » c El
altar del Perdón, situado detrás del coro, es del mismo estilo, pero
menos rico, y se halla decorado igualmente con dos hermosos
lienzos: la Candelaria, de Baltasar de Echave, y San Sebastián, obra,
según se cree, de la Sumaya, mujer y preceptora en el arte del
mismo Echave (1). Toda la Catedral fué ornamentada según ei
mismo estilo, que debiera haberse respetado para conservar el
conjunto armonioso de todo el edificio. » € En la capilla de las
reliquias existen doce cuadros de santos mártires, pintados por Juan
de Herrera, llamado por sus contemporáneos el Divino; la de San
Pedro, decorada también con pinturas, guarda los restos .del primer
arzobispo de México, Fray Juan de Zumárraga, y según se cree,
también los del misterioso personaje, el beato Gregorio López, que
algunos señalan como hijo de Felipe II. > « La sacristía, algo
espaciosa se halla decorada con seis grandes lienzos que revisten
completamente los muros, siendo tres de Cristóbal de ViUalpando: la
Gloría de San Miguel, el Apocalipsis y el triunfo de la Eucaristía; y
tres de Juan Correa: la Asunción, la Iglesia Católica y la Entrada á
Jerusalem* > « La capilla de San Felipe de Jesús conserva un
modesto monumento en que se hallan depositados los restos del
libertador Iturbide. » c La sala de juntas de la Archicofradía posee
dos hermosos cuadros de José Alcíbar: la Cena y el Triunfo de la Fe,
y una rica colección de retratos, de figuras enteras, de todos los
arzobispos que han gobernado la Iglesia mexicana, siendo muchos
de aquellos de bastante mérito. » « En la sala capitular existe otra
colección de los mismos retratos, pero de busto, así como una
Virgen de Pedro de Cortona, que con la de Belem de Murillo, y una
pintura de la escuela italiana que representa á D. Juan de Austria
implorando el auxilio de la Virgen al librar la batalla de Lepanto, la
Catedral se halla en posesión de tres verdaderas joyas de arte. » c
La Catedral mide de N. á S., sin contar el espesor de los muros, 118
metros; y de E. á O. 54 . El exterior es de cantería labrada,
exceptuando los muros laterales, que son de la piedra basáltica
llamada tezontle. La fachata esposa y maestra del aventajado pintor
vizcaíno
 748 SAGRARIO da principal, limitada por dos torres
majestuosas que se alzan sobre el zócalo del atrio á 62 metros, está
formada de tres portadas, con dos cuerpos cada ana de ellas: dórico
el primero y muy bello por sus justas proporciones, y jónico el
segundo, imperfecto por sus columnas salomónicas y por la falta de
unidad en el estilo; todos los bajo-relieves, estatuas, frisos, basas y
capiteles son de mármol blanco, que mucho armoniza con el gris y
apastillado, color de la cantería. > c Las torres constan de dos
cuerpos, dórico el inferior y jónico el superior, siendo éste de muy
bellos detalles arquitectónicos, y sobre el cual descansa una graciosa
bóveda en forma de campana rematada por una esfera y cruz de
piedra. » «Las cornisas de las torres, así como las de los diferentes
cuerpos del edificio, determinados por las distintas alturas de las
naves, sustentan hermosas balaustradas de piedra labrada, unidas, á
treches iguales, por pilastras rematadas por jarrones, sirviendo las
de los cuerpos superiores de las torres de pedestales á las estatuas,
cambien de piedra, de los Doctores de la Iglesia, y en el frontón de
la portada central, ocupado por el reloj, á las de las Virtudes
Teologales. En medio de este hermoso conjunto resalta la muy
graciosa y elegante cúpula con su esbelta linternilla, obra de Tolsa.»
A esto sólo añadiremos, á título de curiosidad, que la campana
mayor de la iglesia metropolitana se llama Santa María de
Guadalupe, mide cinco metros de altura, costó $10.400 y se puso en
el lugar de la torre del Oeste que hoy ocupa, el año de 1792: la más
grande de las campanas de la torre del Este lleva el nombre de Doña
María, se estrenó el año de 1754 y su peso es de 750 quintales. £38-
SagnriO.— Es la primera iglesia parroquial de la ciudad, y en 14 de
Marzo de 1749 se comenzó á construir en la forma que ahora tiene,
según los planos que el arquitecto D. Lorenzo Rodríguez presentó el
7 de Enero de aquel año. Consagró el altar mayor el Sr. Arzobispo
Lorenzana en 15 de Septiembre de 1767 é inauguróse el templo con
toda solemnidad el 9 de Enero de 1768, dedicándose el día 8 del
mes de Febrero próximo. El interior fué adornado en 1770, y á causa
de lo que sufriera con el temblor del 19 de Junio de 1858, se le
hicieron reposiciones de importancia. De entonces acá, puede muy
bien decirse que en nada esencial ha variado interior ni
exteriormente. Anexo á la Catedral, hace desmerecer no poco á esta
basílica, que debería estar aislada de todo otro edificio. El que nos
ocupa tiene dos fachadas de estilo churrigueresco: la una ve al
Oriente y la otra al Sur, y ambas son notables por la belleza de sus
afiligranados adornos de cantería. La planta de este magnífico
templo, que es de tres naves y tiene mucha luz, forma una cruz
griega en cuyo centro se alza sobre cuatro robustos pilares una
cúpula octagonal. De los cuatro espacios angulares que limitan esa
cruz, el N. O. es la Secretaría y Sala de juntas de la ilustre Ex-
Archicofradía del Santísimo Sacramento, el N. E. es la sacristía del
Sagrario, el S. O. es la capilla de la Virgen de la Soledad, y el S. E.
