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Religion and Politics in South Asia 2nd Edition Ali Riaz
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Ali Riaz
ISBN(s): 9780429356971, 0429356978
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 1.79 MB
Year: 2021
Language: english
RELIGION AND POLITICS IN
SOUTH ASIA

This revised edition of Religion and Politics in South Asia presents a comprehensive
analysis of the interaction of religion and politics in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India,
the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
The book highlights that in recent decades, religion, religio-political parties, and
religious rhetoric have become dominant features of the political scenes in all seven
countries. By presenting each country’s political system and the socio-economic
environment within which the interactions of religion and politics are taking place,
chapters explore various factors that afect both the lives of people in the region
and global politics. Designed in an easy-to-follow structure, the book includes
sections on the history and politics, major religions and religious composition of
the population, legal and constitutional provisions regarding religion, religious
freedom and the treatment of minorities, the political landscape, and religio-
political parties and groups within the countries. In doing so, the book addresses
concerns including the efects of religio-political interactions on political stability,
human rights, and the implications for internal and external security situations.
A timely contribution written by experts in their feld, this book is a useful
guide to religion and politics and will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate
students in South Asian politics, Asian politics, religion and politics, history, and
international studies.

Ali Riaz is a distinguished professor of political science at Illinois State University,

USA, and a nonresident senior fellow of the Atlantic Council. His recent
publications include Voting in a Hybrid Regime: Explaining the 2018 Bangladeshi
Election (2019); Political Violence in South Asia (Routledge, 2018), co-edited with
Zobaida Nasreen and Fahmida Zaman; and the Routledge Handbook of Contemporary
Bangladesh, co-edited with Mohammad Sajjadur Rahman (Routledge, 2016).
RELIGION AND POLITICS
IN SOUTH ASIA
Second Edition

Edited by Ali Riaz

Second edition published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 selection and editorial matter, Ali Riaz; individual chapters, the
contributors
The right of Ali Riaz to be identifed as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted
in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identifcation and explanation
without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Routledge 2010
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Riaz, Ali, 1958– editor.
Title: Religion and politics in South Asia / edited by Ali Riaz.
Description: Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY :
Routledge, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifers: LCCN 2020036214 | ISBN 9780367376000 (hardback) |
ISBN 9780367406004 (paperback) | ISBN 9780429356971 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Religion and state—South Asia. | Religion and politics—
South Asia. | South Asia—Religion.
Classifcation: LCC BL65.S8 R4445 2021 | DDC 322/.10954—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020036214
ISBN: 978-0-367-37600-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-40600-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-35697-1 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
CONTENTS

List of fgures vii

List of tables viii
List of contributors x
Acknowledgments xii
List of acronyms and abbreviations xiii

Introduction: the tangled web of religion and politics

in South Asia 1
Ali Riaz

1 The “God Gap?” Public perception on religion-politics

mix in South Asia 28
Md. Sohel Rana

2 Islam in Afghan conficts and politics 53

Abdulkader H. Sinno

3 Bangladesh: the return of religion to the political center stage 76

Ali Riaz

4 India: from secular to sickular 101

Anirban Acharya
vi Contents

5 Democracy and Salafsm in the Maldives: a battle for the future 124
Azra Naseem

6 Nepal: from Hindu monarchy to secular democracy 141

Subho Basu

7 Pakistan: a state for the Muslims or an Islamic state? 165

Farhat Haq

8 Sri Lanka: the Buddhisization of politics in the Sinhala-South 186

Nirmal Ranjith Dewasiri

Appendix 207
Index 212
FIGURES

1.1 Increasing religious beliefs and practices in India, 1995–2012 33

1.2 Increasing religious beliefs and practices in Pakistan, 2001–2012 34
1.3 Increasing religious beliefs and practices in Bangladesh, 1996–2002 35
1.4 Public perception on religion-politics mix in India, 2006 37
1.5 Public perception on religion-politics mix in Pakistan, 2001 38
1.6 Pakistani Muslims’ attitude and opinion on religion-politics
relationship, 2013 38
1.7 Public perception on religion-politics mix in Bangladesh, 2002 39
1.8 Bangladeshi Muslims’ attitude and opinion on religion-politics
relationship, 2013 39
1.9 Public perception on religion-politics mix in Sri Lanka, 2011 40
TABLES

I.1 Constitutional provisions regarding religion and politics in

South Asian countries 2
1.1 Extent of religiosity and public perception on
religion-politics mix 31
1.2 Religious beliefs and practices in Sri Lanka, 2011 36
1.3 Performance of national political parties in India’s general
elections, 2009–2014 42
1.4 Islamist parties’ share of votes in Pakistan’s national assembly
elections, 2008–2018 43
1.5 Islamist parties’ share of votes in Bangladesh’s parliamentary
elections, 1991–2008 45
1.6 Religious parties’ share of votes in Sri Lanka’s parliamentary
elections, 2004–2015 46
3.1 Composition of Bangladesh population (in thousands) 84
3.2 Bangladesh election results, 1991–2001 86
3.3 Bangladesh election results, 2008 87
3.4 Taxonomy of Islamist political parties in Bangladesh 88
3.5 Islamists’ electoral support, 1991–2001 95
3.6 Islamists’ performance in 2008 election 95
4.1 Composition of Indian population by religion 103
4.2 Electoral performance of major Indian parties between 1952
and 1977 107
4.3 BJP and Congress seats in 543-member Lok Sabha (1984–2019) 118
6.1 Decennial rate of population growth in Nepal 145
6.2 Nepal’s changing population distribution in various ecological
zones 146
 Tables ix

6.3 Distribution of population in Nepal by religion, 1952/54–2001

censuses 151
7.1 Pakistan election results, 2018 182
A.1 Basic indicators of South Asia 207
A.2 Economic indicators of South Asia 208
A.3 Social indicators of South Asia 209
A.4 Religious composition of South Asia 209
A.5 Systems of government in South Asia 209
A.6 Major political parties in South Asia 210
CONTRIBUTORS

Anirban Acharya is a professor of practice at Le Moyne College, Syracuse, N.Y.

He holds a PhD in political science from The Maxwell School of Citizenship and
Public Afairs at Syracuse University, and MPhil in Economics from the Indira
Gandhi Institute of Development Research, India. Dr. Acharya’s research interests
include international political economy, international relations, comparative politics,
South Asia, and US foreign policy. He is currently working on a manuscript titled
“Markets, Capitalism and Urban Space in India: The Right to Sell.”

Subho Basu is an associate professor of history at the Department of History and

Classical Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. He completed his PhD
at Cambridge University. His publications include Does Class Matter? (2004);
co-authored book Paradise Lost: State Failure in Nepal (2007); and co-edited volumes,
Electoral Politics in South Asia (2000) and Rethinking Indian Political Institutions (2005).
Dr. Basu is currently working on a manuscript on the political history of former
East Pakistan.

