3-8 BEAMS AND GIRDERS REINFORCEMENT
The "Direct Counting Method" is the, best method in determining the main reinforcement for beams and
girders. Provided that in the selection of the length of steel bars, the following physical condition of the
beam in relation with its support should be considered.
1. Verify from the plan if the span of the column where the beam is to rest measures from center
to center, outer to center or outer to outer side of the column. This has to be considered in
determining the length of steel bars to be ordered.
2. Verify the position of the reinforcement splicing if it is adjusted to the commercial length of
steel bars. "The lesser the splice the lesser the expense."
3. Identify the bars with bend and hook, for adjustment of their length in ordering the steel bars.
3-9 LATERAL TIES
Tied column has reinforcement consisting of vertical bars held in a position by lateral reinforcement
called lateral ties.
The ACI Code so provides:
"All non-prestressed bars for tied column shall be enclosed by lateral ties of at least No. 3 in size for
longitudinal bars No. 10 or smaller and at least No. 4 in size for No. 11 to 18 and bundled longitudinal
bars."
The spacing of the ties shall not exceed:
1. 16 x the longitudinal bar diameter
2. 48 x lateral tie bar diameter or
3. The least dimension of the column
Illustration 3-6
Determine the spacing of the lateral tie for a tied column as shown in Figure 3-11.
Solution
1. Diameter of the main longitudinal bar = 20mm
2. Diameter of the lateral ties 10 mm.
3. Multiply:
16 x 20 = 320mm
48 x 10 = 480mm
Shortest side of the column = 300mm
4. Adopt 300 mm. or 30 cm. spacing
Illustration 3-7
A building has a series of 26 square columns having a
cross-sectional dimension of 30 X 30cm with 8 pieces 20
mm. vertical reinforcing bars for each column. Make an
order of 10 mm steel bars required for making the lateral
ties.
Solution
1. Determine the spacing of the lateral ties.
16 x 20mm =320 mm. or 32 cm.
48 x 10mm =480 mm. or 48 cm.
The shortest side of the column is 30 cm.
2. Adopt the 30 cm spacing
3. Determine the number of lateral ties in one column
7.0 m.ht. / 0.30
= 23.3pcs.
4. The 23 pcs. is the distance between the lateral ties, what we need is the number of ties in one column,
so, we add one to be exact.
23 + 1 = 24pcs
5. Solve for the total ties of the 26 columns.
26 x 24= 624pc.
6. Find the length of one lateral tie.
By Inspection 1.20 m. long
7. Determine the number of 1.20 m. cut from a 6.00 m. steel bar
6.0 / 1.20
= 5pcs
8. Divide the result of 5 by result of 7
624 / 5 = 124.8 say 125 pcs.
9. Order:
125 pcs. of 10 mm. x 6.00 m. steel bars
Table 3-6 was prepared to simplify further the estimate for column lateral ties and stirrups for beams
and girders. It will be noted that there are x entry in the Table which simply means that such length of
steel bar is not recommended for economical reason. The main objective of this Table is to guide the
estimator in the selection of a reinforcing bar whose length when divided by the length of each lateral tie
will avoid extra cut of unwanted length.
Illustration 3-10
A building has 12 columns with a cross-sectional dimension of 30 cm. x 40 cm. each with a clear height of
7.00 meters. Prepare an order of 10 mm steel bars for the lateral ties spaced at 20 cm.
3-13 TWO WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
Illustration
From Figure 3-20, determine the number of 13 mm steel bar and tie wire required.
Solution
1. Solve for the main reinforcement
3.6/0.1 + 1 = 37pcs
2. There are two way - run
37 x 2 = 74pcs steel bars
3. For cut bars @ 1.87 long there are 4 pcs. cut in one 7.50 steel bar
74/4 = 18.5pcs steel bars.
4. Temperature bars at 1.80 m. span
1.8/0.25 + 1 = 8.2pcs
5. Multiply by 4 sides at 2 layers
8.2 x 8 = 65.6pcs
6. Summary total of step 2, 3 and 5
74 + 18.5 + 65.6 = 158g.
Second Solution by the Area Method
1. Area of the floor slab
= 5.1.84 sq. m.
2. Referring to Table 3-9, for 7.50 m. steel bars
@100 mm spacing
51.84 x 3.05 = 158pcs
3. Order:
158 pcs. 13mm x 7.5m. steel bars
Solve for No 16 G.I. wire @.30 m.
1. Referring to Table 3-9
51.84 x 0.437 = 22.65 say 23 kilos
3-14 CONCRETE PIPE REINFORCEMENT
From Figure 3-21, solve for the steel reinforcement using 10 mm and number 16 Tie Wire.
Solution
1. Solve for the circumference of the circle at midpoint of the concrete "t".
C = πd
C = 3.1416 x (0.90 + 0.10)
= 3.1416 x 1m
= 3.1416m.
2. Total length of one ring add.15 m. splice
= 3.1416 + 0.15 = 3.29m
3. Find the total number of ring at 20 cm.o.c.
= 1.00 ht. / 0.20
= 5+1 to get the total no. of ring
= 6 pcs.
4. Temp. Bars @.25 m. o.c.
= 3.1416 / 0.25
= 12.56 say 13pcs. @1.00
Tie Wire
1.The number of ring multiplied by the number of temperature bars.
6 x 13 = 78pc . @.30 m. long per tie wire
2. Total length:
78 x 0.30 = 23.40m
3. Divide by 53 to find the weight in kg.
23.40 / 53 = 0.44 kilos number 16 Tie Wire
SPECIFICATION FOR REINFORCING STEEL BARS
3. Reinforcing Steel Bars
Reinforcing steel bars shall be transported and stored at the site in such a way as to prevent damage or
deterioration of the steel by rust or coating with grease, oil, dirt and other objectionable materials.
Storage shall be in separate piles or racks so as to avoid confusion or loose of identification after bundle
are broken.
REBAR SPACING AND COVER
1. Reinforcing Bars
Reinforcing bars shall be fixed one to the other by means of adequate steel wire ties to form rigid
reinforcement cages or nets. The reinforcement shall be fixed in the form by approved concrete distance
blocks, space bars, links and stirrups, and all to be provided at the Contractor's expense. Reinforcing bars
shall be spaced according to the approved working drawings and the distance between bars shall not be
less than those recommended in ACI-318.
2. Concrete Cover.
The concrete to the gutter reinforcing bars shall be those recommended in ACI 318, unless otherwise
specifically indicated on the drawings.
3. Anchorage Length.
Plain bars shall be provided with end hook unless otherwise specified. The lengths of the anchorage of
reinforcing bars shall be at least those recommended in ACI 318.
4. Splices
Splices in bars shall be avoided as far as possible and shall be staggered in any one structural member.
They shall conform with the recommendations in ACI 318. In no case shall splices be made at critical
points of maximum stress.