ocúpanlo las oficinas del Cuadrante y bautisterio. Este último, Ja
capilla en cuestión y la secretaría se comunican con la Catedral.
Trece son los altares que tiene esta iglesia, dóricos, jónicos,
compuestos y del estilo del arquitecto Churriguera; y el altar mayor,
de orden compuesto, es de hermosas proporciones y de buen gusto
su decorado: la cúpula esférica peraltada del áureo templete que se
mira en su centro, y !a cual sostienen seis hermosas columnas,
remata por una estatua de la Fe, otra, la de la Caridad, descansa en
un frontón del lado de la Epístola, y la de la Esperanza en el frontón
del lado del Evangelio. Ambos frontones se apoyan en dos órdenes
de columnas iguales, y en los intercolumnios vense las figuras de
talla de San Juan Evangelista y de San José, aquélla del lado
derecho y ésta del izquierdo. Corona el todo un artístico grupo que
representa la Asunción de la Virgen, y entre los diversos aJoraus del
The text on this page is estimated to be only 17.73%
accurate

Padre ViHagrá. Padre L. Méndez. í. Luis de la Torre. o T3 V

«3 el Juan de Hinojosa. 4> T3 i a Gonzalo xM de H Al varado.
Escalerillas i Alonso "de Villan ueva. Cristóbal Flores. Doctor Hojeda.
Pedro del Castillo. Juan de la Torre. Le Marcos de Aguilar y luego
Gonzalo de Sandoval. Arquillo. Solares para la Iglesia. Arsobisp" 8.
Franc° Ritió para Tiendas de que se dio posesión a Gonzalo Rniz en
11 de Noviembre de 1588. Plaza Mayor. Cap a 8 de Cabildo. Portal
de las Flores. Digitizedby VjOOy
Digitized by VjOOQIC
 SAN MIGUEL, SANTA CATARINA Y SANTA VERACRUZ 749
mismo ¿légrate altar, son dignas de mencionarse dos bien
ejecutadas copias del Dominiquino. Menos aún debe pasarse por
alto que en el bautisterio existe una hermosa pintura de la escuela
de Murilio: San Juan Bautista en el Desierto, y una muy bella obra
de D. José Ginés de Aguirre, primer director de pintura de la
Academia de San Carlos: es una decoración, al temple, que
representa los bautismos de Jesús, Constantino, San Agustín y San
Felipe de Jesús. Por último además de algunos otros buenos lienzos
que decoran los muros y altares del Sagrario, citaremos el Ecce
Homo que aílí puede verse ahora y que estuvo primero en un nicho
del Portal de Agustinos, y la imagen de Nuestra Señora del Refugio,
á la que anualmente se le hace solemne función el día 14 de Julio, y
que dio nombre á una de las calles de esta capital. De otras ricas
joyas que poseía el Sagrario, gran parte desapareció en Marzo de
1851, cuando el Sr. Juárez ordenó que fuese cateada la iglesia y los
cateadores hubieron de adjudicarse sus mejores alhajas. 639. Stñ
Migas!. — Lo mismo esta que la del Sagrario, que acabamos de
describir, y que las de Santa Catarina Mártir, la Santa Veracruz, San
José, Santa Ana, la Soledad de Santa Cruz, San Sebastián, Santa
María, San Pablo, Santa Cruz Acatlán, Santo Tomás la Palma, Regina
Cceli y San Cosme, (á las que nos referiremos en los siguientes
párrafos hasta llegar al 651) son iglesias parroquiales, y en esa
inteligencia les damos aquí lugar preferente r aun cuando como
edificios sean en algunos casos de poca importancia. La parroquia
de San Miguel, que gozaba en otros tiempos del derecho de asilo,
estuvo en el antiguo templo de San Lucas Evangelista hasta el año
de 1692 en que se pasó á la iglesia donde hoy existe, que fué
dedicada en 1714 y que está situada de Oriente á Poniente. La
puerta principal queda por Levante, y el altar mayor, que es bello y
bien proporcionado, se alza en el extremo opuesto; hay además tres
altares por el lado Norte y tres por el Sur, estucados y dorados, y
dos capillas: la de la Virgen del Pilar de Zaragoza, ?ue es la titular de
la parroquia junto con el Arcángel San Miguel, y la del 'atriarca
Señor San José. El templo tiene ochenta varas de E. á O. y sesenta