Nirmal Ranjith Dewasiri is a senior lecturer of history at the University of

Colombo, Sri Lanka. He earned his MPhil from the same university in 2000
and his PhD from the Leiden University, The Netherlands. He was the Sri
Lankan Studies Chair at the South Asia Institute (SAI), Heidelberg University,
Germany. His publications include Adaptable Peasant: Agrarian Society in Western
Sri Lanka under Dutch Rule, 1740–1800 (2008). His research interests encompass
social transformations in colonial societies, historiography and ethno-nationalist
ideologies in Sri Lanka, postcolonial state formation in Sri Lanka, and radical
political movements.
 Contributors xi

Farhat Haq is a professor of political science at Monmouth College in Illinois.

Her research interests include ethnic politics, gender and politics, Islam and human
rights, and militarism and motherhood. She was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson
Center in Washington, D.C., in 2015–2016. Dr. Haq’s recent publications include
Sharia and the State in Pakistan: Blasphemy Politics (2019).

Azra Naseem is an independent researcher afliated with the Institute for International
Confict Resolution and Reconstruction at the School of Law and Government
in Dublin City University (DCU). She has a PhD in International Relations from
DCU. Naseem is a regular contributor to international research journals and media
commentary on the rapidly changing religious landscape in the Maldives.

Md. Sohel Rana is an assistant professor of international relations at Bangladesh

University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka, Bangladesh. At present, he is a graduate
student at the Department of Politics and Government in Illinois State University,
Normal, Illinois. He holds a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in International
Relations from the University of Dhaka. His teaching and research interests
encompass comparative politics, political theory, South Asian politics, and
Bangladesh studies. He is currently working on democratic backsliding, Islamic
revivalism under new authoritarianism, and regime legitimization strategies.

Ali Riaz is a distinguished professor of political science at Illinois State University,

USA, and a nonresident senior fellow of the Atlantic Council. He was a public policy
scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington,
D.C., in 2013. He taught at various universities in Bangladesh, the UK, and the
USA and was a broadcast journalist at the BBC World Service in London. His
research interests include democratization, violent extremism, Islamist politics,
South Asian politics, and Bangladeshi politics. Dr. Riaz’s recent publications
include Voting in Hybrid Regime: Explaining the 2018 Bangladeshi Election (2019) and
Bangladesh: A Political History since Independence (2016).

Abdulkader H. Sinno is an associate professor of political science and Middle Eastern

studies at Indiana University, Bloomington. He received his PhD from UCLA
in 2002, was a CISAC postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University in 2002–03, a
2009 Carnegie scholar, and a 2014–15 fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center. Dr.
Sinno’s publications include Organizations at War in Afghanistan and Beyond (2008)
and an edited volume titled Muslims in Western Politics (2009). He has published
extensively on Afghanistan’s conficts, Muslim minority political representation
in Western liberal democracies, public attitudes toward Muslim immigration, and
Islamist parties’ participation in elections.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

It is a great pleasure to see the publication of the second edition of the volume.
Since the frst edition was published more than a decade ago, signifcant changes
have taken place in South Asian politics and the interplay between religion and
politics has become more intense, which required extensive updating and additions
to the chapters. Two new chapters have been added to this edition. I am deeply
grateful to the authors, those who have taken the time to update their chapters
and those who have newly joined us. Without their enthusiastic participation, this
project would have not been possible. My colleague and friend Nancy Lind had
taken time out of her busy schedule to read the chapters and made suggestions
for improvement and clarity. I am deeply thankful to her. Thanks to Dorothea
Schaefter, editor at Routledge, for her support and repeated reminder for the sec-
ond edition. Her persistence and patience for this volume, for the frst and the
second editions, have been a source of inspiration. Alexandra de Brauw, of Rout-
ledge, deserves special acknowledgment for providing more support and help than
I could ask for. I am thankful to Nick Craggs and Chris Matthews for taking care
of the production process. Thanks to the anonymous reviewers for reading the frst
edition and making suggestions for further improvements. My research assistant at
Illinois State University, Zunaid Almamun, helped me put together the manuscript
and compile the appendices; my sincere thanks to him.
Ali Riaz
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ABVP Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad

ACMC All Ceylon Makkal Congress
ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency
AL Awami League
AP Adhaalath Party
AQIS Al Qaeda in Indian Subcontinent
BBS Bodu Bala Sena
BJP Bangladesh Jatiya Party
BJP Bharatiya Janata Party
BJP Bodu Jana Peramuna Sri Lanka
BJS Bharatiya Jana Sangh
BKM Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish
BNP Bangladesh Nationalist Party
BNP Bharatiya Navshaki Party
CAA Citizenship Amendment Act
CBS Central Bureau of Statistics
CEC Chief Election Commissioner
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CPB Communist Party of Bangladesh
CPI Communist Party of India
CPI-M Communist Party of India-Marxist
CPN (UML) Communist Party of Nepal (Unifed Marxist Leninist)
CPN-U Communist Party of Nepal (United)
CTG Caretaker Government
DMK Dravida Munnetra Kazagham
DQP Dhivehi Qaumee Party
EBP Eksath Bhikkhu Peramina
xiv Acronyms and abbreviations

EC Election Commission
FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas
FSC Federal Shariat Court
HuJi-B Harkatul Jihad al Islam Bangladesh
IDL Islamic Democratic League
IMB Islamic Movement of Bangladesh
IMTKNB International Majlis-e Tahafuz-e Khatme Nabuwat Bangladesh
INC Indian National Congress
HI Hefazate Islam
IJOF Islami Jatiya Oikya Front
IOJ Islami Oikya Jote (United Islamic Alliance)
ISA Islami Shashontontro Andolon
ISAF International Security Assistance Force
ISI Inter-Services Intelligence (Pakistani intelligence agency)
ISIL Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (also known as Daesh, Islamic
State)
IUML Indian Union Muslim League
JHU Jathika Hela Urumaya
JI Jamaat-i-Islami
JIB Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh
J&K Jammu & Kashmir
JMB Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen
JMJB Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh
JP Jatiya Party
JP Jumhooree Party
JRB Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini
JS Jamiyyath Salaf
JSD Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal
JUI Jamiatul-Ulama-e-Islam
JUP Jamiat-i-Ulama-i-Pakistan
JVP Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (Sri Lanka Freedom Party)
KGB Committee for State Security (Soviet and later Russian intelli-
gence agency)
KN Khatme Nabuwat
KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
LOC Line of Control
LSSP Lanka Samasamaja Party
LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
MDN Maldivian Democracy Network
MDP Maldivian Democratic Party
MEP Mahajana Eksath Peramuna
ML Muslim League
MMA Muttaheda Majlis-e-Amal
MNUA Muslim National Unity Alliance
 Acronyms and abbreviations xv