de N. á S. 640. Santa Catarlsi Mártir.— -Deteriorada la primera
fábrica, y por disposición de Doña Isabel de la Barrera, mujer de
Don Simón de Haro, que dejó cuantiosos bienes para este fin,
reedificóse esta iglesia parroquial, que es una de las más antiguas
(pues fué fundada por el primer Arzobispo de México, en 1537) y
que gozaba, como la de San Miguel, del famoso derecho de asilo. El
22 de Enero de 1662 se abrió de nuevo al público, y la capilla mayor
llamad* de la Preciosa Sangre de Nuestro Señor Jesucristo, dedicóse
á 25 de Noviembre de 1693. En este mismo templo, y en 25 de
Septiembre de 1629, estuvo la Imagen de Nuestra Señora de
Guadalupe, que por orden del Limo Sr. Dr. D. Francisco Manso de
Zúñiga, y para que cesase la inundación que sufrió nuestra capital
desde 21 de Septiembre de aquel año, fué transladada de su
Santuario de la Villa á México. Añadiremos que la propia Iglesia
parroquial de Santa Catarina posee una imagen de la Patrotta de los
Mexicanos, pintada por el famoso artista Cabrera. Además del altar
mayor, situado al Oriente, frente á la puerta principal, tiene el
templo que nos ocupa cuatro por el Norte y tres por el Sur,
embutidos en los muros laterales; otra puerta que ve al mediodía, y
veinte buenas ventanas que comunican luz suficiente para apreciar
la nueva decoración de estilo bizantino, (poco felizmente
interpretado, en verdad) que ha hecho perder á la iglesia su
primitivo severo carácter. 64L Santa ▼traerás. —Consta que Don
Hernán Cortés fundó en 1526 la Archicofradía de la Cruz (1) en esta
iglesia, por lo que puede afirmarse que es una de las más antiguas
de México. En 1566 fué declarada parroquial por el Sr. Arzobispo
Montúfar y el Virrey Don Martín Enriques de Almanza, po»
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750 SAN JOSÉ, SANTA ANA Y SOLEDAD alendóse en ella el

Santísimo á 5 de Diciembre de aquel año. Demolida niá» tarde, se
reedificó á costa de la A rch i cofradía, dedicándose á 14 de Octubre
de 1730. Sucesivamente se le han hecho más ó menos importantes
reformas hasta el día, entre las que se cuentan algunas que con
buen acierto mandó hacer pocos años ha el Sr. Pbro. Escobar, cura
párroco que fué de dicha iglesia. El largo de ésta es de más de
cincuenta varas, y su ancho de más de diez. Su construcción es casi
toda de cantería y el resto de tezontle, y su arquitectura del orden
dórico. Tiene una muy bonita capilla, dedicada á Nuestra Señora del
Perpetuo Socorro, y en el altar mayor se venera un Santo Cristo de
talla, de tamaño natural, conocido por los fieles con el nombre de
Señor de los Siete Velos. 613* Saa José.— Hubo en el atrio de San
Francisco, antes de «fne se edificase la iglesia grande y cuatro
capillas que allí existieron, otra capilla, una vez levantada la cual,
quedó la iglesia con el nombre de Señor San José, administrándola
como parroquia los religiosos franciscanos mientras á su cargo
estuvo la cura de almas. En 1769 se demolió dicha capilla y
substituyóla otra que se nombraba del Señor de Burgos, en situación
de Sur á Norte. Por ese tiempo se quitó á los frailes de la Orden
Seráfica el curato, y la iglesia parroquial que lleva hoy el nombre de
San José, (tal vez en memoria de la Antigua) se fundó el año de
1772 en el lugar que ahora ocupa, en una capilla que se ha creído
ser obra de Fr. Pedro de Gante. Aquella, la antigua, fué la primera
Parroquia de las Indias establecida en México, y por esto y por haber
sido seminario de la doctrina cristiana, le concedió Felipe II
privilegios de Catedral, con campana grande; y es de advertirse que
en dicha iglesia celebróse el primer Concilio Mexicano,
solemnizáronse las honras fúnebres del Emperador, verificóse el
primer auto del Santo Oficio y diéronse las primeras confirmaciones.