MP Member of Parliament
MQM Muttahida Quami Movement
MRM Maldives Reform Movement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NDA National Democratic Alliance
NDF National Democratic Front
NEFIN Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities
NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
NGP-A Nepal Goodwill Party (Anandidevi)
NLF National Labor Federation
NPLP Nepali Congress
NPPP Nepal People’s Power Party
NRC National Register for Citizens
NSS National Security Services
NWFP North West Frontier Province
OBC Other Backward Classes
OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference
OR Objectives Resolution
PDPA People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan
PML (N) Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz)
PML (Q) Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-i-Azam)
PNA Pakistan National Alliance
PPM Progressive Party of Maldives
PPP Pakistan People’s Party
PR Proportional Representation (electoral system)
PSP Praja Socialist Party
PTI Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
RPP Rastriya Prajatantra Party
RSS Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SAC Suf Advisory Council
SAD Shiromani Akali Dal
SBP Sinhala Bhasa Peramuna
SC Scheduled Castes
SLFP Sri Lanka Freedom Party
SLMC Sri Lanka Muslim Congress
SP Socialist Party
SS Shiv Sena
SSP Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan
ST Scheduled Tribes
SWP Swatantra Party
TLP Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
TNSM Movement for the Implementation of Muhammad’s Shariah
TULF Tamil United Liberation Front
xvi Acronyms and abbreviations

UMN United Mission of Nepal

UN United Nations
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNF National United Front, Afghanistan
UNF United National Front, Sri Lanka
UNFGG United National Front for Good Governance
UNP United National Party
UP Uttar Pradesh
UPA United Progressive Alliance
UPFA United People’s Freedom Alliance
VDC Village Development Committee
VHP Vishwa Hindu Parishad
VKA Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram
VLSSP Viplavakari Lanka Samasamaja Party
WRP World Religion Project
WVS World Values Survey
INTRODUCTION
The tangled web of religion and
politics in South Asia

Ali Riaz

The interplay of religion and politics is often described as a volatile mix;1 and
political scientists and politicians have long insisted that these two entities should
remain separated from each other. Over recent decades, the ground realities have
changed dramatically. Religion, once consigned to the so-called private sphere,
has moved into the public arena. Since the 1980s, religion and religio-political
forces have become potent infuences in the domestic politics of many countries
irrespective of geographical location, stages of economic growth, and systems of
governance. The growing importance of religion as a marker of identity and a tool
of political mobilization is reshaping the political landscape in an unprecedented
manner. Nowhere is this more evident than in South Asia – one of the world’s most
populous regions with more than one and a quarter billion people. Here live the
world’s largest populations of Muslims and Hindus, with a signifcant number of
Buddhists. Religion had played a key role in South Asian politics even before the
recent resurgence; the partition of India in 1947 is a case in point. In fact, one can
fnd many instances in the long history of South Asia even if they are not as dra-
matic and as cataclysmic as the partition. Equally important to note is that colonial
rule created a context in which religiously defned subnationalism, or “communal-
ism,” emerged.2
The postcolonial states in South Asia seem to have been faced with a dilemma
on how to deal with the issue of religion. On the one hand, states have maintained
a distance from religion while they also have provided an institutional role for faith
in their respective constitutions (Table I.1). As states in the region have struggled
to fnd a judicious balance between the absence of religion in politics and the use
of religious symbols to bolster their power, political parties, particularly religio-
political parties, have garnered support.
2 Ali Riaz

TABLE I.1 Constitutional provisions regarding religion and politics in South Asian countries

Country Religion and State Freedom of Religion Constitutional

Provisions Relevant to
Religion and Politics

Afghanistan Islamic Republic, Guaranteed in Article 3, Article 35,

Islam is declared as constitution, Article 2; Article 45, Article
the religion of the blasphemy is considered 118, Article 119,
country. President in Hudud Laws and Article 149
must be a Muslim. restricts religious
freedom.
Bangladesh Secularism declared Guaranteed in Article 2, Article 41
as a state principle constitution, Article
in 1972, dropped 41; blasphemy laws
and replaced with included in Penal
absolute faith in Code and the Code of
Allah in 1977, Islam Criminal Procedure,
declared the state and under Digital
religion in 1988, Security Act 2018.
secularism reinstated
in 2011, Islam
remains state religion.
India Secular Republic, per Guaranteed in Preamble; Article 17;
42nd Amendment constitution, Articles Articles 25–28
to the constitution 25–28; blasphemy laws
of 1976, although in various penal codes
nondiscrimination and Criminal Code
based on religion was of Procedure imposes
incorporated in 1950 restrictions.
constitution.
Nepal Secular state, per Guaranteed in Article 4, Article 23,
2015 Constitution; constitution, Article Article 26 (3)
was a Hindu 23; blasphemy law is
Kingdom according included in Article
to the 1990 26 (3) and in 2017
Constitution; Penal Code, poses
declared secular restrictions.
state in 2007.
Secularism is defned
as “protection of
the age-old religion
and culture and
religious and cultural
freedom.”
 Introduction 3

Country Religion and State Freedom of Religion Constitutional

Provisions Relevant to
Religion and Politics

Maldives Islam is state religion, Freedom of religion is Article 9, Article 10,

“No law contrary almost non-existent as Article 16, Article 19,
to any tenet of Islam it is not guaranteed in Article 36, Article 59,
can be enacted” in the constitution. The Article 109, Article
the Maldives. Only ‘Law on the Protection 149(c)
Muslims are allowed of the Religious Unity’
to hold citizenship; restricts freedom
constitution stipulates among Maldivians’ of
that the president religion.
must be Sunni
Muslim and has the
“supreme authority
to propagate the
tenets of Islam.”
Cabinet ministers
must be Sunni
Muslims. The
constitution states
that members of
the People’s Majlis
(parliament) and the
judiciary must be
Sunni Muslims.
Pakistan Islamic Republic, Guaranteed by Article 1, Article 2,
Islam is the state constitution, Article Article 20, Article 31,
religion; only a 20; blasphemy laws Article 41, Article 91
Muslim can be the under various penal
president and the codes and Criminal
prime minister; Code of Procedure
constitution stipulates restricts religious
the “country’s duty freedom. Laws adopted
to foster the Islamic in 1974 declared
way of life.” Ahmadis, a Muslim
denomination, as
non-Muslims.
Sri Lanka Buddhism is Guaranteed in Article 9, Article 10,
accorded “the constitution, Article Article 14(1)(e)
foremost place” in 10, Article 14(1)(e);
the constitution. blasphemy laws are
within the criminal
codes.
Other documents randomly have
different content
last reproach of Lutetia’s mud—a reproach formulated to-day only by
Parisians made fastidious by a century of cleanliness.
The panorama shows also the arrangement of the quays and the
orderliness which makes them possible in the very center of the city, even
when there is discharged upon them huge loads of freight brought from the
sea by the strings of barges (seen in the picture of the Eiffel Tower opposite
page 360) which are moved by a tug and a chain-towing device.
In some parts of this city of three million inhabitants the quays disclose
scenes that are almost rural. Under the fluttering leaves of a slender tree a
rotund housewife is making over a mattress, exchanging witticisms with a
near-by vender of little cakes. Not far off the owner of a poodle is engaging
his attention while a professional dog clipper is decorating him with an outfit
of collar and cuffs calculated to rouse envy in the breasts of less favored
caniches.
When the hero of an old English novel orders his servant to call a “fly”
we wonder whether the misnamed vehicle which responds has been
christened from the verb or the noun. There is no doubt in Paris as to the
origin of the “fly boats” on the Seine. These busy little travelers are of insect
origin—they are bateaux mouches.
What these boats are on the river the fiacres have been on land. These
small open carriages
 HÔTEL DE VILLE.

are now being replaced by motor taxis. The use of the meters on the horse-
propelled vehicles as well as on the machines has deprived the tourist of one
of the daily excitements of his visit—the heated argument with the driver
concerning his charge. Another change which has been consummated since
1913 began is the passing of the horse-drawn omnibus with its “imperial” or
roof seats, from whose inexpensive vantage many travelers have considered
that they secured their best view of the city streets. The two subway systems
have many excellent points, not least of which is a method of ventilation
which makes a summer’s day trip below ground a relief rather than a
seeming excursion on the crust of the infernal regions.
The Champs Élysées is thought to offer the finest metropolitan vista in
the world, when the Arc de Triomphe de l’Étoile is seen across the Place de
la Concorde from the Tuileries gardens, over two miles away.
Such vistas are frequent in Paris, offering a “point of view” in which a
handsome building or monument finds its beauty enhanced. The regularity
of the skyline adds to this effect. By a municipal regulation no façade may
be higher than the width of the street and the consequent uniformity provides
a not unpleasing monotony.
 Paris parks are world famous, not only for the beauty of such great
expanses as the Bois de Boulogne, just outside the fortifications, with its
forest and lake and stream, its good roads and its alluring restaurants, but for
the intelligent utilization of small open spaces in crowded parts of the city.
Wherever any readjustment of lines or purposes gives opportunity, there a bit
of grass rests the eye and a tree casts its share of shade. If there is space
enough a piece of statuary educates the taste or the bust of some hero of
history or of art makes familiar the features of great men. The demolition of
the old clo’ booths of the Temple gave such a chance, and amid tall
tenements and commonplace shops mothers sew and babies doze and one-
legged veterans read the newspapers beneath the statue of the people’s poet,
Béranger.
At one end of this square rises the Mairie of the Third Arrondissement
(ward). These Mairies, of which there are twenty, are decorated with
paintings, often by artists of repute, and always symbolic of the Family, of
Labor or of the Fatherland. The Hall of Marriages in which the Mayor of the
arrondissement performs the civil ceremony required by law, receives
especial attention and usually is a room handsomely appointed and adorned.
The French imagination likes to express itself
 MAIRIE OF THE ARRONDISSEMENT OF THE TEMPLE.

SALLE DES FÊTES OF THE HÔTEL DE VILLE.

in symbols. Throughout the city there are many large groups, such as the
Triumph of the Republic, unveiled in 1899, which dominates the Place de la
Nation—a figure representative of the Republic attended by Liberty, Labor,
Abundance and Justice. Even statues or busts or reliefs of authors, musicians
or statesmen frequently are supported by allegorical figures. Such is the
monument to Chopin which includes a figure of Night and one of Harmony,
and such is the monument of Coligny whose portrait statue stands between
Fatherland and Religion. In the Fountain of the Observatory seahorses,
dolphins and tortoises surround allegorical figures of the four quarters of the
globe. The young women lawyers who, in cap and gown, pace seriously
through the great hall of the ancient Palace of Justice, are living symbols of
twentieth century progress.
Haussmann’s plan of laying out broad streets radiating from a center
served the further purpose of adding to the city’s beauty by providing wide
open spaces and of wiping out narrow streets and insanitary houses. The
Third Republic has continued to act on this scheme and has succeeded
wonderfully well in achieving the desired improvement with but a small
sacrifice of buildings of eminent historic value. On the Cité a web of
memories clung to the tangle of streets swept away to secure a site for the
new Hôtel Dieu on the north of Notre Dame which replaced the ancient
hospital which has stood since Saint Louis’ day on the south side of the
island.
The completion in 1912 of the new home of the National Printing Press
near the Eiffel Tower brings to mind a Parisian habit indicative of thrift and
of a respect for historical associations. The Press has been housed for many
years in the eighteenth century hôtel of the Dukes of Rohan built when the
Marais was still fashionable. Anything more unsuitable for a printing
establishment it would be hard to find. The rooms of a private house become
a crowded fire trap when converted to industrial purposes. This use of the
house has tided over a crisis, however, and once the last vestige of printer’s
ink has been removed the old building probably will be restored to the
beauty which the still existing decorations of some of the rooms show, and
will be used for some more suitable purpose. One proposal is that it be used
as an addition to the National Archives, since its grounds adjoin those of the
Hôtels Clisson and Soubise, their present home. The Hôtel Carnavalet
houses the Historical Museum of Paris, and part of the Louvre is used for
government offices—two other instances of Paris wisdom.
PORTIONS OF THE LOUVRE BUILT BY FRANCIS I, HENRY II, AND LOUIS XIII.

COLONNADE, EAST END OF LOUVRE. BUILT BY LOUIS XIV.

 There have been three Expositions in Paris under the Third Republic.
Each has left behind a permanent memorial. The Palace of the Trocadéro,
dating from 1878, is a huge concert hall where government-trained actors
and singers often give for a strangely modest sum the same performances
which cost more in the regular theaters with more elaborate accessories. The
architecture of the Trocadéro is not beautiful but the situation is imposing
and the general effect impressive when seen across the river from the south
bank where the Eiffel Tower has raised its huge iron spider web since the
World’s Fair of 1889.
The tower is a little world in itself with a restaurant and a theater, a
government weather observatory and a wireless station. Since aviation has
become fashionable the frequent purr of an engine tells the tourist sipping
his tea “in English fashion” on the first stage that yet another aviator is
taking his afternoon spin “around the Tour Eiffel.”
The latest exposition, that of 1900, gave to Paris the handsome bridge
named after Czar Alexander III, the Grand Palais, where the world’s best
pictures and sculptures are exhibited every spring, and the Petit Palais which
holds several general collections and also the paintings and sculpture bought
by the city from the Salons of the last thirty-five years. Such public art
galleries are found throughout France, a development of Napoleon’s idea of
bringing art to the people. Like Paris the provinces take advantage of the
Salons to add to the treasures of their galleries.
Near the two palaces is the exquisite chapel of Our Lady of Consolation.
It is built on the site of a building destroyed during the progress of a
fashionable bazaar by a fire which wiped out one hundred thirty-two lives.
The architectural details are of the classic style popular in the reign of Louis
XVI.
Already rich in beautiful churches Paris has been further graced in recent
years by the majestic basilica of the Sacred Heart gleaming mysteriously
through the delicate haze that always enwraps Montmartre. The style is
Romanesque-Byzantine, and the structure is topped by a large dome flanked
by smaller ones. The interior lacks the colorful warmth of most of the city
churches, but time will remedy that in part. Construction has been extremely
slow for the same reason that the building of the Pantheon was a long
process—the discovery that the summit of the hill was honeycombed by
ancient quarries. It became necessary to sink shafts which were filled with
masonry or concrete. Upon this strong sub-structure rises the splendid
SECTION OF LOUVRE BEGUN BY HENRY IV, TO CONNECT THE EASTERN END OF THE
LOUVRE WITH THE TUILERIES.