El templo actual comenzó á edificarlo á principios del siglo XIX el Sr.
Lie. D. Diego Alvarez, que fué su párroco, y. se concluyó mucho
después. Destruido casi por completo en el temblor de 1858, abrióse
de nuevo al culto en 20 de Junio de 1861. El altar mayor queda en el
extremo Norte, y tn el Sur la puerta principal: hay otra que ve al
oriente; y en cada lado del crucero existen tres altares, siendo su
decoración no muy exquisita. 613. Santa Asi. —A solicitud de los
religiosos de San Francisco, á quienes como visita de la parroquia de
Santiago Tlaltelolco perteneció el templo primitivo de Señora Santa
Ana, fué reedificado éste y se bendijo á 16 de Marzo de 1754. Por
estar esta iglesia cerca de la de Santa Catarina Mártir, dedujeron á
poco derecho á ella loa clérigos, para ayuda de la parroquia, y se les
concedió, entrando por primera vez el circular en la parroquia el 19
de Febrero de 1755. Después hubo ésta de administrarse, y en el día
se administra, con absoluta independencia de la de Santa Catar "na.
Lo más notable del templo en cuestión, que está situado de Norte á
Sur, es la fuente que se conserva en una pieza inmediata' al
sagrario; fuente donde es tradición que recibió el bautismo el
indígena Juan Diego, cuyo nombre bien conocido es de los fieles
devotos de la Virgen de Guadalupe. 611- Soledad de 8»nU Cnu.—
Estuvo á cargo de los frartes agustinos la parroquia de este nombre,
que es una de las más antiguas. El templo comenzó á fabricarse
poco después de consumada la conquista de México, dedicándose á
29 de Octubre de 1731 . Demolido después para edificar el actual,
se estrenó éste en 5 de Septiembre de 1792. Es de tres naves, y
además del altar mayor, que se ha reformado hace poco, tiene diez:
cinco por la banda (1) Lm Estatutos de esta Arcbicofredfa fueron
aprobados por Fr. Domlnpfd de Bebanzos. Vicario General de la
Iglesia Mexicana, por auto dé 80 de Marzo de I.V27; y una de las
instituciones de la prspia Arc&ieofradU de «a Crus era asistir á los
reos ea la capilla, kaplido y entierro. ^ .^ Digitized by LjOOQ IC
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accurate

SAN SEBASTIAN, SANTA MARÍA, ETC. 751 del Norte y cinco

por la del Sur, con muy buenos retablos que son obra do artistas
nacionales de la época de la dominación española. Es sencilla la
fachada, con tres puertas, y ve al Poniente; y por lo que hace á la
longitud de la iglesia, diremos que se calcula en ochenta varas y su
latitud en cincuenta. Gran parte del antiguo decorado se mandó
reponer intimamente, y de Ir obra encargóse un ex-alumno de la
Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes, el Sr. D. Manuel Ramírez Díaz, de
quien son dos nuevas pinturas que cubren sendos medios puntos
murales. 645. San Sebastián. — Fea, pobre y antiquísima iglesia de
techo envigado, fundada por el P.Juan Martínez, con casa anexa para
un hospital del que se hicieron cargo los hipólitos. Muerto el P.
Martínez, quedó la casa bajo la protección del Arzobispo de México;
fué después la iglesia parroquia administrada por los franciscanos;
en 1585 pasó á los carmelitas; cedida por éstos en 1607 á los
agustinos, conserváronla los segundos hasta el mes de Octubre de
1636, en que la entregaron al clero secular, quien desde entonces
desempeña allí la cura de almas por ministerio de un párroco y dos
vicarios. El altar mayor queda en el extremo Sur, y en el
septentrional la puerta de entrada. Fuera de aquél, hay en la iglesia
(inclusos los tres de la capilla del sagrario), cuatro altares en el
costado del Poniente y cuatro en el del Oriente, comprendidos los
tres de la capilla de la Santa Escuela, que tiene puerta para la calle.
616. Santa Haría.— Fr. Pedro de Gante, según se cree, fundó esta
iglesia el año de 1524; administráronla los frailes como parroquia de
indios hasta el 26 de Junio de 1753, fecha en que el Provisor de los
naturales, Dr. D. Francisco Jiménez Caso, hizo saber al padre
guardián y religiosos, que en virtud de real cédala había despachado
el Virrey un oficio al Arzobispo para que eligiese clérigo que
desempeñase el curato, y que conforme á lo dispuesto por S. I. les
comunicaba aquella determinación. Obedecida ésta por los
franciscanos, quedó desde entonces la parroquia en poder de
clérigos. • El templo, situado de Poniente á Oriente, nada de notable
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