NORTHWEST WING OF THE LOUVRE, BUILT BY NAPOLEON I, LOUIS XVIII, AND

NAPOLEON III.
work of expiation for the murder of Archbishop Darboy. The city owns the
church.
To the tourist whose attention is not confined to the stock “sights” of
Paris the city streets offer a wide field of interest. They show the stranger
within the walls the neatness of the people and the orderliness which
manifests itself in the automatic formation of a queue of would-be
passengers on an omnibus or a bateau mouche. They disclose little that looks
like slums to the eye of a Londoner or a New Yorker, for dirt and sadness
rather than congestion make slums, and the poor Parisian looks clean and
cheerful even when a hole in his “stocking” has let all his savings escape.
History lurks at every corner of these streets. It commands attention to the
imposing pile of Notre Dame, it piques curiosity by the palpably ancient
turrets of the rue Hautefeuille. The non-existent is recalled by the tablet on
the site of the house where Coligny was assassinated, by the outline of Philip
Augustus’s Louvre traced on the eastern courtyard of the palace, by the
name of the street that passes over the mad king’s menagerie at the Hôtel
Saint Paul. Étienne Marcel sits his horse beside the City Hall he bought for
Paris; Desmoulins mounts his chair in the garden of the Palais Royal to
make the passionate speech that wrought the destruction

Architects Who Directed the Building of the Louvre.

1. Pierre Lescot and Jean Goujon 7 and 8. Louis Levau

2. Chambiges 9. Perrault
 3. Philibert Delorme and Bullant 10, 11 and 12. Percier and Fontaine
4 and 5. Ducerceau 13 and 14. Visconti and Lefuel
6. Jacques Lemercier

of the Bastille. Even the boucheries chevalines, the markets that sell horse
steaks and “ass and mule meat of the first quality,” bring back the days when
Henry IV cut off supplies coming from the suburbs of Paris and when, three
hundred years later, the Prussians used the same means to gain the same end.
That the Parisians of to-day are willing to take chances on universal peace in
the future seems attested by the recent vote (1913) of the Municipal Council
to convert the fortifications and the land adjacent into parks. The people of
the markets, at any rate, are not worrying about any possibilities of hunger
for they continue as hard-working and as fluent as when they acted as Marie
Antoinette’s escort on the occasion of the “Joyous Entry” from Versailles,
though kinder now in heart and action.
Paris charms the stranger as the birdman of the Tuileries Gardens charms
his feathered friends—making hostile gestures with one hand and popping
bread crumbs into open beaks with the other. The great city of three million
people, like all great cities, threatens to overcome the lonely traveler; then, at
the seeming moment of destruction, she gives him the food he needs most—
perhaps a glimpse of patriotic gayety in the street revels of the fourteenth of
July, perhaps the cordial welcome that she has bestowed on students since
Charlemagne’s day, perhaps the less personal appeal of the beauty of a wild
dash of rain seen down the river against the western sky, perhaps the impulse
to sympathy aroused by the passing of a first communion procession of little
girls, wide-eyed from their new, soul-stirring experience.
In a quiet corner behind a convent chapel where nuns vowed to Perpetual
Adoration unceasingly tend the altar, rests the body of America’s friend,
Lafayette. If for no other reason than because of his friendship, Americans
must always feel an interest in the city in which he did his part toward
crystallizing the bourgeois rule which makes the French government one of
the most interesting political experiments of Europe to-day. Yet Paris needs
no intermediary. In her are centered taste, thought, the gayety and
exaggeration of the past, light-heartedness in the stern present. The city is a
record of the development of a people who have expressed themselves in
words and in deeds, and by the more subtle methods of Art. The story is not
ended, and as long as the writing goes on, vivid and alluring as the “Gallic
spirit” can make it, so long there will be no lack of readers of all nations, our
own among the most eager.
 APPENDIX

GENEALOGICAL TABLES OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF RULERS, 1792-1913

THE MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY

Merovée
|
Childéric I
|
_Clovis_[10] (481-511)
|
+-----------------------+---------+-----------+-----------
----------+
| | |
|
Thierry I Chlodomir Childébert I
_Clotaire I_
(King of Metz) (King of Orleans) (King of Paris)
(King of Soissons, then

Sole king, 558-561)

|
+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------
------------+--+
| | |
|
Caribert Gontran Sigebert I
Chilpéric I
(King of Paris) (King of Burgundy) (King of Austrasia,
(King of Soissons,
M. Brunehaut,
M. Frédégonde, D. 584)
D. 575)
|
|
|
Childébert II
_Clotaire II_
 |
613-628
|
|
Thierry II
_Dagobert I_

628-638

_Clovis II_

638-656

+---------+---------------+

| |

_Childéric II_ _Thierry III_

D. 673 D. 691

Chilpéric II

Childéric III
(Deposed by
Pepin le Bref in 752)

Pépin d’Héristal
(Duke of the Franks, D. 714)
|
Charles Martel
(Mayor of the Palace in Austrasia,
715-741)

_Pépin le Bref_
(Deposed Chïldéric III in 752.
752-768)
|
_Charlemagne_
768-814
 |
_Louis le Débonnaire_
814-840
|
+-------------+---------+------------------------------------+
| | | |
Lothair Pépin Louis, the German _Charles I, the
Bald_
840-855 | 840-877
| |
_Charles II, the Fat_ _Louis II, the
Stutterer_
881-888 877-879
|
+------------+-------------------+---
--+
| |
|
_Louis III_ _Carloman_ _Charles III,
the Simple_
879-882 879-884 892-929
|
_Louis IV
d’Outremer_
936-954
|
+---+----+
| |
_Lothair_,
Charles
(Duke
of

Lorraine).
954-986
|
_Louis V_[11]
986-987

THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY

_Hugh Capet_
(Duke of France, Count of Paris,
Elected King of France, 987)
987-996
 |
_Robert, the Pious_
996-1031
|
_Henry I_
1031-1060
|
_Philip I_
1060-1108
|
_Louis VI, the Fat_
1108-1137
|
_Louis VII, the Young_
1137-1180
|
_Philip Augustus_
1180-1223
|
_Louis VIII, the Lion_
1223-1226
|
+-----------------------+---------------+
| |
_Louis IX--Saint Louis_ Charles
1226-1270 (Count of Anjou and Provence;
founder of the royal house of
Naples)
|
+---------------------------------------+
| |
_Philip III, the Bold_ Robert
1270-1285 (Court of Clermont; founder
| of the house of Bourbon)
|
+----------------------------------------+
| |
_Philip IV, the Fair_ Charles
1285-1314 (Count of Valois;
founder
of the house of Valois)
|
_Philip VI_
1328-1350
|
+------------------------+----------------------+-----------
-------------+
| | |
|
_Louis X, the Quarreler_ Philip V, the Long_ _Charles IV,
the Fair_ Isabelle
1314-1316 1316-1322 1322-1328
(M. Edward
II, of England)
|
Edward
III, of England

HOUSE OF VALOIS

_Philip VI, of Valois_

(Son of Charles, Count of Valois, a
younger brother of Philip the Fair)
1328-1350
|
_John, the Good_
1350-1364
|
+-----------------------+------------------+-----------------
-----+
| | |
|
_Charles V, the Wise_ Louis John
Philip
1364-1380 (Duke of Anjou) (Duke of Berri) (Duke
of Burgundy)

John, the Fearless

|
|
+-----------------------------+
|
| |
|
_Charles VI, the Well-Beloved_ Louis
|
| 1380-1422 (Duke of Orleans;
|
| founder of the house
|
| of Valois-Orleans)
|
 | |
|
_Charles VII, the Victorious_
Philip the Good
1422-1461
|
|
|
| | |
|
| +-----------+------+---+
|
| | |
|
| Charles John
|
| (Duke of Orleans) (Count of
Angoulême) |
| |
|
_Louis XI_ | Charles
Charles the Bold
1461-1483 _Louis XII_ (Count of
Angoulême) |
| 1498-1515 |
|
+-----------------------+ |
|
| | |
|
_Charles VIII_ Jeanne _Francis I_
Mary
1483-1498 (M. Duke of Orleans 1515-1547
(M. Maximilian, Archduke
afterwards Louis XII) |
of Austria)
|
|
_Henry II_
Philip
(M. Marie de
Medicis) |
1547-1559
Charles V
|
(Emperor)
+--------------------------------------------------+---------
----------------+
 |
|
_Francis II_ _Charles IX_ _Henry III_ Elizabeth
Marguerite
(M. Mary, Queen 1560-1574 1574-1589 (M. Philip II
(M. Henry of Navarre,
of Scots) of Spain)
afterwards Henry IV)
1559-1560

HOUSE OF BOURBON
Robert, son of St. Louis, married Beatrice of Bourbon and had a son
Louis, Duke of Bourbon, from whom was descended Antoine, Duke of
Vendôme, who married Jeanne d’Albret, Queen of Navarre. Their son was

_Henry IV_
1589-1610
|
_Louis XIII_
1610-1643
+-------------------------------------------------+
| |
_Louis XIV_ Philip, Duke of
Orleans
1643-1715 (Founder of the house of
Bourbon-Orleans)
| |
Louis the Dauphin Philippe (Regent)
| |
Louis of Burgundy Louis
| |
_Louis XV_ Louis Philippe
1715-1774 |
| |
Louis the Dauphin Louis Philippe
(“Egalité”)
| | | |
+---------------------+-----------------------+--------+-------
-----+----------------+
| | |
| |
_Louis XVI_[12] Louis of Provence Charles of Artois
_Louis Philippe_ (“Citizen King”)
1774-1793 (afterward (afterward
(succeeded by
| _Louis XVIII_, _Charles X_
_Napoleon III_)
1814-1824) 1824-1830)
|
Louis XVII
1814-1824
| |
Duke of Berry Ferdinand, Duke of
Orleans
| |
| +--------+-------+
| | |
| Louis Robert
Count of Chambord (Count of Paris) (Duke of
Chartres)
|
Robert

THE BONAPARTE FAMILY

Carlo Bonaparte
|
+-----------+-----------------+--+-----------+---------
-------+
| | | |
|
Jos. Bonaparte _Napoleon I_ Lucien Bonaparte Louis
Bonaparte Jer. Bonaparte
| |
Napoleon II _Napoleon III_
(King of Rome)
 Chronological Table of Rulers, 1792-1913

THE FIRST REPUBLIC

1792. The Convention. 1799. The Consulate
1795. The Directory

THE FIRST EMPIRE

1804 Napoleon I

RESTORATION OF THE BOURBONS

1814 Louis XVIII

“THE HUNDRED DAYS”

1815. Napoleon I

THE SECOND RESTORATION OF THE BOURBONS

1815. Louis XVIII 1830. Louis Philippe
1824. Charles X

THE SECOND REPUBLIC

1848. Louis Napoleon, President

THE SECOND EMPIRE

1852. Napoleon III

THE THIRD REPUBLIC

1870. Provisional Government 1894. Casimir Périer
1871. M. Thiers, President 1895. Félix Faure
1873. Marshal MacMahon 1899. Emile Loubet
1879. M. Grévy 1906. Armand Fallières
1885. M. Grévy 1913. Raymond Poincaré
1887. M. Carnot
 INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U.
Abbaye Prison; see Saint Germain-des-Prés.
Abbey; see Church.
Abélard, 57-59, 65, 77.
Academy, 258.
Amphitheater, 10.
Anne of Austria, 252, 253, 260, 262, 263.
Arc de Triomphe de l’Etoile, 270, 330, 337, 350, 358, 360, 363, 368, 375.
Arc du Carrousel, 329.
Archbishop’s Palace, 253, 344, 347.
Archévêché; see Archbishop’s Palace.
Archives Nationales, 378.
Arènes; see Amphitheater.
Arsenal, 222.

Banque de France, 79, 272, 362.

Bastille, 162, 163, 183, 185, 191, 206, 228, 249, 293, 294, 295, 298, 383.
Bibliothèque Nationale; see National Library.
Blanche of Castile, 33, 90-98, 101.
Bois de Boulogne, 205, 363, 376.
Bonaparte; see Napoleon.
Bourse, 331.
Bourse de Commerce, 223.
Bridge; see Pont.

Carlovingian Kings, 32-41.

Catherine de Medicis, 209, 214-230, 237, 243, 246, 247, 361.
Champ de Mars, 281, 298, 358, 359.
Champs Elysées, 270, 330, 337, 340, 358, 375.
Chapelle Expiatoire, 339.
Chapelle, Sainte, 87, 100, 126, 155, 170, 173, 194, 197, 233, 306, 350, 359,
371.
Charlemagne, 33, 35, 36, 37, 69, 192, 383.
Charles IV, 127, 128.
Charles V, 136-165, 179, 190, 256.
Charles VI, 166-185, 199.
Charles VII, 181, 183-189, 201.
Charles VIII, 197, 199, 202.
Charles IX, 215-227, 231, 237.
Charles X, 23, 339, 341-344.
Châtelet, Grand, 60, 114, 145, 164, 172, 318.
Châtelet, Petit, 38, 60, 78, 164, 289.
Church or religious house:
Abbey-in-the-Woods, 271.
Saint Augustin, 361.
Saint Bartholomew and
Saint Magloire, 49.
Carmelites, 254, 303.
Carmes Billettes, 123.
Sainte Clotilde, 349.
Cordeliers, 139, 159, 299, 306.
Saint Denis, 27, 30, 33, 35, 37, 56, 60, 61, 65, 94, 100, 105, 133, 153,
156, 159, 160, 164, 168, 181, 184, 235, 247, 339, 341.
Saint Eloy, 33.
Saint Etienne, 11, 33, 88.
Saint Etienne-du-Mont, 8, 21, 88, 193, 207, 306.
Saint Eustache, 207, 222, 306.
Sainte Geneviève, 21, 42, 57, 116, 254, 283.
Sainte Geneviève des Ardente, 61.
Saint Germain-des-Prés, 29, 34, 37, 42, 55, 62, 85, 141, 303.
Saint Germain l’Auxerrois, 30, 138, 193, 217, 230, 270, 346, 365.
Saint Gervais (on the Cité), 33.
Saint Gervais and Saint Protais (in the Ville), 254, 306.
Holy Innocents, 66, 81, 182.
Jacobins, 133, 299.
Saint Jacques-de-la-Boucherie, 61, 207, 360.
Saint Jacques-du-Haut-Pas, 223.
Saint Julien-le-Pauvre, 28, 63, 64, 78, 83, 96, 122, 194, 306.
Saint Laurent, 28, 193.
Saint Leu, 120, 276.
Saint Louis d’Antin, 289.
Saint Louis en l’Ile, 256.
 Madeleine, 282, 283, 331, 339, 350.
Saint Martin-des-Champs, 14, 53, 60, 62, 65, 83, 87, 101, 120, 308.
Saint Médard, 279.
Saint Merri, 343.
Saint Michel, 33.
Saint Nicholas, 33, 61, 100.
Saint Nicholas-du-Chardonnet, 272.
Saint Nicholas-des-Champs, 193.
Notre Dame, 11, 33, 38, 57, 61, 64, 67, 87, 88, 89, 100, 110, 112, 129,
133, 151, 168, 173, 184, 185, 186, 212, 214, 235, 253, 260, 285, 306, 324,
344, 350, 354, 358, 359, 363, 371, 378, 381.
Notre Dame de Consolation, 380.
Notre Dame de l’Etoile, 65.
Notre Dame de Lorette, 340.
Notre Dame-des-Victoires, 250, 267.
Oratory, The, 254.
Saint Paul-Saint Louis, 254.
Saint Peter and Saint Paul, 2.
Petits-Augustins, 244.
Saint Philippe-du-Roule, 283.
Saint Pierre-aux-Boeufs, 62, 194.
Saint Pierre-de-Montmartre, 62, 63.
Saint Roch, 254, 305.
Sacré Coeur, 13, 62, 380.
Saint Séverin, 28, 194, 306.
Sorbonne, 254, 321.
Saint Sulpice, 271, 284, 306.
Saint Thos. Aquinas, 254.
Trinity, 361.
Val-de-Grâce, 253, 306.
Saint Victor, 57.
Saint Vincent, 28, 29.
Saint Vincent-de-Paul, 340, 361.
Capetians, Early, 44-67.
Cité, 3, 8, 10, 11, 33, 34, 37, 39, 42, 48, 56, 57, 60, 61, 66, 67, 70, 78, 80, 81,
83, 96, 133, 167, 181, 193, 194, 217, 227, 250, 255, 318, 326, 343, 360, 362,
377.
City Hall; see Hôtel de Ville.
Clovis, 5, 16, 19, 20, 22, 28, 29, 33, 341
Coligny, 27, 217, 221, 230, 232, 254, 381.
College of France, 202.
College of the Four Nations; see Institute.
Collège Mazarin; see Institute.
Comédie Française, 290.
Conciergerie, 48, 97, 98, 164, 305.
Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, 53, 308.
Convent; see Church.
Corn Exchange, 223.
Cours la Reine, 205, 252.

Dagobert I, 14, 27, 34.

Dolet, Etienne, 203.

Eiffel Tower, 281, 374, 379.

Eudes, 38, 39-41, 48.
Eugénie, 91, 228, 363.

Fair of Saint Germain, 291.

Fair of Saint Laurent, 291.
Field of Mars; see Champ de Mars.
Foundling Hospital, 212.
Francis I, 145, 199-209, 211, 222, 224, 246, 255, 323, 373.
Francis II, 214, 215.

Gate; see Porte.

Gobelins, 8, 272.
Gothic Architecture, 85.
Gozlin, 38.
Grève, 6, 34, 61, 117, 121, 143, 145, 186, 191, 203, 210, 225, 247, 250, 269,
295, 303, 307, 309.

Halle aux Vins, 57, 319.

Halles Centrales, 61, 66, 81, 203, 207, 276, 297, 362, 383.
Henry I, 52-54.
Henry II, 206, 209-214, 222, 224, 237, 246, 247, 255.
Henry III, 226-229, 231, 233.
Henry IV, 66, 89, 215-221, 229-248, 250, 251, 256, 257, 286, 324, 327, 361,
366, 369, 383.
Hôpital de Charité, 242.
Hôtel:
d’Aubray, 268.
Barbette, 178, 194.
Beauvais, 273.
de Bourgogne, 290.
of Burgundy; see Hôtel de Bourgogne.
Carnavalet, 224, 378.
de Clisson, 163, 273, 378.
de Cluny, 197, 350.
Dieu, 33, 34, 64, 95, 96, 285, 360, 378.
de Hollande, 273.
Lamoignon, 225.
Mazarin, 272.
de Nesle, 124, 133, 178, 204, 281.
Saint Paul, 156, 162, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 184, 222, 381.
de Rambouillet, 257.
de Rohan, 378.
de Sens, 116, 163, 244.
de Soissons, 223, 276.
de Soubise, 273, 378.
des Tournelles, 162, 190, 213, 222, 224, 237.
de Ville, 6, 143-147, 167, 191, 195, 203, 207, 208, 210, 211, 254, 263,
268, 269, 288, 303, 326, 334, 343, 346, 352, 357-360, 365, 369, 371, 373.
de la Vrillière, 272.
Hugh Capet, 41, 44-47, 49.

Ile Saint Louis, 83, 255, 257.

Institute, 254, 258, 304, 307, 314, 319.
Isabeau of Bavaria, 170-183.

Jardin des Plantes, 255.

Jeanne Darc, 18, 184, 185.
John the Fearless, 180, 181, 182, 199.
John I, 127.
John II, 129, 133-136, 151, 152, 165.
Josephine de Beauharnais, 304, 312-332.
July Column, 163, 296, 344.

Latin Quarter, 78, 79.

Law School, 283.
Library, National, 160, 272, 362.
Louis Bonaparte, 355.
Louis Napoleon; see Napoleon III.
Louis of Orleans, 178, 179, 199.
Louis Philippe, 327, 345-351, 356, 369.
Louis VI, 14, 59-64, 69.
Louis VII, 64-67, 88.
Louis VIII, 88, 90.
Louis IX (Saint), 33, 47, 59, 88-105, 125, 126, 143, 290, 348, 378.
Louis X, 107, 127, 144.
Louis XI, 102, 187-197, 200.
Louis XII, 197-200, 202, 203, 208.
Louis XIII, 248, 251, 255, 257, 260, 264.
Louis XIV, 126, 246, 252, 253, 258, 260-273, 323, 345.
Louis XV, 258, 274-287, 289, 292, 341.
Louis XVI, 42, 76, 114, 119, 282, 285, 287-305, 326, 336, 340, 380.
Louis XVIII, 14, 336-341.
Louvre, 42, 79, 81, 83, 84, 98, 109, 110, 114, 122, 128, 138, 140, 142, 146,
149, 156, 160, 161, 162, 169, 183, 205, 206, 211, 217, 222, 224, 227, 239,
246-249, 251, 253, 257, 263, 269, 270, 280, 308, 313, 314, 321, 324, 326,
328, 329, 332, 360, 365, 371, 378, 381.
Lucotecia, 8.
Lutetia, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 373.
Luxembourg, Museum of the, 253, 271.

Mairies, 376.
Maison aux Piliers; see Hôtel de Ville.
Marais, 6, 83, 123, 178, 224, 251, 257, 290, 293, 300, 378.
Marcel, Etienne, 137-149, 162, 195, 207, 381.
Marie Antoinette, 98, 126, 287, 297, 300, 301, 305, 310, 317, 339, 383.
Marie de Medicis, 202, 243, 244, 248, 251-253.
Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, 27, 30, 98, 215, 217-222, 243.
Mazarin, 260, 262, 263, 265.
Merovingian Kings, 19, 22-30, 32.
Military School, 281, 311, 358.
Ministry of Finance, 371.
Mint, 280.
Monastery; see Church.
Mons Lucotetius, 8, 10, 21, 28.
Montfaucon, 40, 107.
Montmartre, 13, 62, 284, 380.
Mont Sainte Geneviève, 8, 21, 34, 78, 83, 88, 96, 144, 192, 202, 222, 283.

Napoleon, 57, 89, 119, 254, 270, 295, 304, 309-338, 355, 356, 380.
Napoleon III, 119, 328, 354-365.
National Printing Press, 378.
Nautae Stone, 12, 13, 88.
New Louvre, 361.
Notre Dame, Parvis de, 117, 216, 360.

Observatory, 270, 284.

Odéon, 289.
Opéra, 316, 362.

Palace:
on the Cité; see Palais de Justice.
of Deputies: see Palais Bourbon.
of the Elysée, 282, 310, 337.
Equality; see Palais Royal.
of the Tribunate; see Palais Royal.
Palais:
des Beaux-Arts, 212, 244, 308, 319, 350.
Bourbon, 282, 331, 357.
Grand, 379.
de l’Industrie, 359.
des Invalides, 254, 271, 295, 337, 347, 357.
de Justice, 9, 11, 34, 61, 71, 80, 94, 97, 100, 107, 124, 126, 128, 133, 138,
143, 150, 161, 170, 171, 173, 186, 194, 197, 211, 213, 215, 227, 228, 239,
270, 285, 290, 350, 371, 377.
du Luxembourg, 253, 254, 303, 314, 371.
Petit, 379.
 Royal, 6, 96, 252, 259, 261, 275, 276, 284, 290, 294, 346, 371, 381.
des Thermes, 9, 12, 62, 198, 319, 350.
du Trocadéro, 379.
des Tuileries, 224, 229, 239, 246, 251, 269, 270, 281, 297, 299, 300, 306,
310, 316, 320, 322, 324, 326, 329, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, 340, 343,
348, 351, 358, 361, 363, 371, 375, 383.
Pantheon, 8, 21, 254, 283, 330.
Parc Monceau, 363.
Parisii, 2, 3.
Parloir aux Bourgeois, 144.
Pavilion of Hanover, 272.
Père Lachaise, Cemetery of, 58, 262, 319, 371.
Pharamond, 19, 124.
Philip I, 52, 54-56.
Philip Augustus, 47, 66, 68-89, 92, 99, 123, 142, 144, 149, 341, 348, 381.
Philip III, 105.
Philip IV, 89, 107-127, 129, 133, 144, 154.
Philip V, 127, 128, 144.
Philip VI, 128-133, 144.
Place:
de la Bastille, 295, 344.
du Carrousel, 269, 329, 341, 351, 361.
du Châtelet, 360, 362.
de la Concorde, 270, 281, 287, 302, 322, 330, 331, 349, 371, 375.
Louis XV; see Place de la Concorde.
de la Nation, 267, 348, 377.
de la Révolution; see Place de la Concorde.
du Trône, 267, 302, 348.
Vendôme, 267, 276, 327, 328.
des Victoires, 267, 311, 328.
Pont:
Alexander III, 379.
d’Arcole, 343.
des Arts, 319.
d’Austerlitz, 319.
au Change, 66, 67.
Grand, 66.
d’Iena, 319.
 Neuf, 66, 118, 227, 239, 240, 286, 327.
Notre Dame, 172, 195, 207, 240, 286.
Petit, 38, 181, 195, 196, 285, 289.
Porte:
de Buci, 181.
Saint Antoine, 147, 185, 236, 262.
Saint Denis, 236, 266.
Saint Honoré, 184.
Saint Jacques, 185.
Saint Martin, 266.
Pré aux Clercs, 141.
Prefecture of Police, 56.

Quarter Saint Honoré, 251.

Quinze-Vingts, 96.

Regent, duke of Orleans, 274, 285.

Regents, Women, 90, 91.
Richelieu, 96, 238, 249-252, 254, 257, 258-260.
Robert the Pious, 30, 47, 49-52.
Robert the Strong, 41, 47.
Rollo, 37, 39, 40.

Saint Denis, 13, 49.

Sainte Geneviève, 5, 14, 18, 19, 20, 30, 39, 207, 232, 307.
Salpêtrière, 272.
School of Fine Arts; see Palais des Beaux Arts.
Sorbonne, 96, 202.
Strasburg Oath, 36.

Temple, 65, 119, 228, 301, 305, 318, 351, 376.

Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt, 362.
Tour de Nesle, 82, 83, 124, 127, 181, 204, 258.
Tower of Clovis, 21.
Tower of John the Fearless, 194, 290.
Tribunal of Commerce, 49, 362.

University of France, 35, 64, 78, 82, 98, 122, 145, 190, 192, 193, 202, 270,
320.
University of Paris; see Sorbonne.
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